A Differential Game with Investment in Transport and Communication R&D
Abstract
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Colombo, Luca; Lambertini, Luca; Mantovani, Andrea Working Paper A Differential Game with Investment in Transport and Communication R&D Quaderni - Working Paper DSE, No. 466 Provided in Cooperation with: University of Bologna, Department of Economics Suggested Citation: Colombo, Luca; Lambertini, Luca; Mantovani, Andrea (2003) : A Differential Game with Investment in Transport and Communication R&D, Quaderni - Working Paper DSE, No. 466, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche (DSE), Bologna, https://doi.org/10.6092/unibo/amsacta/4828 This Version is available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/159307 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your personal and scholarly purposes. You are not to copy documents for public or commercial purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
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