Plehwe, Die e e al.
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Clima e Policy Obs uc ion on he Righ and he Fa Righ
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Plehwe, Die e e al. (2025) : Clima e Policy Obs uc ion on he Righ and he Fa
Righ , In: Robe s, J. Timmons Milani, Ca los R.S. Jacque , Jenni e Downie, Ch is ian (Ed.): Clima e
Obs uc ion. A Global Assessmen , ISBN 9780197787182, Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, New Yo k, pp.
139-160,
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CHAPTER 5
Clima e Policy Obs uc ion on he Righ
and he Fa Righ
LEAD AUTHORS: DIETER PLEHWE AND JUSTIN FARRELL
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS: LUCAS ARALDI,
ROBERT J. BRULLE, JESSE CALLAHAN BRYANT,
WILLIAM CALLISON, KERT DAVIES, RUTH E. MCKIE,
SOTIRIS MITRALEXIS, AND ALEXANDRU RACU
INTRODUCTION
The poli ical complexi y o clima e obs uc ion has inc eased in ecen yea s,
wi h conse a i e and a - igh mo emen s playing in e connec ed ye dis-
inc oles. While each mo emen ac i ely esis s clima e policy a na ional
and in e na ional le els, hei espec i e philosophies and ac ics di e signi -
ican ly. Unde s anding hese simila i ies and di e ences is c i ical o o ming
a mo e comple e unde s anding o clima e obs uc ion globally.
This chap e un angles and e eals he o e laps in hese in e wined na -
a i es, highligh ing he inc easing powe o a - igh mo emen s in clima e
obs uc ion and p esen ing esea ch on ways hese mo emen s seek o dis-
man le in e na ional go e nance and coope a ion o hinde meaning ul global
ac ion on clima e change. As hese mo emen s g ow and as neolibe al conse -
a ism con inues o be a de egula o y o ce in global poli ics, i is impo an
o ca e ully ca alogue hei simila i ies, di e ences, and impac s. The chap e
begins by examining clima e obs uc ion e o s wi hin con empo a y conse -
a i ism, ocused on i s an i- egula o y oo s in he Uni ed S a es be o e u n-
ing o a global analysis o i s o ganiza ional, inancial, and cul u al linkages.
He e we desc ibe how mains eam conse a ism has success ully obs uc ed
clima e policy by ad oca ing o de egula ion o ee ma ke s, de ending p i-
a e p ope y igh s, and challenging he e aci y o scien i ic consensus.
Die e Plehwe e al., Clima e Policy Obs uc ion on he Righ and he Fa Righ . In: Clima e Obs uc ion.
Edi ed by: J. Timmons Robe s, Ca los R. S. Milani, Jenni e Jacque , and Ch is ian Downie,
Ox o d Uni e si y P ess. © Ox o d Uni e si y P ess (2025). DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197787144.003.0005
Nex , we conside he ole o he a igh in global clima e obs uc ion oday,
a mo emen oo ed in an ipa hy owa d mul icul u alism and coope a ion
among na ion s a es and in suppo o e hnoplu alism. While o en sha -
ing neolibe al conse a ism’s goal o clima e obs uc ion, he a igh ends
o ake a mo e adical app oach. As we show, he a igh ’s majo p oblem
wi h clima e change is no necessa ily he science pe se, bu a he he alleged
a emp s by eli es and global powe s o use clima e science and clima e policy
as a T ojan ho se o expand global go e nance and unde mine e hnic he i age,
cul u al iden i y, and na ional so e eign y. Finally, we p esen esea ch on i s
speci ic ac ics be o e o e ing a enues o u u e esea ch on his e ol ing
global mo emen .
CONSERVATISM
A ne wo k o o ganiza ions and ad ocacy g oups has p omo ed app oaches o
en i onmen al managemen ha emphasize local con ol, p i a e p ope y,
and indi idual igh s. O e ime, hese e o s ha e expanded globally h ough
coo dina ed ini ia i es and pa ne ships ocused on shaping public policy and
clima e discou se.
“Wise Use” Roo s
A long his o y o igh -wing an i-en i onmen al ideology, ac i ism, and poli -
ical ac ion in he Uni ed S a es con inues o play a ole in he con empo a y
opposi ion o e ec i e global clima e policy. Nonp o i o ganiza ions and hei
on g oups ha e ough agains ede al and s a e en i onmen al egula ions
p o ec ing e e y hing om we lands and wa e ways o endange ed species.
These o ganiza ions ha e been suppo ed by co po a e unde s who ha e an
in e es in weakening o elimina ing en i onmen al egula ions1and end
o adop a p ope y- igh s-based coun e na a i e agains ede al and s a e
en i onmen al egula ion.
Fo example, a landma k e en in his his o y is he Sageb ush Rebellion o
he 1970s–1980s, a ba le o e ede al- e sus-s a e land managemen in Wes -
e n s a es ha was emblema ic o a policy deba e o e public- e sus-p i a e
con ol o na u e. Named o he con es ed land ( he sageb ush s eppe), he
“ ebellion” was pa o a g owing conse a i e mo emen ha ad oca ed o
comme cial use i no ou igh p i a iza ion o land unde go e nmen con-
ol and mobilized agains ede al en i onmen al laws and en i onmen alism
gene ally.2The “wise use” concep eme ged om his mo emen , emphasizing
[ 140 ] Clima e Obs uc ion
local s ewa dship and b oad indi idual igh s o use na u e o human bene i .
The Wise Use Mo emen was ounded in 1988
ou o ea ha Geo ge Bush S . was going o li e up o his campaign pledge o be
“ he en i onmen al p esiden .” This cabal o an i-en i onmen al ac i is s, o ga-
nized by ede ally subsidized indus ies dependen on public lands, issued a na al
documen , he Wise Use Agenda. I called o , among o he hings: d illing he
A c ic Na ional Wildli e Re uge, logging Alaska’s Tongass Na ional Fo es , open-
ing wilde ness o ene gy de elopmen , gu ing he Endange ed Species Ac , and
p i a izing na ional pa ks.3
Mi o ing he s a egies o en i onmen al mo emen s, wise use o ganiza-
ions succeeded in mobilizing a wide ange o conse a i e cons i uencies. Fo
example, he mo emen in 1994 succeeded in blocking US a i ica ion o he
in e na ional Con en ion on Biological Di e si y.4
This an i-en i onmen al, p ope y-based “gua dianship” agenda sp ead
beyond he Uni ed S a es o coun ies including Canada (wi h he o ma ion
o o ganiza ions such as Canadian Women in Timbe , Sha e Canada, e c.) and
Aus alia (Fo es P o ec ion Socie y, e c.).5The global expansion also included
inancial suppo and p omo ion o he Wise Use Mo emen by he Re e end
Sun Myung Moon’s Uni ica ion Chu ch.6In addi ion o ad ancing wise-use
a gumen s, he conse a i e conse a ion mo emen du ing his pe iod began
o associa e en i onmen al ac i ism wi h e o ism, and con empo a y am-
ing o “las gene a ion” clima e ac i ism as “eco- e o ism” echoes hese ea lie
e sions o ha na a i e.7
O ganiza ional Linkages
The clima e policy landscape includes a b oad ange o hink anks and non-
p o i o ganiza ions wi h di e se secula and eligious backg ounds. Many o
hese g oups a e connec ed h ough sha ed unding sou ces and ne wo ks,
o ming a ansna ional ci il socie y ha engages in coo dina ed e o s o
shape clima e go e nance h ough a a ie y o s a egies and app oaches.
Think Tanks
Concep ual o e lap exis s be ween he he o ic o “ ee ma ke s” and concep s
o “wise use,” s ewa dship, and subsidia i y. US-based hink anks a e signi -
ican cu a o s and ampli ie s o opposi ion o scien i ic e idence ela ed o
CLIMAT E POLICY OBSTRUCTION ON T HE RIGHT A ND T HE FAR RIGHT [ 141 ]
clima e change and ela ed policy ac ion such as legisla ion and egula ions.8
Ou side o he Uni ed S a es, hese o ganiza ions wo k wi hin a uni e se o
hink anks ope a ing ac oss coun ies—some imes connec ed unde la ge
umb ella o ganiza ions such as he global A las Ne wo k, he Eu opean S ock-
holm Ne wo k, and he Epicen e Ne wo k— o p oduce and dis ibu e policy
epo s and o he wise a emp o in luence poli ics and poli icians on he issue
o clima e change.
Mos o hese o ganiza ions and igu es oppose ambi ious clima e policy,
in pa icula he close in e na ional coope a ion and coo dina ion equi ed
o c ea e and implemen such policies. Th ough in o ma ion dissemina ion
including no jus policy epo s bu also esea ch pape s, con e ences, and
o he b anded ac i i ies, hink anks p esen quasi-academic posi ions on he
bes app oaches o ackling he clima e c isis. Many o hei posi ions a e
g ounded in he same na a i e: posi ioning clima e change no as a science-
based issue bu as an inhe en ly poli ical opic. Unde lying his way o hinking
is an economic philosophy o indi idual libe y and economic and poli ical ee-
dom exp essed in a iad o alues: p ope y igh s, cos -bene i analysis, and
local manda e.9
Think anks ocused speci ically on clima e denial—such as he US-based
Hea land Ins i u e, he UK-based Global Wa ming Policy Founda ion, and
Sou h A ica’s F ee Ma ke Founda ion10—challenge he e aci y o clima e
science and a ack en i onmen al ac i is s and nongo e nmen al o ganiza-
ions (NGOs). O he hink anks in ol ed in clima e-obs uc ing ac i i ies
emphasize ma ke -based mechanisms as a solu ion o mos con empo a y
social and poli ical p oblems. Acco ding o his wo ld iew, p i a e ini ia i e
and he i al ole o business will s imula e bo h a ee-ma ke economy and
a ee-ma ke en i onmen alism o ideas11 ha will help sol e he wo ld’s
bigges challenges. Some igh -wing hink anks in he clima e space, such as
he He i age Founda ion, p omo e adi ionally conse a i e alues. O he s,
such as he Mises Ins i u es, ad oca e a mo e libe a ian posi ion.12 Ye all ha e
a undamen al commi men o in luence policy and public opinion in a o o
economic and poli ical eedoms wi h limi ed o no go e nmen in e en ion.
The A las Ne wo k
The A las Ne wo k is an impo an US-based umb ella o ganiza ion o he
neolibe al ee-ma ke mo emen (o “F eedom Mo emen ”13), which includes
nume ous clima e obs uc ionis g oups a ound he wo ld. Founded in 1981
by An ony Fishe , he o ganiza ion ( hen named he A las Economic Resea ch
Founda ion) coo dina ed hink anks Fishe had helped o se up and sup-
po ed e o s in nume ous coun ies o ound new hink anks modelled a e
[ 142 ] Clima e Obs uc ion
he B i ish Ins i u e o Economic A ai s (IEA), which had been he i s hink
ank ounded by Fishe , in 1955.14 Fishe es ablished hese and o he hink
anks on he ad ice o economis F ied ich Augus on Hayek. Bo h we e
membe s o he Mon Pèle in Socie y o neolibe al in ellec uals, which Hayek
ounded in 1947 and ha con inues o se e as a pipeline o he boa d and
s a membe s o A las Ne wo k pa ne s.15
Mos hink anks in ol ed in his ee-ma ke ad ocacy ne wo k sha e
a basic an i-collec i is and an i- egula o y ideology, which in many cases
includes opposi ion o en i onmen al and clima e policymaking. Fo example,
esea ch has e ealed he close links be ween ossil uel capi al, Rupe Mu -
doch’s media empi e, and Aus alian neolibe al hink anks ha a e pa o he
ne wo k.16 Recen in es iga i e jou nalism has documen ed he ole o A las
Ne wo k pa ne s in a ious coun ies in a s a egic mobiliza ion o c iminal-
ize clima e jus ice mo emen s.17 To his end, A las hink anks om di e se
egions ha ha e a long his o y o opposi ion o he en i onmen al mo emen
ha e deployed simila s a egies and media-sa y campaigns. These ac ics
ha e included ad-hominem a acks agains clima e leade s such as G e a Thun-
be g, o ganiza ions such as G eenpeace, and p o es ac ics such as si -down
blockades ha liken ac i is s o e o is s o Nazis. A las pa ne s ha e also
used such “s a egy mobili y,” simila o “policy mobili y,” o p e en o oppose
clima e mi iga ion policies ac oss bo de s.18
Righ -wing conse a ism emains cen al o con empo a y clima e obs uc-
ionis mobiliza ions beyond he Uni ed S a es, and key o ganiza ions in he
his o y o he an i-en i onmen al mo emen 19 (such as he Ame ican Legisla-
i e Exchange Council) a e also pa ne s o he A las Ne wo k. A las is also
home o hink anks s ongly emphasizing p ope y- and p ope y igh s–
based o ms o conse a ion such as he P ope y and En i onmen Resea ch
Cen e . In 2020, A las pa ne he Aus ian Economics Cen e , in collabo a-
ion wi h wo ecen ly ounded conse a ion g oups in he Uni ed S a es and
he Uni ed Kingdom,20 adicalized he igh -wing conse a ion app oach wi h
hei book G een Ma ke Re olu ion: How Ma ke En i onmen alism Can P o ec
Na u e and Sa e he Plane . Rema kably, he au ho s sugges ha pos -Pa is
clima e policy de elopmen is mo ing in he igh di ec ion hanks o he
inc easing use o ma ke -based ins umen s, al hough he book sugges s ha
he p i a iza ion o na u e mus be a p econdi ion o global wa ming mi iga-
ion.21 Ano he e ol ing campaign in A las Ne wo kci cles22 is he “al e na i e
solu ion” ee-ma ke ad ocacy o ounda ion p esiden Rod Richa dson, suc-
cesso o one o he ea ly unde s o A las hink anks a ound he wo ld.23
Richa dson c ea ed he “clean capi alism wi hou bo de s” concep , which
ad oca es gi ing ax b eaks o “g een” in es men s secu ed in in e na ional
ea ies.24 The Ludwig on Mises Ins i u e, based in he US s a e o Alabama,
is ano he a - igh /libe a ian o ce in clima e obs uc ion ha has e ol ed
CLIMAT E POLICY OBSTRUCTION ON T HE RIGHT A ND T HE FAR RIGHT [ 143 ]
in o a global ne wo k o hink anks.25 Se e al Mises Ins i u es in di e en
coun ies ha e been ac i e in he A las ne wo k; acco ding o he esul s o wo
global su eys o bo h ne wo ks, abou one-qua e o he indi iduals a ilia ed
wi h Mises Ins i u es a e also a ilia ed wi h A las hink anks.26
In u n, leading in ellec uals in ol ed in Mises Ins i u es a ound he wo ld,
including economis Hans He mann Hoppe, ounded he P ope y and F ee-
dom Socie y. The Socie y ad oca es a new e sion o a - igh neolibe alism
ha opposes almos any s a e in e en ionism and suppo s adical p i a iza-
ion and decen aliza ion. The g oup’s ejec ion o global policy coo dina ion
unde he umb ella o he Uni ed Na ions is simila o ha o he an i-sys emic
a igh . P ope y and F eedom spli away om he Mon Pèle in Socie y in
2004; he la e suppo s bo h cul u ally p og essi e and conse a i e a ie ies
o neolibe alism and, in he con ex o clima e change, is home o suppo e s
o global economic cons i u ionalism and bo h suppo e s and opponen s o
in e na ional policy coo dina ion.27
Discou ses o Delay
Beyond hei ee-ma ke he o ic, a wide ange o hink anks has de eloped
o he discou ses o clima e delay,28 including p omo ing non ans o ma i e
solu ions and ad oca ing limi ed esponsibili y o add essing clima e change.
These s a egies include he g owing emphasis on achie ing ne -ze o emis-
sions, a ocus on ca bon seques a ion a he han de-ca boniza ion, and an
emphasis on “discoun ing” in economic models (which asse s ha mi iga ion
can wai because i will be less expensi e in he u u e). These delay- ocused
o ms o discu si e obs uc ion ha e no only been in eg a ed ac oss he
poli ical and co po a e policy sphe es, bu also accep ed in he public mind.29
These na a i es ha e been echoed by indi idual membe s o hese hink
anks, who sp ead hese ideologically suppo ed posi ions on clima e change
ia public- acing media appea ances.30 Mu doch media egula ly ea u e con-
en om bo h ee-ma ke conse a i e and ha d- igh clima e denialis hink
anks, companies, and unde s in No h Ame ica, pa icula ly hose based in
he Uni ed S a es31 (e.g., he Hea land Ins i u e). They also spo ligh speak-
e s and con en om hink anks based in Canada (F on ie Cen e o Public
Policy), Aus alia (Ins i u e o Public A ai s, Cen e o Independen S udies),
Eu ope (Ins i u e o Economic A ai s, he Aus ian Economics Cen e ), and
Sou h A ica (F ee Ma ke Founda ion, Sou h A ican Ins i u e o Race Rela-
ions), o example. Consequen ly, pa isan hink anks ha e ul ima ely been
able o guide “public opinion, poli ical deba e, economic discou se and e en
academic discussions on clima e change mi iga ion” in se e al coun ies and
policy a enas.32
[ 144 ] Clima e Obs uc ion
Financial Linkages
Schola ly esea ch on he ela ionship be ween conse a i e ounda ions and
clima e obs uc ion began wi h a seminal quan i a i e 2014 analysis o he
US Clima e Change Coun e mo emen (CCCM).33 The CCCM is a ne wo k o
o ganiza ions (including hink anks), indi iduals, and ac i i ies dedica ed o
p e en ing ambi ious clima e policy. Since hen, esea ch on philan h opic
inancial suppo wi hin he poli ical economy o clima e obs uc ion has
e ealed h ee hemes.
The i s heme is opaci y: eliable da a on ounda ion suppo a e di icul
o ob ain. When such da a a e ga he ed, i can be di icul o disce n he in en
and in luence o his ype o inancial suppo . Fo example, 74% o dona-
ions made h ough dono -ad ised unds come om uniden i ied sou ces.34
To lea n mo e abou unding pa e ns, i can be help ul o ace unding lows
and boa d membe ship. The Dunn Founda ion, o example, has unded se -
e al hink anks in ol ed in clima e denial, including he Hea land Ins i u e
and he Ca o Ins i u e. Be ween 2002 and 2017, he la e ecei ed mo e han
$7 million om he Dunn Founda ion;35 a ounda ion membe also se es on
Ca o’s supe iso y boa d.
While some such hink anks in he Uni ed S a es epo edly bene i om
un aceable con ibu ions om conse a i e amily dona ions and he libe -
a ian/conse a i e Dono s’ T us ,36 o he s lack e en limi ed anspa ency
when i comes o hei unding sou ces. Recen esea ch has documen ed he
unding pa e ns es ablished by b o he s Cha les and Da id Koch o co po a e
gian Koch Indus ies, who disc ee ly und he clima e change coun e mo e-
men by di ec ing money h ough hei amily ounda ions ( he Cha les Koch
Founda ion and he Da id H. Koch Cha i able Founda ion). The bene icia ies
a e a ne wo k o conse a i e hink anks and ad ocacy g oups ha ac i ely
p omo e clima e change skep icism and oppose en i onmen al egula ions,
o en unneling he unds h ough “da k money” o ganiza ions such as Dono s
T us o obscu e he sou ce o hese dona ions. (This ne wo k is some imes
e e ed o as he “Koch opus” due o i s ex ensi e each and in luence.)37
The second heme is concen a ion. Despi e he ac ha many con ibu-
ions o obs uc ionis hink anks and ci il socie y g oups a e made anony-
mously, esea ch has ound ha a small g oup o ounda ions ends o p o ide
he bulk o inancial suppo o o ganiza ions in ol ed in clima e obs uc-
ion e o s:38 “The op 1% o g an make s accoun o 67% o g an s, and
he op 10% o g an make s accoun o 95% o g an s.”39 In Eu ope, he
numbe o ounda ions in ol ed in p omo ing and/o unding clima e change
denial is smalle han in he Uni ed S a es. To compa e he wo egions, one
can examine he ounda ions suppo ing hink anks ha a e pa ne s o he
global A las Ne wo k. Many A las hink anks a e in ol ed in clima e denial
CLIMAT E POLICY OBSTRUCTION ON T HE RIGHT A ND T HE FAR RIGHT [ 145 ]
and o he o ms o obs uc ion, as discussed ea lie . While he e is no in o -
ma ion on ounda ion unding in Eu ope compa able o ha a ailable in he
Uni ed S a es, a ecen su ey ound o y-eigh ounda ion ep esen a i es on
he boa ds o A las hink anks in Eu ope, compa ed wi h almos h ee hun-
d ed indi iduals ep esen ing mo e han wo hund ed ounda ions who se ed
on he boa ds o A las hink anks in he Uni ed S a es.40 A ew Eu opean
ounda ions in he su ey sample a e no able o unding Clima e Coun e -
mo emen o ganiza ions in La in Ame ica, including he Fundación pa a el
Análisis y los Es udios Sociales in Spain, and he F ied ich Naumann Founda-
ion, o example, unds hem in Ge many. Bo h Eu opean ounda ions und
La in Ame ican hink anks. The Eu opean a m o he A las Ne wo k, he In e -
na ional Policy Ne wo k, was in ol ed in channeling US unding o Eu opean
denial o ganiza ions.41
The hi d heme is he e ogenei y. Schola s ha e no ed he a ie y o he cli-
ma e obs uc ion ac o s unded. Founda ion suppo lows o many di e en
o ganiza ions, wi h a ied le els o ocus on clima e change; hus, schola s ace
a challenge in isola ing he impac o hese lows on clima e obs uc ion when
i is one among many issues o conce n wi hin he neolibe al and conse a i e
mo emen .42
Cul u al Linkages: The Role o Religion
Many majo eligions emb ace ambi ious en i onmen al ac ion and endo se
clima e mi iga ion, ou o conce n o e , o example, p o ec ing God’s c e-
a ion. The e a e also some eligious linkages o clima e obs uc ion, especially
among ank-and- ile adhe en s whose adi ions a e mo e closely aligned wi h
igh -wing poli ics.43 In he Uni ed S a es and Aus alia, o example, eli-
giosi y has been ound o be a key ac o in he popula iza ion o clima e
science skep icism.44,45 Resea ch on spi i uali y on he Ne he lands has mi -
o ed Ame ican pa e ns.46 O he ypes o eligious o ganiza ion ha e been
in ol ed in clima e obs uc ion, no ably he US-based Co nwall Alliance o he
S ewa dship o C ea ion. I s ounde , E. Cal in Beisne o he Ca holic Ac on
Ins i u e, desc ibed he g oup as a “ne wo k o e angelical heologians, sci-
en is s, and economis s.”47 I s ac i i ies ha e included o ganizing a semina in
Rome wi h he Ac on and Hea land ins i u es o mobilize agains he language
o “en i onmen al c isis” in Pope F ancis’s encyclical Lauda o Si.48
Like he Co nwall Alliance’s, many o he bes -s udied Ca holic denial-
is ac i i ies ha e been aced o he Uni ed S a es. Thei main hemes a e
e lec ed in he p ominen blog and o um Ca holic Answe s: clima e change
is na u al, no an h opogenic; an h opogenic clima e change is “p uden ial
judgmen ” (i.e., belonging o he scien i ic sphe e, which is no in allible); cli-
ma e conce n e lec s pan heism and neopaganism; suppo o subsidia i y
[ 146 ] Clima e Obs uc ion
igh has become en angled wi h en i onmen al ideologies in ways ha ideolo-
gies o he mains eam igh ha e no . In a mani es o published online be o e
he a ack, he shoo e w o e:
The incon enien u h is ha ou leade s, bo h Democ a and Republican, ha e
been ailing us o decades . . . he decima ion o he en i onmen is c ea ing a
massi e bu den o u u e gene a ions. Co po a ions a e heading he des uc ion
o ou en i onmen by shamelessly o e -ha es ing esou ces . . . The go e nmen
is unwilling o ackle hese issues beyond emp y p omises since hey a e owned
by co po a ions . . . ha also like immig a ion because mo e people mean [cheap
labo and] a bigge ma ke o hei p oduc s.79
Al hough e olu iona y a - igh mo emen s di e subs an ially ac oss he
globe, wo lessons can be gleaned om a su ey o hei sha ed cha ac e is-
ics: (1) science skep icism and clima e policy obs uc ion a e no necessa ily
linked; and (2) en i onmen al conce n is p esen , albei in e y di e en
o ms, ac oss he conse a i e poli ical spec um.
CONCLUSION
The chap e ’s su ey o he igh is ancho ed by he ole o neolibe alism, high-
ligh ing clima e obs uc ion wi hin public- acing ins i u ions o en backed by
hidden unding om ossil uel and ag ibusiness in e es s. We aced he his-
o y o neolibe al na a i es linking he ea ly conse a ion he o ic o wise
use as an al e na i e o public egula ion o p esen -day he o ic o ee-
ma ke en i onmen alism. We also conside ed he a igh , concep ualized
as a e olu iona y mo emen , some imes a odds wi h bo h neolibe alism and
conse a ism, ha a emp s o obs uc clima e policy as pa o a la ge e o
o dis up in e na ional coope a ion i sel . The chap e emphasizes he impo -
ance o ci il socie y in igh -wing obs uc ion, ocusing on he ne wo k o
ac o s collabo a ing h ough hink anks, ounda ions, and o he o ganiza-
ions. While igh -wing na a i es di e , ci il socie y ne wo ks ha e o e ed
spaces whe e he a ious ac ions o neolibe alism and o he a - igh o ces
in e sec . Tu ning o Eu opean and global clima e go e nance and he no ion
o sha ed esponsibili y, we hen poin ed o he e i aliza ion o eac iona y,
na ionalis ic ideologies sha ed by he di e se sec o s o he igh .
Religion and spi i uali y also play a signi ican ole in clima e obs uc ion
when hey a e mobilized agains scien i ic e idence and scien i ically g ounded
policymaking. He e we p o ided he case s udies o Eas e n Eu ope and La in
Ame ica o demons a e how eligion can ein o ce clima e obs uc ion ideol-
ogy, despi e ha many leade s o wo ld eligions ha e made add essing clima e
CLIMAT E POLICY OBSTRUCTION ON T HE RIGHT A ND T HE FAR RIGHT [ 153 ]
change a heological impe a i e. Finally, we demons a ed how, despi e hei
di e ing ideologies and goals, he ac o s and o ganiza ions on he igh a e
o some deg ee uni ied unde “big en ” g oups including he A las ne wo k
and he In e na ional Democ a ic Union, ampli ying hei messages ia media
ou le s ha each success ully ac oss space and ime.
Topics o Fu u e Resea ch
Schola s a e inc easingly ocusing a en ion on he a igh and, wi hin ha
a ena, a li e a u e on he ela ionship be ween he a igh and he en i on-
men is g owing apidly.80 Howe e , much less wo k is being done on he ole
o he a igh in clima e obs uc ion. This is a c i ical gap; his chap e lays he
g oundwo k o a basic esea ch p og am on he subjec , which mus be unde -
aken sepa a ely om—bu in con e sa ion wi h— he endency o ocus on
mo e adi ional, neolibe al conse a i e clima e obs uc ion e o s.
Howe e , schola s should con inue o s udy he ways in which a ious
mo emen s con e ge and in e ac . Fa om a sign o weakness o agmen-
a ion, he igh ’s di e si y and ne wo k o e laps ha e engende ed a g owing
a ie y o op ions and s a egies o clima e obs uc ion ha coincide wi h
dedica ed e o s o communica e ac oss he b oadening spec um. While
he e a e impo an ideological di e ences be ween he mo e ecen a - igh
obs uc ionis g oups and olde igh -wing conse a i e and neolibe al g oups,
big- en hink ank ne wo ks such as A las o e an a ena in which his syn he-
sizing esea ch migh be conduc ed.
Cul u al in luences on obs uc ion also dese e mo e schola ly a en ion.
While he chap e has ocused on he a igh ’s opposi ion o mul icul u alism
and he p e e ence o “na u al” e hnoplu alis encla es, he ole o eligion
is s ill la gely unde s udied, especially i s mo e di use aspec s beyond he
ins i u ions and o ganiza ions conside ed he e. Resea che s should a emp
o quan i y, o ease apa quali a i ely, he in luence o causal mechanisms
in he ela ionship be ween eligion and clima e obs uc ion, wi h a pa icu-
la ocus on he ela i e impo ance o poli ical ideology o eligious belie in
d i ing ou comes. The ole o global eligious communica ion channels such as
he E e nal Wo d TV Ne wo k81 dese e close a en ion in conjunc ion wi h
o he comme cial igh -wing media ou le s.
Resea che s would do well o expand beyond he ocus on examining speci ic
eligions o denomina ions o explo e eligion’s nonins i u ionalized o ms.82
Fo example, belie s and o ien a ions owa d ime and empo ali y (cycli-
cal e sus linea ; ini e e sus e e nal) and he concep o na u e’s inhe en
“sac edness” can ha e d ama ic impac s on he pe cei ed u gency o clima e
ac ion as well as he le el o pe cei ed need o obs uc ongoing clima e e o s.
[ 154 ] Clima e Obs uc ion
Finally, he e is e y li le esea ch on he o ganiza ional and inancial
linkages be ween he a igh and clima e obs uc ion e o s. The decen al-
ized na u e o his mo emen makes such s udy di icul , bu in addi ion o
examining he o ganiza ional and inancial ne wo ks o na ional a - igh pa -
ies, schola s should begin o piece oge he egional and subna ional linkages
be ween mo emen ac o s o gain a clea e pic u e o po en ial coo dina ion
among hem.
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