Digital Twins in the Context of Seaports and Terminal Facilities

Neugebaue , Julian; Heilig, Leona d; Voß, S e an
A icle — Published Ve sion
Digi al Twins in he Con ex o Seapo s and Te minal
Facili ies
Flexible Se ices and Manu ac u ing Jou nal
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Sp inge Na u e
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Neugebaue , Julian; Heilig, Leona d; Voß, S e an (2024) : Digi al Twins in he
Con ex o Seapo s and Te minal Facili ies, Flexible Se ices and Manu ac u ing Jou nal, ISSN
1936-6590, Sp inge US, New Yo k, NY, Vol. 36, Iss. 3, pp. 821-917,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10696-023-09515-9
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/315265
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Digi al Twins in he Con ex o Seapo s and Te minal
Facili ies
Julian Neugebaue
1
Leona d Heilig
1
S e an Voß
1
Accep ed: 25 Sep embe 2023 / Published online: 13 Janua y 2024
The Au ho (s) 2024
Abs ac
Inc easing eigh olumes and challenging en i onmen s in seapo s and con aine
e minals wo ldwide equi e s eamlined and eliable ope a ions. Digi al wins a e
seen as impo an d i e s o he digi aliza ion in seapo s by p o iding a basis o
highe anspa ency, con ol and da a-d i en decision making. In his con ex ,
howe e , he concep is a ely s udied, and implemen a ion issues a e no comp e-
hensi ely discussed. The pape p esen s an explo a o y s udy o digi al wins in
seapo s based on a li e a u e e iew and case s udies. The analysis e eals a s an-
da diza ion defici o digi al win implemen a ions, an infla iona y and imp ope use
o he e m digi al win, and fields o esea ch ha need o be explo ed u he . The
applica ion o op imiza ion me hods and he in eg a ion o simula ion-based op i-
miza ion in he field o seapo s and con aine e minals is examined, due o i s
ele ance o digi al wins. Impo an lessons lea ned can be aken om he mos
ad anced implemen a ions, in eg a ing simula ions and emula ions wi h op imiza ion
me hods. An in-dep h examina ion o mul iple case s udies and discussions wi h
global po leade s yields aluable pe spec i es on he a ied le els o digi al win
implemen a ions being applied oday, including insigh s in o he mos ad anced
implemen a ions cu en ly being used in po s and con aine e minals. As a esul o
he analyses conduc ed, a ious esea ch di ec ions and a esea ch agenda a e
p esen ed.
Keywo ds Digi al win · Ma i ime logis ics · Seapo s · Con aine e minal · Use
cases · Li e a u e e iew
Julian Neugebaue
julian.neugebaue @uni-hambu g.de
1
Ins i u e o In o ma ion Sys ems, Uni e si y o Hambu g, Von-Melle-Pa k 5, 20146 Hambu g,
Ge many
123
Flexible Se ices and Manu ac u ing Jou nal (2024) 36:821–917
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10696-023-09515-9(0123456789().,- olV)(0123456789().,- olV)
1 In oduc ion
Besides in eg a ing new and imp o ed in as uc u e and equipmen , digi al
ans o ma ion is seen as a key componen o planning and imp o ing ope a ional
p ocesses in seapo s (Ka as 2020; Heilig e al. 2017a). The need o u he
op imiza ion measu es has g own s eadily in pa allel wi h he wo ldwide inc ease in
con aine h oughpu (The Wo ld Bank 2020). A e decades o s eamlining po
p ocesses and ope a ions, he po en ial o u he imp o emen s a e seen especially in
au oma ion and he u iliza ion o da a o acili a e (nea ) eal ime and da a-d i en
decision making (Heilig e al. 2017b). The digi al win is conside ed a key concep o
Indus y 4.0 (Lasi e al. 2014) and s i es o mee he inc easing p ac ical
equi emen s. I enables physical sys ems o be mapped in he digi al wo ld. Digi al
wins combine mul iple echnologies and di e in he scope o he physical en i y
being digi ized. F om he ep esen a ion o indi idual pa s o componen s o he
mapping o en i e seapo s o ci ies, digi al wins can be used o c ea ing digi al
models o objec s and hei p ocesses as well as en i onmen s (Fulle e al. 2020).
1
In ecen yea s, digi al wins ha e become inc easingly impo an in he po
indus y (Po Technology 2021) and in esea ch (Madusanka e al. 2023). By
inc easing e ficiency and helping o es uc u e logis ical p ocesses, digi al wins a e
seen as a pa o u u e po s and he ma i ime sec o in gene al (Lind e al. 2020).
They can be iewed as a ool o connec ing a a ie y o esea ch me hods and a eas,
such as simula ion o machine lea ning (ML) and echnologies, hus acili a ing he
combina ion o he wo. O e ing a common pla o m o analyzing da a om
mul iple sou ces allows esea che s as well as p ac i ione s o gain a deepe
unde s anding o he sys em and i s beha io and o iden i y pa e ns and ends ha
may no be immedia ely appa en om a single da a sou ce. Combined wi h
comp ehensi e models, he beha io o he sys em unde a ious condi ions can hen
be simula ed and analyzed o explo e and es new designs o configu a ions and o
iden i y as well as sol e po en ial p oblems be o e hey occu in he eal wo ld.
Sol ing p oblem be o e hey occu wi h a digi al win is simila o p esc ip i e
analy ics and is enabled by au oma ed da a exchange in (nea ) eal ime as pa o he
digi al win (Be simas and Kallus 2020; Tian e al. 2023). P esc ip i e analy ics is
ocused on he op imiza ion o p ocesses, while digi al wins ocus on he
op imiza ion o comple e physical objec s wi h he unde lying p ocesses. Bo h fields
a e wo h discussing, howe e , due o leng h limi a ions, p esc ip i e analy ics will
no be conside ed u he below.
As o he basic heo ies abou digi al wins, much has al eady been con ibu ed o
he body o knowledge (Jones e al. 2020; Ba icelli e al. 2019), e en o he ex en o
ques ioning whe he defini ions o digi al wins a e oo b oad (VanDe Ho n and
Mahade an 2021). None heless, ocusing on a single echnology is no pa o hese
defini ions. Howe e , his is exac ly wha is usually desc ibed in he con ex o digi al
wins o seapo s in he li e a u e. Digi al wins ha e many unc ions, which makes i
1
Due o he scope o he pape only digi al wins in po s and e minal ope a ions a e discussed. Fo o he
applica ions in indus y and manu ac u ing he eade is e e ed o Jiang e al. (2021); Qi and Tao (2018);
Tao e al. (2019a).
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822 J. Neugebaue e al.
di ficul o de elop a unified unde s anding. As a esul , he e is nei he a common
defini ion no a clea analysis o his esea ch a ea in he con ex o seapo s.
This pape analyzes how a he cu en esea ch on digi al wins as well as
p ac ical applica ions ha e p og essed in he field o seapo s and con aine e minals.
This is done as pa o an explo a o y s udy o help iden i y oppo uni ies o using
digi al wins o imp o e con aine e minal and po ope a ions, unde s and he
po en ial and limi a ions o digi al wins, iden i y challenges and ba ie s o hei
implemen a ion o use and gene a e new ideas and concep s o hei esea ch and
applica ion. As such, his s udy can p o ide in o ma ion abou he de elopmen
based on he cu en s a e and use o digi al wins in con aine e minals. A dual ocus
is p esen ed on he esea ch a ea explo ed in he li e a u e e iew and he applica ion
a ea examined in he li e a u e, as well as h ough se e al case s udies. The
explo a o y esea ch ocuses on ou main a eas: assessing unde lying me hods,
echnologies and app oaches o c ea ing and main aining digi al wins and hei
componen s and imp o ing hei accu acy and unc ionali y; unde s anding he
po en ial and limi a ions o digi al wins in di e en con ex s; iden i ying bes
p ac ices o implemen ing and using digi al wins in con aine e minals; and
e alua ing he impac and e ec i eness o digi al wins. Fo his app oach, i is
impo an o s a wi h a b ie in oduc ion o he opic. Based on he a ailable
esea ch, a clea defini ion is p o ided o ming he basis o he ollowing li e a u e
analysis and being he s a ing poin o iden i ying p oblems and explo ing hem.
These p oblems a e la e analyzed h ough in e iews and by discussing eal-wo ld
case s udies. Fo his pu pose, a ious in e na ional seapo s a e conside ed and
in e iews a e conduc ed wi h decision make s om he po sec o . The esul o he
examina ion o he p ac ical applica ions is an o e iew o he s a e o he a wi h
espec o digi al wins in seapo s. This yields new insigh s in o hu dles ha mus be
o e come and oppo uni ies ha a ise om implemen ing digi al wins. Fu he mo e,
a con ibu ion is made o he heo e ical bu also p ac ical unde s anding o digi al
wins and an o e iew is gi en o cu en ho spo s udies o suppo po ope a ions,
managemen and esea ch. To his end, a de ailed o e iew is p o ided using a
s uc u ed app oach, ollowed by an ex ensi e analysis in e ms o decision suppo .
The esul is an analysis o disc epancies and esea ch gaps.
The emainde o he pape is o ganized as ollows. S a ing wi h an in oduc ion
o he concep o digi al wins in Sec . 2, his sec ion elabo a es on how esea ch and
p ac ical implemen a ions in he field o digi al wins a e in e ela ed. A e wa ds, a
li e a u e e iew and majo esea ch con ibu ions based on he me hods used and he
echnologies employed o digi al wins a e p esen ed in Sec . 3. Based on his, use
cases a e combined wi h a se ies o in e iews in ol ing po leade s om a ound he
wo ld o p o ide a p ac ical pe spec i e and discuss key findings. Th ough hese
assessmen s, he cu en scien ific and p ac ical s a e as well as he echnologies and
me hods used a e desc ibed in Sec . 4. The pape concludes by iden i ying po en ial
a eas o u u e esea ch and de elopmen o digi al wins in po s, wi h a pa icula
ocus on con aine e minals. I also o e s p ac ical insigh s and eflec ions o he
u iliza ion o digi al wins in hese fields and shows how di e en esea ch a eas and
me hods could os e he ad ancemen o digi al wins.
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Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 823
2 Backg ound
I is c ucial o es ablish wha a digi al win ac ually is. Al hough o en also e e ed o
as a “cybe -physical sys em”(CPS), a digi al win acco ding o VanDe Ho n and
Mahade an (2021) can be desc ibed as “ i ual ep esen a ion o a physical sys em
(and i s associa ed en i onmen and p ocesses) ha is upda ed h ough he exchange
o in o ma ion be ween he physical and i ual sys em.”The defini ion is de i ed
om a e iew o many defini ions in he li e a u e and ep esen s he cu en s a e o
esea ch. In his con ex , a digi al win di e s om a gene ic CPS by a highe deg ee
o in eg a ion, synch oniza ion and in elligence. I also ep esen s a one- o-one
ela ionship wi h he physical sys em (Tao e al. 2019b). In addi ion, digi al wins
enable a con inuous eedback loop be ween he physical and i ual sys ems. They
p o ide a ious unc ions such as simula ion, op imiza ion, p edic ion, diagnosis o
con ol (G ie es and Vicke s 2017; Bosche and Rosen 2016). The digi al win
defini ion o igina es om Michael G ie es in 2002, who was he fi s o desc ibe he
idea o “dual sys ems in na u e”in a way ha he physical e sion and he digi al o
in o ma ion e sion exis wi h each hing o sys em as a digi al win (G ie es 2019;
Jones e al. 2020). The use o his defini ion by NASA in 2012 o desc ibing he
simula ion model o complex pa s mani es ed he e m digi al win and led o he
widesp ead adop ion o he concep (Tao e al. 2019b).
O e he cou se o he las decade he defini ions o digi al wins de eloped and
led o misconcep ions ega ding he scope o digi al wins, esul ing in he common
dis inc ion o digi al suppo sys ems, digi al shadows and digi al wins.
As shown in Fig. 1, he flow o in o ma ion be ween he physical and he digi al
objec o a digi al win is ully in eg a ed and au oma ed in all di ec ions, which in
u n desc ibes he cha ac e is ics o a digi al win. Thus, all h ee domains, he
physical, he digi al and he in o ma ion domain a e bila e ally connec ed. Each
digi al win, he e o e, con ains a model o unspecified complexi y ha can imply a
ep esen a i e beha io o he winned physical sys em o ope a ion (Fulle e al.
2020). Complexi y in he con ex o a ma hema ical model implemen ed in a digi al
Fig. 1 Di e en ia ing he digi al win le els based on Fulle e al. (2020)
123
824 J. Neugebaue e al.

win e e s o he le el o de ail and, e.g., he numbe o a iables and equa ions
included in he model.
A digi al win is only ealized when he unde lying p ocesses and changes om
he ope a ion au oma ically change he win in (nea ) eal ime as well as when he
wins’beha io and lea ning a e au oma ically adop ed in he physical ope a ion.
Howe e , such sys ems wi h in e media e s eps, such as a pe son e iewing he
lea nings o he digi al win and hen au oma ically applying he esul s, can s ill be
classified as a digi al win. Digi al wins sa is ying hose defini ions a e e e ed o as
s ic digi al wins in he ollowing, in pa icula o illus a e he s a e o
implemen a ion. A simple example would be op imized ou e planning o an
au onomous ehicle based on (nea ) eal- ime posi ion moni o ing and simula ion o
all o he ehicles a a con aine e minal based on a model o he ope a ions. Ano he
example would be a model o a quay c ane ha acks he c ane’s mo emen s in
(nea ) eal ime and can also simula e he c ane’s ope a ion o many u u e shi s, so
ha wea and ea can be p edic ed and hus any pa s ha may be needed can be
o de ed in ad ance au oma ically.
In con as , a digi al shadow is desc ibed as one-way in eg a ion, assuming he
implied model. Since he digi al shadow o he s ic defini ion is o en e e ed o as
a digi al win in p ac ice, i can also be conside ed a digi al win in a b oade sense.
An example is he in eg a ion o (nea ) eal- ime da a ha is en iched by he model,
isualized in 3D and hen manually analyzed. P ac ically, he model o a ehicle
anspo ing con aine s could show, based on (nea ) eal- ime da a, ha con inuing
ope a ion a he same speed could lead o o e hea ing, whe eupon he echnical s a
would ell he d i e o slow down. Based on hese defini ions, he digi al suppo
sys em could be, e.g., a 3D model o a echnical documen a ion file o jus a s a ic
da abase eco d which is manually main ained. This means ha he e is no au oma ed
da a flow o upda e be ween he digi al model o sys em and he physical objec o
p ocess. Digi al wins gene ally o m he basis o a (nea ) eal- ime and highly
e ec i e digi al ep esen a ion o objec s o sys ems o u he use in he con ex o
op imiza ion app oaches, simula ion o o o he echnological applica ions (Zheng
e al. 2019). This is pa icula ly ad an ageous because p e ious applica ions, such as
(nea ) eal- ime analysis o simula ion, we e no echnically easible, due o he high
compu ing equi emen s, o could no be su ficien ly dis inguished in esea ch.
In addi ion, o unde s anding he o e a ching concep o a digi al win, i is
impo an o u he di e en ia e he ypes o digi al wins. Fundamen ally, a
dis inc ion can be made acco ding o he de elopmen as desc ibed by G ie es and
Vicke s (2017) o he ype o hing ha is digi ally winned. The ypes o digi al win
modeling s a wi h componen o pa winning, whe e only a specific objec is
winned, ex ending o p oduc o asse winning, which can include a combina ion o
ma e ials and pa s, o he highes -le el winning, whe e en i e sys ems o p ocesses
a e ep esen ed by he digi al win. In e ms o obse a ion le el, sys em o p ocess
wins can also be ound in seapo s and po en ially in applica ions such as po
communi y sys ems (PCS). Bo h o hese sys ems consis o a a ie y o componen s,
including in as uc u e and supe s uc u e, as well as a ious pa icipan s and hei
p ocesses.
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Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 825
As seapo s ace high demands, many a e unde going digi al ans o ma ion,
al hough he ex en o digi iza ion a ies.
2
Some key digi al echnologies ha a e
being u ilized in his p ocess ela e o he in e ne o hings (IoT), big da a, simula ion
and cloud compu ing, among o he s. The lis o applicable echnologies and concep s
includes coun less o he s, esul ing in use cases such as po moni o ing o sma
main enance o he e minal (Te zie e al. 2020). All o hese suppo digi aliza ion
and con inuous imp o emen , bu a e cos ly ega ding he implemen a ion ime and
he finances needed (Pa lićSkende e al. 2020). Fu he mo e, wi hou ha ing a
meaning ul human and machine in e ace he benefi s o he digi aliza ion in seapo s
a e mino . P ope ly implemen ed, howe e , he benefi s o educing cos s and
c ea ing new e enue oppo uni ies ou weigh he di ficul ies ha mus be o e come
in implemen a ion (Min 2022). In addi ion, simula ions in seapo s based on he
digi ized sys ems can help o e alua e, imp o e and e en gene a e mo e da a o help
eplica e complex sys ems and ad ance hem in he long e m (Zhou e al. 2018).
This will p o ide esou ces o au oma ion and hus o u he de elopmen in he
seapo sec o (Li e al. 2021c).
The use o ad anced IoT echnologies and me hodologies such as simula ion,
op imiza ion, and ma hema ical modeling a e essen ial componen s in he c ea ion o
digi al wins. These ools allow o he cons uc ion o i ual ep esen a ions o
physical sys ems o p ocesses, enabling he analysis and imp o emen o hei
pe o mance in a i ual en i onmen . While he combina ion o hese echnologies
and me hods is c ucial o he c ea ion o digi al wins, i is impo an o no e ha
digi al wins ep esen mo e han jus he sum o hei pa s.
The combina ion and in eg a ion o he componen s o a digi al win a e shown in
Fig. 2, highligh ing he impo ance o connec ing echnologies wi h scien ific
me hods. A digi al win p o ides a holis ic app oach o unde s anding and imp o ing
complex sys ems and p ocesses, by o e ing a comp ehensi e iew ha inco po a es
mul iple echnologies and me hods. While he p ima y ocus o digi al wins is on
imp o ing p ocesses and e ficiency, hey can also be use ul o unde s anding and
op imizing complex sys ems like po s. In ac , he posi ion o ehicles, con aine s
and ships can ha e an impac on he model con ained wi hin a digi al win o a po ,
making i a aluable ool o managing and imp o ing he a ious p ocesses and
asks ha ake place wi hin his specialized a ea.
In he con ex o seapo s and con aine e minals, digi al wins p o ide a
amewo k o add ess specific challenges ha a e cen al o seapo o e minal
ope a ions and o e all e ficiency. These p oblems include, e.g., op imizing ehicle
alloca ion, quay c ane alloca ion, be h alloca ion, con aine s o age, and a fic
managemen . Resea ch in his a ea is, e.g., ocused on de eloping algo i hms and
models o e ficien ly add ess hese challenges. Due o he la ge amoun o wo k in
hese a eas, only a ew pape s a e desc ibed o ci ed below, mos ly ocusing on
p o iding an o e iew. One o he mos impo an a eas o esea ch is he
2
Digi iza ion is he p ocess o ans o ming analog da a in o digi al o ma s, digi aliza ion is he p ocess o
using echnologies o imp o e business p ocesses, and digi al ans o ma ion is he p ocess o c ea ing new
business p ocesses as well as new models and alue p oposi ions based on digi al echnologies (Heilig
e al. 2017a; V ana and Singh 2021). All h ee ha e o be applied o acili a e he c ea ion o a s ic digi al
win.
123
826 J. Neugebaue e al.
op imiza ion o ehicle alloca ion and scheduling wi hin he e minal as, e.g.,
desc ibed by Chen e al. (2021). E ficien ly alloca ing e minal ehicles such as
au oma ed guided ehicles (AGVs) and s addle ca ie s o di e en asks is c i ical
o educing wai ing imes, minimizing conges ion, and s eamlining o e all
ope a ions. To achie e his, esea che s a e explo ing dynamic alloca ion s a egies
ha ake in o accoun ac o s such as con aine loca ion, p io i y, and d i ing
dis ances (Böse e al. 2000; Gao e al. 2023). In addi ion, e ficien alloca ion o be hs
is impo an o e minal and po ope a ions. Op imal be h alloca ion ensu es
smoo h essel a fic and minimizes wai ing imes o ships. Fo hese p oblems
a ious cons ain s and pa ame e s such as essel ypes, handling equi emen s, and
be h a ailabili y a e aken in o accoun (Bie wi h and Meisel 2015). Ano he
impo an aspec o managing seapo e minals is he alloca ion o quay c anes o
handle ships, as is discussed, e.g., by Yang e al. (2023). Resea che s a e wo king o
de elop ad anced algo i hms ha op imize he alloca ion o quay c anes based on
ac o s such as essel size, ca go olume, and be h a ailabili y. By s eamlining he
use o quay c anes, e minals can significan ly inc ease p oduc i i y and educe
essel u na ound imes. Rela ed o his, con aine s o age is an impo an a ea o
esea ch in seapo e minal managemen . E ec i e alloca ion o s o age space wi hin
he e minal a ea is c i ical o educing e ie al imes, a oiding conges ion, and
maximizing space u iliza ion (Chen and Lu 2012).
All o hese issues a e angen ial o digi al wins and a e add essed in many o he
subsequen ly analyzed scien ific pape s. Knowledge o hese challenges in seapo s
and con aine e minals se es o ollow he li e a u e analysis and explo a ion o
p ac ical use cases. The esea ch on digi al wins in he con ex o po s and e minals
in pa icula will be examined in he nex sec ion. The li e a u e e iew will also
examine he ex en o which he con empla ed s ic defini ion o a digi al win has
been ollowed by esea ch and indus y in he a ea o seapo s.
3 Li e a u e e iew
A e defining digi al wins in he field o seapo s, a se o keywo ds was es ablished
as sea ch e ms o he li e a u e sea ch. The keywo ds we e selec ed based on a
sample o impo an wo ks in he field and ha e been imp o ed a e he ini ial
Fig. 2 Digi al win connec ing applica ions and me hods
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Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 827
sea ches we e comple ed. The sea ch was conduc ed using Scopus, Web o Science,
IEEE Xplo e and included he fi s 50 Google Schola esul s. A e wa ds, he pape s
we e fil e ed and addi ions we e made, ei he manually o h ough conduc ed o wa d
and backwa d sea ches. In gene al, he sea ch was limi ed o ecen pape s (2000–
2022) as he e m digi al wins has no been used in he pas . In addi ion, only wo ks
in English we e conside ed.
3
The p ocess o sea ching can be summa ized using he
flowcha shown in Fig. 3.
The li e a u e e iew esul ed in a se o 141 pape s. Al hough di e en s uc u ed
and semi-s uc u ed app oaches o find all ela ed li e a u e we e ca e ully applied,
he comple eness o he selec ed li e a u e canno be ully assu ed.
4
None heless, he
li e a u e analyzed should p o ide a solid o e iew o he esea ch domain and
suppo he subsequen conclusions.
A e conduc ing he li e a u e e iew, he pape s we e g ouped acco ding o he
scien ific me hods and echnologies used. In addi ion, he deg ee o unde s anding o
he digi al win in he indi idual pape s was analyzed. The esul is a comp ehensi e
o e iew o he en i e esea ch a ea o digi al wins in seapo s and e minals, which
is isualized in Table 2. Due o he able’s ex ensi e leng h i is placed in Appendix
A. The able is o ganized in o ou gene al sec ions, s a ing wi h he e e ence and a
b ie summa y o he esea ch scope o each pape on he le . A e ha , he me hods
used and he echnologies a e classified. These a e selec ed based on he espec i e
discussion o echnologies o me hods in he ob ained pape s. The hi d sec ion lis s
he unc ions o each digi al win men ioned in he pape . Each o hese sec ions
ei he con ains a (·) indica ing usage o hey con ain a (−), indica ing ha he me hods
a e men ioned as example only. A blank cell indica es ha no hing ela ed o he
column is men ioned o included in he analyzed pape . The ou h and igh pa o
Table 2shows he classifica ion o he digi al wins based on he s ic defini ion
discussed in Sec . 2.
I can be shown ha less han a qua e o all analyzed pape s p opose a s ic
digi al win (labeled “Twin”in Table 2). As a esul o he esea ch, i is shown ha
he majo i y o wo ks p esen s he digi al win as digi al shadow, suppo sys em o
defines a digi al win in he b oade sense. Mo e han a qua e o all analyzed pape s
do no con ain a digi al win, shadow o suppo sys em in gene al, bu a he discuss
specific pa s o me hods o one. On he one hand, his could indica e he need o a
clea defini ion and u he esea ch. On he o he hand, his has been expec ed as
esea ch is o en a he heo e ical in na u e and p ac ical implemen a ions and
au oma ic da a flows back o he physical sys ems canno always be ealized. This
app oach ad oca es o an explo a o y esea ch o he field o digi al wins in
con aine e minals and seapo s, whe e a a ie y o esea ch me hodologies,
app oaches and gene al p inciples a e employed in he men ioned li e a u e wi h he
aim o gaining a deepe unde s anding o he subjec ma e . No only a e es ablished
echnologies and hei p ac ical applica ions e alua ed, bu he po en ial o u u e
3
To documen his p ocess and make he exclusions as anspa en as possible, all sea ch esul s and
exempla y que ies, sepa a ed by indi idual sou ces and keywo ds, a e a ailable as RIS files a : h ps://
gi hub.com/Newge a me /digi al_ wins.
4
Fo a comp ehensi e discussion o s uc u ed li e a u e e iews, which allows o be e classifica ion o
he findings p esen ed in his pape , see Pahl and Voß (2022).
123
828 J. Neugebaue e al.
also a he ac ical and s a egic le els. In summa y, he e is s ill a lo o po en ial in
he esea ch a eas o simula ion and op imiza ion me hods.
3.1.3 Implemen a ion and applica ion
The b oades a ea wi hin he iden ified li e a u e discusses he implemen a ion o
applica ion o digi al wins as well as pa s o i (ma ked wi h a do in column 3 o
Table 2). Al hough i is s ic ly speaking no a scien ific esea ch a ea, i shows he
applied concep s and is, he e o e, pa o his explo a o y esea ch. F om pape s
applying 5G as an enabling echnology o assessing a ious impac s o digi al wins,
he e is a wide a ie y o wo ks. I should be no ed ha he ollowing is an o e iew
o mos , bu no all, o he wo k on applied digi al wins, lis ed in Table 2.
Agos inelli e al. (2022a) and Cumo (2021) bo h apply digi al wins and IoT in he
con ex o main enance and ene gy managemen , espec i ely. In he o me , he sola
and wind ene gy po en ial o he Po o Anzio (I aly) is analyzed based on da a
collec ed o e he las 40 yea s. Ene gy consump ion o ligh ing and powe supply
o pa s o he po is planned o be imp o ed as a esul o he o ecas s o ene gy
gene a ion. The esul s sugges lowe GHG emissions due o a sma e use o
enewable ene gy. Since he ene gy p oduc ion da a has al eady been collec ed,
main enance can also be imp o ed. Fo example, a dec ease in ene gy p oduc ion
unde he same condi ions could indica e he need o clean he sola panels. The
app oach o Cumo (2021) is simila and shows compa able esul s o he Ven o ene
Island Po (I aly) wi h g ea e ocus on Building In o ma ion Modeling (BIM). In
bo h pape s, impo an pa s o he po in as uc u e a e modeled in 3D and pa ially
connec ed o da a om IoT de ices o enable anspa ency and mo e p ecise con ol.
Howe e , bo h pape s only conside a digi al shadow, since no au oma ic da a flow
back o he eal sys em is implemen ed. This is in con as o he li e a u e dealing
wi h he implemen a ion o simula ion-based digi al wins. Gao e al. (2022b) ocus
on he au oma ed ya d and p esen special benefi s o a digi al win applica ion wi h
espec o he simula ion-based op imiza ion. The applica ion is di ided in o he
con ol o machine y, display in e aces, p og ammable con olle s and ansmission
lines. These a e combined as “con ol and execu ion modules.”He eby, i is shown
how an implemen a ion can be acili a ed wi h he digi al win b idging he gap
be ween he op imiza ion esul s and ac ual ope a ions in he e minal. Meanwhile,
Ho mann and B anding (2019) also apply a simula ion model wi h a dispa ching
algo i hm based on he concep o s a a ion a oidance. The digi al win is used o
e alua e di e en esul s o he dispa ching algo i hm in combina ion wi h (nea ) eal
ime da a om IoT de ices. Howe e , no au oma ed applica ion o he op imiza ion
esul s is pe o med.
The e is a pauci y o li e a u e on he opics discussed, especially when compa ed
o li e a u e dealing wi h a mo e gene al applica ion o digi al wins in he supply
chain. Based on Busse e al. (2021), who p esen a amewo k o a uni e sal digi al
supply chain win, a commonly used pe spec i e ega ding he digi al win is i s
unc ion as pa o a gene al da a space o connec a a ie y o ac o s. This can ei he
be as pa o a PCS, as pa o a na ional single window (NSW), o ega ding a
gene al (indus ial o ma i ime) da a space. A PCS is gene ally desc ibed as an
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 835

in e o ganiza ional sys em suppo ing he exchange o po - ela ed in o ma ion and
documen s needed o e ficien ly manage po ope a ions and p ocedu es (Heilig and
Voß 2017; Simoni e al. 2022). Da a in he PCS can be inco po a ed in o he digi al
win and i s model and ice e sa. The in eg a ion o a digi al win is p oposed o
suppo collabo a ion among s akeholde s wi h echnical s anda ds and a simila
objec i e, as hese a e necessa y o he implemen a ion o he digi al win. I makes
i easie o use s o u ilize business- ela ed in o ma ion collec ed h ough he
pla o m. The same holds ue o he NSW, which can p o ide a mo e s anda dized
access o e en mo e use s no included in he PCS, e.g., go e nmen s (Rødse h and
Be e 2018). The Da a Space (DS) as desc ibed in a ious o ms
9
is e en mo e
gene alized as he PCS o NSW. I can con ain all da a men ioned abo e and da a
beyond ha . Examples include au oma ic iden ifica ion sys em (AIS) da a p o ided
by he po au ho i y (Sa abia-Jacome e al. 2020) o in o ma ion o he acking and
moni o ing o con aine s h oughou he supply chain (Rajpu and Singh 2018).
The e o e, he DS ei he suppo s he digi al win by p o iding e en mo e da a as
inpu o each model o by sha ing he win i sel wi hin he DS. This would no be
possible wi h a PCS o NSW, as hese a e used mo e as da a hubs o
in e o ganiza ional p ocesses.
F equen ly men ioned p oblems conce n da a managemen and access igh s
con ol as well as finding he igh managemen o ganiza ion o which all
s akeholde s can en us hei da a. None o he a icles discuss s anda ds, al hough
i can be assumed ha his mus be a challenge o implemen a ion. The esul s o
implemen ing such a gene al DS a e beneficial, as he example o he Po o Valencia
(Spain) indica es. Sa abia-Jacome e al. (2019) indica e an imp o emen in
in e ope abili y and desc ibe he gene a ion o new po -wide KPIs ha indica e
he ope a ional and o e all e ficiency o he seapo . The e o e, his suppo s be e
decision making ega ding he included s akeholde s o he DS. In mos pape s ha
men ion a PCS, NSW o DS, only digi al shadows a e desc ibed o no o he digi al
win le els a e discussed. Al hough he li e a u e e e enced in his sec ion shows
how he unde lying echnologies o digi al wins a e used, none o he pape s
desc ibe an inclusion o he digi al win o how i could be made a ailable o o he
s akeholde s. I can, he e o e, be concluded ha u he explo a ion is needed in his
a ea. I is likely o be o in e es , e.g., o make he simula ion componen s o he
digi al win a ailable o o he playe s in he seapo . This can be used, o ins ance, o
simula e he es ima ed ime o a i al o a uck a a con aine e minal based on
a fic models p o ided by a po au ho i y. The con ol o componen s ia he digi al
win o a con aine e minal, e.g., by hi d pa ies pe o ming main enance wo k,
could also be analyzed.
A mo e gene alized iew on digi al win implemen a ions and applica ions in he
con ex o sma po s and in Indus y 4.0 is conside ed in many o he analyzed
pape s. Dalaklis e al. (2021) desc ibe a sma po as an in eg a ion o in elligen
a ficflow, in o ma ion sys ems and digi al in as uc u es. They conduc a li e a u e
e iew and iden i y digi al echnologies used in po s a ound he wo ld. As one o
9
The in e es ed eade is e e ed o, e.g., Osó io e al. (2019); Rajpu and Singh (2018); Rødse h and
Be e (2018); Sa abia-Jacome e al. (2019,2020) and Schislyae a (2021)
123
836 J. Neugebaue e al.
hese echnologies, he digi al win is cha ac e ized as a simula ion o he po ’s
cha ac e is ics, changing se e al a iables and es ing hem quickly and e ec i ely.
The esul s o he li e a u e e iew a e compa ed wi h a case s udy a he Po o
Go henbu g, Sweden. The case s udy shows ha om he use o senso s o moni o
emissions caused by onboa d powe gene a ion o au oma ic ga es o ucks, he
o e all pe o mance o he po is sugges ed o imp o e. Howe e , i is clea om he
o e iew o used echnologies ha he defini ion o a sma po is e y ague and
can encompass a wide ange o echnologies and le els o digi aliza ion. Wang e al.
(2021) ocuses mo e on he combined applica ion o he a ious echnologies
men ioning he digi al win no only as pa o some po ’s sma p ojec s, bu as a
way o combining he echnologies making up a sma po . This is done by
de eloping a amewo k ha di ides he ocus o managing he sma po p ocesses
in o he physical-, da a-, model-, se ice- and applica ion laye s. Resul s include
ecommenda ions o s anda diza ion and a sugges ed ocus on pla o m building.
Fu he mo e, using he digi al win as a connec ing cons uc is sugges ed. Especially
he concep o ha ing he digi al win as a connec ion, ep esen ing all s a es and
allowing o simula e di e en si ua ions a he po , can be ound in Pang e al. (2021)
and Pi a Cos a e al. (2021), albei o a ying deg ees.
Adding o hese lea nings wi h he ocus on applica ion and implemen a ion o
digi al wins, Ib ion e al. (2019) discuss he possible isks o digi al wins in he
ma i ime domain. This is done in he con ex o lea ning om isks ega ding he
implemen a ion o digi al wins in a ia ion by ocusing on p oblema ic use cases.
Resul s o his analysis include p oblems conce ning senso eliabili y and da a
quali y, showing he impo ance o co ec measu emen s, he isk o making
decisions on he basis o w ong measu emen s and he impo ance o be e o co ec
modeling, simula ion and e ifica ion. O he isks conside ed by Ilin e al. (2022)
include hacking o da a manipula ion, albei wi h a g ea e ocus on blockchain-based
sys ems, showing ha despi e he exis ing isks, he po en ials o digi aliza ion a e
ou weighed. This conclusion is also e iden om he analysis o he No h Sea Rou e
as a whole, whose mos impo an de elopmen s ep is sugges ed o be digi iza ion
acco ding o Ilin e al. (2022). In e es ingly, ew au ho s discuss he isk associa ed
wi h digi al wins in global po s. The e is a need o ans e esea ch on digi al win
isk o o he a eas. Besides Ilin e al. (2022), many o he au ho s show a simila
gene al need o digi aliza ion and digi al ans o ma ion, wi h he digi al win being
a i al pa o i .
10
In addi ion, in mos cases, he desc ibed digi al wins ha e a (nea )
eal- ime connec i i y and a s ong ocus on isualiza ion. The digi aliza ion e o s,
including he implemen a ion o digi al wins, a e also included in he u u e
de elopmen , e.g., o he Tu kish Seapo s (Özkanli and DeniZhan 2020) o he Po
o Hambu g (Tesse e al. 2021). Al oge he , mos pape s show a conside able need
o implemen ing and applying digi al wins in he seapo domain, albei mos o en
in he mo e gene al con ex o digi al ans o ma ion as also discussed by Yang e al.
(2023). Sanchez-Gonzalez e al. (2022) desc ibe “quick-win applica ions”and
include con aine acking, i ual eali y (VR) applica ions o main enance o
10
The in e es ed eade is e e ed o, e.g., Heilig e al. (2017a); Ko ole a e al. (2019); Min (2022);
Pa lićSkende e al. (2020); Sanchez-Gonzalez e al. (2022); Wa anakul e al. (2022).
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 837
aining, ou e op imiza ion ia ML as well as mul iple applica ions o da a analy ics,
especially conce ning ene gy usage and emissions. All o hese can be pa o a
digi al win applica ion and con ibu e o he possible benefi s o global seapo s.
Since hey a e he enabling pa o digi al wins hese echnologies ge discussed
u he in he nex sec ion.
3.2 Resea ch and use o digi al win enabling echnologies
Digi al wins can inco po a e a a ie y o echnologies. Especially o he ealiza ion
o s ic digi al wins in mode n seapo s, i has o be discussed which echnologies
can be o use in which espec . The e o e, he nex sec ion analyzes he di e en
possibili ies o applicable echnologies, s a ing wi h he acquisi ion o da a, he
di e en possibili ies o usage and isualiza ion and ending wi h he s o age and
p ocessing o he da a. As he a ious a eas co e ed would p o ide su ficien dep h in
hei own igh , he nex sec ion only conside s an o e iew and he impac o he
echnologies on he digi al win. Mo eo e , he ambi ion is no o p o ide a comple e
lis o all po en ially use ul echnologies, bu a he hose ha a e mos common.
3.2.1 Senso s, ac ua o s and connec i i y
In gene al, mobile wi eless connec i i y is he fi s s ep in digi izing he po , as in
mos cases his needs o be es ablished in o de o ecei e da a om in as uc u e
and mo ing objec s, like ehicles, ships and c anes. To make his possible, di e en
echnologies can be used. WiFi is pa icula ly in e es ing o e minals, while
wi eless communica ions and especially LTE and 5G a e use ul o all po
s akeholde s (Heilig and Voß 2017). In all cases, a high bandwid h ne wo k and low
la encies a e equi ed o ansmi he amoun s o da a needed o c ea e a digi al win
wi h highe accu acy.
T ans e s a e o en made o e cellula as a backup when connec ion quali y is
poo . Fo la ge a eas, WiFi migh be less p ac ical, showing he ad an age o as
cellula connec ions like 5G. Fo au oma ion and o con ol, e.g., h ough a ideo
ansmission, 5G b ings he necessa y bandwid h and s abili y (Aga wala and Gudu u
2021). Also he con ol o ships o he collec ion o senso da a om ships will only
be possible wi h as wi eless connec ions, as s a ed in he Hambu g 5G ial (Ros
e al. 2018). The use cases desc ibed abo e can be ex ended o hose in e minals
whe e emo e c ane ope a ions and emo e inspec ions as well as au oma ed ucks
can be ealized and con olled based on 5G ne wo king (Sun 2021). All in all, i is
mobile connec i i y ha enables (nea ) eal- ime in eg a ion o physical sys ems and
hei digi al wins. Senso s and many IoT de ices a e connec ed in he same way. The
posi ion o ehicles de e mined by GNSS, which includes GPS, Beidou, Galileo, e c.,
can also be ansmi ed like his. Posi ioning as pa o he possible senso s di ec ly
shows wha dis inguishes he po and e en mo e he e minal en i onmen compa ed
o digi al wins used in o he indus ial applica ions, since he posi ioning gi es he
con ex in o ma ion o he digi al win. In addi ion o GNSS, o he me hods o
posi ion de e mina ion can be used. Examples include lase , lida o beacon-based
123
838 J. Neugebaue e al.
sys ems, as well as di e en ial GPS, and many o he s ha can be imp o ed by
iangula ion o ila e a ion whe e equi ed (Balaji and Chaudh y 2018).
Which o he senso s can be deployed depends on he espec i e use cases and
objec i es. I i e p essu es o ehicles (e.g., s addle ca ie s, eachs acke s, ubbe -
y ed gan y c anes) a e o be ansmi ed, p essu e senso s and empe a u e senso s
mus be used. Fo he moni o ing o buildings and in a-/supe s uc u e (e.g., quay
c anes), ul asonic senso s, s ain gauges o a ious o he senso s a e help ul (Yang
e al. 2018). The selec ed senso should be conside ed acco ding o he esul ing
de ec ion capaci ies, implemen a ion cos s and accu acy. A he end o he digi al
win cycle, ac ua o s can be used o au oma ically adop decisions made by he digi al
win. These can be applied o con olling specific elemen s such as locks o a fic
ligh s (Ros e al. 2018). Ac ua o s hus p o ide means o (nea ) eal- ime in e ac ion
wi h he physical wo ld h ough he digi al win.
The connec ion and in eg a ion o he a ious collec ed in o ma ion wi h he
In e ne consequen ly define he IoT (Min 2022). Depending on he numbe and
capabili ies o he senso s used, di e en le els o de ail o he digi al win as well as
au oma ion can be ealized. Howe e , he da a o en needs o be agg ega ed and
fil e ed be o e ans e ing i o he model o he physical objec . In combina ion wi h
da a om he e minal ope a ing sys em (TOS), he supe iso y con ol and da a
acquisi ion (SCADA)
11
, he equipmen con ol sys ems (ECS) o au oma ed
equipmen o in eg a ing he en e p ise esou ce planning (ERP) sys em and o he s,
he in o ma ion om, e.g., ehicles, c anes and ships can be isualized and used o
c ea e models and simula e he a ious physical sys ems.
Al hough di e en combina ions o IoT-enabled de ices need o be implemen ed
depending on he pu pose o he digi al win, he e is no analysis in he li e a u e o
which sys ems and de ices need o be implemen ed o which pu pose o he digi al
win. Compa isons o di e en implemen a ions and combina ions ha e no ye been
conduc ed, indica ing a po en ial u u e de elopmen in his pa icula a ea wi h
espec o he s a o digi al win in eg a ion.
3.2.2 Vi ual eali y, augmen ed eali y and isualiza ion
Visualiza ions a e impo an as an in e ace be ween use s and digi al sys ems.
Because he complexi y o digi al wins can be subs an ial, dashboa ds and o he 2D
isualiza ions can ha e p oblems displaying all laye s o he win. The e o e, 3D
isualiza ions a e included in many digi al win ealiza ions. Al hough isualiza ion
is no a necessa y pa o implemen ing he digi al win, i can o en be beneficial. Fo
ins ance, 3D isualiza ion can be help ul o uck- o essel s owage planning, since
all dimensions o he goods can be iewed (A o e al. 2020). Gene ally, o he
planning and moni o ing o all ope a ions, i can be a suppo ing ool ha gi es a
be e o e iew o he usually huge a ea ha has o be managed in he po . Fo
example, Wang e al. (2022) use hese isualiza ions o show a machine oom o
con aine wi h (nea ) eal- ime da a o e laid o empe a u e, p essu e, and o he IoT
11
SCADA desc ibes a compu e sys em wi h which echnical p ocesses in au oma ed p oduc ion can be
moni o ed and con olled.
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 839
da a. The gene al complexi y and size o po s is ce ainly he eason why di e en
o ms o 3D isualiza ion can be ound in almos all use cases o he digi al win
discussed in he analyzed li e a u e. In addi ion, he isualiza ions can se e as a
me hod o in e p e ing he esul s o simula ions pe o med wi h o he sys ems.
VR sys ems a e jus ano he use o his ype o isualiza ion, al hough po en ially
e en mo e in ui i e o he use . The benefi s esul ing om an implemen a ion will
be especially high in he a eas o main enance and aining (Sanchez-Gonzalez e al.
2022). AR echnology, which c ea es ano he laye on op o physical objec s,
equi es a di e en app oach, as he ecogni ion o he objec o a leas ano he laye
han he p e iously men ioned isualiza ion has o be implemen ed (Pa lićSkende
e al. 2020). This could be a eason why he analyzed li e a u e men ions he
isualiza ion bu does no discuss i s implemen a ion. Howe e , his can be mo e
help ul, as he analysis o Tam and Jones (2019) shows, because he o e laid
in o ma ion can be p esen ed in an e en mo e use - iendly way wi hou ha ing o
c ea e a comple e sepa a e isualiza ion o he physical objec . An example is
na iga ion o a ship, whe e waypoin s and ma ke s on he sea a e o e laid. Ano he
example is isual confi ma ion o co ec alignmen o he ope a o o a con aine
gan y c ane, enabling as e ope a ion. Since he e a e no publica ions ye ha
analyze AR sys ems o suppo a digi al win o a con aine e minal, he po en ial
impac has ye o be discussed, e en i he combined applica ion o AR and digi al
wins is al eady happening in indus y (E icsson 2020). Ce ainly, i would be help ul
o s a moni o ing po ope a ions o look ou o he window and see he o e laid
KPIs o he equipmen wo king on he e minal. Bu he size o mos mode n
con aine e minals, o po s in gene al, exceeds he a eas isible om one posi ion,
which could lead o he conclusion ha AR sys ems a e simply no capable o
isualizing o suppo ing he en i e y in a help ul way. These po en ially e y
di e en ou comes o an AR-based implemen a ion sugges a need o u he
explo a ion and hus poin o po en ial a eas o u he de elopmen .
BIM is a comple ely di e en app oach o no only isualizing bu also modeling.
No only is an objec (usually a building o in as uc u e) digi ized wi h a 3D model,
bu a a ie y o in o ma ion can be included in he model. The Po o Anzio (I aly)
uses his echnique in combina ion wi h in o ma ion om a geog aphic in o ma ion
sys em (GIS). A eas o he ins alla ion o sola panels can hus be iden ified and
ene gy p oduc ion modeled in combina ion wi h he geog aphical posi ion o he
sola panels (Agos inelli e al. 2022a). Combining GIS and BIM is encoun e ed
se e al imes in he seapo sec o , bu mos ly in ela ion o he in eg a ion o his da a
in o he o e all isualiza ion o as a u he basis o he digi al win.
12
The e o e,
hese da a models can be a good s a ing poin o make he cons uc ion o he digi al
win mo e accessible, e en i a model o he unc ions o he physical objec s s ill
needs o be c ea ed independen ly.
Al hough he a ious ypes o isualiza ion a e no absolu ely necessa y o a
digi al win, hey help o p epa e esul ing addi ional in o ma ion in a comp ehen-
sible way. The e o e, and due o he in ui i e ope a ion, isualiza ion op ions a e an
12
The in e es ed eade is e e ed o, e.g., Cumo (2021); Yao e al. (2021a); Doleski e al. (2022); Wang
e al. (2021).
123
840 J. Neugebaue e al.

impo an pa o digi al win conside a ions, especially in he con ex o seapo s and
con aine e minals, wi h he ypically la ge a eas ha need o be moni o ed.
3.2.3 Big da a and cloud compu ing
No ma e wha sys em has been discussed in he abo e sec ions, equi ed da a mus
be p ocessed, ans o med, analyzed and p o ided again. The e o e, i is o be
expec ed ha mos o he wo k analyzed is ela ed o da a lakes, cloud compu ing o
big da a in one o m o ano he . Heilig e al. (2020) desc ibe cloud compu ing as well
as big da a echnologies as a basis o scalable da a mining. Da a has exis ed in all
phases o po de elopmen , bu wi h he e e inc easing amoun o da a gene a ed by
IoT de ices and he p ocessing i equi es, he e m big da a has aken hold. While
many echnologies mus be linked o enable big da a, ypically only he esul ing
insigh s a e o in e es , which has shaped he e m big da a analy ics (Hen íquez e al.
2022). Compa ed o he echnical domain ega ding cloud compu ing, he ac ual
ou comes and impac s a e mo e o en discussed in he li e a u e on digi al wins in
he con ex o seapo s. Cloud compu ing makes da a accessible om any de ice,
including handhelds and he esul ing compu ing powe suppo s decision making,
simula ions and enables digi al wins, much like big da a o any o he ad anced da a
s o age (B une i e al. 2020). In summa y, he b oad applica ion o big da a in almos
all o he li e a u e analyzed emphasizes he impo ance o da a p ocessing,
ans o ma ion, analysis and p o ision o a ious sys ems. The main ocus is on he
insigh s gained, hence he e m big da a analy ics. In addi ion, cloud compu ing plays
a key ole in ad anced da a s o age and decision making in a ious a eas o digi al
wins o seapo s and con aine e minals.
4 Case s udies o digi al wins in he seapo con ex
In his sec ion, digi al wins in he con ex o seapo s a e conside ed bo h om he
pe spec i e o he selec ed li e a u e and om a p ac ical pe spec i e. Fo he la e ,
in e iews wi h 16 ques ions as a guideline we e conduc ed wi h decision make s
om con aine e minals and po au ho i ies a ound he wo ld as well as wi h
esea che s in ol ed in p ac ical p ojec s. An uns uc u ed in e iew s yle was
chosen because i allows o ep esen he di e en le els o implemen a ion and o
ake in o accoun he explo a o y na u e o he a eas s udied. The aim is no o
p o ide a comple e lis o all p ojec s, bu o p o ide an o e iew and look in
pa icula a ad anced digi al wins in po s. In he ollowing, an ou line o p ac ical
p ojec s is gi en, so ed by he digi al win implemen a ion le el. This is combined
and pu in o pe spec i e ega ding he exis ing li e a u e.
4.1 Digi al win use cases in seapo s a ound he wo ld
Abou one hi d o he li e a u e con ains a use case showcasing he unc ions o he
digi al win s udied. I a ies whe he hese use cases e e o a eal use case, i
se e al use cases a e analyzed o i a fic ional use case is conside ed. In his sec ion,
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 841
he ocus is on analyzing he a ious le els o digi al win implemen a ion and hei
ela ed implica ions. I is impo an o no e ha he e m “le el”is used app op ia ely,
as only a po ion o he selec ed pape s discussing use cases p opose a s ic digi al
win, while none ou lines he implemen a ion p ocess. Fu he mo e, a compa ison
be ween heo e ical wo k and p ac ical p ojec s o implemen a ions is s i ed o . By
compa ing he wo, he pape can p o ide a mo e comple e pic u e o he s a e o
digi al wins in seapo s and con aine e minals, and iden i y a eas whe e addi ional
esea ch o de elopmen is needed. To u he illus a e he easibili y, limi a ions,
and eal-wo ld impac o he p oposed solu ion, Table 1is c ea ed, also using he
in o ma ion om he conduc ed in e iews. I shows he global po s being analyzed
as pa o he explo a o y analysis and hei p og ess on he implemen a ion o digi al
wins and pa ies in ol ed in esea ch as well as he de elopmen o he digi al win
(PA = Po Au ho i ies; INS = Ins i u ions and Uni e si ies; CT = Con aine Te minal
Ope a o s; BBT = B eak Bulk Te minal Ope a o s). Fo each i em in he las column,
an in e iew was conduc ed in addi ion o he analyzed li e a u e ( wo sepa a e
in e iews in Hambu g).
Mo eo e , Table 1shows how di e en he le els o digi al wins in seapo s
ac oss he wo ld a e. Fo example, he la ges seapo s in Asia, Eu ope and No h
Ame ica ha e implemen ed a s ic digi al win. Smalle bu s ill la ge po s and
e minals a e wo king on o planning he in eg a ion and small po s ha e only
implemen ed digi al shadows o a e s ill wo king on basic digi iza ion. In addi ion,
almos all o he digi al wins in seapo s a e desc ibed and de eloped by o in
collabo a ion wi h a uni e si y o esea ch ins i u e. This could be due o he esea ch
cha ac e especially ega ding he modeling o digi al wins, bu also due o he
app oach o a li e a u e analysis. A b oad ange o use cases in di e en po s
applying a a ie y o echnologies and connec ing di e en pa s and p ocesses
exis s.
As can be seen om Fig. 4, he ange o applied echnologies is b oade in he
p ac ical domain. The majo i y o in e iewed decision make s om he po domain
named nine o mo e echnologies which we e o will soon be applied in hei digi al
win implemen a ion. All inco po a e IoT o senso da a and a sys em o p ocess and
analyze collec ed da a, o which big da a echnologies a e used. In addi ion, e e y
digi al win implemen a ion add essed in he in e iews includes a 3D isualiza ion,
while his is an aspec no o en conside ed in li e a u e. Due o he simila shape o
he echnologies discussed and shown on he igh side o Fig. 4, i can be assumed
ha he li e a u e has a oughly simila iew on he implemen a ion o digi al wins in
he field o seapo s and e minals. Howe e , he gene alized iew o p ac ical
implemen a ions is clea , in con as o he mo e echnology-specific iew in he
li e a u e.
Func ions inco po a ed in o he digi al win implemen a ion include simula ion,
business in elligence and moni o ing a nea ly all po s su eyed. These a e
equen ly add essed in he li e a u e, al hough less o en in combina ion wi h he
mul i ude o o he unc ions. The only opic ha occu s mo e equen ly is ad anced
op imiza ion me hods. This mo e holis ic iew o p ac ical implemen a ions migh
esul om he ac ha hal o he su eyed po s ha e implemen ed s ic digi al
wins, based on he defini ion o Sec . 2. The o he hal ha e implemen ed a leas a
123
842 J. Neugebaue e al.
Table 1 Classifica ion o digi al win use cases in he analyzed po s
Po o Mio.
g oss
ons/yea
Desc ibed
pa s
Pa ies
included
Summa y Le el o
digi al
win
Sou ces (excl.
in e iew)
In e iew
An we p-B uges,
Belgium
289.3 In as uc u e,
Seaside
PA Geog aphical digi al win wi h AIS, BIM, GIS, ada , powe
and wea he da a, a fic managemen and au oma ed
d ones. P edic ions a e cu en ly being implemen ed
Shadow
(Twin in
Fu u e)
Pa lićSkende e al.
(2020)

Anzio, I aly n.a. In as uc u e
(Ene gy
Sys ems)
INS E alua ion o sola and wind po en ial wi h BIM and GIS
da a
Shadow Agos inelli e al.
(2022a)
Ba celona, Spain 67.7 Te minal INS Adop ion o Indus y 4.0 echnologies s ill limi ed.
Imp o emen o o e all po compe i i eness as scope
–Hen íquez e al. (2022)
B emen, Ge many 59,7 Te minal BBT Digi al win o a s eel coil e minal wi h ocus on
posi ioning and au oma ed booking in he TOS
Shadow 
Genoa,
I aly
51.4 Te minal,
In as uc u e
INS,
PA,
CT
Business p ocess e-enginee ing wi h simula ion-based
alida ion. Ene gy managemen and o ecas ing
Shadow Ba ilani e al. (2022),
Damiani e al. (2019)
Go henbu g, Sweden 39.0 Po
Communi y
CT, PA,
INS
Digi aliza ion wi h a ocus on he po communi y,
desc ibing ea u es such as in elligen a ficflow and
con aine - and essel managemen
–Dalaklis e al. (2021)
Hambu g,
Ge many
128.7 Te minal,
In as uc u e,
Seaside
CT, PA,
INS
Digi al win es bed o he po in as uc u e including
b idges, s ee s, a fic, e c. One con aine e minal is
cu en ly building a digi al win
Digi al
Twin
Ali-Tolppa and Kajo
(2020),
Ha nischmache e al.
(2021),
Özkanli and DeniZhan
(2020),
Pa lićSkende e al.
(2020),
Ros e al. (2018),
Tesse e al. (2021)

123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 843
Table 1 con inued
Po o Mio.
g oss
ons/yea
Desc ibed
pa s
Pa ies
included
Summa y Le el o
digi al
win
Sou ces (excl.
in e iew)
In e iew
Li o no, I aly 29.6 Te minal,
In as uc u e,
Seaside
PA,
INS
Cu en ly o ecas ing, moni o ing and con ol ools
implemen ed. Aim is o build a digi al win o po s,
ou es, en i onmen , ene gy p oduc ion and pollu ion
Shadow
(Twin in
Fu u e)
Ca alli e al. (2021),
Pagano e al. (2022)

Los Angeles + Long
Beach, USA
256.2 In as uc u e,
Seaside
INS Implemen a ion o a isk assessmen ool and decision
suppo sys em
–Lennon e al. (2012),
Pa lićSkende e al.
(2020)
Mul iple, Thailand n.a. Seaside INS Adop ion o Indus y 4.0 echnologies s ill limi ed,
simula ions o po capaci y a e al eady c ea ed o a
u u e digi al win. The scope is he implemen a ion o
au onomous equipmen
Shadow Pa lićSkende e al.
(2020),
Wa anakul e al.
(2022)
Mul iple, Tu key n.a. Te minal,
In as uc u e
INS Adop ion o Indus y 4.0 echnologies only planned.
Cu en ly a guideline o u u e implemen a ions o he
echnologies is being defined
–Özkanli and DeniZhan
(2020)
Ro e dam,
Ne he lands
468.7 Te minal,
In as uc u e,
Seaside
INS, CT,
PA
Digi al win o he comple e con aine e minal p ocesses
and con aine s shipped wi h ocus also on he po
communi y
Digi al
Twin
Hen íquez e al.
(2022),
Özkanli and DeniZhan
(2020),
Pa lićSkende e al.
(2020),
Simoni e al. (2022),
Taylo e al. (2021)
Shanghai (Applica ion
also a Dalian),
China
514.0 Te minal INS,
CT
Digi al win o he comple e con aine e minal p ocesses Digi al
Twin
Li e al. (2021c),
Pa lićSkende e al.
(2020),
Yao e al. (2021a)

123
844 J. Neugebaue e al.
ealized om he ou se . P ojec s such as Po ML o TIC4.0 can be seen as pionee s
in his ega d.
O he hu dles highligh ed by in e iewees we e finding pe sonnel wi h echnical
skills, including simula ion componen de elopmen and ope a ional knowledge o
he complex po o e minal p ocesses. Fu he mo e, he me hodology o
de eloping a digi al win is no ye clea o e en in place, as i is s ill e y new
and each digi al win is as di e en as he physical objec s and p ocesses. This means
ha he scope and size o he in es men s equi ed o implemen a digi al win a e no
en i ely clea a he ou se . The need o c ea e an unde s anding o he no el digi al
wins and hei echnical implemen a ion ein o ces his p oblem. Decision make s
may unde es ima e he financial ou lay and echnical equi emen s o c ea ing he
digi al win. The p oblem o finding good business cases o implemen ing a digi al
win is simila .
Discussing hese hu dles migh gi e he imp ession ha he implemen a ion is no
wo hwhile, making i equally impo an o look a p ac ical s a egies o
implemen ing digi al wins. Du ing he in e iews, i was sugges ed ha a selec ion
o ini ial use cases should be made du ing he s a o he implemen a ion o add ess
issues ela ed o communica ions, p o ocols, da a exchange and secu i y le els ha
need o be p ope ly add essed om he beginning. Addi ionally, op imiza ion
me hods should be conside ed sepa a ely a he ope a ional and s a egic le els.
Ope a ionally, op imiza ion app oaches could be conside ed, e.g., in e ms o
inc easing win mo emen s, s a egically, gene al p ocesses and s a egies can be
conside ed, which could lead o a ious deepe and long- e m changes. The digi al
win could u he help wi h op imiza ion app oaches by showing he cu en s a e as
well as sugges ing changes and ying ou di e en app oaches be o e making
medium- o long- e m decisions. This imp o ed in o ma ion flow and be e
unde s andabili y was ci ed by all esponden s as a s a egic goal o implemen ing
he espec i e digi al wins. A gene al amewo k, i one exis s a all, could be help ul
o po decision make s in implemen ing and applying digi al wins in seapo s and
e minal acili ies, bu specific wo king me hods may also p o ide suppo . These
opics a e discussed u he in he nex sec ion.
5 Discussion and u u e esea ch agenda
The analysis aims o explo e wha he digi al win looks like in global po s.
Li e a u e in his ega d is s ill sca ce, bu al eady shows he po en ial o he
implemen a ion and esea ch domain, al hough he main ocus a ies depending on
he pa icula scope as can be seen in Fig. 6, depic ing a wo d cloud gene a ed om
all ex s ci ed in Table 1.
The e ms “sys em,”“da a”and “po ”a e used mos equen ly in he li e a u e
analyzed, bu he wide use o he e ms “model,”“se ice,”“in o ma ion”and
“ope a ion”also indica es he ocus on de eloping digi al wins in he seapo
domain. Howe e , he deep implemen a ion o models o seapo s and he (nea ) eal
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 851

ime in eg a ion o he esul s ob ained by he digi al win is almos absen om he
li e a u e so a . This is due o he ac ha mos esea ch is a he heo e ical and
p ac ical implemen a ions a e a ely published. Howe e , he collabo a ion be ween
ins i u ions and po s shows ha in e disciplina y esea ch is al eady making an
impo an con ibu ion owa ds his a ea. I is impo an o keep in mind ha digi al
wins a e p ima ily o be unde s ood as an applica ion a ea and ha , e.g., modeling o
op imiza ion me hods wi hin he digi al win a e angible esea ch a eas. The use
cases conside ed show how a some seapo s ha e come wi h he implemen a ion o
s ic digi al wins, bu his is mainly he case wi h he la ges po s. In con as , he
implemen a ion o s ic digi al wins in smalle po s has no been desc ibed in
li e a u e. In gene al, he loca ion o he po has a g ea impac on how ad anced he
implemen ed sys em and digi al win a e, as i can be assumed ha smalle po s ha e
ewe esou ces a ailable o de elopmen s.
Since he field o esea ch unde conside a ion is qui e new, especially in e ms o
implemen a ion in seapo s and e minals, he e a e s ill some a eas ha need o be
explo ed. These a eas include he ac ual benefi s o implemen ing digi al wins in
seapo s, which ha e ye o be quan ified. Fu he , he de elopmen o a mo e gene al
implemen a ion amewo k needs o be explo ed, since cu en ly all wins a e e y
di e en and he e is no a gene al guide o implemen ing such a sys em. This
amewo k would desc ibe he basic a chi ec u e needed based on he di e en goals
o he implemen a ion. Fu he mo e, once implemen a ions a e becoming b oade ,
he sha ing o digi al wins and hei models mus be discussed as well as p oblems
esul ing om alse models o decisions au onomously made on he basis o hese.
The implemen a ion p ocess i sel is ano he a ea ha should be examined mo e
closely, as he way o wo king on such an implemen a ion may in ol e wo kshops,
he adop ion o SCRUM o o he p ojec managemen me hodologies such as he
V-model, which a e men ioned in he in e iews. De e mining a bes possible
app oach, pa icula ly in he po space o , compa ing hese app oaches o
implemen ing digi al wins, may be an a ea o addi ional explo a ion.
The pa ies in ol ed in he p ocesses desc ibed a e di e en , which demons a es
he impo ance o ha ing an app op ia e wo king angle. This is shown by he esul s
Fig. 6 Wo d cloud o li e a u e on digi al wins in seapo s
123
852 J. Neugebaue e al.
o he in e iews. A digi al win combines eal p ocesses, planning in o ma ion and
echnological ools, which means ha employees om ope a ions, in o ma ion
echnology (IT) and o he depa men s ha e o wo k closely oge he . Especially in
he in e iews wi h Eu opean po s, unions and wo k councils we e men ioned as
impo an g oups which need o be in eg a ed and in o med abou any p ojec wi h a
ce ain size. This is because inc eased anspa ency can o en lead o mo e
su eillance oppo uni ies o he employe , which mus be a oided acco ding o he
espec i e applicable law. In addi ion, employees wo king in planning o en ea ha
a digi al win wi h g ea e op imizing possibili ies could lead o hei jobs being
elimina ed. The same applies o he employees a ec ed by he op imiza ion
app oaches, since ideally esou ces can be be e used, he e o e, educing he need
o c ane ope a o s, e.g.. Al hough his may be he case in u u e, hese wo ies ha e
o be add essed o acili a e he mos e ec i e use o he digi al win by all pa ies and
o he op imiza ion esul s o ac ually be us ed by he espec i e employees.
The in e iews showed ha in ol ing many pa ies and employee g oups a an
ea ly s age and hen ocusing on he implemen a ion o p ocesses and hei g adual
implemen a ion in he digi al win model can be a good s a ing poin o any po o
e minal ha wan s o implemen a s ic digi al win in he u u e. This should
cu en ly be ue o almos all po s and e minals a ound he wo ld. The
echnologies ha a e hen used mus be aligned wi h he goal o he digi al win and
can be implemen ed one a e he o he . This also applies o he model o he digi al
win and simula ion o emula ion, which can be de eloped o enable inc easingly
complex ope a ions. In his way, a s ic implemen a ion o he digi al win can be
done inc emen ally, lowe ing ba ie s o en y. Cu en ly, many po s and e minals
p ac ice his, albei pe haps unknowingly, as po s and e minals a e al eady
digi izing indi idual pa s o implemen ing digi al shadows ha can become a s ic
digi al win in he u u e. Wi h he inc ease in he numbe o implemen a ions,
esea ch is becoming inc easingly impo an o suppo he modeling and op imiza-
ion app oaches and, e.g., o de elop new and as e simula ion me hods. In addi ion,
esea ch o applied echnologies is ge ing mo e impo an , as he equi emen s o
5G ne wo ks, e.g., also inc ease wi h he complexi y o he sys ems o p ocesses o be
in e connec ed. The small numbe o pape s ega ding esea ch opics o digi al wins
in he special applica ion a eas o po s and con aine e minals is a esea ch gap ha
needs o be closed.
6 Conclusion
This pape p esen s a comp ehensi e s udy o he esea ch and p ac ical applica ions
o digi al wins in he con ex o seapo s and con aine e minals. Subsequen ly, he
main findings in he a eas o implemen a ion, modeling, op imiza ion app oaches,
ML, simula ion and applied echnologies we e e iewed based on a li e a u e e iew
and compa ed o p ac ical use cases. I can be subsumed ha a s ic digi al win, as
defined in Sec . 2, mus include ou pa s: he in eg a ion o componen s o
p ocesses wi h hei da a in (nea ) eal ime, modeling o he winned sys em wi h no
specific minimum complexi y equi ed, decision suppo o op imiza ion
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 853
unc ionali y and au oma ed applica ion o he ob ained decision back o he physical
objec o p ocess being winned. C ea ing an unde s anding o how a s ic digi al
win is defined, as well as how i is implemen ed in esea ch and p ac ice, a e he
main con ibu ions o his wo k o he gene al body o knowledge ocused on digi al
wins in seapo s and e minal ope a ions. In addi ion, he ollowing lea nings we e
iden ified.
The li e a u e analyzed shows an inconsis en s a e o esea ch in he field o
digi al wins in e minals and seapo s. Some pape s, po s o e minals a e s ill
wo king on o desc ibing basic digi iza ion, while o he s a e al eady implemen ing
s ic digi al wins o esea ching complex me hods o suppo he de elopmen o
digi al wins. This cu en ly s ill leads o he inco ec use o he e m digi al win,
defined as “s ic ”digi al win in Sec . 2. The inco ec usage o he e m digi al win
shows he need, besides o he iden ified open esea ch and de elopmen a eas, o
u he ad ancemen s in he field. The easons o he equen misuse o he e m lie
mainly in he no el y o he esea ch a ea. O he easons include he de elopmen o
a s ic digi al win, which is o en oo ex ensi e and esea ch subsequen ly ocuses
on pa ial a eas. Howe e , hese should no be con used wi h a comple e win. In
addi ion, o ce ain esea ch a eas ela ed o digi al wins, such as he implemen-
a ion o senso echnology, only he conside a ion o da a acquisi ion is ele an ,
so al hough his subjec a ea can be pa o a s ic digi al win, i does no ha e o be,
e.g., should no communica ion back o he physical objec ake place.
Wi h espec o he explo ed li e a u e, i was no ed ha he la ges a ea o esea ch
ela ed o digi al wins in he con ex o po s is he au oma ed ya d, specifically in
ega d o AGVs and ASCs. Addi ionally, one o he challenges iden ified in he
li e a u e is ensu ing ha he op imiza ion app oaches a e aligned wi h he
implemen a ion and he use o ML echniques o enhance he accu acy o he
digi al win’s simula ion model. Fu he mo e, di e en ma hema ical modeling
echniques o enabling pe o mance and en i onmen al e alua ions, isk assess-
men s and o suppo ing main enance decisions, we e iden ified as ways o imp o e
e ficiency, educe isks and inc ease decision suppo in po s.
A e he li e a u e e iew, he p ac ical applica ion o digi al wins in seapo s was
s udied h ough he analysis o use cases based on he conduc ed in e iews wi h
decision make s in he domain. The main goal o implemen ing digi al wins a po s
is o inc ease ope a ional e ficiency and educe GHG emissions by minimizing a el
and en o cing pollu ion egula ions. Mo eo e , i was obse ed ha while
s anda diza ion is an objec i e o u u e sys ems, i is cu en ly no a ocal poin
in implemen a ion. The unc ions and me hodologies s udied in he li e a u e e iew
we e u he discussed in he p ac ical use cases, allowing o a deepe unde s anding
o he challenges and oppo uni ies o digi al win implemen a ions in he con ex o
seapo s and con aine e minals.
Gi en he inc easing complexi y and size o po sys ems and e minal
in as uc u es, he digi al win can be a use ul ool o inc ease anspa ency and
imp o e pe o mance while educing complexi y. New in e aces a e, on op o ha ,
mo e use - iendly and acili a e he ope a ions o u u e wo k o ces ha a e al eady
g owing up wi h in e aces simila o mode n ideo games as implemen ed in oday’s
mos ad anced e minals. Howe e , his whole imp o emen and winning cycle has
123
854 J. Neugebaue e al.
a high deg ee o complexi y. The e o e, i is p oposed o spli he di e en phases in o
di e en domains. Fo example, as al eady done o op imiza ion p oblems in he
con aine e minal, whe e he esea ch is di ided in o op imiza ion app oaches
suppo ing ya d, be h, essel planning, and mo e. Howe e , a combina ion o hese
phases is also necessa y o implemen a ion and o e a ching esea ch as well.
Based on he p ac ical p ojec s and li e a u e analyzed, se e al a eas o u he
esea ch and explo a ion ha e been iden ified. One a ea o u he esea ch is he
quan ifica ion o he benefi s o implemen ing s ic digi al wins in seapo s. This
could include a mo e de ailed analysis o he cos sa ings, imp o ed e ficiency, and
inc eased sa e y ha can be achie ed h ough digi al winning in po s. Ano he a ea
o u he in es iga ion is he de elopmen o a gene al implemen a ion amewo k
o s ic digi al wins in seapo s. This could include mo e de ailed guidance on how
o implemen digi al wins in po s, including de e mining a bes -p ac ice app oach.
The li e a u e also highligh ed he po en ial o sha ing digi al wins and hei models
among di e en s akeholde s in he po ecosys em. Fu he esea ch in his a ea
could include he examina ion o he bes p ac ices o sha ing s ic digi al wins and
models, and he impac i has on collabo a ion and coo dina ion among di e en
pa ies. Addi ionally, u he esea ch could be conduc ed on he examina ion o he
implemen a ion p ocess, including he in es iga ion o he ela ionship be ween
complexi y and he le el o de ail in digi al win implemen a ions. This could include
a mo e in-dep h analysis o he challenges and bes p ac ices o implemen ing digi al
wins in po s. Ano he a ea o u he esea ch is he ad ancemen o op imiza ion
and simula ion me hods wi h la ge and always changing da a se s. This could include
he de elopmen o new me hods and ools ha can handle (nea ) eal- ime
moni o ing and p edic ion o issues ha may a ise in po s. O e all, he applica ion o
he po en ial benefi s o ede a ed digi al pa ne ships ha enable as e and mo e
comp ehensi e modeling could be u he explo ed.
Finally, lessons lea ned om he li e a u e e iew and he analysis o he use cases
we e discussed, highligh ing he p oblems and oppo uni ies o he implemen a ion
o all le els o digi al wins. The need o u he esea ch in he field, specifically in
e ms o s anda diza ion and alignmen o he models used o op imiza ion
app oaches wi h he physical sys ems, was emphasized. Wi h he inc easing
complexi y and size o po sys ems and e minal in as uc u es, he digi al win
can be a aluable ool o inc easing anspa ency, imp o ing pe o mance and
educing complexi y. Howe e , u he ad ancemen s in he field a e necessa y o
ully ealize he po en ial o s ic digi al wins in po s and con aine e minals.
O e iew o he analyzed li e a u e
See Table 2.
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 855
Table 2 O e iew and classifica ion o he analyzed li e a u e
Re e ence Resea ch scope Implemen a ion
and applica ion
me hods
Modeling
and
heu is ics
me hods
Simula ion
me hods
5G/
LTE/
Wi-
Fi
GPS/
GNSS
IoT/
senso s
Came as
Aga wala and
Gudu u (2021)
O e iew o 5G being used in comme cial shipping, being
analyzed om design o ac ual ope a ions
–  
Aga ićand
Kolano ić
(2020)
Seapo se ice quali y and how i imp o es he digi aliza ion 
Agos inelli e al.
(2022a)
Op imizing main enance and ene gy e ficiency o enewables
wi h he suppo o a digi al win o in es iga ing and lowe ing
GHG emissions
–
Agos inelli e al.
(2022b)
Renewable ene gy p oduc ion sys ems in po s can imp o e
sus ainabili y and e ficiency in u ban de elopmen
––
Ali-Tolppa and
Kajo (2020)
ML and op imiza ion app oaches o p e en se ice deg ada ion
o dynamic 5G co e age
 
A o e al. (2020) Looking a he Bal ic sea ma i ime indus y and showing digi al
wins in he con ex o s owage and shipya ds

Balaji and
Chaudh y
(2018)
Be e localiza ion in po s using ila e a ion me hod combined
wi h wi eless senso ne wo k (WSN) and simula ion o he
p oposed echnique

Bao e al. (2022) Asse managemen o decision making in indus ial applica ions
combined wi h an in eg a ed digi al win ame

Ba ilani e al.
(2022)
Business p ocess e-enginee ing wi h simula ion-based
alida ion

Boullauazan
e al. (2022)
Ma u i y model o sma po s wi h ecommenda ions o a
digi aliza ion s a egy
–
B une i e al.
(2020)
Looking a sma ya ds and gi ing a amewo k o simula ion 
123
856 J. Neugebaue e al.

Table 2 con inued
Re e ence Resea ch scope Implemen a ion
and applica ion
me hods
Modeling
and
heu is ics
me hods
Simula ion
me hods
5G/
LTE/
Wi-
Fi
GPS/
GNSS
IoT/
senso s
Came as
Busse e al.
(2021)
A amewo k o a digi al win o a comple e supply chain 
Cai e al. (2022) Digi al win applica ion om he aspec s o po ope a ion
business model and he coope a ion o membe s mechanism

Ca alho e al.
(2020)
P opose a da a and connec i i y s anda d o easie
communica ion and implemen a ion o digi al wins

Ca alli e al.
(2021)
Po KPIs imp o ing by use o 5G-cellula 
Chup ina e al.
(2022)
Lea nings om he digi aliza ion s a egies o global seapo s as
suppo o go e nmen s and o he au ho i ies

Cumo (2021) The digi al win a he Ven o ene Island Po (I aly) o acili y
managemen , p edic i e main enance o in as uc u e and o
ene gy managemen
–
Dalaklis e al.
(2021)
Analysis o digi al ools and echnologies o u u e po s and
gi ing an o e iew o po s a ound he wo ld and he
echnologies al eady applied

Damiani e al.
(2019)
Ene gy pu chasing op imiza ion me hods based on a po
simula ion and ene gy p ice o ecas ing

de la
Peña Za zuelo
e al. (2020b)
Technologies and ools o Indus y 4.0 in he po li e a u e being
analyzed

Doleski e al.
(2022)
Ene gy sys em modeling o digi al deca boniza ion in po s and
logis ic in as uc u e

123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 857
Table 2 con inued
Re e ence Resea ch scope Implemen a ion
and applica ion
me hods
Modeling
and
heu is ics
me hods
Simula ion
me hods
5G/
LTE/
Wi-
Fi
GPS/
GNSS
IoT/
senso s
Came as
Douaioui e al.
(2018)
Looking a he ou indus ial e olu ions and showing he need
o u he esea ch, aining and de elopmen o echnologies
in Indus y 4.0

Du e al. (2022) 5G ne wo k simula ion and e alua ion based on a digi al copy o
a po
– 
Fahim e al.
(2021)
T ack and ance as a basis o u u e po s and o e all supply-
chain coope a ion
Gao e al.
(2022a)
Da a go e nence specifically o IoT da a 
Gao e al.
(2022c)
Pe o mance ad an age o digi al win-based Q-lea ning
solu ions o e Dijks a’s algo i hm o AGV pa h planning

Gao e al.
(2022b)
Simula ion-based op imiza ion o an au oma ed s o age ya d in a
con aine e minal suppo ed by (nea ) eal- ime da a o a
digi al win
–
Gaspa o i (2022) Demons a e he benefi s o in oducing digi al echnologies in
he Romanian ma i ime sec o
–  
Ge li z and
Meye (2021)
Decision-making ools a e p oposed o acili a e and s eng hen
he ansi ion in small- and medium-sized po s owa d
en i onmen al esponsibili y, social equi y, and economic
e ficiency
–
Gius i e al.
(2019)
Success ac o s and enabling echnologies o synch omodali y 
Golo ianko e al.
(2021)
Machine lea ning o image classifica ion o eplace human
decision making
–
123
858 J. Neugebaue e al.
Table 2 con inued
Re e ence Resea ch scope Implemen a ion
and applica ion
me hods
Modeling
and
heu is ics
me hods
Simula ion
me hods
5G/
LTE/
Wi-
Fi
GPS/
GNSS
IoT/
senso s
Came as
González-
Ramí ez e al.
(2023)
Decision suppo o con aine e minal ope a ions wi h
dis u bances and analysis o main dis u bances o po
ope a ions
––
Gunes e al.
(2021)
Defining and managing cybe isks in po s ega ding he
inclusion o digi al wins
–
Guo (2021) Digi al win o ha bo hyd aulic s uc u es and conc e e –
Gül ekin e al.
(2022)
Use o edge-based AI o au onomous ehicle aul de ec ion and
condi ion moni o ing, educing ne wo k equi emen s and
sho ening da a ansmission imes
–– 
Ha nischmache
e al. (2021)
Suppo ing he powe g id wi h AGV ba e ies and op imizing
he dispa ching based on he cu en g id powe need

Heikkilä e al.
(2022)
Cha ac e iza ion o wo ldwide po s in he a eas o au oma ion,
sus ainabili y and collabo a ion. Showing he benefi s o digi al
collabo a ion

Heilig e al.
(2017a)
A game heo e ic amewo k o digi aliza ion in seapo s 
Heilig e al.
(2020)
Da a mining applica ion in he po domain. Concluding ha his
esea ch domain is ye o be de eloped mo e b oadly
·
Heilig and Voß
(2017)
O e iew o echnologies used in sma po s and he d i e s
such as he PCS o he NSW

Hen íquez e al.
(2022)
Explaining he ela ionship be ween he adop ion o Indus y 4.0
echnologies and he seapo s’business model

Ho mann and
B anding
(2019)
Simula ion-based digi al win in py hon 
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 859
Table 2 con inued
Re e ence Resea ch scope Implemen a ion
and applica ion
me hods
Modeling
and
heu is ics
me hods
Simula ion
me hods
5G/
LTE/
Wi-
Fi
GPS/
GNSS
IoT/
senso s
Came as
Höp ne e al.
(2021)
Dynamic s o age space moni o ing based on (nea ) eal- ime
lida in o ma ion
–
Ib ion e al.
(2019)
Compa ing a ia ion and ma i ime digi al wins and showing he
isks o digi al wins and possible ailu es
–
Ichimu a e al.
(2022)
I is discussed ha all ca ie s a e ocused on digi aliza ion 
Ilin e al. (2022) Ta ge a chi ec u e o he digi aliza ion o he No h Sea 
Inkinen e al.
(2021)
Fu u e p ospec s and scena ios as well as echnological d i e s in
Finnish seapo s

Jako le e al.
(2021)
A amewo k o inc easing po sa e y and secu i y using a
digi al win

K üge e al.
(2021)
Linking a s a ic planning ool and a simula ion o e minal
ope a ions including layou planning

Jede mann and
Lang (2022)
Showing low e o modeling and p edic ion me hods o
po en ial digi al wins om a da a pe spec i e
–
Jee an e al.
(2021)
I is discussed ha Indus y 4.0 needs in es men , he igh
leade ship and can esul in g ea e compe i i eness

Jos e al. (2022) Le e age geospa ial con ex p o ided by LiDAR echnology and
me hods o c ea e digi al wins

Ka aś(2022) Li e a u e e iew o sma po s, showing he impo ance o a
s anda d sma po defini ion

Kla e al. (2022) Assessing he ma u i y o digi al wins o po s and showing
u u e digi al winning app oaches

Ko ole a e al.
(2019)
Compa ing he digi aliza ion o global and Russian po s 
123
860 J. Neugebaue e al.
Table 2 con inued
Re e ence Resea ch scope Implemen a ion
and applica ion
me hods
Modeling
and
heu is ics
me hods
Simula ion
me hods
5G/
LTE/
Wi-
Fi
GPS/
GNSS
IoT/
senso s
Came as
Tubis and Po u aj
(2022)
Iden i y isks in AGV ope a ions based on a li e a u e e iew.
The esul s show a deficiency in he iden ifica ion and
assessmen o isks
–
·

Uusi alo e al.
(2021)
Simula ion o 5G ne wo k in a-s uc u e o acili a e u u e po
au oma ion and he unde lying echnologies

Vakili e al.
(2021)
De elopmen o a amewo k o a shipya d wi h he main
objec i e o ene gy sa ing

Ramos Velasco
e al. (2022)
T ansi ion sugges ions o a fishing po , becoming less elian on
fishing
–
Wang e al.
(2022)
Ship engine sys em and ca go moni o ing o p ocess
managemen using Maya and Uni y 3D
–
Wang e al.
(2021)
Showing digi al wins esul in benefi s o po managemen .
Suppo ing decision making and imp o ing esilience and
pe o mance

Wa anakul e al.
(2022)
Gene a ing da a wi h digi al wins o ML ega ding po capaci y
p edic ion unde unce ain y

Wu e al. (2021) A digi al win o inland wa e ways based on 3D ideo usion o
imp o ed e ficiency o daily moni o ing, e idence collec ion
and eme gency esponse

Yang e al.
(2022a)
S a us moni o ing and simula ion o suppo con aine gan y
c anes’ ansi ion o and decision on hyd ogen powe
–
Yang e al.
(2022b)
A case s udy on he digi al win o Qingdao Po and illus a ion
o he de elopmen p ocess and unc ion o he digi al win o
ypical e minals
–  
Yang e al.
(2018)
O e iew o unde lying ech-nologies o IoT in sma po s and
hei challenges, e.g., compa ing p ices o da a connec i i y

123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 867

Table 2 con inued
Re e ence Resea ch scope Implemen a ion
and applica ion
me hods
Modeling
and
heu is ics
me hods
Simula ion
me hods
5G/
LTE/
Wi-
Fi
GPS/
GNSS
IoT/
senso s
Came as
Yang e al.
(2022a)
O e iew o sma po de elopmen and u u e planning
guidelines

Yao e al.
(2021a)
Digi al wins and sma po concep s should be combined.
Digi al win can imp o e he po s subs an ially

Yao e al.
(2021b)
Digi al win suppo ed planning o au oma ed sma po s 
Zaychenko e al.
(2021)
Compa ing Russian and global seapo s ega ding hei
digi aliza ion le el
Yang e al.
(2022b)
Requi emen s and design p inciples o he digi al win in he
po om a echnical pe spec i e

·
Zhao e al.
(2022)
A digi al win o ene gy-e ficien planning o mul iple c anes
and selec ion o he numbe o c anes is desc ibed
–
Zhou e al.
(2022a)
Re iew o cu en echnology ends and ele an esea ch opics
ela ed o he con aine e minals and examining he
implica ions on how con aine e minals can achie e hei
s a egic goals

Zhou e al.
(2022b)
A sys em o moni o ing he ope a ional s a us o po c anes
based on digi al wins is p esen ed
– 
Zhou e al.
(2018)
Simula ion-based op imiza ion o imp o ing ma i ime sys ems 
Zhou e al.
(2021)
Digi al wins and simula ion o esilience imp o emen 
123
868 J. Neugebaue e al.
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Lida /lase Ac ua o s Apps/
handheld-/
mobile de ices
3D
isualiza ion
VR/AR BIM Simula ion
so wa e
Aga wala and
Gudu u (2021)
O e iew o 5G being used in comme cial shipping,
being analyzed om design o ac ual ope a ions

Aga ićand
Kolano ić
(2020)
Seapo se ice quali y and how i imp o es he
digi aliza ion

Agos inelli e al.
(2022a)
Op imizing main enance and ene gy e ficiency o
enewables wi h he suppo o a digi al win o
in es iga ing and lowe ing GHG emissions

Agos inelli e al.
(2022b)
Renewable ene gy p oduc ion sys ems in po s can
imp o e sus ainabili y and e ficiency in u ban
de elopmen

Ali-Tolppa and
Kajo (2020)
ML and op imiza ion app oaches o p e en se ice
deg ada ion o dynamic 5G co e age

A o e al. (2020) Looking a he Bal ic sea ma i ime indus y and showing
digi al wins in he con ex o s owage and shipya ds
 
Balaji and
Chaudh y
(2018)
Be e localiza ion in po s using ila e a ion me hod
combined wi h WSN and simula ion o he p oposed
echnique
Bao e al. (2022) Asse managemen o decision making in indus ial
applica ions combined wi h an in eg a ed digi al win
ame

Ba ilani e al.
(2022)
Business p ocess e-enginee ing wi h simula ion-based
alida ion

Boullauazan e al.
(2022)
Ma u i y model o sma po s wi h ecommenda ions
o a digi aliza ion s a egy
B une i e al.
(2020)
Looking a sma ya ds and gi ing a amewo k o
simula ion

123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 869
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Lida /lase Ac ua o s Apps/
handheld-/
mobile de ices
3D
isualiza ion
VR/AR BIM Simula ion
so wa e
Busse e al. (2021) A amewo k o a digi al win o a comple e supply
chain

Cai e al. (2022) Digi al win applica ion om he aspec s o po
ope a ion business model and he coope a ion o
membe s mechanism
Ca alho e al.
(2020)
P opose a da a and connec i i y s anda d o easie
communica ion and implemen a ion o digi al wins

Ca alli e al.
(2021)
Po KPIs imp o ing by use o 5G-cellula 
Chup ina e al.
(2022)
Lea nings om he digi aliza ion s a egies o global
seapo s as suppo o go e nmen s and o he
au ho i ies
Cumo (2021) The digi al win a he Ven o ene Island Po (I aly) o
acili y managemen , p edic i e main enance o
in as uc u e and o ene gy managemen

Dalaklis e al.
(2021)
Analysis o digi al ools and echnologies o u u e po s
and gi ing an o e iew o po s a ound he wo ld and
he echnologies al eady applied

Damiani e al.
(2019)
Ene gy pu chasing op imiza ion me hods based on a po
simula ion and ene gy p ice o ecas ing

de la
Peña Za zuelo
e al. (2020b)
Technologies and ools o Indus y 4.0 in he po
li e a u e being analyzed

Doleski e al.
(2022)
Ene gy sys em modeling o digi al deca boniza ion in
po s and logis ic in as uc u e
123
870 J. Neugebaue e al.
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Lida /lase Ac ua o s Apps/
handheld-/
mobile de ices
3D
isualiza ion
VR/AR BIM Simula ion
so wa e
Douaioui e al.
(2018)
Looking a he ou indus ial e olu ions and showing
he need o u he esea ch, aining and de elopmen
o echnologies in Indus y 4.0
 
Du e al. (2022) 5G ne wo k simula ion and e alua ion based on a digi al
copy o a po

Fahim e al.
(2021)
T ack and ance as a basis o u u e po s and o e all
supply-chain coope a ion
Gao e al. (2022a) Da a go e nence specifically o IoT da a
Gao e al. (2022c) Pe o mance ad an age o digi al win-based Q-lea ning
solu ions o e Dijks a’s algo i hm o AGV pa h
planning

Gao e al. (2022b) Simula ion-based op imiza ion o an au oma ed s o age
ya d in a con aine e minal suppo ed by (nea ) eal
ime da a o a digi al win

Gaspa o i (2022) Demons a e he benefi s o in oducing digi al
echnologies in he Romanian ma i ime sec o

Ge li z and Meye
(2021)
Decision-making ools a e p oposed o acili a e and
s eng hen he ansi ion in small- and medium-sized
po s owa d en i onmen al esponsibili y, social
equi y, and economic e ficiency
Gius i e al. (2019) Success ac o s and enabling echnologies o
synch omodali y

Golo ianko e al.
(2021)
Machine lea ning o image classifica ion o eplace
human decision making
González-Ramí ez
e al. (2023)
Decision suppo o con aine e minal ope a ions wi h
dis u bances and analysis o main dis u bances o po
ope a ions

123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 871
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Lida /lase Ac ua o s Apps/
handheld-/
mobile de ices
3D
isualiza ion
VR/AR BIM Simula ion
so wa e
Gunes e al.
(2021)
Defining and managing cybe isks in po s ega ding he
inclusion o digi al wins
Guo (2021) Digi al win o ha bo hyd aulic s uc u es and conc e e 
Gül ekin e al.
(2022)
Use o edge-based AI o au onomous ehicle aul
de ec ion and condi ion moni o ing, educing ne wo k
equi emen s and sho ening da a ansmission imes
Ha nischmache
e al. (2021)
Suppo ing he powe g id wi h AGV ba e ies and
op imizing he dispa ching based on he cu en g id
powe need

Heikkilä e al.
(2022)
Cha ac e iza ion o wo ldwide po s in he a eas o
au oma ion, sus ainabili y and collabo a ion. Showing
he benefi s o digi al collabo a ion
Heilig e al.
(2017a)
A game heo e ic amewo k o digi aliza ion in
seapo s

Heilig e al. (2020) Da a mining applica ion in he po domain. Concluding
ha his esea ch domain is ye o be de eloped mo e
b oadly
Heilig and Voß
(2017)
O e iew o echnologies used in sma po s and he
d i e s such as he PCS o he NSW

Hen íquez e al.
(2022)
Explaining he ela ionship be ween he adop ion o
Indus y 4.0 echnologies and he seapo s’business
model

Ho mann and
B anding (2019)
Simula ion-based digi al win in py hon 
Höp ne e al.
(2021)
Dynamic s o age space moni o ing based on (nea ) eal-
ime lida in o ma ion

123
872 J. Neugebaue e al.

Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Lida /lase Ac ua o s Apps/
handheld-/
mobile de ices
3D
isualiza ion
VR/AR BIM Simula ion
so wa e
Ib ion e al. (2019) Compa ing a ia ion and ma i ime digi al wins and
showing he isks o digi al wins and possible ailu es
Ichimu a e al.
(2022)
I is discussed ha all ca ie s a e ocused on
digi aliza ion

Ilin e al. (2022) Ta ge a chi ec u e o he digi aliza ion o he No h Sea
Inkinen e al.
(2021)
Fu u e p ospec s and scena ios as well as echnological
d i e s in Finnish seapo s

Jako le e al.
(2021)
A amewo k o inc easing po sa e y and secu i y
using a digi al win
K üge e al.
(2021)
Linking a s a ic planning ool and a simula ion o
e minal ope a ions including layou planning

Jede mann and
Lang (2022)
Showing low e o modeling and p edic ion me hods o
po en ial digi al wins om a da a pe spec i e
Jee an e al.
(2021)
I is discussed ha Indus y 4.0 needs in es men , he
igh leade ship and can esul in g ea e
compe i i eness

Jos e al. (2022) Le e age geospa ial con ex p o ided by LiDAR
echnology and me hods o c ea e digi al wins

Ka aś(2022) Li e a u e e iew o sma po s, showing he impo ance
o a s anda d sma po defini ion
Kla e al. (2022) Assessing he ma u i y o digi al wins o po s and
showing u u e digi al winning app oaches

Ko ole a e al.
(2019)
Compa ing he digi aliza ion o global and Russian po s 
Ku zle e al.
(2021)
Using a digi al win o all in o ma ion sys ems o
imp o e IT-secu i y
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 873
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Lida /lase Ac ua o s Apps/
handheld-/
mobile de ices
3D
isualiza ion
VR/AR BIM Simula ion
so wa e
Lennon e al.
(2012)
Showing he ad ancemen s o he isk assessmen ool
and decision suppo sys em a he Po o Los
Angeles/Long Beach (USA)
Li e al. (2022) Modeling and educ ion o ene gy consump ion o
con aine e minals conside ing, e.g., ou e
op imiza ion and in eg a ion o an economic benefi
analysis
Li and He (2020) Time p edic ions o be hing in con aine e minals
using DNN
Li and He (2021) A combina ion o au oma ed logis ics and deep lea ning
o be h line p edic ions and con aine e minal
imp o emen s
Li e al. (2021a) Calcula ing and imp o ing seapo ope a ion
pe o mance wi h a ificial neu al ne wo ks
Li and Song
(2020)
Discussing au oma ed logis ics in gene al and showing
he impo ance based on gene al p inciples o
compu a ion o he u u e po including digi al wins
Li e al. (2021b) Analysis o he combina ion o ML, op imiza ion and
simula ion me hods in gene al in combina ion wi h
digi al wins

Li e al. (2020) Mul iple simula ion modules combined wi h a digi al
win o suppo ing he Singapo e po being planned
 
Li e al. (2021c) A digi al win suppo ed e minal ope a ion wi h highe
e ficiencies and applica ion in AGV scheduling
 
Li e al. (2021d) Digi al winning suppo ing he AGV scheduling
s a egy

123
874 J. Neugebaue e al.
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Lida /lase Ac ua o s Apps/
handheld-/
mobile de ices
3D
isualiza ion
VR/AR BIM Simula ion
so wa e
Lind e al. (2018) Digi aliza ion as an u gen need o op imizing
communica ion be ween po ac o s. Amazon/Alibaba
and o he s inc easingly demanding digi al se ices in
he ma i ime anspo domain
Makkawan and
Muangpan
(2021)
Indica o s o po pe o mance and digi aliza ion le el.
Helping de elop sma po pe o mance

Mallah e al.
(2020)
Combining supply chain op imizing me hods and
indus ial con ol sys ems o decision making and
dis u bance eac ion a an expo bulk po
Maydano a e al.
(2022)
Balanced sco eca d o implemen ing IT-a chi ec u e o
digi al wins

Medyako a e al.
(2020)
S udying digi aliza ion e o s inc easing because o a
global pandemic (Co id-19)

Meye e al.
(2021)
Sus ainabili y and e ficiency in small and medium sized
po s in u u e de elopmen
Mi and Liu
(2022a)
Main enance using moni o ing in sma po s 
Mi and Liu
(2022b)
O e iew o simula ion o planning con aine po s.
Di e en ia ing be ween emula ion and simula ion

Min (2022) Technical po de elopmen guidelines, including
in eg a ion o TOS, SCADA, ERP, senso s and many
mo e

Mo a e al. (2019) Use o a digi al win o planning al e na i e ail-based
anspo a ion in combina ion wi h he po a ea

Ni e al. (2021) AGV ou e and pa h planning based on local neu al
ne wo ks imp o ing on scena ios wi h missing da a
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 875
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Lida /lase Ac ua o s Apps/
handheld-/
mobile de ices
3D
isualiza ion
VR/AR BIM Simula ion
so wa e
Nwakanma e al.
(2022)
Analysis o he p ospec s o in oducing a digi al win in
he Nige ian shipping indus y

Osó io e al.
(2019)
Showing an open in eg a ion a chi ec u e o IoT wi h
mul iple supplie s
O hman (2021) Showing he co ela ion be ween Indus y 4.0
applica ion and seapo quali y

Özkanli and
DeniZhan
(2020)
De eloping a oadmap o he Tu kish seapo s, which
lack in digi aliza ion
Pacheco Bolaño
and T oncoso-
Palacio (2021)
Simula ion o oll-on and -o unloading a a po o
bo leneck analysis

Pagano e al.
(2022)
Showing he benefi s o s anda diza ion o digi aliza ion
in seapo s. Concluding ha only ew seapo s a e s a e
o he a in ega d o digi aliza ion

Pang e al. (2021) Digi al win especially o p oduc ion and p oduc
de elopmen in he ma i ime domain

Paulauskas e al.
(2021)
Showing a co ela ion be ween po size and
digi aliza ion le el

Pa lićSkende
e al. (2020)
Technologies used in he some o he bigges seapo s
wo ldwide
 
de la
Peña Za zuelo
e al. (2020a)
Desc ibing simula ion o e he cou se o he
digi aliza ion in po s

Pi a Cos a e al.
(2021)
Lea nings om de eloping sma po s and showing a
ising need o sus ainable digi aliza ion in po s

123
876 J. Neugebaue e al.
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Da a lake/
big da a
ML P edic i e
APIs
Mi o ing
unc ion
Augmen ed
isualiza ion
unc ion
Moni o ing/
ale ing
unc ion
Con ol
unc ion
Busse e al. (2021) A amewo k o a digi al win o a comple e supply
chain
  
Cai e al. (2022) Digi al win applica ion om he aspec s o po
ope a ion business model and he coope a ion o
membe s mechanism

Ca alho e al.
(2020)
P opose a da a and connec i i y s anda d o easie
communica ion and implemen a ion o digi al wins
Ca alli e al.
(2021)
Po KPIs imp o ing by use o 5G-cellula 
Chup ina e al.
(2022)
Lea nings om he digi aliza ion s a egies o global
seapo s as suppo o go e nmen s and o he
au ho i ies

Cumo (2021) The digi al win a he Ven o ene Island Po (I aly) o
acili y managemen , p edic i e main enance o
in as uc u e and o ene gy managemen
  
Dalaklis e al.
(2021)
Analysis o digi al ools and echnologies o u u e po s
and gi ing an o e iew o po s a ound he wo ld and
he echnologies al eady applied
  
Damiani e al.
(2019)
Ene gy pu chasing op imiza ion me hods based on a po
simula ion and ene gy p ice o ecas ing

de la
Peña Za zuelo
e al. (2020b)
Technologies and ools o Indus y 4.0 in he po
li e a u e being analyzed

Doleski e al.
(2022)
Ene gy sys em modeling o digi al deca boniza ion in
po s and logis ic in as uc u e
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 883

Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Da a lake/
big da a
ML P edic i e
APIs
Mi o ing
unc ion
Augmen ed
isualiza ion
unc ion
Moni o ing/
ale ing
unc ion
Con ol
unc ion
Douaioui e al.
(2018)
Looking a he ou indus ial e olu ions and showing
he need o u he esea ch, aining and de elopmen
o echnologies in Indus y 4.0

Du e al. (2022) 5G ne wo k simula ion and e alua ion based on a digi al
copy o a po

Fahim e al.
(2021)
T ack and ance as a basis o u u e po s and o e all
supply-chain coope a ion

Gao e al. (2022a) Da a go e nence specifically o IoT da a 
Gao e al. (2022c) Pe o mance ad an age o digi al win-based Q-lea ning
solu ions o e Dijks a’s algo i hm o AGV pa h
planning

Gao e al. (2022b) Simula ion-based op imiza ion o an au oma ed s o age
ya d in a con aine e minal suppo ed by (nea ) eal-
ime da a o a digi al win

Gaspa o i (2022) Demons a e he benefi s o in oducing digi al
echnologies in he Romanian ma i ime sec o

Ge li z and Meye
(2021)
Decision-making ools a e p oposed o acili a e and
s eng hen he ansi ion in small- and medium-sized
po s owa d en i onmen al esponsibili y, social
equi y, and economic e ficiency

Gius i e al. (2019) Success ac o s and enabling echnologies o
synch omodali y
Golo ianko e al.
(2021)
Machine lea ning o image classifica ion o eplace
human decision making

González-Ramí ez
e al. (2023)
Decision suppo o con aine e minal ope a ions wi h
dis u bances and analysis o main dis u bances o po
ope a ions

123
884 J. Neugebaue e al.
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Da a lake/
big da a
ML P edic i e
APIs
Mi o ing
unc ion
Augmen ed
isualiza ion
unc ion
Moni o ing/
ale ing
unc ion
Con ol
unc ion
Gunes e al.
(2021)
Defining and managing cybe isks in po s ega ding he
inclusion o digi al wins

Guo (2021) Digi al win o ha bo hyd aulic s uc u es and conc e e 
Gül ekin e al.
(2022)
Use o edge-based AI o au onomous ehicle aul
de ec ion and condi ion moni o ing, educing ne wo k
equi emen s and sho ening da a ansmission imes

Ha nischmache
e al. (2021)
Suppo ing he powe g id wi h AGV ba e ies and
op imizing he dispa ching based on he cu en g id
powe need

Heikkilä e al.
(2022)
Cha ac e iza ion o wo ldwide po s in he a eas o
au oma ion, sus ainabili y and collabo a ion. Showing
he benefi s o digi al collabo a ion
  
Heilig e al.
(2017a)
A game heo e ic amewo k o digi aliza ion in
seapo s

Heilig e al. (2020) Da a mining applica ion in he po domain. Concluding
ha his esea ch domain is ye o be de eloped mo e
b oadly

Heilig and Voß
(2017)
O e iew o echnologies used in sma po s and he
d i e s such as he PCS o he NSW
 
Hen íquez e al.
(2022)
Explaining he ela ionship be ween he adop ion o
Indus y 4.0 echnologies and he seapo s’business
model
 
Ho mann and
B anding (2019)
Simula ion-based digi al win in py hon 
Höp ne e al.
(2021)
Dynamic s o age space moni o ing based on (nea ) eal-
ime lida in o ma ion

123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 885
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Da a lake/
big da a
ML P edic i e
APIs
Mi o ing
unc ion
Augmen ed
isualiza ion
unc ion
Moni o ing/
ale ing
unc ion
Con ol
unc ion
Ib ion e al. (2019) Compa ing a ia ion and ma i ime digi al wins and
showing he isks o digi al wins and possible ailu es
 
Ichimu a e al.
(2022)
I is discussed ha all ca ie s a e ocused on
digi aliza ion

Ilin e al. (2022) Ta ge a chi ec u e o he digi aliza ion o he No h Sea 
Inkinen e al.
(2021)
Fu u e p ospec s and scena ios as well as echnological
d i e s in Finnish seapo s

Jako le e al.
(2021)
A amewo k o inc easing po sa e y and secu i y
using a digi al win
  
K üge e al.
(2021)
Linking a s a ic planning ool and a simula ion o
e minal ope a ions including layou planning
Jede mann and
Lang (2022)
Showing low e o modeling and p edic ion me hods o
po en ial digi al wins om a da a pe spec i e

Jee an e al.
(2021)
I is discussed ha Indus y 4.0 needs in es men , he
igh leade ship and can esul in g ea e
compe i i eness

Jos e al. (2022) Le e age geospa ial con ex p o ided by LiDAR
echnology and me hods o c ea e digi al wins

Ka aś(2022) Li e a u e e iew o sma po s, showing he impo ance
o a s anda d sma po defini ion

Kla e al. (2022) Assessing he ma u i y o digi al wins o po s and
showing u u e digi al winning app oaches

Ko ole a e al.
(2019)
Compa ing he digi aliza ion o global and Russian po s  
Ku zle e al.
(2021)
Using a digi al win o all in o ma ion sys ems o
imp o e IT-secu i y

123
886 J. Neugebaue e al.
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Da a lake/
big da a
ML P edic i e
APIs
Mi o ing
unc ion
Augmen ed
isualiza ion
unc ion
Moni o ing/
ale ing
unc ion
Con ol
unc ion
Lennon e al.
(2012)
Showing he ad ancemen s o he isk assessmen ool
and decision suppo sys em a he Po o Los
Angeles/Long Beach/Long Beach (USA)

Li e al. (2022) Modeling and educ ion o ene gy consump ion o
con aine e minals conside ing, e.g., ou e
op imiza ion and in eg a ion o an economic benefi
analysis

Li and He (2020) Time p edic ions o be hing in con aine e minals
using (DNN)

Li and He (2021) A combina ion o au oma ed logis ics and deep lea ning
o be h line p edic ions and con aine e minal
imp o emen s

Li e al. (2021a) Calcula ing and imp o ing seapo ope a ion
pe o mance wi h a ificial neu al ne wo ks

Li and Song
(2020)
Discussing au oma ed logis ics in gene al and showing
he impo ance based on gene al p inciples o
compu a ion o he u u e po including digi al wins
Li e al. (2021b) Analysis o he combina ion o ML, op imiza ion and
simula ion me hods in gene al in combina ion wi h
digi al wins

Li e al. (2020) Mul iple simula ion modules combined wi h a digi al
win o suppo ing he Singapo e po being planned

Li e al. (2021c) A digi al win suppo ed e minal ope a ion wi h highe
e ficiencies and applica ion in AGV scheduling
   
Li e al. (2021d) Digi al winning suppo ing he AGV scheduling
s a egy

123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 887
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Da a lake/
big da a
ML P edic i e
APIs
Mi o ing
unc ion
Augmen ed
isualiza ion
unc ion
Moni o ing/
ale ing
unc ion
Con ol
unc ion
Lind e al. (2018) Digi aliza ion as an u gen need o op imizing
communica ion be ween po ac o s. Amazon/Alibaba
and o he s inc easingly demanding digi al se ices in
he ma i ime anspo domain

Makkawan and
Muangpan
(2021)
Indica o s o po pe o mance and digi aliza ion le el.
Helping de elop sma po pe o mance
 
Mallah e al.
(2020)
Combining supply chain op imizing me hods and
indus ial con ol sys ems o decision making and
dis u bance eac ion a an expo bulk po
 
Maydano a e al.
(2022)
Balanced sco eca d o implemen ing IT-a chi ec u e o
digi al wins

Medyako a e al.
(2020)
S udying digi aliza ion e o s inc easing because o a
global pandemic (Co id-19)

Meye e al.
(2021)
Sus ainabili y and e ficiency in small and medium sized
po s in u u e de elopmen
Mi and Liu
(2022a)
Main enance using moni o ing in sma po s  
Mi and Liu
(2022b)
O e iew o simula ion o planning con aine po s.
Di e en ia ing be ween emula ion and simula ion
Min (2022) Technical po de elopmen guidelines, including
in eg a ion o TOS, SCADA, ERP, Senso s and many
mo e
  
Mo a e al. (2019) Use o a digi al win o planning al e na i e ail-based
anspo a ion in combina ion wi h he po a ea

Ni e al. (2021) AGV ou e and pa h planning based on local neu al
ne wo ks imp o ing on scena ios wi h missing da a
 
123
888 J. Neugebaue e al.

Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Da a lake/
big da a
ML P edic i e
APIs
Mi o ing
unc ion
Augmen ed
isualiza ion
unc ion
Moni o ing/
ale ing
unc ion
Con ol
unc ion
Nwakanma e al.
(2022)
Analysis o he p ospec s o in oducing a digi al win in
he Nige ian shipping indus y

Osó io e al.
(2019)
Showing an open in eg a ion a chi ec u e o IoT wi h
mul iple supplie s

O hman (2021) Showing he co ela ion be ween Indus y 4.0
applica ion and seapo quali y
 
Özkanli and
DeniZhan
(2020)
De eloping a oadmap o he Tu kish seapo s, which
lack in digi aliza ion

Pacheco Bolaño
and T oncoso-
Palacio (2021)
Simula ion o ole-on and -o unloading a a po o
bo leneck analysis
Pagano e al.
(2022)
Showing he benefi s o s anda diza ion o digi aliza ion
in seapo s. Concluding ha only ew seapo s a e s a e
o he a in ega d o digi aliza ion

Pang e al. (2021) Digi al win especially o p oduc ion and p oduc
de elopmen in he ma i ime domain

Paulauskas e al.
(2021)
Showing a co ela ion be ween po size and
digi aliza ion le el
  
Pa lićSkende
e al. (2020)
Technologies used in he some o he bigges seapo s
wo ldwide

de la
Peña Za zuelo
e al. (2020a)
Desc ibing simula ion o e he cou se o he
digi aliza ion in po s

Pi a Cos a e al.
(2021)
Lea nings om de eloping sma po s and showing a
ising need o sus ainable digi aliza ion in po s
 
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 889
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Da a lake/
big da a
ML P edic i e
APIs
Mi o ing
unc ion
Augmen ed
isualiza ion
unc ion
Moni o ing/
ale ing
unc ion
Con ol
unc ion
Po apas e al.
(2021)
Analysis o au onomous ships o new anspo ou es
and digi al wins o hei moni o ing and e alua ion
  
Pyykkö e al.
(2020)
A simula ion-based en i onmen o cybe secu i y
aining in he ma i ime domain

Rajpu and Singh
(2018)
Cybe physical sys ems (CPS) and hei implica ions on
supply chain managemen . Fu he mo e, discussing
he implemen a ion le els o CPS’s

Rami ez e al.
(2022)
Ne wo k ocused implemen a ion o a basic digi al win
using 5G

Rødse h and Be e
(2018)
Desc ibing he need o an indus ial da a space in he
ma i ime domain o suppo he da a exchange while
using digi al wins
 
Ross e al. (2022) Analysis o a concep ual implemen a ion o a digi al
win a a B i ish dockya d wi h a ocus on mul i-
objec i e op imiza ion

Ros e al. (2018) A ew 5G enabled applica ions being es ed in Hambu g
(Ge many)

Sad i e al. (2021) Po KPIs analyzing g eenness and p og essi eness o
po s

Mohd Salleh e al.
(2021)
Defining he s a e o Malaysian seapo eadiness
ega ding Indus y 4.0
Ga ido Salsas
e al. (2022)
Gene al de elopmen pe spec i e o he Po o
Ba celona
Sanchez-Gonzalez
e al. (2022)
Analyzing he mos e ec i e digi aliza ion s eps o
ma i ime con aine handling companies
  
123
890 J. Neugebaue e al.
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Da a lake/
big da a
ML P edic i e
APIs
Mi o ing
unc ion
Augmen ed
isualiza ion
unc ion
Moni o ing/
ale ing
unc ion
Con ol
unc ion
Sa abia-Jacome
e al. (2019)
Defining a seapo da a space a chi ec u e and analyzing
i . A s anda dized way o in o ma ion and da a sha ing
o in e ope abili y is also shown

Sa abia-Jacome
e al. (2020)
Po en ial o imp o ing he communica ion and
communica ion cos by implemen ing a seapo da a
space, also pa ially including digi al wins

Schislyae a
(2021)
Examining he elemen s o a digi al win in logis ic hubs
as pa o in as uc u e inno a ion

Sego ia e al.
(2022)
A easibili y s udy on emissions educ ions and demand
esponse in a seapo buildings
Shche bako and
Silkina (2021)
Supply chain managemen in eg a ion o e mul iple
pa icipan s. Analyzing logis ics pla o ms and
ecosys ems

Shi e al. (2022) Analysis o key objec s and con ol mechanisms as a
basis o u u e digi al wins and e minal con ol
models
Sho e al. (2022) Modeling o elec ic gan y c anes o egene a ion
cap u e

Simoni e al.
(2022)
Compa ing po communi y sys ems in li e a u e and in
Ro e dam and showing he po en ial benefi s

Pa lićSkende
e al. (2020)
O e iew o mode n echnologies in leading global
seapo s, showing ha u u e de elopmen s will lead o
g ea e au oma ion
 
Song (2021) Analysis o he supply chain in con aine shipping,
showing how i can be imp o ed h ough less
agmen a ion and u he digi aliza ion

123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 891
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope Da a lake/
big da a
ML P edic i e
APIs
Mi o ing
unc ion
Augmen ed
isualiza ion
unc ion
Moni o ing/
ale ing
unc ion
Con ol
unc ion
Sun (2021) 5G powe ed applica ions o he sma po ealiza ion a
he Mawan and Zhoushan po (China)
  
Szpy ko and
Dua e (2019)
Modeling o gan y c anes and isk simula ion o
c ea ing a decision suppo model o in eg a ed
main enance

Szpy ko and
Dua e (2021)
A amewo k o digi al wins in c ane main enance and
showing a decision suppo model
  
Tam and Jones
(2019)
Eme ging echnologies in he ma i ime domain and hei
cybe secu i y isks

Ta do e al. (2022) P oposal o a p o o yping amewo k o agile
de elopmen o sma se ices in he po , based on a
se o o - he-shel and open-sou ce echnologies

Taylo e al.
(2020)
Digi al wins being desc ibed ega ding he gene al
ma i ime applica ion and usage

Taylo e al.
(2021)
Di e en ia ing simula ion and modeling and digi al
wins. Defining he benefi s o (nea ) eal- ime-da a
in eg a ion o digi al wins

Tedeschi and
Sciancalepo e
(2019)
Ad an ages and disad an ages o og and edge
compu ing wi h espec o secu i y and esea ch
challenges

Tesse e al. (2021) Digi al win p ojec s being analyzed o c ea ing a digi al
win me amodel, which is hen used as a laye in
s a egic managemen o IoT cloud a chi ec u e
   
T ichias e al.
(2021)
The “Vi al-5G”p ojec is being desc ibed, implemen ing
“Ne Apps” o showcase and suppo he c ea ion o
5G-based solu ions o moni o , au oma e and imp o e
in di e en pa s o po logis ics
  
123
892 J. Neugebaue e al.
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope P ocess
au oma ion
unc ion
Business
in elligence
unc ion
P edic i e
analy ics
unc ion
Simula ion
unc ion
Op imiza ion
unc ion
Unde s anding o
digi al win
Ib ion e al. (2019) Compa ing a ia ion and ma i ime digi al wins and
showing he isks o digi al wins and possible ailu es
 Shadow
Ichimu a e al.
(2022)
I is discussed ha all ca ie s a e ocused on
digi aliza ion
 Shadow
Ilin e al. (2022) Ta ge a chi ec u e o he digi aliza ion o he No h Sea Twin
Inkinen e al.
(2021)
Fu u e p ospec s and scena ios as well as echnological
d i e s in Finnish seapo s
n.a
Jako le e al.
(2021)
A amewo k o inc easing po sa e y and secu i y
using a digi al win
Shadow
K üge e al.
(2021)
Linking a s a ic planning ool and a simula ion o
e minal ope a ions including layou planning
 n.a
Jede mann and
Lang (2022)
Showing low e o modeling and p edic ion me hods o
po en ial digi al wins om a da a pe spec i e
  Shadow
Jee an e al.
(2021)
I is discussed ha Indus y 4.0 needs in es men , he
igh leade ship and can esul in g ea e
compe i i eness
Shadow
Jos e al. (2022) Le e age geospa ial con ex p o ided by LiDAR
echnology and me hods o c ea e digi al wins
  Twin
Ka aś(2022) Li e a u e e iew o sma po s, showing he impo ance
o a s anda d sma po defini ion
n.a
Kla e al. (2022) Assessing he ma u i y o digi al wins o po s and
showing u u e digi al winning app oaches
  Twin
Ko ole a e al.
(2019)
Compa ing he digi aliza ion o global and Russian po s Digi al Suppo
Sys em
Ku zle e al.
(2021)
Using a digi al win o all in o ma ion sys ems o
imp o e IT-secu i y
Shadow
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 899

Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope P ocess
au oma ion
unc ion
Business
in elligence
unc ion
P edic i e
analy ics
unc ion
Simula ion
unc ion
Op imiza ion
unc ion
Unde s anding o
digi al win
Lennon e al.
(2012)
Showing he ad ancemen s o he isk assessmen ool
and decision suppo sys em a he Po o Los
Angeles/Long Beach (USA)
n.a
Li e al. (2022) Modeling and educ ion o ene gy consump ion o
con aine e minals conside ing, e.g., ou e
op imiza ion and in eg a ion o an economic benefi
analysis
n.a
Li and He (2020) Time p edic ions o be hing in con aine e minals
using (DNN)
n.a
Li and He (2021) A combina ion o au oma ed logis ics and deep lea ning
o be h line p edic ions and con aine e minal
imp o emen s
  Shadow/Twin
Li e al. (2021a) Calcula ing and imp o ing seapo ope a ion
pe o mance wi h a ificial neu al ne wo ks
  Shadow
Li and Song
(2020)
Discussing au oma ed logis ics in gene al and showing
he impo ance based on gene al p inciples o
compu a ion o he u u e po including digi al wins
  n.a
Li e al. (2021b) Analysis o he combina ion o ML, op imiza ion and
simula ion me hods in gene al in combina ion wi h
digi al wins
Shadow
Li e al. (2020) Mul iple simula ion modules combined wi h a digi al
win o suppo ing he Singapo e po being planned
 Twin
Li e al. (2021c) A digi al win suppo ed e minal ope a ion wi h highe
e ficiencies and applica ion in AGV scheduling
  Shadow
Li e al. (2021d) Digi al winning suppo ing he AGV scheduling
s a egy
  Twin
123
900 J. Neugebaue e al.
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope P ocess
au oma ion
unc ion
Business
in elligence
unc ion
P edic i e
analy ics
unc ion
Simula ion
unc ion
Op imiza ion
unc ion
Unde s anding o
digi al win
Lind e al. (2018) Digi aliza ion as an u gen need o op imizing
communica ion be ween po ac o s. Amazon/Alibaba
and o he s inc easingly demanding digi al se ices in
he ma i ime anspo domain
n.a
Makkawan and
Muangpan
(2021)
Indica o s o po pe o mance and digi aliza ion le el.
Helping de elop sma po pe o mance
n.a
Mallah e al.
(2020)
Combining supply chain op imizing me hods and
indus ial con ol sys ems o decision making and
dis u bance eac ion a an expo bulk po
  Digi al Suppo
Sys em
Maydano a e al.
(2022)
Balanced sco eca d o implemen ing IT-a chi ec u e o
digi al wins
 Shadow
Medyako a e al.
(2020)
S udying digi aliza ion e o s inc easing because o a
global pandemic (co id-19)
 Shadow/Twin
Meye e al.
(2021)
Sus ainabili y and e ficiency in small and medium sized
po s in u u e de elopmen
n.a
Mi and Liu
(2022a)
Main enance using moni o ing in sma po s Digi al Suppo
Sys em
Mi and Liu
(2022b)
O e iew o simula ion o planning con aine po s.
Di e en ia ing be ween emula ion and simula ion
  Shadow
Min (2022) Technical po de elopmen guidelines, including
in eg a ion o TOS, SCADA, ERP, Senso s and many
mo e
  Twin
Mo a e al. (2019) Use o a digi al win o planning al e na i e ail-based
anspo a ion in combina ion wi h he po a ea
Digi al Suppo
Sys em
Ni e al. (2021) AGV ou e and pa h planning based on local neu al
ne wo ks imp o ing on scena ios wi h missing da a
n.a
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 901
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope P ocess
au oma ion
unc ion
Business
in elligence
unc ion
P edic i e
analy ics
unc ion
Simula ion
unc ion
Op imiza ion
unc ion
Unde s anding o
digi al win
Nwakanma e al.
(2022)
Analysis o he p ospec s o in oducing a digi al win in
he Nige ian shipping indus y
·Shadow
Osó io e al.
(2019)
Showing an open in eg a ion a chi ec u e o IoT wi h
mul iple supplie s
 Shadow
O hman (2021) Showing he co ela ion be ween Indus y 4.0
applica ion and seapo quali y
n.a
Özkanli and
DeniZhan
(2020)
De eloping a oadmap o he Tu kish seapo s, which
lack in digi aliza ion
Digi al Suppo
Sys em
Pacheco Bolaño
and T oncoso-
Palacio (2021)
Simula ion o ole-on and -o unloading a a po o
bo leneck analysis
Shadow
Pagano e al.
(2022)
Showing he benefi s o s anda diza ion o digi aliza ion
in seapo s. Concluding ha only ew seapo s a e s a e
o he a in ega d o digi aliza ion
n.a
Pang e al. (2021) Digi al win especially o p oduc ion and p oduc
de elopmen in he ma i ime domain
Twin
Paulauskas e al.
(2021)
Showing a co ela ion be ween po size and
digi aliza ion le el
n.a
Pa lićSkende
e al. (2020)
Technologies used in he some o he bigges seapo s
wo ldwide
  Digi al Suppo
Sys em/Shadow
de la
Peña Za zuelo
e al. (2020a)
Desc ibing simula ion o e he cou se o he
digi aliza ion in po s
 Shadow
Pi a Cos a e al.
(2021)
Lea nings om de eloping sma po s and showing a
ising need o sus ainable digi aliza ion in po s
  Shadow
123
902 J. Neugebaue e al.
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope P ocess
au oma ion
unc ion
Business
in elligence
unc ion
P edic i e
analy ics
unc ion
Simula ion
unc ion
Op imiza ion
unc ion
Unde s anding o
digi al win
Po apas e al.
(2021)
Analysis o au onomous ships o new anspo ou es
and digi al wins o hei moni o ing and e alua ion
   Twin
Pyykkö e al.
(2020)
A simula ion-based en i onmen o cybe secu i y
aining in he ma i ime domain
Digi al Suppo
Sys em
Rajpu and Singh
(2018)
Cybe physical sys ems (CPS) and hei implica ions on
supply chain managemen . Fu he mo e, discussing
he implemen a ion le els o CPS’s
  Twin
Rami ez e al.
(2022)
Ne wo k ocused implemen a ion o a basic digi al win
using 5G
 Twin
Rødse h and Be e
(2018)
Desc ibing he need o an indus ial da a space in he
ma i ime domain o suppo he da a exchange while
using digi al wins
 Shadow
Ross e al. (2022) Analysis o a concep ual implemen a ion o a digi al
win a a B i ish dockya d wi h a ocus on mul i-
objec i e op imiza ion
Digi al Suppo
Sys em
Ros e al. (2018) A ew 5G enabled applica ions being es ed in Hambu g
(Ge many)
Twin
Sad i e al. (2021) Po KPIs analyzing g eenness and p og essi eness o
po s
n.a
Mohd Salleh e al.
(2021)
Defining he s a e o Malaysian seapo eadiness
ega ding Indus y 4.0
n.a
Ga ido Salsas
e al. (2022)
Gene al de elopmen pe spec i e o he Po o
Ba celona
n.a
Sanchez-Gonzalez
e al. (2022)
Analyzing he mos e ec i e digi aliza ion s eps o
ma i ime con aine handling companies
Twin
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 903
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope P ocess
au oma ion
unc ion
Business
in elligence
unc ion
P edic i e
analy ics
unc ion
Simula ion
unc ion
Op imiza ion
unc ion
Unde s anding o
digi al win
Sa abia-Jacome
e al. (2019)
Defining a seapo da a space a chi ec u e and analyzing
i . A s anda dized way o in o ma ion and da a sha ing
o in e ope abili y is also shown
n.a
Sa abia-Jacome
e al. (2020)
Po en ial o imp o ing he communica ion and
communica ion cos by implemen ing a seapo da a
space, also pa ially including digi al wins
n.a
Schislyae a
(2021)
Examining he elemen s o a digi al win in logis ic hubs
as pa o in as uc u e inno a ion
  Shadow
Sego ia e al.
(2022)
A easibili y s udy on emissions educ ions and demand
esponse in a seapo buildings
 Shadow
Shche bako and
Silkina (2021)
Supply chain managemen in eg a ion o e mul iple
pa icipan s. Analyzing logis ics pla o ms and
ecosys ems
n.a
Shi e al. (2022) Analysis o key objec s and con ol mechanisms as a
basis o u u e digi al wins and e minal con ol
models
n.a
Sho e al. (2022) Modeling o elec ic gan y c anes o egene a ion
cap u e
Shadow
Simoni e al.
(2022)
Compa ing po communi y sys ems in li e a u e and in
Ro e dam and showing he po en ial benefi s
·Shadow
Pa lićSkende
e al. (2020)
O e iew o mode n echnologies in leading global
seapo s, showing ha u u e de elopmen s will lead o
g ea e au oma ion
Shadow
Song (2021) Analysis o he supply chain in con aine shipping,
showing how i can be imp o ed h ough less
agmen a ion and u he digi aliza ion
   Twin
123
904 J. Neugebaue e al.

Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope P ocess
au oma ion
unc ion
Business
in elligence
unc ion
P edic i e
analy ics
unc ion
Simula ion
unc ion
Op imiza ion
unc ion
Unde s anding o
digi al win
Sun (2021) 5G powe ed applica ions o he sma po ealiza ion a
he Mawan and Zhoushan po (China)
Twin
Szpy ko and
Dua e (2019)
Modeling o gan y c anes and isk simula ion o
c ea ing a decision suppo model o in eg a ed
main enance
Digi al Suppo
Sys em/Shadow
Szpy ko and
Dua e (2021)
A amewo k o digi al wins in c ane main enance and
showing a decision suppo model
  Digi al Suppo
Sys em
Tam and Jones
(2019)
Eme ging echnologies in he ma i ime domain and hei
cybe secu i y isks
Digi al Suppo
Sys em
Ta do e al. (2022) P oposal o a p o o yping amewo k o agile
de elopmen o sma se ices in he po , based on a
se o o - he-shel and open-sou ce echnologies
Twin
Taylo e al.
(2020)
Digi al wins being desc ibed ega ding he gene al
ma i ime applica ion and usage
Shadow
Taylo e al.
(2021)
Di e en ia ing simula ion and modeling and digi al
wins. Defining he benefi s o (nea ) eal- ime -da a
in eg a ion o digi al wins
  Shadow
Tedeschi and
Sciancalepo e
(2019)
Ad an ages and disad an ages o og and edge
compu ing wi h espec o secu i y and esea ch
challenges
   Shadow
Tesse e al. (2021) Digi al win p ojec s being analyzed o c ea ing a digi al
win me amodel, which is hen used as a laye in
s a egic managemen o IoT cloud a chi ec u e
  Shadow/Twin
T ichias e al.
(2021)
The “Vi al-5G”p ojec is being desc ibed, implemen ing
“Ne Apps” o showcase and suppo he c ea ion o
5G-based solu ions o moni o , au oma e and imp o e
in di e en pa s o po logis ics
Twin
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 905
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope P ocess
au oma ion
unc ion
Business
in elligence
unc ion
P edic i e
analy ics
unc ion
Simula ion
unc ion
Op imiza ion
unc ion
Unde s anding o
digi al win
T iska e al. (2022) Ma u i y model o sma po s wi h ecommenda ions
o a digi aliza ion s a egy
n.a
Tubis and Po u aj
(2022)
Iden i y isks in AGV ope a ions based on a li e a u e
e iew. The esul s show a deficiency in he
iden ifica ion and assessmen o isks
Twin
Uusi alo e al.
(2021)
Simula ion o 5G ne wo k in a-s uc u e o acili a e
u u e po au oma ion and he unde lying echnologies
 Shadow
Vakili e al. (2021) De elopmen o a amewo k o a shipya d wi h he
main objec i e o ene gy sa ing
n.a
Ramos Velasco
e al. (2022)
T ansi ion sugges ions o a fishing po , becoming less
elian on fishing
n.a
Wang e al. (2022) Ship engine sys em and ca go moni o ing o p ocess
managemen using Maya and Uni y 3D
 Shadow
Wang e al. (2021) Showing digi al wins esul in benefi s o po
managemen . Suppo ing decision making and
imp o ing esilience and pe o mance
Shadow
Wa anakul e al.
(2022)
Gene a ing da a wi h digi al wins o ML ega ding po
capaci y p edic ion unde unce ain y
  Digi al Suppo
Sys em
Wu e al. (2021) A digi al win o inland wa e ways based on 3D ideo
usion o imp o ed e ficiency o daily moni o ing,
e idence collec ion and eme gency esponse
 Shadow
Yang e al. (2022a) S a us moni o ing and simula ion o suppo con aine
gan y c anes’ ansi ion o and decision on hyd ogen
powe
 Shadow
Yang e al.
(2022b)
A case s udy on he digi al win o Qingdao Po and
illus a ion o he de elopmen p ocess and unc ion o
he digi al win o ypical e minals
  Twin
123
906 J. Neugebaue e al.
Table 2 con inued
Ci a ion Resea ch scope P ocess
au oma ion
unc ion
Business
in elligence
unc ion
P edic i e
analy ics
unc ion
Simula ion
unc ion
Op imiza ion
unc ion
Unde s anding o
digi al win
Yang e al. (2018) O e iew o unde lying ech-nologies o IoT in sma
po s and hei challenges, e.g., compa ing p ices o
da a connec i i y
n.a
Yang e al. (2022a) O e iew o sma po de elopmen and u u e planning
guidelines
Twin
Yao e al. (2021a) Digi al wins and sma po concep s should be
combined. Digi al win can imp o e he po s
subs an ially
 Twin
Yao e al. (2021b) Digi al win suppo ed planning o au oma ed sma
po s
  Digi al Suppo
Sys em
Zaychenko e al.
(2021)
Compa ing Russian and global seapo s ega ding hei
digi aliza ion le el
n.a
Yang e al.
(2022b)
Requi emen s and design p inciples o he digi al win
in he po om a echnical pe spec i e
n.a
Zhao e al. (2022) A digi al win o ene gy-e ficien planning o mul iple
c anes and selec ion o he numbe o c anes is
desc ibed
 Twin
Zhou e al.
(2022a)
Re iew o cu en echnology ends and ele an
esea ch opics ela ed o he con aine e minals and
examining he implica ions on how con aine e minals
can achie e hei s a egic goals
  Shadow
Zhou e al.
(2022b)
A sys em o moni o ing he ope a ional s a us o po
c anes based on digi al wins is p esen ed
  Twin
Zhou e al. (2018) Simula ion-based op imiza ion o imp o ing ma i ime
sys ems
 Shadow
Zhou e al. (2021) Digi al wins and simula ion o esilience imp o emen Shadow
123
Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 907
Funding Open Access unding enabled and o ganized by P ojek DEAL. This wo k was ca ied ou as pa
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om he Ge man Fede al Minis y o Digi al A ai s and T anspo (BMDV)."
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Publishe 's No e Sp inge Na u e emains neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and
ins i u ional a filia ions.
Julian Neugebaue is a esea che a he Ins i u e o In o ma ion Sys ems a he Uni e si y o Hambu g and
wo ks in a consul ing capaci y o a ious companies wi h a ocus on digi aliza ion and digi al wins. He
holds a B.Eng. deg ee in T anspo a ion and Logis ics and an M.Sc. deg ee in Logis ics, Managemen and
Enginee ing om B eme ha en Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, whe e he also wo ked as a p ojec
manage on esea ching blockchain and i s applica ion o he Bill o Lading as well as de eloping
emissions calcula ions o blockchain applica ions and logis ics anspo s. In his ole as a esea che , he is
a speake a a ious scien ific and business con e ences, wi h his cu en esea ch ocusing on machine
lea ning applica ions enabled by digi al wins. He has published scien ific a icles in hese a eas. In
addi ion, Julian is an a id pilo and has expe ience wo king wi h majo in e na ional logis ics companies.
Leona d Heilig is co- ounde and CTO o d i eMybox, and holds a posi ion as p ojec leade and lec u e a
he Ins i u e o In o ma ion Sys ems, Uni e si y o Hambu g (Ge many). He ecei ed a B.Sc. deg ee in
in o ma ion sys ems om he Uni e si y o Müns e (Ge many) and an M.Sc. and a doc o al deg ee in
in o ma ion sys ems om he Uni e si y o Hambu g (Ge many). In his ole as CTO a d i eMybox, he
leads he echnical de elopmen o hei logis ics pla o m, op imiza ion, AI, and cloud in as uc u e. He
has published mo e han 50 scien ific a icles and books in he a eas o ma i ime logis ics, ope a ions
esea ch, and cloud compu ing. He has also wo ked as a consul an o se e al in e na ional logis ics
p ojec s, and se ed as he gues edi o o se e al pee - e iewed jou nals, and p o ides gues lec u es a
a ious uni e si ies wo ldwide.
S e an Voß is p o esso and di ec o o he Ins i u e o In o ma ion Sys ems a he Uni e si y o Hambu g.
P e ious posi ions include ull p o esso and head o he depa men o Business Adminis a ion,
In o ma ion Sys ems and In o ma ion Managemen a he Uni e si y o Technology B aunschweig
(Ge many) om 1995 up o 2002. F om 2020 o 2022 he se ed as dean o he Hambu g Business School
(School o Business Adminis a ion). He holds deg ees in Ma hema ics (diploma) and Economics om he
Uni e si y o Hambu g and a Ph.D. and he habili a ion om he Uni e si y o Technology Da ms ad . His
cu en esea ch in e es s a e in quan i a i e / in o ma ion sys ems app oaches o supply chain managemen
and logis ics including public mass ansi and elecommunica ions. He is au ho and co-au ho o se e al
books and se e al hund ed pape s in a ious jou nals and compila ions. In he Ge man Handelsbla
anking he is con inuously wi hin he op 20 p o esso s in business adminis a ion wi hin he Ge man
speaking coun ies. The mos ecen Wi scha swoche ankings lis him among he op 10. S e an Voß
se es on he edi o ial boa d o some jou nals including being Edi o o Public T anspo . He is equen ly
o ganizing wo kshops and con e ences. Fu he mo e, he is consul ing wi h se e al companies.
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Digi al Twins in Po s and Con aine Te minals 917