Zheng, Xiaozhou; Liu, Renming; Wang, Huiping
A icle
Coupling and coo dina ed de elopmen o en i onmen al egula ion
and he upg ading o indus ial s uc u e: E idence om China's 10
majo u ban agglome a ions
Economies
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
MDPI – Mul idisciplina y Digi al Publishing Ins i u e, Basel
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Zheng, Xiaozhou; Liu, Renming; Wang, Huiping (2024) : Coupling and
coo dina ed de elopmen o en i onmen al egula ion and he upg ading o indus ial s uc u e:
E idence om China's 10 majo u ban agglome a ions, Economies, ISSN 2227-7099, MDPI, Basel,
Vol. 12, Iss. 9, pp. 1-17,
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Ci a ion: Zheng, Xiaozhou, Renming
Liu, and Huiping Wang. 2024.
Coupling and Coo dina ed
De elopmen o En i onmen al
Regula ion and he Upg ading o
Indus ial S uc u e: E idence om
China’s 10 Majo U ban
Agglome a ions. Economies 12: 231.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
economies12090231
Academic Edi o s: F ancesco Sica,
Elena Di Pi o, Ma ia Rosa ia Sessa,
F ancesco Tajani, Ma ia
Rosa ia Gua ini, Alessio Russo and
Debo a Anelli
Recei ed: 23 July 2024
Re ised: 25 Augus 2024
Accep ed: 27 Augus 2024
Published: 29 Augus 2024
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economies
A icle
Coupling and Coo dina ed De elopmen o En i onmen al
Regula ion and he Upg ading o Indus ial S uc u e: E idence
om China’s 10 Majo U ban Agglome a ions
Xiaozhou Zheng 1,*, Renming Liu 2and Huiping Wang 1
1Resea ch Cen e o Resou ce En i onmen and Regional Economy, Xi’an Uni e si y o Finance and
Economics, Xi’an 710100, China; [email p o ec ed]
2School o Economics, Xi’an Uni e si y o Finance and Economics, Xi’an 710100, China; [email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : Explo ing he coupling and coo dina ed de elopmen o o mal and in o mal en i on-
men al egula ion, as well as hei impac on he upg ading o he indus ial s uc u e o u ban
agglome a ions, ep esen s a new b eak h ough. The comp ehensi e index o o mal en i onmen al
egula ion, in o mal en i onmen al egula ion, and indus ial s uc u e upg ading is calcula ed using
he en opy me hod based on sample da a om 127 ci ies in China’s en majo u ban agglome a ions
be ween 2003 and 2019. The cha ac e is ics o he coupling and coo dina ed de elopmen be ween
o mal and in o mal en i onmen al egula ion in hese u ban agglome a ions a e examined using
a coupling coo dina ion deg ee model. Fu he mo e, he e ec s o he coupling and coo dina ed
de elopmen o o mal and in o mal en i onmen al egula ion on he indus ial s uc u e upg ading
in u ban agglome a ions a e analyzed h ough ixed-e ec and h eshold eg ession models. The
indings demons a e ha al hough he de elopmen o u ban agglome a ions emains unbalanced,
he o e all coupling coo dina ion deg ee be ween o mal and in o mal en i onmen al egula ion is
inc easing. Gene ally, he en majo u ban agglome a ions ha e ansi ioned om a s a e o eluc ance
coo dina ion o p ima y coo dina ion. The Pea l Ri e Del a u ban agglome a ions ha e p og essed
om eluc ance coo dina ion o middle coo dina ion, while he Yang ze Ri e Del a, Shandong
Peninsula, Cen al Plains, and Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei u ban agglome a ions ha e ad anced om
eluc ance coo dina ion o p ima y coo dina ion. The emaining i e u ban agglome a ions ha e
shi ed om nea diso de o eluc ance coo dina ion. The coupling and coo dina ed de elopmen o
o mal and in o mal en i onmen al egula ion signi ican ly p omo e he upg ading o he indus ial
s uc u e in bo h o e all and g ouped samples o u ban agglome a ions, and he highe he deg ee o
coupling coo dina ion, he g ea e he p omo ing e ec . Mo eo e , when in o mal en i onmen al
egula ion is conside ed as a h eshold a iable, he coupling coo dina ion deg ee exhibi s a b oken-
line ela ionship wi h he indus ial s uc u e upg ading in u ban agglome a ions. Cu en ly, he
in ensi y o in o mal en i onmen al egula ions is ela i ely easonable in China’s en majo u ban
agglome a ions, and he coo dina ed de elopmen o o mal and in o mal en i onmen al egula ions
has an impac on he indus ial s uc u e o u ban agglome a ions. Finally, his pape p oposes
co esponding sugges ions encompassing he cons uc ion o an en i onmen al egula ion policy
sys em, di e en ia ed indus ial policy, and he coo dina ed p omo ion o a ious policies.
Keywo ds: en i onmen al egula ion; coupling and coo dina ed de elopmen ; upg ading o indus-
ial s uc u e; u ban agglome a ions; panel h eshold eg ession models; panel da a
1. In oduc ion
Al hough China’s economy de eloped apidly in ecen decades, he booming econ-
omy has also gi en ise o se e e en i onmen al p oblems (Yu 2014). The Uni ed Na ions’
Depa men o Economic and Social A ai s has es ablished 17 sus ainable de elopmen
Economies 2024,12, 231. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/economies12090231 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/economies
Economies 2024,12, 231 2 o 17
goals, including “Make ci ies and human se lemen s inclusi e, sa e, esilien and sus ain-
able”, which p io i ize he need o pay a en ion o en i onmen al p oblems esul ing om
he p ocess o u baniza ion (Uni ed Na ions 2020). As he mos populous na ion and a
global economic powe house, China accoun s o app oxima ely 30% o wo ldwide ca bon
emissions and d i es 73% o global emission g ow h (Shan e al. 2018). Consequen ly,
China’s ad ancemen s in en i onmen al egula ion play a pi o al ole in shaping he global
ajec o y owa ds achie ing ca bon neu ali y and peaking ca bon emissions a ge s, un-
de sco ing i s c i ical in luence on in e na ional clima e ou comes. Howe e , compa ed o
i s geog aphical neighbo , Japan, China elies mo e on coal, which signi ies ha China may
ace a mo e di icul p edicamen in educing ca bon emissions (Ouyang and Lin 2017).
Also, Yoon e al. (2020) poin ed ou ha China is he ne expo e o embodied ca bon
emissions o Sou h Ko ea and Japan, which causes signi ican ca bon leakage in China.
Ne e heless, such a coal-domina ed ene gy s uc u e and in e na ional ca bon leakage
may also mean g ea e po en ial o u he imp o emen . Thus, an e ec i e en i onmen al
egula ion sys em is despe a ely needed in China. Resea ch has demons a ed ha he
de elopmen o an app op ia e en i onmen al egula ion s a egy can e ec i ely cons ain
co po a e conduc , acili a e he ans o ma ion o en e p ise p oduc ion me hods, and
d i e he ad ancemen o indus ial s uc u e (Chong e al. 2017;Du e al. 2021). In align-
men wi h he 2025 Pa is Ag eemen , China has commi ed o peaking ca bon emissions
by 2030, a pledge ha necessi a es u he in ensi ica ion o i s en i onmen al egula ions.
P esen ly, China’s en i onmen al egula ion encompasses o mal egula ions, p edomi-
nan ly en o ced by he go e nmen h ough coe ci e measu es, and in o mal egula ions
led by he public, media, and en i onmen al g oups (Pa gal and Wheele 1996). These wo
o ms o en i onmen al egula ion can, o a ce ain ex en , complemen each o he and
gene a e syne gis ic e ec s.
Del ing in o u he de ail, on he one hand, he dissemina ion o go e nmen en i-
onmen al in o ma ion and he imposi ion o penal ies o en i onmen al pollu ion se e
o engage he public, media, and en i onmen al g oups in en i onmen al p o ec ion e o s.
On he o he hand, he en i onmen al p o ec ion demands oiced by he public, he expo-
su e o pollu ion ac i i ies by he media, nego ia ions be ween en i onmen al o ganiza ions
and businesses, and go e nmen ac ions all unc ion as o e sigh mechanisms o co po a e
p oduc ion beha io and go e nmen en o cemen ac ions. Consequen ly, hey play a
pi o al ole in p omo ing he e ec i e implemen a ion o o mal en i onmen al egula o y
policies. Thus, can he coupling and coo dina ed de elopmen o o mal and in o mal
en i onmen al egula ion con ibu e o he upg ading o he indus ial s uc u e? This is a
ques ion wo h conside ing.
Addi ionally, De Goei e al. (2010) men ioned ha he adi ional cen al place concep-
ualiza ion has al eady been ou da ed. Fu he mo e, in ecen decades, u ban agglome a-
ions ha e eme ged as one o he mos impo an economic de elopmen ca ie s (Fang
and Yu 2017), and ha e played an inc easingly signi ican ole in egional economic de-
elopmen (Yin e al. 2022a), which p io i izes he need o ocus on u ban agglome a ion.
Co esponding wi h he g adual e olu ion o “new- ype u baniza ion” and “s a egy o
coo dina ed egional de elopmen ”, he cons uc o u ban agglome a ion becomes a c ucial
oppo uni y o boos Chinese high-quali y economic de elopmen , and s uc u e a “dual
ci cula ion” de elopmen pa e n, which aims o make domes ic and o eign ma ke s boos
each o he , wi h he domes ic ma ke as he mains ay. Resea ch indica es ha ecological
ci iliza ion se es as a c ucial d i ing o ce o he de elopmen o new-s yle u baniza ion
(Yu 2021). Due o he comp ehensi e and complex na u e o u ban agglome a ions, he
implemen a ion o he “new u baniza ion” s a egy and egional de elopmen s a egy has
ine i ably led o he eme gence o complex and challenging issues ha we e no p esen in
adi ional single-ci y con ex s. These issues include a ange o en i onmen al p oblems
(G imm e al. 2008), such as he u ban hea island e ec (Thompson and Pe y 1997), and
en i onmen al deg ada ion (Hashmi e al. 2021). In e ms o indus y, he main conce ns a e
he demog aphic ansi ion (Sa o and Yamamo o 2005) and s uc u al changes in indus ies
Economies 2024,12, 231 3 o 17
esul ing om he o indus ies concen a ion om pe iphe al ci ies o cen al ci ies (Lu
and Tao 2009).
I is e iden ha he en i onmen al and indus ial s uc u al issues o u ban agglom-
e a ions a e mo e in ica e and ep esen a i e. Fu he mo e, u ban agglome a ions play
a leading ole in China’s economic, echnological, and cul u al de elopmen , se ing as
an impo an pla o m o China o pa icipa e in in e na ional ma ke compe i ion. The
esolu ion o en i onmen al pollu ion and dis up ion in u ban agglome a ions, as well as
he upg ading o indus ial s uc u es, a e c ucial o enhancing he o e all compe i i eness
o hese agglome a ions, which in u n a ec s China’s in e na ional s a us and in luence.
The emainde o his pape is o ganized as ollows. The second pa is a li e a u e
e iew. The hi d pa in oduces he me hodology. The ou h pa analyzes he esul s
o coupling and coo dina ion deg ee. The i h pa discusses he esul s o he empi ical
s udies. The inal pa concludes his s udy and p oposes co esponding policy sugges ions.
2. Li e a u e Re iew
Based on esea ch conduc ed in he academic ield, he e is a subs an ial body o
li e a u e on he en i onmen al egula ions and indus ial s uc u e upg ading, p ima ily
ocusing on he ollowing aspec s:
One aspec is conside ing en i onmen al egula ions as a whole and examining hei
impac on indus ial s uc u e upg ading. Some au ho s indica e ha s eng h en i on-
men al egula ions can lead o an inc ease in he p opo ion o he se ice indus y and
he manu ac u ing indus y (Chong e al. 2017). Yin e al. (2022b) a gue ha he impac
o en i onmen al egula ion on indus ial upg ading exhibi s a U-shaped cu e. Hu e al.
(2020), using he ou p o inces o he Yang ze Ri e Economic Bel (Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi,
and Anhui) as hei esea ch samples, ound ha in he p ocess o en i onmen al egula ion
a ec ing he upg ading o indus ial s uc u e, he e a e bo h subs i u ion e ec s and com-
plemen a y e ec s. Mo eo e , he subs i u ion e ec s a e g ea e han he complemen a y
e ec s. En i onmen al egula ion has a posi i e impac on he op imiza ion and upg ading
o he indus ial s uc u e in second- ie ci ies, hi d- ie ci ies, and ci ies below he hi d ie ,
bu he deg ee o impac a ies. Resea ch om Cohen and Tubb (2018) shows ha many
exis ing pape s a e based on he Po e hypo hesis, whe eby en i onmen al egula ion
can con ibu e o inno a ion. Wu and Liu (2021) indica e ha inno a ion has a signi ican
posi i e spa ial spillo e e ec on he upg ading o indus ial s uc u e. Fu he mo e,
p e ious esea ch also a gues ha echnological inno a ion has a signi ican media ion
e ec on indus ial s uc u e upg ading in some ci ies in China (Shao e al. 2021). The le el
o indus ial s uc u e op imiza ion may also in luence he e ec i eness o en i onmen al
egula ion. Fo example, based on a ying le els o indus ial s uc u e op imiza ion, Chen
e al. (2019) examined he impac o en i onmen al egula ions on ca bon dioxide emissions,
and ound ha en i onmen al egula ions can con ibu e o ca bon dioxide emissions i
he le el o indus ial s uc u al op imiza ion is low. Howe e , when he le el o indus ial
s uc u al op imiza ion is high, such scena ios a e in e sed, and en i onmen al egula ions
ha e a signi ican inhibi o y e ec on ca bon dioxide emissions.
The second aspec is o ca ego ize en i onmen al egula ions and examine hei im-
pac on indus ial s uc u e upg ading. Many exis ing s udies classi y en i onmen al
egula ion in o wo ypes: o mal en i onmen al egula ion and in o mal en i onmen al
egula ion (Cole e al. 2005;Pa gal e al. 1997;Ren e al. 2023). Some schola s use hese
wo ypes o en i onmen al egula ions o, espec i ely, examine hei e ec s on indus ial
s uc u e upg ading, leading o di e en conclusions. Exis ing esea ch indica es ha
in o mal en i onmen al egula ion can boos he upg ading o indus ial s uc u e and
such a ela ionship has egional he e ogenei y (Chen e al. 2022). Resea ch om Yuan
and Xie (2014) indica es ha o mal and in o mal en i onmen al egula ion ha e di e en
mechanisms o in luencing indus ial es uc u ing. Li and Liu (2023) also a gue ha
o mal and in o mal en i onmen al egula ions ha e di e en impac pa hways: o mal
en i onmen al egula ions boos economic de elopmen h ough he a ionaliza ion o
Economies 2024,12, 231 4 o 17
indus ial s uc u e (RIS), while in o mal en i onmen al egula ions p omo e economic
de elopmen h ough upg ading indus y s uc u e. Some o he schola s conduc a mo e
de ailed ca ego iza ion o en i onmen al egula ions. Fo ins ance, Chen e al. (2020)
classi y en i onmen al egula ion in o h ee ypes: command and con ol, ma ke incen i e,
and olun a y pa icipa ion, aiming o show ha en i onmen al egula ion can spu he
upg ading o indus ial s uc u e, hus p omo ing high-quali y economic de elopmen .
Fu he mo e, some au ho s also sugges ha ma ke incen i e en i onmen al egula ion
plays a mo e impo an ole in he upg ading o indus ial s uc u e han he o he wo
ypes o en i onmen al egula ion (Wang e al. 2022). Conside ing ha , compa ed o o he
de eloped coun ies in Asia like Japan, which has a ela i ely long his o y o encou aging
indi iduals, en i onmen al g oups, and NGOs o pa icipa e in en i onmen al egula ion
(Moshkal e al. 2023), China lags behind in in o mal en i onmen al egula ion compa ed o
Japan (Lin e al. 2011). Addi ionally, in policy making, in o mal en i onmen al egula ion
has no ecei ed su icien a en ion in add essing non-complian beha io s beyond he
scope o o mal en i onmen al egula ion (Shen e al. 2023). Gi en his si ua ion, he e is a
need o de elop a coupled and coo dina ed measu emen o o mal and in o mal en i on-
men al egula ions o enable a b oade scien i ic unde s anding o China’s en i onmen al
egula ion p ocess and i s impac on he economy.
Based on exis ing he li e a u e, many s udies ocus solely on he linea ela ionship
be ween en i onmen al egula ion and he upg ading o indus ial s uc u e (Lin and Xie
2023;Song e al. 2021). Howe e , he e could be a non-linea ela ionship be ween hese wo
a iables (Yang e al. 2021). Addi ionally, many exis ing s udies adop a ela i ely na ow
app oach o measu e indus ial s uc u e upg ading. Fo example, many s udies use he
sha e o seconda y o e ia y indus ies o ep esen indus ial s uc u e upg ading (Dong
e al. 2020;Hao e al. 2020), bu his does no ully cap u e he o e all goal o upg ading,
which is o achie e bo h a ionaliza ion and op imiza ion o he indus ial s uc u e (Chen
e al. 2019). Each dimension e lec s a di e en aspec o indus ial s uc u e upg ading:
a ionaliza ion ocuses on in e nal coo dina ion, balance, and esou ce alloca ion e iciency,
while op imiza ion di ec ly e lec s he ou comes o upg ading, indica ing whe he he
economy is ad ancing o a highe le el. The e o e, bo h dimensions a e essen ial o a
comp ehensi e e alua ion o indus ial s uc u e upg ading.
O e all, he li e a u e on en i onmen al egula ions and indus ial s uc u e upg ad-
ing is qui e ample, bu he e is s ill oom o u he esea ch. Fi s ly, mos s udies a e
conduc ed a he p o incial, egional le el, o in e na ional le el, li le esea ch ocuses on
he pe spec i e o u ban agglome a ions. This pape akes he en majo u ban agglome a-
ions in China as esea ch samples, ca e ully conside ing he economic clus e de elopmen
cha ac e is ics in hese ci ies, which o e s a esh esea ch pe spec i e. Secondly, he ex-
is ing li e a u e mainly ocuses on he o e all impac o en i onmen al egula ions and
he e ec s o di e en ypes o en i onmen al egula ions on indus ial s uc u e upg ad-
ing. The e is limi ed esea ch on he coupling and coo dina ed de elopmen o o mal
and in o mal en i onmen al egula ions and i s impac on indus ial s uc u e upg ading.
This pape , based on he analysis o he cha ac e is ics o he coupling and coo dina ed
de elopmen o o mal and in o mal en i onmen al egula ions, employs ixed-e ec s
models and h eshold eg ession models o empi ically analyze he impac o he coupling
and coo dina ion ela ionship be ween hese wo kinds o en i onmen al egula ion on
indus ial s uc u e upg ading, which b ings no el y o he ield and emphasizes he need
o u he de elop bo h o hem, especially in o mal en i onmen al egula ion. Thi dly, he
measu emen o en i onmen al egula ion indica o s is cu en ly ela i ely limi ed. This
pape , based on da a a ailabili y, selec s six mic o-le el indica o s o measu e o mal en i-
onmen al egula ions and wo mic o-le el indica o s o measu e in o mal en i onmen al
egula ions, p o iding a mo e comp ehensi e and scien i ically g ounded app oach. Based
on his, his pape selec s he en majo u ban agglome a ions in China, which we e among
he i s o de elop and ha e a ce ain scale. These u ban agglome a ions include he Pea l
Ri e Del a, he Yang ze Ri e Del a, Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, Shandong Peninsula, Wes
Economies 2024,12, 231 5 o 17
Taiwan S ai , he Middle Reaches o he Yang ze Ri e , he Cen al Plains, he Cen al
and Sou he n Liaoning, Chengdu–Chongqing, and Guanzhong Plain as esea ch samples.
Table A1 de ails he ci ies included wi hin hese u ban agglome a ions. Finally, his pape
ocuses on explo ing he non-linea ela ionship be ween he coupling and coo dina ion
deg ee o o mal and in o mal en i onmen al egula ions and i s impac on he upg ading
o indus ial s uc u e in u ban agglome a ions. This pape aims o in es iga e he im-
pac o he coupling and coo dina ed de elopmen o o mal and in o mal en i onmen al
egula ions on indus ial s uc u e upg ading in hese u ban agglome a ions, wi h he
goal o p o iding insigh s and ecommenda ions o achie ing “peak ca bon” and “ca bon
neu ali y” and p omo ing high-quali y de elopmen .
3. Me hodology
3.1. Explana ion o Me hodology S eps
The me hodology con ains 8 subsec ions, and he ollowing 7 sec ions a e o ganized
as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Explana ion o me hodology s eps.
S ep Explana ion Me hod
Es ablishmen o he
E alua ion Sys em
Fi s , 6 a iables and 2 a iables we e chosen o
es ablish comp ehensi e indices o o mal and in o mal
en i onmen al egula ions, espec i ely.
Nex , he calcula ion o complex indices, including he
a ionaliza ion o indus ial s uc u e and he
op imiza ion o indus ial s uc u e, was in oduced.
Finally, he p ocess o he en opy me hod
was desc ibed.
Fo he comp ehensi e indices sys em,
please e e o Sec ion 3.2
Fo an explana ion o he indica o s,
please e e o Sec ion 3.3
Fo he en opy me hod, please e e o
Sec ion 3.4
Calcula ion o Coupling
and Coo dina ion Deg ee
Fi s , he coupling deg ee is calcula ed, ollowed by he
calcula ion o he coupling coo dina ion deg ee.
Then, he classi ica ion c i e ia o he coupling
coo dina ion deg ee a e es ablished.
Coupling and coo dina ion model (please
e e o Sec ions 3.5 and 3.6)
Modelling
Fi s , he baseline eg ession model is cons uc ed.
Then, he panel h eshold eg ession model
is cons uc ed.
Fixed-e ec model and panel h eshold
model (please e e o Sec ion 3.7)
3.2. Measu emen o En i onmen al Regula ion and he Indus ial S uc u e Upg ading
En i onmen al egula ion includes wo dimensions: o mal en i onmen al egula ion
(FER) and in o mal en i onmen al egula ion (IER). Due o he a ailabili y o da a, a o mal
en i onmen al egula ion index sys em comp ising six mic o-indica o s and an in o mal
en i onmen al egula ion index sys em comp ising wo mic o-indica o s a e cons uc ed.
Following he esea ch by Gan e al. (2011), we cons uc an indus ial s uc u e
upg ading e alua ion sys em comp ising wo dimensions: a ionaliza ion o indus ial
s uc u e (RIS) and op imiza ion o indus ial s uc u e (OIS). The indica o e alua ion
sys em is shown in Table 2. The da a used mainly come om he “China Ci y S a is ical
Yea book”, “China S a is ical Yea book on En i onmen ”, “China S a is ical Yea book o
Regional Economy”, “S a is ical Communiquéo he PRC Na ional Economic and Social
De elopmen ” as well as Wo ld Bank Open Da a.
Economies 2024,12, 231 6 o 17
Table 2. The e alua ion sys em o FER,IERs, and IS.
P ojec Laye Index Laye Uni Impac
Fo mal en i onmen al
egula ion (FER)
Indus ial was ewa e discha ge (x1) me ic ons
nega i e
Indus ial sul u dioxide emissions (x2) me ic ons
nega i e
Indus ial pa icula e ma e emissions (x3) me ic ons
nega i e
Ha mless disposal a e o household was e (x4) % posi i e
Comp ehensi e u iliza ion a e o gene al indus ial solid was e (x5) % posi i e
Cen alized ea men a e o sewage ea men plan (x6) % posi i e
In o mal en i onmen al
egula ion (IER)
Educa ional a ainmen (x7) / posi i e
Popula ion densi y (x8) pe son/km2posi i e
Upg ading o indus ial
s uc u e (IS)
Ra ionaliza ion o indus ial s uc u e (RIS) / posi i e
Op imiza ion o indus ial s uc u e (OIS) / posi i e
3.3. Indica o Explana ion
(1) In o mal en i onmen al egula ion (IER)
Educa ional a ainmen (x7) = Numbe o s uden s in egula highe educa ion ins i u-
ions/To al popula ion a yea -end
Popula ion densi y (x8) = Land a ea o adminis a i e zone/To al popula ion a yea -end
All da a used o calcula e hese 2 mic o-indica o s o in o mal en i onmen al egula-
ion a e sou ced om he “China Ci y S a is ical Yea book”.
(2) Ra ionaliza ion o indus ial s uc u e (RIS)
Based on he esea ch by Shen e al. (2020), he calcula ion o mula is as ollows:
RIS =∑i(Ai×Fi)
q∑iA2
i×q∑iF2
i
(1)
No e ha :
Ai ep esen s he p opo ion o he eal added alue o he i h indus y in eal GDP.
Fi
ep esen s he p opo ion o he employed pe sons in he i h indus y in he o al
employed pe sons.
(3) Op imiza ion o indus ial s uc u e (OIS)
Based on he p e ious esea ch, he calcula ion p ocess is di ided in o h ee s eps
(Fu 2010):
The i s s ep is o use he p opo ion o he added alue o each indus y o he
egional GDP as h ee componen s o a spa ial ec o , he eby o ming a se o h ee-
dimensional ec o s.
X0=(x1,0,x2,0,x3,0)(2)
The second s ep is o sepa a ely calcula e he angles
θ1
,
θ2
, and
θ3
be ween he ec o s
X1=(1, 0, 0)
,
X2=(0, 1, 0)
, and
X3=(0, 0, 1)
as hey a e a anged om lowe o
highe le els wi hin he indus y.
θj=
3
∑
k=1
k
∑
j=1
a ccos
∑3
i=1xi,j×xi,0
∑3
i=1x2
i,j1
2×∑3
i=1x2
i,01
2
,j=1, 2, 3 (3)
The hi d s ep is o calcula e he op imiza ion o indus ial s uc u e (OIS)
OIS =∑3
k=1∑k
j=1θj(4)
(4) Con ol a iables
Based on exis ing esea ch, he con ol a iables ha p ima ily in luence he upg ading
o he indus ial s uc u e include he le el o economic de elopmen , he le el o echnolog-
Economies 2024,12, 231 7 o 17
ical inno a ion, he le el o in o ma ion de elopmen , he le el o o eign di ec in es men ,
and he le el o ixed-asse in es men . These a iables a e, espec i ely, measu ed as
ollows: pe capi a eal g oss domes ic p oduc (agdp), he numbe o pa en s (lnpa en )
( ea ed by na u al loga i hm), he a io o employees in he in o ma ion ansmission,
compu e se ices, and he so wa e indus y o he o al popula ion a he end o he yea
(in o m), he a io o ac ual o eign di ec in es men o he egional eal GDP ( di), and he
a io o he o al ac ual ixed-asse in es men in he whole socie y o he co esponding
egional eal GDP ( ixasse ).
3.4. The Measu emen o Fo mal, In o mal En i onmen al Regula ion and he Upg ading o
Indus ial S uc u e Comp ehensi e Index
D awing om he esea ch conduc ed by Wang e al. (2021), we illus a e he p ocess
o calcula ing all h ee comp ehensi e indices (FER,IER,IS) using he o mal en i onmen al
egula ion comp ehensi e index as an example. To begin, we apply s anda diza ion o bo h
posi i e and nega i e indica o s, wi h he espec i e o mulas as ollows:
x0
ηij =xηij −xmin
j
xmax
j−xmin
j
+0.01 (5)
x0
ηij =xmax
j−xηij
xmax
j−xmin
j
+0.01 (6)
In he o mula,
x0
ηij
ep esen s he s anda dized alue o he index j o he iu ban
agglome a ion in
η
yea ,
xηij
ep esen s he o iginal alue o he index j o he iu ban
agglome a ion in
η
yea ,
xmax
j
and
xmin
j
, espec i ely, ep esen he maximum and minimum
alues o he index j. To p e en ze o alues, he s anda dized esul s we e shi ed by 0.01.
Then, using he objec i e weigh ing me hod wi h he in o ma ion en opy app oach
o weigh he indica o s. Deno e he weigh s o he indices o he iu ban agglome a ion in
yea ηas wηij.
Finally, he comp ehensi e en i onmen al egula ion index
Zηi
o he iu ban agglom-
e a ion in yea ηis calcula ed.
Zηi=∑
j
wηij ×x0
ηij (7)
No e ha :
∑
j
wηij =1 (8)
3.5. The Measu emen o Coupling and Coo dina ion Deg ee (CCD)
Re e ing o he esea ch by Deng e al. (2022), we use 2 s eps o calcula e he coupling
and coo dina ion deg ee o o mal and in o mal en i onmen al egula ion.
Fi s ly, calcula e he coupling deg ee:
c=sFER ×IER
FER+IER
2
(9)
Secondly, calcula e he coupling and coo dina ion deg ee:
CCD =qc×(0.5 ×FER +0.5 ×IER)(10)
In he o mula, c ep esen s coupling deg ee, CCD ep esen s coupling and coo dina-
ion deg ee, FER s ands o he comp ehensi e index o o mal en i onmen al egula ions,
and IER ep esen s he comp ehensi e index o in o mal en i onmen al egula ions. Se -
ing he weigh s o FER and IER o be equal a 0.5 indica es ha o mal en i onmen al
egula ions and in o mal en i onmen al egula ions hold an equal le el o impo ance.
Economies 2024,12, 231 8 o 17
3.6. Classi ica ion C i e ion o Coupling and Coo dina ion Deg ee
Based on he exis ing classi ica ion s anda ds and he calcula ed esul s o coupling
and coo dina ion deg ee (Shang and Liu 2021), he coupling and coo dina ion le els a e
di ided in o en g ades (Table 3).
Table 3. Classi ica ion c i e ion o coupling and coo dina ion deg ee.
Range S age Range S age
[0.000–0.100] Ex eme diso de (0.500–0.600] Reluc ance coo dina ion
(0.100–0.200] Se ious diso de (0.600–0.700] P ima y coo dina ion
(0.200–0.300] Mode a e diso de (0.700–0.800] Middle coo dina ion
(0.300–0.400] Ligh diso de (0.800–0.900] Well coo dina ion
(0.400–0.500] Nea diso de (0.900–1.000] High coo dina ion
3.7. Modeling
3.7.1. The Cons uc ion o Baseline Reg ession Model
Acco ding o a ious esea ch indings and p eceding ex , en i onmen al egula ions
can in luence indus ial s uc u e. En i onmen al egula ions can be di ided in o wo
dimensions: FER ( o mal en i onmen al egula ions) and IER (in o mal en i onmen al
egula ions). FER and IER also ha e a coupled and coo dina ed ela ionship. The e o e, he
coupled and coo dina ed de elopmen o o mal en i onmen al egula ions and in o mal
en i onmen al egula ions may ha e an impac on he upg ading o he indus ial s uc u e
o u ban agglome a ions. Thus, his pape cons uc s model (7) o empi ically e i y he
impac o he coupled and coo dina ed de elopmen o o mal en i onmen al egula ions
and in o mal en i onmen al egula ions on he upg ading o he indus ial s uc u e o
u ban agglome a ions. The model is se as ollows:
s uc u ei =α0+α1di +α2agdpi +α3lnpa en i +α4in o mi +α5 dii +α6 ixasse i +εi (11)
No e ha , iand , espec i ely, ep esen indi idual ci ies (i= 1, 2,
. . .
, 127) and ime (
= 2003, 2004, . . . 2019), εas e o e ms.
3.7.2. The Cons uc ion o he Panel Th eshold Reg ession Model
The p e ious analysis indica es ha he coo dina ed de elopmen o FER and IER
signi ican ly p omo es he upg ading o he indus ial s uc u e in u ban agglome a ions.
Hence, whe he he e is a ce ain non-linea ela ionship be ween he le el o CCD and he
upg ading o he indus ial s uc u e in u ban agglome a ions wi hin di e en anges o
FER and IER is wo hwhile o be discussed. Based on his, wo panel h eshold eg ession
models a e cons uc ed, wi h FER and IER as h eshold a iables, and he le el o CCD as
he co e explana o y a iable, o e i y he non-linea impac o CCD on he upg ading o
he indus ial s uc u e in u ban agglome a ions. The wo models a e se as ollows:
s uc u ei =λ0+λ1ccdi ×I(FERi ≤γ)+λ2di ×I(FERi >γ)+λ3agdpi +λ4lnpa en i
+λ5in o mi +λ6 dii +λ7 ixasse i +εi (12)
s uc u ei =λ0+λ1ccdi ×I(IERi ≤η)+λ2di ×I(IERi >η)+λ3agdpi +λ4lnpa en i
+λ5in o mi +λ6 dii +λ7 ixasse i +εi (13)
In hese o mulas,
I
ep esen s an indica o unc ion, and
γ
and
η
, espec i ely, ep e-
sen s es ima ed alues o he h eshold le els co esponding o FER and IER.
4. The Calcula ion Resul s and Analysis o Coupling and Coo dina ion Deg ee
4.1. Summa ized Analysis o Coupling and Coo dina ion Deg ee
Table 4displays he o e all o mal en i onmen al egula ion comp ehensi e index
(FER), in o mal en i onmen al egula ion comp ehensi e index (IER), and he coupling
coo dina ion deg ee (CCD) in he en majo u ban agglome a ions. I can be isually
Economies 2024,12, 231 15 o 17
6.3. Emphasize he Syne gy, Coo dina ion, and E ec i eness o Va ious Policies
On he one hand, he e should be syne gy in he o mula ion and implemen a ion
o di e en policies wi hin he same u ban agglome a ion. Fo ins ance, en i onmen al
egula ions should s imula e co po a e inno a ion and d i e he upg ading o he indus ial
s uc u e in he u ban agglome a ion. Indus ial de elopmen should educe in es men s
in highly pollu ing and ene gy-in ensi e indus ies o minimize en i onmen al pollu ion
and damage. Fo eign in es men p ojec s should align wi h he de elopmen needs o he
u ban agglome a ion indus ies, and echnological inno a ion should be ansla ed in o
p oduc i i y o p omo e he upg ading o he u ban agglome a ion indus ial s uc u e.
On he o he hand, a ious policies in di e en u ban agglome a ions should comple-
men each o he o p omo e he o e all high-quali y de elopmen o he u ban agglom-
e a ions. Fo example, when o mula ing indus ial de elopmen policies in he cen al
and wes e n u ban agglome a ion, conside a ion should be gi en o he esponsibili y o
abso bing edundan indus ies om he eas e n u ban agglome a ions. In he eas e n
u ban agglome a ions, when esea ching and de eloping new echnologies, conside a ion
should be gi en o he echnological needs o economic de elopmen in he cen al and
wes e n egions, and so o h.
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, X.Z.; da a cu a ion, R.L.; o mal analysis, R.L.; me hod-
ology, X.Z. and R.L.; so wa e R.L.; supe ision, X.Z.; alida ion, H.W.; w i ing—o iginal d a
p epa a ion, X.Z. and R.L.; w i ing— e iew & edi ing, X.Z. and R.L.; unding acquisi ion, X.Z. All
au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch was unded by he Resea ch Founda ion om Na ional Social Science
Founda ion o China (18CJL014), Minis y o Educa ion, China (20JZD005).
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : The da ase s used o analyzed du ing he cu en s udy a e a ailable
om he co esponding au ho on easonable eques .
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es .
Appendix A
Table A1. Lis o ci ies con ained in he en majo u ban agglome a ions.
Loca ion U ban Agglome a ion Lis o Ci ies
Eas e n China
Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei
Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Qinhuangdao, Baoding, Zhangjiakou, Chengde,
Cangzhou, Lang ang, Xing ai, Handan, Hengshui
Yang ze Ri e Del a
Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuxi, Changzhou, Suzhou, Nan ong, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Taizhou,
Hangzhou, Ningbo, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Shaoxing, Zhoushan, Taizhou, Yancheng, Jinhua
Pea l Ri e Del a Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Foshan, Jiangmen, Zhaoqing, Huizhou,
Dongguan, Zhongshan
Wes Taiwan S ai
Fuzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, Pu ian, Ningde, Longyan, Sanming, Nanping,
Wenzhou, Lishui, Quzhou, Shan ou
Shandong Peninsula Jinan, Qingdao, Yan ai, Wei ang, Zibo, Dongying, Weihai, Rizhao
Cen al and Sou he n
Liaoning
Shenyang, Dalian, Anshan, Fushun, Benxi, Dandong, Liaoyang, Yingkou, Panjin, Tieling,
Jinzhou, Fuxin, Huludao
Cen al China Middle Reaches o Yang ze
Ri e
Wuhan, Huangshi, Ezhou, Huanggang, Xiaogan, Xian’ning, Jingmen, Jingzhou, Jiujiang,
Yueyang, Xiangyang, Yichang, Changsha, Changde, Yiyang, Zhuzhou, Xiang an,
Deyang, Loudi, Nanchang, Jingdezhen, Ying an, Shang ao, Xinyu, Fuzhou, Yichun,
Pingxiang
Wes e n China
Cen al Plains Zhenzhou, Luoyang, Kai eng, Xinxiang, Jiaozuo, Xuchang, Pingdingshan, Luohe
Chengdu–Chongqing Chongqing, Chengdu, Zigong, Luzhou, Deyang, Mianyang, Suining, Neijiang, Leshan,
Nanchong, Meishan, Yibin, Ya’an
Guanzhong Plain Xi’an, Xianyang, Baoji, Weinan, Tongchuan
Economies 2024,12, 231 16 o 17
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