Mish a, Manoj Kuma ; Sha ma, Nidhi; Kuma , Sunil; Shah, Mohd Asi
A icle
Ca alyzing g een en ep eneu ial beha io : he ole o
in en ions and selec i e ac o s
Cogen Business & Managemen
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Mish a, Manoj Kuma ; Sha ma, Nidhi; Kuma , Sunil; Shah, Mohd Asi (2024) :
Ca alyzing g een en ep eneu ial beha io : he ole o in en ions and selec i e ac o s, Cogen
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Ca alyzing g een en ep eneu ial beha io : he
ole o in en ions and selec i e ac o s
Manoj Kuma Mish a, Nidhi Sha ma, Sunil Kuma & Mohd Asi Shah
To ci e his a icle: Manoj Kuma Mish a, Nidhi Sha ma, Sunil Kuma & Mohd Asi Shah (2024)
Ca alyzing g een en ep eneu ial beha io : he ole o in en ions and selec i e ac o s, Cogen
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2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2337959
Ca alyzing g een en ep eneu ial beha io : he ole o in en ions
and selec i e ac o s
Manoj Kuma Mish aa, nidhi sha mab, sunil Kuma c and Mohd asi shahd
aschool o Managemen , oP Jindal uni e si y, Raiga h, india; bRukmini De i ins i u e o ad anced s udies, ggsiPu, Delhi,
india; cgi aM school o Business, gi aM (Deemed o be uni e si y), Visakhapa nam, india; dDepa men o economics,
Kab idaha uni e si y, Kab idaha , e hiopia
ABSTRACT
his s udy aims o alida e a model on he g een en ep eneu ial in en ion (gei),
a i ude, subjec i e no ms (sn), pe cei ed beha io al con ol (PBc) and g een
en ep eneu ial beha io (geB) among s uden s pu suing highe educa ion in Delhi
&ncR. his s udy also cap u es he media ing ole o gei be ween a i ude, sn, PBc and
geB. abou 327 samples we e used o da a analysis pu poses using sma -Pls. he
esul o he s udy sugges s ha a i ude, sn and PBc ha e a signi ican posi i e
ela ionship wi h geB. Whe eas, gei as a media o has no e ec be ween a i ude and
geB, while gei as a media o has a signi ican e ec be ween sn, PBc and geB. geB
among young p o essionals has been ound a changing pa adigm in he a ea o
en ep eneu ial p ac ices in india. i has a signi ican impac on he sus ainabili y
aspec s o socie y as well as he o ganiza ion. Millennials ge igni ed owa d such
o ien a ion which imp o ed global en i onmen al dynamics. he esul o he s udy
p o ides a signi ican sou ce o he policymake s o p omo e geBs among p o essionals.
IMPACT STATEMENT
he a icle on geB sheds ligh on he c i ical nexus be ween business and en i onmen al
sus ainabili y. i explo es how en ep eneu s, by in eg a ing g een p ac ices in o hei
en u es, no only d i e economic g ow h bu also mi iga e en i onmen al impac . his
esea ch is pa amoun in oday’s landscape, whe e global issues like clima e change
necessi a e inno a i e, eco-conscious solu ions. By del ing in o he mo i a ions,
challenges and ou comes o g een en ep eneu ship, he a icle o e s aluable insigh s
o policymake s, business leade s and socie y a la ge. Unde s anding and p omo ing
geB is c ucial o os e ing a mo e sus ainable and esponsible business en i onmen .
i ’s an impe a i e s ep owa d a u u e whe e economic p ospe i y aligns ha moniously
wi h en i onmen al conse a ion, bene i ing bo h p esen and u u e gene a ions.
1. In oduc ion
he en i onmen al impac o na u al disas e s has inc eased in e es in he concep o ‘going g een’ in
con empo a y ci iliza ions (allen & Malin, 2008). schumpe e ’s concep o c ea i e des uc ion, also
known as he ‘g een wa e’ o gale, is gaining momen um and has impac ed en ep eneu ship and highe
educa ion ins i u ions. Obse e s a e ecognizing a ise in g een en ep eneu ial ac i i ies among policy-
make s, p ac i ione s and schola s, who emphasize he necessi y o en ep eneu ial endea o s o eco-
nomic g ow h in en i onmen al sus ainabili y (abdu Rou , 2012; ahmad e al., 2013; g ine ich e al.,
2017). academics wo ldwide ha e ocused on en i onmen al p o ec ion in business and non-business
ac i i ies, wi h g een en ep eneu ship being ecognized as a solu ion o social and en i onmen al chal-
lenges (Demi el e al., 2019; Jamison, 2001; Pu is e al., 2019).
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT Mohd asi shah [email p o ec ed].e Depa men o economics, Kab idaha uni e si y, Kab idaha , e hiopia
addi ional a ilia ion o Mohd asi shah: Depa men o economics, Ka dan uni e si y, Pa wan e Du, Kabul, 1001, a ghanis an.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2337959
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 21 Ma ch 2023
Re ised 19 Ma ch 2024
accep ed 20 Ma ch 2024
SUBJECTS
en i onmen al economics;
economics; Business,
Managemen and
accoun ing
KEYWORDS
g een en ep eneu ial
in en ion (gei); a i ude;
subjec i e no ms (sn);
pe cei ed beha io al
con ol (PBc); g een
en ep eneu ial beha io
(geB); highe educa ion;
india
REVIEWING EDITOR
ala Dandis, applied
science Uni e si y, Jo dan
2 M. K. MishRa e al.
g een en ep eneu ship is an e ec i e op ion o add essing company sus ainabili y and en i onmen-
al p o ec ion h ough en ep eneu ial ac i i y. companies canno single-handedly implemen such
changes jus o p omo e he g een economy (isaak, 2016). highe educa ion ins i u ions should engage
in esea ch and manage ial ac i i ies, wi h eache s and s uden s con ibu ing heo e ical suppo h ough
majo esea ch, as Fa inelli e al. (2011) and Bo ill (2020) sugges ed. signi ican esea ch has been con-
duc ed on en ep eneu ial in en ion (e.i.) among highe echnical educa ion s uden s and associa ed
ields such as sus ainable en ep eneu ship, social en ep eneu ship and eco en ep eneu ship (huq e al.,
2017; Ka z, 2003; Ku a ko, 2005). Fu he mo e, he goal o highe educa ion s uden s o engage in g een
en ep eneu ship is s ill de eloping. Pas esea ch has explo ed emo ional in elligence (e.i.) and sup-
po ed ac o s and heo ies such as he heo y o planned beha io ( PB) and en ep eneu ial in en ion
(e.i.) (Oza alli & Ri enbu gh, 2016; saleh & a ha i, 2023; ong e al., 2011).
encou aging en ep eneu ship is widely ag eed upon as essen ial o s imula ing economic g ow h
and c ea ing jobs, as emphasized in ecen esea ch by en ialgo and iglesias (2016), Mcclelland (2019)
and app and Kanbach (2021). en ep eneu ship educa ion is c ucial o enhancing indi iduals’ en ep e-
neu ial mindse s (liñán e al., 2011; Rauch & hulsink, 2015). educa ion is a powe ul me hod o in o-
ducing ideas in o socie y (collins & hal e son, 2018; Dewey, 2013). educa ional ini ia i es should be
implemen ed o de elop he g een en ep eneu ial a i ude o eme ging en ep eneu s (cui e al., 2021;
Jabeen e al., 2017). Fo he sus ainable economic de elopmen o any coun y, i is always highly p om-
ising o inc ease he bunch o young minds wi h en ep eneu ial po en ial. he sus ainable de elopmen
o any g een economy will depend on he supply o po en ial en ep eneu s. howe e , he e is no con-
sensus on he ac o s in luencing an indi idual’s decision o es ablish a business (al-azab Zaki, 2023;
goleman, 2017). as a esul , i is necessa y o de e mine which ac o s in luence a pe son’s decision o
es ablish a business. his would make i possible o c ea e mo e e ec i e educa ional ini ia i es. he
s udy aims o examine how a i ude, subjec i e no ms (sn) and pe cei ed beha io al con ol (PBc) in lu-
ence he in en ion o s uden s o engage in g een en ep eneu ship, hence shaping hei beha io in his
ield. he ollowing objec i es gi e ise o hese esea ch inqui ies.
RQ1: how do a i ude, sns and PBc impac g een en ep eneu ial in en ion (gei)?
RQ2: Wha is he ole o gei in adop ing g een en ep eneu ial beha io (geB) among highe educa ion
s uden s?
2.Theo e ical unde pinning and hypo hesis cons uc ion
his s udy u ilizes he PB o assess how con ex ual ci cums ances and gei in luence g een en ep eneu -
ship beha io . Fishbein and ajzen (1977) sugges ed ha he PB elucida es he elemen s in luencing
indi iduals’ choices. he heo y o planned conduc was u ilized o explain he connec ion in he p esen
in es iga ion. his concep expands he heo y o easoned ac ion ( Ra), which has been bene icial in
comp ehending indi iduals’ inclina ion owa d engaging in g een en ep eneu ial ac i i ies. he hypo h-
esis posi s ha indi iduals’ a i udes in luence hei ac ions. Uni e si ies con ibu e signi ican ly o socie y
h ough esea ch and educa ion, cul i a ing highly skilled indi iduals and d i ing inno a i e p og ess in
di e se ields o s udy (ca ayannis e al., 2022; Rahman & Khan, 2023). Business businesses a e c ucial in
in oducing new concep s and u ning hem in o success ul and long-las ing p oduc s. hese h ee
indus ies collabo a e well, c ea ing a s ong d i ing o ce o ecologically sus ainable inno a ion.
simila ly, in en ions a e a powe ul indica o o conduc . a na ion’s legisla ion and policies conce ning
g een en ep eneu ship should p omo e he sel -e icacy equi ed o ini ia e en ep eneu ial endea o s.
i is c ucial o de e mine he au hen ici y o his link pe aining o g een en ep eneu ial conduc . india,
a g owing na ion, has signi ican po en ial o in luence indi iduals owa d g een pu chasing habi s, which
signi ican ly con ibu es o en i onmen al sus ainabili y. Resea ch g een beha io in he indian con ex
and analyze i om he younge gene a ion’s pe spec i e. his s udy p o ides aluable in o ma ion on
he opic. We analyzed g een pu chasing beha io h ough he no ion o planned beha io . india is he
wo ld’s second mos populous coun y and mus ins ill hese ideals in he younge gene a ion. his s udy
aimed o comp ehend indi iduals’ in en ions and a i udes, which a e essen ial o g een pu chase
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 3
beha io . his s udy u ilized he idea o planned beha io o examine he connec ion be ween he s ud-
ied a iable and g een en ep eneu ship.
2.1. A i ude, subjec i e no ms and g een en ep eneu ial in en ion
en ep eneu ship is a business uni ha has s a ed new and has he po en ial o p o ide social and
economic alue o socie y. lumpkin and Dess (1996) de ine ‘en ep eneu ship as an ac o pu suing new
ways o doing hings in a eal con ex , o mo e conc e ely, he essen ial ac o en ep eneu ship is new
en y’. ‘s a ing up a new en u e has o en been co ela ed wi h ha ing a posi i e a i ude, in en ion,
and disposi ion owa ds i , pa icula ly in he case o he oppo uni y en ep eneu s’ (ismail, 2015, p.53).
e en an abs ac idea becomes eali y and capi alizes on he a ailable esou ces o mee ou business
objec i es. in he s udy by spea s and singh (2004) i is e iden ha a i ude is ela ed o consume
pu chase in en ion. he pu chase in en ion o an indi idual is signi ican ly associa ed wi h hei a i udes.
in a s udy, i was highligh ed ha he in en ions o spo speople a e media ed by hei a i ude. he
s udy highligh ed a posi i e link wi h in en ion (cho e al., 2019). Va ious o he s udies highligh ha
people’s beha io is a ec ed by hei a i udes (elha a e al., 2020; Jena, 2020; Mah ud e al., 2020). i
is essen ial o unde s and ha esponden s’ a i udes a e signi ican ly associa ed wi h geis. sns a e an
essen ial cons uc ha in luences he indi idual’s in en ions. i is he opinion o people in you amily
and iend ci cle and wha you pe cei e. he s udy de ines sns as hei pe cep ion, which is in luenced
by close g oups. i in luences people’s pe cep ion conce ning any p oduc s and se ices a all s ages.
P e ious s udies ha e also sugges ed ha people’s in en ion is de e mined by subjec i e in luence
(g imes & Ma qua dson, 2019; Ruslim e al., 2022; san os & liguo i, 2019; Win e e al., 2021; Zhuang
e al., 2021). he e o e, i can be said ha a i ude and sns a e associa ed wi h in en ion. he al e na i e
hypo heses a e:
H1: A i ude has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on GEI.
H2: SN has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on GEI.
2.2. Pe cei ed beha io al con ol, g een en ep eneu ial in en ion and g een en ep eneu ial
beha io
PBc is de ined as ‘ he pe cep ion o he di icul y o enac ing a beha io ’. he e he PB can accoun
o i mo e accu a ely han Ra. ajzen (2002) a gued ha ‘pe cei ed beha io al con ol is comp ised
o wo highly ela ed (and co ela ed) a iables: pe cei ed sel -e icacy (one’s belie abou hei abili y)
and pe cei ed con ollabili y ( he belie ha one’s beha io is oli ional; ajzen, 2002)’. hey conside ed
hese wo a iables as one can di ec ly p edic he beha io and indi ec ly p edic beha io h ough
in en ion. P e ious s udies ha e ound ha PBc is signi ican ly associa ed wi h in en ion and beha io
(Ba ba-sánchez e al., 2022; P adeep e al., 2021; sembada & Koay, 2021; sul an e al., 2020). he e o e,
i can be concluded ha PBc signi ican ly a ec s gei and geB. he al e na e hypo hesis o he
same a e:
H3: PBC has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on GEI.
H4: PBC has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on GEB.
H5: GEI has a posi i e and signi ican e ec on beha io .
2.3. G een en ep eneu ial in en ion as a media o
gei can be de ined as ‘a ci cums ance o s a e o mind in which a pe son becomes in e es ed in, pays
a en ion o, and decides o ake a speci ic ac i i y’ (Meoli e al., 2020, p. 32; san os & liguo i, 2019, p.
4 M. K. MishRa e al.
26). acco ding o he PB heo y, he in en ion o ac in ol es a a ie y o d i ing a iables ha di ec ly
in luence beha io (Fishbein & ajzen, 1975). he s ep o in en ion p ecedes beha io . Many p e ious
s udies show ha in en ion owa d en ep eneu ial ac i i ies posi i ely in luences he ma e ializa ion o
en ep eneu ship (al a ez-Risco, Mlodzianowska, ga cía-iba a, e al., 2021; al a ez-Risco, Mlodzianowska,
Zamo a-Ramos, e al., 2021; Meoli e al., 2020; neneh, 2019; Rauch & hulsink, 2015; Yasi e al., 2023).
his s udy conside s he gei as a media o be ween he heo y o planned beha io (a i ude, sn and
PBc) and geB in he Unde g adua e and pos -g adua e le el s uden s. so he al e na i e hypo hesis is
H6: GEI media es he ela ionship be ween PBC and beha io .
H7: GEI media es he ela ionship be ween a i udes and beha io .
H8: GEI media es he ela ionship be ween SN and beha io .
3. Resea ch me hod
i is e iden om Figu e 1 ha he e is an associa ion be ween a ious a iables selec ed o his s udy
and he di ec ion o hei ela ionship among he men ioned a iables. his s udy used i e a iables:
a i ude, sns, PBc, gei and geB. he esea ch was conduc ed wi h a ious objec i es o de e mine he
ela ionship be ween a i ude and gei, sns and gei, PBc and geis and PBc and geB. a ela ionship
be ween gei and geB is ound.
he inal media ing ole o gei is ound be ween PBc, sns and geB. a s uc u ed ques ionnai e
was adap ed o his s udy. he ques ionnai e comp ises 27 i ems. he e a e ou s a emen s in
a i ude; sns cons i u e i e s a emen s. PBc includes se en s a emen s. geis comp ise i e s a e-
men s, and las ly, geB shall consis o six s a emen s. he eliabili y o a iables was es ed using
hese i ems and ound ha a iables ul ill he eliabili y c i e ia (i.e. alpha = 0.811). con i ma o y
ac o analysis was done using he sMaR Pls so wa e e sion and ound ha a iables sa is y he
c i e ia o pa h analysis.
he hypo hesized model in he s udy was also es ed using sMaR Pls so wa e. he s udy sample
was collec ed om pass-ou s uden s om MBa p og ams om a ious highe educa ional ins i u es
a ilia ed wi h ggsiP Uni e si y, Delhi. Pass-ou s uden s we e sen he ques ionnai e online as a google
o m. hey we e a ge ed, keeping in mind ha hei app oach owa d g een en ep eneu ship can be
assessed app op ia ely. s uden s who comple ed MBa p og ams ha e been selec ed o his s udy only.
he sample o his s udy includes bo h male and emale s uden s o di e en age g oups. Da a was
collec ed om highe educa ional ins i u ions h ough google o m (online). Ques ionnai es we e sen o
mo e han 2000 s uden s sepa a ely. a o al o 722 esponses we e ecei ed, o which only 327 esponses
we e ound sui able o his s udy. he esponse a e was only 36.1%, bu inally, i was 16% only. he
Figu e 1. Hypo hesized model (Sou ce: based on LR).
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 5
esea che has calcula ed he media ing e ec o gei using sMaR Pls. a like i e-poin scale was used
o da a collec ion: ‘1 = s ongly disag ee, and 5= s ongly ag ee’.
3.1. Ques ionnai e design and p e- es ing
he ques ion begins wi h asking gene al ques ions pe aining o he esponden s’ demog aphic de ails,
as sugges ed by Dillman e al. (2009). Fu he , he ques ionnai e includes ou s a emen s ela ed o he
a i ude o he s uden s adap ed om chen (2009), i e s a emen s based on sns o he consume
adap ed om shin e al. (2018), se en s a emen s pe aining o PBc adap ed om Kang e al. (2012),
i e s a emen s o gei (adap ed om Zei haml e al. (1996)) and six s a emen s associa ed wi h geB o
he s uden s (adap ed om giampie i e al. (2018)). Once he scale was de eloped, i s ace alidi y was
con i med and e i ied by a panel o ou expe s om he en ep eneu ial domain o esea ch.
Pilo es ing o a gei Ques ionnai e on highe educa ion s uden s is a c ucial s ep in he esea ch
p ocess o alida e he ques ionnai e’s e ec i eness and app op ia eness o he a ge popula ion. Pilo
es ing helps ensu e ha he gei Ques ionnai e is a obus ins umen , enhancing he quali y and alidi y
o he da a collec ed om highe educa ion s uden s in you esea ch. he au ho s did he pilo es ing
using 100 samples o es he eliabili y and alidi y o he da a.
3.2. Response a e
P e ious s udies ha e sugges ed ha a sample o wo hund ed is enough o applying he s uc u al
equa ion model app oach (hoel e , 1983). howe e , Whi ake e al. (2007) ha e jus i ied he use o a
sample size o a hund ed esponden s o unning s uc u al equa ion modeling (seM). Fu he , i is ec-
ommended ha unning seM can be applied when he sample size should be a leas each he numbe
o samples we ge om mul iplying i e by he o al s a emen s p esen in he scale (Ben le & chou,
1987). howe e , i is desi able o ha e a big da a se o a oid any possibili y o sampling e o (Randall
& gibson, 1990). he e o e, his s udy was done using a 36.1% esponse a e, and he sample size was
used o applying unning seM analysis, which is su icien o a oid biases and sampling e o .
4. Da a analysis
his s udy has used Pls-seM o con i m he alidi y and eliabili y o he scale o each cons uc and
e i y he ela ionships be ween a iables p oposed in he model. Pls-seM is conside ed app op ia e and
p o ides obus esul s o analyzing and con i ming he causal ela ionship be ween he a iables p o-
posed based on a e iew o p e ious esea ch (Ma e al., 2018). Mo eo e , his Pls-seM app oach can be
applied o small o medium size sample size and does no conside no mali y o da a as one o i s basic
assump ions, which was an issue unde he cB-seM app oach. ano he eason suppo ing Pls-seM use
is ha his me hod can wo k on bo h e lec i e and o ma i e scales (Rod íguez-en ena & salaza -O dóñez,
2013). all he ac o s men ioned abo e jus i y Pls-seM use in his s udy.
4.1. Resul s
able 1 comp ises he da a o he demog aphic cha ac e is ics o he esponden s. i is e iden om he abo e
able ha he gende o he esponden s has been ca ego ized in o male and emale, which comp ises o 60%
and 40%, espec i ely. he age o he esponden s has been cha ac e ized in o h ee ca ego ies. he ca ego ies
a e; 17–22, 23–28 and mo e han 28 yea s o age. hese age ca ego ies a e 4%, 88% and 8%, espec i ely.
Responden s a e ca ego ized in o h ee ca ego ies o job expe ience: less han 5 yea s, 5–10 yea s, mo e han
10 yea s. he pe cen ages o hese ca ego ies a e 75, 20 and 5, espec i ely. he educa ional de ails o he
esponden s a e ca ego ized in o h ee ca ego ies Pos g adua e (P.g.), P.g. + ce i ica ion and pu suing highe
educa ion. he pe cen ages o hese ca ego ies a e 70%, 22% and 8%, espec i ely.
6 M. K. MishRa e al.
4.2. Assessmen o he measu emen model
he obus ness o he measu emen model can be e i ied om he alues o he ac o loading,
c onbach’s alpha (c.a.) and ho-a. Fu he , he alidi y and eliabili y o he measu emen model can be
con i med h ough composi e eliabili y (c.R.) and con e gen and Disc iminan alidi y o he cons uc s.
able 1 ensu es he adequacy o he ac o loading, which is abo e 0.7 o each s a emen (Fo nell &
la cke , 1981; hai e al., 2014). he de ails o all he measu emen scale is gi en in annexsu e-1.
4.3. Fac o loading
4.4. In e nal consis ency eliabili y
able 3 con i ms he p esence o adequa e in e nal consis ency o each cons uc h ough he alues o
c.a. and ho-a. he e, all he alues a e abo e 0.70, which is su icien o es ablish in e nal consis ency.
Fu he , he cons uc ’s eliabili y is ound o be sa is ac o y as all he alues o c.R. o each cons uc
Table 1. Demog aphic p o ile o esponden s (sample size 327).
Ca ego y g oup F equency Pe cen age
gende Male 195 60
Female 132 40
age o Responden s 17–22 16 4
23–28 287 88
>28 24 8
Yea o expe ience Less han 5yea s 244 75
5–10yea s 65 20
Mo e han 10yea s 18 5
educa ion Pg 229 70
Pg + Ce i ica ion 70 22
Pu suing Highe educa ion 28 8
Sou ce: Resea ch ou pu .
Table 2. Fac o loading.
s a emen s a i ude
g een en ep eneu ial
beha io
g een en ep eneu ial
in en ion
Pe cei ed beha io al
con ol subjec i e no ms
a 1 0.868 – – – –
a 2 0.701 – – – –
a 3 0.855 – – – –
a 4 0.84 – – – –
geB1 – 0.793 – – –
geB2 – 0.76 – – –
geB3 – 0.742 – – –
geB4 – 0.713 – – –
geB5 – 0.764 – – –
geB6 – 0.71 – – –
gei1 – – 0.771 – –
gei2 – – 0.777 – –
gei3 – – 0.762 – –
gei4 – – 0.736 – –
gei5 – – 0.786 – –
PBC1 – – – 0.726 –
PBC2 – – – 0.773 –
PBC3 – – – 0.857 –
PBC4 – – – 0.826 –
PBC5 – – – 0.83 –
PBC6 – – – 0.763 –
PBC7 – – – 0.725 –
sn1 – – – – 0.748
sn2 – – – – 0.813
sn3 – – – – 0.806
sn4 – – – – 0.857
sn5 – – – – 0.883
Sou ce: Resea ch ou pu .
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 7
a e abo e 0.60 (hai e al., 2014). in addi ion o his, Fo nell and la cke (1981) sugges ed he use o
ho-a as addi ional c i e ia o con i m he eliabili y. he esul s o he ho-a es a e sa is ac o y as all
he alues a e abo e 0.6. all he alues men ioned abo e lead o he con i ma ion o he in e nal con-
sis ency and eliabili y o he cons uc s.
4.5. Con e gen and disc iminan alidi y
his can be ound in able 3 ha all he aVe alues a e mo e han 0.5, which is a necessa y condi ion
o es ablish con e gen alidi y. Mo eo e , he alue o aVe o each cons uc is mo e han he co e-
sponding alues o MsV (gaskin & lim, 2016). in addi ion o his, i can be obse ed ha he squa e oo
o he aVe is highe han he co esponding co ela ion alue o o he ela ionships. he e o e, disc im-
inan alidi y is also es ablished.
in addi ion o he abo e e i ica ion o he disc iminan alidi y, ano he es named ‘he e o ai
Mono ai Ra io (h M )’ was conduc ed o e i y disc iminan alidi y. able 4 con i ms ha all he alues
o h M a e below 0.85, hus, eassu ing he Disc iminan (hensele e al., 2015).
4.6. S uc u al model i ness
in Pls-seM, he i ness o he s uc u al model was h ough s anda dized oo mean squa e esidual
(sRMR) as a goodness o i measu e and he no med i index (nFi) inc emen al i measu e. able 5
con i ms he i ness o he model as he alue o sPMR is below 0.08, and he alue o nFi is abo e 0.9
(hensele e al., 2015).
Table 3. Resul s o con e gen and Disc iminan alidi y es s.
C onbach’s
alpha ho_a
Composi e
Reliabili y
a e age
Va iance
ex ac ed (aVe) a i ude geB gei PBC sn
a i ude 0.89 0.895 0.89 0.67 0.819 – – –
geB 0.884 0.885 0.884 0.559 0.379 0.748 – – –
gei 0.877 0.877 0.877 0.588 0.374 0.682 0.767 – –
PBC 0.919 0.921 0.919 0.62 0.431 0.625 0.504 0.787 –
sn 0.913 0.915 0.913 0.677 0.415 0.271 0.303 0.269 0.823
asel - epo ed.
Ca, C onbach’s alpha; CR, composi e eliabili y; aVe, a e age a iance ex ac ed
(Sou ce: Resea ch ou pu ).
Table 4. He e o ai mono ai a io (H M ).
H M a i ude geB gei PBC sn
a i ude – – – – –
geB 0.378 – – – –
gei 0.373 0.681 – – –
PBC 0.431 0.623 0.503 – –
sn 0.415 0.27 0.302 0.27 –
Sou ce: Resea ch ou pu .
Table 5. Model i .
sa u a ed model es ima ed model
soMe 0.031 0.031
Chi-squa e 792.498 794.067
nFi 0.923 0.923
Sou ce: Resea ch ou pu .
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Annexsu e-1
A i ude (a ) chen (2009)
1. Being an en ep eneu implies mo e ad an ages han disad an ages o me.
2. en ep eneu ship would p esen mo e up han downsides.
3. a ca ee as en ep eneu is ( o ally) a ac i e o me.
4. Being an en ep eneu would en ail g ea sa is ac ions o me. Pe cei ed beha io al con ol.
Subjec i e no ms (SN) (shin e al., 2018)
1. i ha e access o suppo ing in o ma ion o be a g een en ep eneu .
2. My closes amily membe s hink i should pu sue a g een en ep eneu ca ee .
3. i i became a g een en ep eneu , my close iends would app ecia e i .
4. i i we e o s a my own business, my pa en s’ opinions would be impo an o me.
5. i i we e o s a my own business, my close iends’ opinions would be impo an o me.
Pe cei ed beha io al con ol (PBC) (Kang e al., 2012)
1. s a ing a i m and keeping i iable would be easy o me.
2. i i wan ed o, i could easily pu sue a ca ee as en ep eneu .
3. i i ied o s a a business, i would ha e a high chance o being success ul.
4. i ha e skills and capabili ies o succeed as an en ep eneu .
5. i am con iden ha i would succeed i i s a ed my own i m.
6. i can con ol he c ea ion p ocess o a new i m.
7. he numbe o e en s ou side my con ol which could p e en me om being an en ep eneu a e e y ew.
G een en ep eneu ial in en ions (Zei haml e al., 1996)
1. i am eady o do any hing o be a g een en ep eneu .
2. My p o essional goal is o become a g een en ep eneu .
3. i am de e mined o c ea e a g een i m in he u u e.
4. i was willing o do any hing o become a g een en ep eneu du ing my s udy a uni e si y.
5. i will ac as a p o essional manage and ge in ol ed in he managemen o a social en e p ise h ough p omo-
ion. P epa a ion du ing my s udy a uni e si y.
G een en ep eneu ial beha io s (GEBs) (giampie i e al., 2018)
1. W i en a g een business plan.
2. s a ed g een p oduc /se ice de elopmen .
3. a emp ed o ob ain ex e nal unding.
4. Pu chased ma e ial, equipmen o machine y o he g een business.
5. Regis e ed he g een company.
