Bad oos, Ywana Mahe Lamey
A icle
A p oposed hie a chical amewo k o P io i izing Indus y 4.0
echnologies o imp o e en i onmen al pe o mance o manu ac u ing
companies and en i onmen al SDGs
Cogen Business & Managemen
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Bad oos, Ywana Mahe Lamey (2024) : A p oposed hie a chical amewo k o
P io i izing Indus y 4.0 echnologies o imp o e en i onmen al pe o mance o manu ac u ing
companies and en i onmen al SDGs, Cogen Business & Managemen , ISSN 2331-1975, Taylo &
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A p oposed hie a chical amewo k o
P io i izing Indus y 4.0 echnologies o imp o e
en i onmen al pe o mance o manu ac u ing
companies and en i onmen al SDGs
Ywana Mahe Lamey Bad oos
To ci e his a icle: Ywana Mahe Lamey Bad oos (2024) A p oposed hie a chical amewo k
o P io i izing Indus y 4.0 echnologies o imp o e en i onmen al pe o mance o
manu ac u ing companies and en i onmen al SDGs, Cogen Business & Managemen , 11:1,
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Accoun ing, co po A e go e nAnce & Business e hics |
eseA ch A icle
Cogen Business & ManageMen
2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2422561
A p oposed hie a chical amewo k o P io i izing Indus y 4.0
echnologies o imp o e en i onmen al pe o mance o
manu ac u ing companies and en i onmen al SDGs
Ywana Mahe lamey Bad oos
accoun ing Depa men , Facul y o Comme ce, an a uni e si y, an a, egyp
ABSTRACT
his s udy d aws insigh s om he dynamic capabili ies heo y abou indus y 4.0 and
sus ainabili y as c i ical issues o main aining i ms’ compe i i eness in in e na ional
ma ke s. he e is s ill a sca ci y o li e a u e abou he en i onmen al impac s o
adop ing indus y 4.0 echnologies (i4.0 ) and hei con ibu ion owa ds enhancing
en i onmen al managemen accoun ing sys ems and a aining sus ainable de elopmen
goals (sDgs). Al hough companies’ manage s a e awa e o en i onmen al issues which
ha e o ced hem o adop i4.0 , hey hesi a e o in es in hese echnologies because
o limi ed inancial esou ces. he esea ch objec i es a e explo ing he posi i e
en i onmen al impac s o i4.0 and hei con ibu ion owa ds he en i onmen al sDgs
and de eloping a hie a chical amewo k o p io i ize i4.0 . o achie e hese objec i es,
h ee phases o esea ch me hodology we e ollowed. Fi s , we e iew he ex an
li e a u e o iden i y commonly u ilized i4.0 , hei posi i e en i onmen al impac s, and
hei con ibu ion owa ds a aining sDgs. second, a hie a chical amewo k using an
analy ical hie a chical p ocess was p oposed. hi d, he p oposed amewo k is applied
o i e lea he i ms o es i s applicabili y. he indings indica e ha was e managemen
is he mos impo an en i onmen al aspec , and he in e ne o hings is he mos
impo an echnology, ollowed by big da a and cloud compu ing echnologies. his
s udy o e s signi ican heo e ical and p ac ical implica ions, and signi ican oppo uni ies
o u u e esea ch.
1. In oduc ion
indus ies ace many challenges in mee ing cus ome demands and minimizing nega i e social and en i-
onmen al impac s (pou e al., 2023). he business wo ld wi nessed many indus ial e olu ions ha
esul ed in signi ican echnological changes, such as he Fou h indus ial e olu ion ‘indus y 4.0’ (i4.0).
howe e , i also has nega i e en i onmen al impac s ha esul in paying signi ican a en ion o ep (Bai
e al., 2020).
ecen ly, companies’ manage s a e awa e o en i onmen al issues such as clima e change, esou ce
sca ci y, and pollu ion, which ha e o ced companies o wo k on co po a e social and en i onmen al
esponsibili y, se p oac i e en i onmen al s a egies such as pollu ion p e en ion, eco-e iciency, p oduc
de elopmen , and co po a e social esponsibili y, and adop app op ia e en i onmen al managemen
accoun ing (eMA) sys ems o enhance hei en i onmen al pe o mance (ep) and a ain a sus ained com-
pe i i e ad an age (B esciani, 2022; solo ida & la an, 2017).
eMA is conside ed a aluable ool o p o ide en i onmen al accoun ing in o ma ion (eAi) abou ma e-
ial, ene gy, and wa e usage, emissions, and was e esul ing om i ms’ ac i i ies. eAi is equi ed o
implemen ing di e en en i onmen al s a egies and suppo ing manage s o make decisions (nguyen,
2022). so, i is con i med ha eMA sys ems can o e come he limi a ions o con en ional managemen
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT Ywana Mahe Lamey Bad oos youwana.bad ous@comme ce. an a.edu.eg accoun ing Depa men , Facul y o Comme ce,
an a uni e si y, an a 31521, egyp .
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2422561
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pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
ecei ed 4 Feb ua y 2024
e ised 18 July 2024
Accep ed 18 oc obe
2024
KEYWORDS
indus y 4.0 echnologies;
en i onmen al
managemen accoun ing;
en i onmen al accoun ing
in o ma ion; co po a e
social esponsibili y;
ci cula economy;
analy ical hie a chical
p ocess; sus ainable
de elopmen s goals
SUBJECTS
Accoun ing; Managemen
Accoun ing; co po a e
social esponsibili y &
Business e hics
2 Y. M. l. BAD oos
accoun ing, quan i y en i onmen al issues o making decisions, and suppo o ganiza ions in achie ing
sus ainable compe i i e ad an age (Bu i & schal egge , 2010).
Al hough o ganiza ions implemen eMA sys ems o imp o e hei ep, hese sys ems do no p o ide
su icien eal- ime eAi o help manage s in hei decision-making p ocess, as s a ed by solo ida and
la an (2017), Deb e al. (2023), and guna a hne e al. (2023). consequen ly, companies conside he
impo ance o he ansi ion owa ds i4.0 o modi y eMA sys ems and p o ide eal- ime eAi, as ecom-
mended by luoma e al. (2023) and chen and hao (2022).
i4.0 was in oduced by he ge man go e nmen in 2011 (chia ini, 2021), in ol ing in eg a ed echnol-
ogies such as he in e ne o hings (io ), cybe physical sys ems (cps), cloud compu ing (cc), big da a
and analy ics (BDA), addi i e manu ac u ing (AM), i ual eali y ( ) and augmen ed eali y (A ), in elli-
gen obo ics, and simula ion (Bel ami e al., 2021; Jamwal e al., 2021). ecen ly, he en i onmen al
impac s o indus y 4.0 echnologies (i4.0 ) ha e gained signi ican a en ion, such as esou ce e iciency,
educ ion o pollu ion le els, was e, and emissions (el Baz e al., 2022; Malik e al., 2024). ega ding he
po en ial impac s o i4.0 adop ion on sus ainabili y dimensions, i4.0 can con ibu e o he achie emen
o sus ainable de elopmen goals (sDgs). Kluczek e al. (2023) and indana and pahle i (2023) highligh ed
ha Agenda 2030 has 17 goals, 169 a ge s, and 231 indica o s. only sDgs 7, 8, 12, and 13 will be he
ocus o his s udy, as hey a e ela ed o ep.
his s udy ocuses on add essing he po en ial impac s o i4.0 adop ion on manu ac u ing companies’
ep o se e al easons. Fi s , signi ican a en ion is cu en ly paid o ep owing o he consequences o
indus ializa ion, such as ai and wa e pollu ion, emissions, and was e gene a ion (Malik e al., 2024).
second, chen e al. (2020) s a ed ha manu ac u ing companies a e equi ed o p io i ize en i onmen al
impac s’ educ ion because hey con ibu e mo e han 35% o co2 emissions and u ilize one- hi d o he
ene gy on a la ge scale. hi d, he applica ion o eMA sys ems could no p o ide su icien eal- ime eAi
o suppo companies’ manage s in making decisions and imp o ing hei ep. Mo eo e , he in e sec ion
o ep and digi aliza ion, in ol ing he a ailabili y and u iliza ion o eAi o modi y eMA sys ems, has ecei ed
signi ican a en ion (ca dinali & De gio anni, 2022; chen & hao, 2022; luoma e al., 2023; nguyen, 2022).
Fou h, B ozzi e al. (2020) s a ed ha manu ac u ing companies p io i ize economic aspec s o e en i on-
men al issues. in addi ion, oláh e al. (2020) and Maisi i e al. (2021) ha e e e ed o he nega i e en i-
onmen al impac s esul ing om adop ing i4.0 , such as inc easing esou ce usage and emissions.
he e o e, he en i onmen al impac s o i4.0 emain unclea and equi e u he esea ch (chen & hao,
2022). Fi h, unde s anding he impac o adop ing i4.0 on ep is c ucial o manage s, especially when
capi al in es men decisions a e made (Bai e al., 2020) gi en limi ed inancial esou ces (hughes e al.,
2022). hus, i can be concluded ha i4.0 should be p io i ized based on i s impac on manu ac u ing
companies’ ep o adop he mos c ucial echnologies wi hin a easonable en i onmen al budge .
Al hough he li e a u e add esses he ela ionship be ween i4.0 and ep, i emains unclea due o he
ollowing easons: Fi s , Khan and gup a (2023); solo ida and la an (2017); and guna a hne e al. (2023)
only explo ed he con en ional ole o eMA sys ems in enhancing ep. o modi y eMA sys ems and se
app op ia e en i onmen al s a egies, he en i onmen al impac s o adop ing i4.0 should be in es i-
ga ed. second, oláh e al. (2020), sa al e al. (2020), ghobakhloo (2020), B ozzi e al. (2020), and Bai
e al. (2020) highligh ed i4.0 as a gene al concep a he han as an umb ella o many di e si ied ech-
nologies. hi d, because o he no el y o i4.0 , some au ho s ha e epo ed ha he impac s o i4.0 on
ep may be posi i e (Jena e al., 2020; Mou zis e al., 2020; ozanli e al., 2020) o nega i e (chia ini, 2021;
nascimen o e al., 2019). consequen ly, he en i onmen al impac s o i4.0 adop ion a e s ill unclea and
equi e u he esea ch. Fou h, Kluczek e al. (2023) and indana and pahle i (2023) only demons a ed
he connec ion be ween i4.0 and sus ainabili y a he indus y le el. Fi h, he e is a sca ci y o li e a u e
ega ding he con ibu ion o indi idual i4.0 owa d a aining he sDgs. six h, due o he no el y o he
i4.0 con ex , no s udies ha e a emp ed o iden i y he in ensi y o he in luence o each echnology on
he manu ac u ing i ms’ ep. he e o e, u he esea ch is equi ed o iden i y his in luence h ough he
use o mul i-c i e ia decision-making (McDM) ools.
Acco ding o he abo e discussion, wo esea ch ques ions ha e been aised. Fi s , wha a e he
posi i e impac s o adop ing i4.0 on he ep o manu ac u ing i ms? second, o wha ex en does he
selec ed i4.0 impac he manu ac u ing i ms’ ep? Acco dingly, he esea ch objec i es o his s udy
a e o iden i y he posi i e en i onmen al impac s o he mos commonly u ilized i4.0 in he
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 3
li e a u e and o use analy ical hie a chical p ocess (Ahp) o de elop a hie a chical amewo k o p i-
o i ize i4.0 .
Addi ionally, his s udy ocuses on dynamic capabili ies heo y (Dc ) o iden i y and p io i ize he
en i onmen al impac s o i4.0 in he se ing o manu ac u ing companies. he Dc o e s insigh s in o
how he adop ion o new dynamic capabili ies can enhance a i m’s ep ( eece, 2007). i can be no ed
ha echnological inno a ion like i4.0 can ac as a dynamic capabili y, suppo ing i ms o enhance
hei ep.
o ill he esea ch gaps and achie e he esea ch objec i es, he ela ed li e a u e e iew is s udied
and analyzed o explo e only he posi i e en i onmen al impac s o adop ing i4.0 and o wha ex en
hese echnologies con ibu e o he en i onmen al sDgs (7, 8, 12, and 13) ha will be p esen ed in
sec ion 2.3 o answe ing he i s esea ch ques ion. hen, o answe he second esea ch ques ion, a
p oposed hie a chical amewo k using Ahp is cons uc ed o ank i4.0 acco ding o hei ela i e impo -
ance owa d enhancing ep, which will be p esen ed in sec ion 3.2. hen, a case s udy me hodology is
u ilized o assess he applicabili y o he p oposed amewo k o a manu ac u ing company, which will
be p esen ed in sec ion 4.
he main con ibu ion o his s udy is summa ized as ollows: i s , his s udy answe s he call o se -
e al schola s o mo e esea ch on he en i onmen al impac s o i4.0 adop ion o enhance he unde -
s anding o he ela ionship be ween i4.0 and ep, ex ending he ole o eMA in enhancing i ms’ ep;
second, his s udy sheds ligh on how i4.0 adop ion con ibu es o he sDgs agenda; and hi d, his
s udy p o ides a no el amewo k o p io i izing i4.0 , aiding academics and p ac i ione s o unde ake
subs an ial in es men s o adop i4.0 , pa icula ly o manu ac u ing companies wi h limi ed inancial
esou ces.
he es o he pape is o ganized as ollows: he heo e ical backg ound and li e a u e e iew a e
p esen ed in sec ion 2. sec ion 3 p esen s he esea ch me hodology and p oposed hie a chical ame-
wo k. A case s udy is conduc ed in sec ion 4. he s udy’s indings a e discussed and summa ized in
sec ion 5. Finally, conclusions, heo e ical and p ac ical implica ions, limi a ions, and u u e esea ch a e
ou lined in sec ion 6.
2.Theo e ical backg ound and li e a u e e iew
his sec ion p esen s he building blocks ha suppo ou in es iga ion and p o ides a comp ehensi e
explo a ion o undamen al concep s. e iewing he li e a u e aims a ou lining he connec ion be ween
i4.0 and ep o manu ac u ing companies, conside ing dynamic capabili y heo y (Dc ). his sec ion
s a s wi h a gene al backg ound abou Dc , i4.0 , and he impac o adop ing i4.0 on manu ac u ing
companies’ ep and hei con ibu ion owa ds a aining en i onmen al sDgs.
2.1. Theo ies ounda ion
he e a e ew s udies ha conside heo ies and iewpoin s such as p ac ice-based iew (Bag e al.,
2021b; Kamble & gunaseka an, 2023), Dc (Kamble & gunaseka an, 2023), and eM ( ang e al., 2024).
Dc is u ilized by se e al esea che s, pa icula ly o making s a egic choices o decisions in he ligh
o di e en business scena ios (Bag e al., 2021b). hus, o achie e he esea ch objec i es, i is ele an
o conside Dc as a heo e ical amewo k o iden i y and p io i ize he en i onmen al impac s o
i4.0 in he se ing o manu ac u ing companies. eece (2007) s a ed ha dynamic capabili ies help
i ms add ess he challenges and issues associa ed wi h achie ing he i ms’ sus ainable goals. in he
cu en s udy, i4.0 is conside ed as a se o aluable o ganiza ional esou ces p o iding a signi ican
capabili y o in eg a e p oduc s and p oduc ion p ocesses. hus, i4.0 ac s as a dynamic capabili y ha
p o ides he abili y o build and in eg a e in e nal and ex e nal compe encies o cope wi h apid
changes in he business en i onmen . lah i e al. (2018) e e ed o he high implemen a ion cos s and
unce ain y o adop ing i4.0 . he e o e, he main objec i e o he cu en s udy is o ad ance he li -
e a u e abou Dc by iden i ying he po en ial impac o new dynamic capabili ies such as i4.0 on
i ms’ ep.
4 Y. M. l. BAD oos
2.2. En i onmen al pe o mance in manu ac u ing scope
ep is gaining signi ican a en ion because o ex e nal egula ions and s akeholde demands. cus ome s
desi e en i onmen ally iendly p oduc s, in es o s ask o mo e anspa ency and eAi, and egula o s
seek compliance wi h en i onmen al egula ions. Fu he mo e, hese ex e nal p essu es o ce manu ac-
u ing i ms o adop sus ainable en i onmen al s a egies and implemen eMA sys ems o enhance hei
ep (luoma e al., 2023; nguyen, 2022). guna a hne e al. (2023) e e ed o he ole o he eMA in man-
aging, measu ing, and imp o ing companies’ ope a ing aspec s o imp o e hei ep and acili a e eAi
collec ion and communica ion o suppo manage s’ decision-making p ocesses. la i ah and soewa no
(2023) s a ed ha eMA sys ems p o ide eAi abou pollu ion and emissions om p oduc ion and ans-
po a ion, esou ce usage, enewable ene gy u iliza ion, was e managemen , and ci cula economy p ac-
ices (cep) ha a e examples o ep aspec s. Acco ding o Dc , he li e a u e e eals he ole o echnology
in imp o ing he ep o manu ac u ing companies and modi ying hei eMA sys ems. Jabbou e al. (2018)
and B ozzi e al. (2020) claimed ha i4.0 o e s signi ican en i onmen al bene i s h ough p o iding
e icien solu ions o con olling emissions, sa ing esou ces, and eal- ime moni o ing. he e o e, unde -
s anding he ela ionship be ween i4.0 and ep is wo hwhile, which is explo ed in he ollowing sec ion.
2.3. En i onmen al impac s o indus y 4.0 echnologies adop ion
he i s indus ial e olu ion began in he 18 h cen u y wi h mechanical ac o ies, ollowed by he ‘e a
o Mass p oduc ion’ in he 1870s u ilizing elec ici y in indus ial p ocesses (Malik e al., 2024; ng e al.,
2022) and he ‘Digi al e olu ion’ in he 1970s u ilizing ‘elec onics and in o ma ion echnology’ (Öz emel
& gü se , 2018). he ge man go e nmen in oduced i4.0 in 2011 as a high- echnology s a egy, wi h he
i s applica ion p oposal de eloped by he i4.0 Wo king g oup in 2013 (oláh e al., 2020; Öz emel &
gü se , 2018). he e o e, i4.0 is no a sudden e olu ion because i s appea ance was based on p e ious
e olu ions. he a ious s ages o he indus ial e olu ion’s p og ession a e shown in Figu e 1.
i4.0 has gained signi ican a en ion om academic esea che s. he alignmen be ween i4.0 and i ms’
s a egic goals is essen ial o modi y he eMA sys em h ough p o iding eal- ime eAi and imp o e hei
Figu e 1. s ages o indus ial e olu ions (Sou ce: he au ho ).
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 5
ep, as s a ed by Zheng e al. (2021) and la i ah and soewa no (2023). Acco ding o Dc , ghobakhloo
e al. (2021) de ined i4.0 as he in eg a ion o new echnologies in manu ac u ing p ocesses o ensu e
eal- ime connec ions be ween people, machines, and objec s. i4.0 a e known as echnology ends,
which a e a se o ad anced echnologies ha a e conside ed he building blocks o manu ac u ing i ms.
Al hough he li e a u e highligh s he ep o manu ac u ing i ms in he i4.0 con ex , consensus on he
en i onmen al impac s o adop ing echnologies emains unclea (Malik e al., 2024; nascimen o e al.,
2019). he s udy by s ock and selige (2016) is he i s o highligh he ole o i4.0 in p omo ing ep.
Adop ing i4.0 esul s in op imizing esou ce usage (Jena e al., 2020), u ilizing enewable ene gy, educ-
ing was e and emissions (B ozzi e al., 2020; ching e al., 2022), and p o iding eal- ime eAi o modi y
he eMA sys em and se app op ia e en i onmen al s a egies (hani e al., 2023; indana & pahle i, 2023).
some s udies ha e indica ed a linkage be ween i4.0 and cep. Jabbou e al. (2018) p oposed a oad
map o enhance ep h ough cep adop ion. cep is adop ed o imp o e ep by ansi ioning om a linea
model o a maximized esou ce usage model, which also plays an essen ial ole in a aining he sDgs
(especially a ge 12.5) se by he uni ed na ions in he Agenda 2030 o sus ainable De elopmen
(Do ado e al., 2022). Alayón e al. (2017) ecommended eusing, ecycling, and emanu ac u ing (3 )
p ac ices o op imize p oduc ion, educe was e, emissions, and esou ce usage. chen e al. (2020) in o-
duced a 6 me hodology ( euse, ecycle, emanu ac u e, educe, eco e , and edesign) o maximize
esou ce u iliza ion. Addi ionally, Khan e al. (2021) e e ed o he ole o BD analy ics, cps, and AM
echnologies in suppo ing cep, like eusing was e gene a ion du ing he manu ac u ing s age o eco -
e ing ene gy om sc aps o ejec ions, which in u n enhance ep.
Due o he no el y o he i4.0 con ex , his s udy ocuses on Dc o iden i y he mos u ilized ech-
nologies in he li e a u e o in es iga e hei posi i e impac s on he ep o manu ac u ing i ms such as
io /cps, BDA, cc, AM, simula ion/digi al win, /A , and in elligen obo ics on en i onmen al aspec s
like esou ce usage, was e managemen , emissions and pollu ion, and cep. Fu he mo e, i is c i ical o
p esen he con ibu ion o each i4.0 echnology owa d a aining en i onmen al sDgs (7, 8, 12, and 13)
as p esen ed in Figu e 2. A summa y o he li e a u e e iew ela ed o hese echnologies is shown in
able 1 and analyzed as ollows:
2.3.1. In e ne o Things and cybe physical sys em
Based on Dc , Zhou e al. (2016) and Beie e al. (2020) s a ed ha he adop ion o io echnologies
imp o es ep h ough educing esou ce usage, was e gene a ion, and emission eleases. Jamwal e al.
(2021) and oláh e al. (2020) e e ed o he ole o io in acili a ing anspa ency in manu ac u ing
p ocesses ia eal- ime moni o ing o esou ce usage o help p oduc ion managemen and acili a e nec-
essa y imp o emen s. As s a ed by chen e al. (2020), Bel ami e al. (2021), and ghobakhloo (2020), io /
cps pla o ms enhance esou ce e iciency by enhancing communica ion wi h supplie s and cus ome s,
p omo ing eco-design, cus omizing p oduc s, educing anspo a ion equency, and scheduling manu-
ac u ing esou ces lexibly. consequen ly, he educ ion o ma e ials, ene gy, and wa e usage, subs i u-
ion o haza dous o chemical esou ces, p omo ion o cep, and educ ion o was e and emissions can
be achie ed.
Also, io enables eal- ime da a acquisi ion h ough senso s o FiD ags, enabling manu ac u e s o
moni o esou ce usage, was e, and emissions, se p oac i e en i onmen al s a egies, and make ele an
decisions (Jamwal e al., 2021; cho a e al., 2020). sa al e al. (2020) s a ed ha sma machines acil-
i a e moni o ing and p edic ing machine ailu es, enabling p e en i e and p edic i e main enance, and
esou ce e iciency, and was e educ ion. Fu he mo e, io /cps pla o ms enhance anspa ency, ace-
abili y, esou ce moni o ing, and enabling closed-loop sys ems o educe was e (Malik e al., 2024), and
p omo ing eusing o ecycling ma e ials o op imize esou ce usage (Mas os e al., 2021).
2.3.2. Big da a and analy ics and cloud compu ing
BDA is a compu ing echnology ha analyzes as amoun s o da a, enabling eal- ime moni o ing o
esou ce usage and p edic i e main enance o a oid was e gene a ion, b eakdowns, o unscheduled
down imes and ex end he li e span o machines (indana & pahle i, 2023). u ia e-gallas egi e al.
(2022) asse ed ha BDA enables manu ac u ing i ms o ack p oduc ion p ocesses o a oid
6 Y. M. l. BAD oos
o e p oduc ion and educe esou ce usage and was e gene a ion. Acco ding o Beie e al. (2020),
adop ion o BDA and cc echnologies esul s in educ ion o esou ce usage, was e gene a ion, and
emission eleases. Based on Dc , i was a gued by Bonilla e al. (2018) and s ock e al. (2018) ha
in eg a ion o io /cps wi h BDA esul s in inc easing enewable ene gy usage o mee inc easing
demand o ene gy and enhance ep.
ega ding cloud compu ing, i is a key enable o adop ing o he echnologies (Jamwal e al., 2021).
cloud compu ing can be combined wi h BDA o s o e da a ga he ing un il i is analyzed by BDA ools
(chen e al., 2020). As s a ed by Öz emel and gü se , (2018), cloud compu ing signi ican ly educes oxic
ma e ial usage h ough eal- ime da a suppo , he eby inc easing he use o en i onmen ally iendly
ma e ials.
Figu e 2. Po en ial en i onmen al impac s o indus y 4.0 echnologies and hei linkage wi h sDgs (Sou ce: he
au ho ).
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 7
BDA and cc can p omo e cep by u ilizing eal- ime da a. Based on Dc , hese echnologies can
educe esou ce usage and was e gene a ion h ough eusing, ecycling, and educing ma e ials and
p oduc s, he eby educing pollu ion and emissions (Bel ami e al., 2021; chia ini, 2021).
2.3.3. Addi i e manu ac u ing
Acco ding o Dc , AM echnology adop ion has posi i e en i onmen al impac s like educing esou ce
usage and enabling closed-loop ma e ial lows (Jamwal e al., 2021), educing p oduc weigh , ime- o-
ma ke , was e, and emissions (ghobakhloo e al., 2021). Bonilla e al. (2018) and oláh e al. (2020) high-
ligh ed he ole o AM in dec easing anspo a ion and ca bon oo p in s by pu chasing he igh
quan i y o aw ma e ials and decen alizing p oduc ion geog aphically o cus ome s.
Addi ionally, he adop ion o AM echnology p omo es cep. u ia e-gallas egi e al. (2022) a gued
ha AM is a ele an echnology o eusing o ecycling pa s o componen s a he han disposing
o eplacing hem. sa al e al. (2020) con i med he ole o AM echnology in p omo ing cep, imp o -
ing esou ce e iciency, and educing was e gene a ion h ough p oduc cus omiza ion. hus, he
adop ion o AM echnology conse es na u al esou ces and educes emission eleases, he eby
enhancing ep.
2.3.4. Simula ion/digi al win
sa al e al. (2020) demons a ed ha simula ion sys ems can assess he consequences o changes in
manu ac u ing a iables, while Bel ami e al. (2021) highligh ed hei e ec i eness in educing ene gy
usage and imp o ing p ocesses h oughou he i ual simula ion o new p ocedu es o main enance
Table 1. a summa y o li e a u e e iew.
au ho s
Digi al
echnologies
Me hodology s udy’s indings
Quali a i e Quan i a i e
Resou ce
op imiza ion
ene gy
sa ings
emissions
educ ion
Was e
educ ion
P omo ing
CeP
Jena e al.
(2020); saudi
e al. (2019)
io /CPs, CC Case s udy ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
B ozzi e al.
(2020)
i4.0 su ey ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Khan e al.
(2021)
BD, CPs, aM su ey ✓ ✓ ✓
Jamwal e al.
(2021)
i4.0 sys ema ic
li e a u e
e iew (sLR)
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
oláh e al.
(2020)
i4.0 sLR ✓ ✓
B accini and
Ma ghe i a
(2018)
i4.0 Case s udy ✓ ✓
san os e al.
(2019)
io /CPs, BD Case s udy ✓ ✓
Chia ini e al.
(2020)
aM, BD, CPs su ey ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Zhang e al.
(2019)
i4.0 Case s udy ✓ ✓
nascimen o
e al. (2019)
CPs, aM Case s udy ✓ ✓ ✓
s ock e al.
(2018)
CPs, aM simula ion ✓ ✓
ozanli e al.
(2020)
io simula ion ✓
Bonilla e al.
(2018)
i4.0 sLR ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Bag e al.
(2021a)
i4.0 su ey ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Pou e al.
(2023)
i4.0 Case s udy and su ey (mixed
me hods)
his s udy p oposed an indus y 4.0 selec ion amewo k ha ocused
on uzzy analy ical hie a chy p ocess (FaHP) o ank di e en
echnologies owa ds enhancing h ee dimensions o sus ainable
pe o mance o i ms.
e ans e al.
(2013)
i4.0 Case s udy and su ey (mixed
me hods)
his s udy u ilized a uzzy decision ee app oach o compu e he
ce ain y index o di e en echnologies o ank hese echnologies
and selec ing he mos sui able ools o implemen a ion.
14 Y. M. l. BAD oos
Table 5. Compa ison among indus y 4.0 echnologies unde each pe o mance aspec .
a. Compa ison among indus y 4.0 echnologies unde Was e aspec
a e age Weigh sio /CPs BDa CC
io /CPs 1 1 4 0.48
BDa 1 1 2 0.37
CC 0.25 0.5 1 0.15
λ max = 3.09; Ci = 0.04; CR = 0.045
b. Compa ison among indus y 4.0 echnologies unde Wa e aspec
a e age Weigh sio /CPs BDa CC
io /CPs 1 2 5 0.55
BDa 0.5 1 5 0.35
CC 0.2 0.2 1 0.10
λ max = 3.09; Ci = 0.05; CR = 0.056
c. Compa ison among indus y 4.0 echnologies unde Ma e ial aspec
a e age Weigh sio /CPs BDa CC
io /CPs 1 2 3 0.54
BDa 0.5 1 2 0.30
CC 0.33 0.5 1 0.16
λ max = 3.02; Ci = 0.01; CR = 0.028
d. Compa ison among indus y 4.0 echnologies unde emission aspec
a e age Weigh sio /CPs BDa CC
io /CPs 1 4 4 0.66
BDa 0.25 1 2 0.20
CC 0.25 0.5 1 0.14
λ max = 3.03; Ci = 0.015; CR = 0.06
e. Compa ison among indus y 4.0 echnologies unde ene gy aspec
a e age Weigh sio /CPs BDa CC
io /CPs 1 5 4 0.69
BDa 0.2 1 2 0.18
CC 0.25 0.5 1 0.13
λ max = 3.02; Ci = 0.01; CR = 0.07
. Compa ison among indus y 4.0 echnologies unde Ci cula economy aspec
io /CPs BDa CC a e age Weigh s
io /CPs 1 3 4 0.62
BDa 0.33 1 2 0.23
CC 0.25 0.5 1 0.15
λ max = 3.11; Ci = 0.056; CR = 0.01
Table 6. syn hesized aHP able o he selec ed lea he anning companies.
impo ance o
le el one
a e age Local
Weigh s o Le el wo
a e age global
Weigh s
Was e 0.437
io /CPs 0.48 0.209
BDa 0.37 0.162
CC 0.15 0.065
Wa e usage 0.228
io /CPs 0.55 0.126
BDa 0.35 0.08
CC 0.10 0.022
Ma e ial usage 0.078
io /CPs 0.54 0.042
BDa 0.30 0.024
CC 0.16 0.012
emissions 0.137
io /CPs 0.66 0.09
BDa 0.20 0.027
CC 0.14 0.02
ene gy usage 0.04
io /CPs 0.69 0.028
BDa 0.18 0.007
CC 0.13 0.005
Ce p ac ices 0.079
io /CPs 0.62 0.048
BDa 0.23 0.018
CC 0.15 0.013
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 15
O e all P io i y o BDA:
(. * . ) (. * . ) (. * .) (. * .) (. * .
0437 037 0228 035 0078 03 0137 02 004 0
+ +++118 0 079 0 23 0 32
) (. * . ) .
+=
O e all P io i y o CC:
(. * . ) (. * . ) (. * . ) (. * . ) (. *
0 437 0 15 0 228 0 10 0 078 0 16 0 137 0 14 0 04
++++00 13 0 079 0 15 0 14.)(. *.) .+=
he inal global weigh s o each echnology and hei co esponding ankings a e p esen ed in able 7.
5. Discussion and esul s
oláh e al. (2020) e e ed o he impo ance o achie ing sus ainabili y o i ms and communi ies
because o he inc easing en i onmen al p oblems. i4.0 and i s echnologies a e gaining popula i y
because hey con ibu e o sus ainable de elopmen , main ain o ganiza ions’ compe i i eness, and cap-
u e new ma ke s.
Many s udies ha e explo ed he implica ions o i4.0, such as he e icien u iliza ion o esou ces (Bag
e al., 2021a), educ ion o ha m ul emissions and was e, and p omo ion o cep (ghobakhloo e al., 2021).
o add ess he sca ci y o li e a u e and espond o he calls o chen and hao (2022), his s udy ocused
only on explo ing he posi i e impac s o adop ing common echnologies in he li e a u e on manu ac-
u ing i ms’ ep and demons a ed hei con ibu ion owa d a aining en i onmen al sDgs. o answe
he i s esea ch ques ion, he indings o he li e a u e e iew a e summa ized and p esen ed in Figu e
2, which also ac s as a e e ence guide o companies’ manu ac u e s.
consis en wi h nguyen (2022) and luoma e al. (2023), he s udy’s indings indica e ha adop ing
i4.0 could p o ide ele an and eal- ime eAi o o e come he limi a ions o eMA sys ems, se app op i-
a e en i onmen al s a egies, suppo capi al in es men decisions, and help s akeholde s unde s and
companies’ willingness in e ms o en i onmen al go e nance.
he indings o his s udy con i m Dc ha demons a es i4.0 as new dynamic capabili ies enhanc-
ing i ms’ ep. he indings o his s udy a e aligned wi h he cu en li e a u e indica ing ha he
adop ion o io /cps (Bel ami e al., 2021; Mabkho e al., 2021), BDA/cc (gajdzik e al., 2020), and AM
(oláh e al., 2020) can achie e sDgs (7, 8, 12, and 13). he adop ion o io /cps (Jena e al., 2020;
ozanli e al., 2020), BDA/cc (Mou zis e al., 2020; u ia e-gallas egi e al., 2022), and AM (nascimen o
e al., 2019) esul s in educing esou ce usage, was e, emissions, oxic ma e ial usage, inc easing usage
o enewable and clean ene gy sou ces, and p omo ing cep. in addi ion, he s udy’s indings e ealed
ha he adop ion o simula ion/digi al win echnologies a ains sDgs (8 and12), as p esen ed in
Figu e 2, which is consis en wi h he indings o Mou zis e al. (2020) and Mabkho e al. (2021).
hese echnologies imp o e ep by educing esou ce usage and was e, as con i med by chen e al.
(2020) and chia ini (2021).
Fu he mo e, he adop ion o /A and in elligen obo ics echnologies a ains sDg 8 and sDg 12
( a ge 12.4), as asse ed by gajdzik e al. (2020). Was e and emission educ ion, e icien u iliza ion o
esou ces, and p omo ion o cep esul ed om adop ing /A and in elligen obo ics echnologies
(chia ini, 2021; u ia e-gallas egi e al., 2022).
Addi ionally, manu ac u ing i ms ace c i ical challenges such as limi ed inancial esou ces, which
discou age hem om in es ing in new echnologies wi h unce ain cos s o gua an eed e u ns
(ghobakhloo e al., 2021). he e is s ill a sca ci y o li e a u e on amewo ks ha suppo companies in
adop ing c i ical echnologies, conside ing hese challenges. he e o e, o answe he second esea ch
ques ion, his s udy p oposes a hie a chical amewo k using Ahp, which ac s as a e e ence guide o
decision make s and manu ac u e s o p io i ize i4.0 owa d enhancing ep and modi ying eMA sys ems.
Table 7. o e all p io i y o each indus y 4.0 echnology.
indus y 4.0 echnology P io i y Ranking
io /CPs 54% 1
BDa 32% 2
CC 14% 3
16 Y. M. l. BAD oos
hen, he p oposed amewo k was applied o i e lea he anning companies o es he applicabili y o
he p oposed amewo k.
Acco ding o he in e iew sessions, he lea he companies’ manage s decided o adop io /cps, BDA,
and cc due o hei expec ed en i onmen al bene i s. in he ligh o he Ahp su ey, he o e all a e age
weigh s o c i e ia and al e na i es a e p esen ed in able 6, and i was ound ha was e managemen
is he mos impo an pe o mance aspec owa d enhancing ep, wi h a weigh o 43.7%. his esul
ag ees wi h hose ob ained by chen e al. (2020) and Malik e al. (2024), who s a ed ha educ ion o
all ypes o was e (solid o liquid) can enhance ep. Acco ding o able 7, io /cps is he mos impo an
echnology, wi h an a e age global weigh o 54%. his esul con i ms he indings o p e ious s udies
(chen e al., 2020; Khan e al., 2021). Acco ding o he in e iewees’ esponses, hey expec ed ha adop -
ing io would esul in u ilizing esou ces mo e e icien ly h ough deploying senso s o moni o each
anning p ocess. As s a ed by indana and pahle i (2023), one pa icipan s a ed ha senso s a e used o
was e managemen , iden i ying was e bins and hei con en s by ca ego ies like was e ma e ial o chem-
icals. in addi ion, senso s can moni o he condi ions o he anning p ocess, such as he hea , empe a-
u e, and humidi y, as s a ed by nagy e al. (2018). Mo eo e , sma senso s can aid eal- ime pollu ion
moni o ing sys ems o de ec excessi e pollu ion le els (chia ini, 2021) o leaks om anning p ocesses,
such as amines, ammonia, and hyd ogen sul ide. speci ically, as s a ed by lasku ain-i u be e al. (2021),
some pa icipan s expec ed ha io adop ion would suppo eusing o ecycling solid and liquid was e
gene a ed be o e becoming unusable.
he BDA and cc echnologies had global a e age weigh s o 32% and 14%, espec i ely, as p esen ed
in able 7. As s a ed by Jamwal e al. (2021) and u ia e-gallas egi e al. (2022), pa icipan s asse ed ha
BDA could educe en i onmen al isks and op imize esou ce usage by analyzing a la ge da a pool. in
addi ion, all pa icipan s an icipa ed he BDA’s ole in analyzing and p edic ing en i onmen al p oblems,
enabling eal- ime da a collec ion, da a analysis, and eal- ime decision-making o moni o ing esou ce
usage, emissions, was e gene a ion, and p omo ing cep, as men ioned by chia ini (2021). consis en wi h
chen e al. (2020) and chia ini (2021), pa icipan s con i med ha he da a ga he ed will no lead o a
educ ion in esou ce usage o was e gene a ion unless da a analy ics ools a e used o analyze he da a
ga he ed and p o ide decision-make s wi h eal- ime eAi. Addi ionally, pa icipan s an icipa ed he ole
o cc echnology in s o ing and e ie ing en i onmen al da a om io de ices du ing anning p o-
cesses. hus, he pa icipan s expec ed he join con ibu ion o BDA and cc echnologies owa d
enhancing ep. howe e , his esul is no consis en wi h hose ob ained by Wang e al. (2015), who
s a ed ha cloud se ices do no align wi h ex e nal da a s o age.
6. Conclusion, implica ions, limi a ions and u u e esea ch
in he 21s cen u y, echnological ad ancemen s ha e necessi a ed manu ac u ing i ms o adap o
changing business en i onmen s h ough ansi ioning owa d i4.0 o add ess en i onmen al p oblems
esul ing om adi ional indus ial ac i i ies (luoma e al., 2023). con en ional eMA sys ems canno con-
side en i onmen al p oblems and should be modi ied o p o ide decision-make s wi h ele an and
imely eAi by adop ing i4.0 . ecen ly, i4.0 has been conside ed a echnological e olu ion ha has sig-
ni ican en i onmen al bene i s, as s a ed by chen and hao (2022). companies ace challenges such as
limi ed inancial esou ces, insu icien managemen suppo , and da a secu i y, which may hinde hei
i4.0 ansi ion. high implemen a ion cos s and limi ed inancial esou ces a e iden i ied as he mos c i -
ical ba ie s (Kuma e al., 2021; p ause, 2019), which should be conside ed be o e s a ing he i4.0
ansi ion.
li e a u e on he en i onmen al impac s o i4.0 and hei con ibu ion o a aining en i onmen al
sDgs is limi ed. Acco dingly, his s udy aims o answe hese esea ch ques ions and iden i y u u e
esea ch pa hs by analyzing li e a u e e iews and applying he p oposed hie a chical amewo k. he
esul s o analyzing he li e a u e e iew a e summa ized in Figu e 2, which would con ibu e o illing
his esea ch gap and answe ing he i s esea ch ques ion by explo ing he posi i e en i onmen al
impac s o adop ing commonly u ilized echnologies and hei con ibu ion owa d a aining he sDgs
(7, 8, 12, and 13).
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 17
Addi ionally, his s udy unde pins he lack o amewo ks in he li e a u e ha can suppo manu ac-
u ing i ms’ manage s in making in es men decisions in c i ical echnologies. he e o e, a no el hie a -
chical amewo k is de eloped in Figu e 4 using Ahp o ill his esea ch gap and answe he second
esea ch ques ion. subsequen ly, he p oposed amewo k was applied o i e lea he - anning companies.
he esul s e ealed ha was e managemen is he mos impo an pe o mance aspec , and io /cps is
he mos impo an echnology. Finally, he cu en s udy p o ides signi ican heo e ical and p ac ical
implica ions, which a e discussed in he ollowing sec ions.
6.1. Theo e ical implica ions
his s udy p o ides signi ican heo e ically implica ions as ollows: i s , his s udy con ibu es o he
exis ing li e a u e by add essing he ambigui y su ounding he con ibu ion o i4.0 owa d modi ying
eMA sys ems and enhancing he ep o manu ac u ing i ms by endo sing p inciples o Dc Besides, he
p oposed alignmen be ween each echnology and he en i onmen al sDgs is an addi ional heo e ical
con ibu ion, second, no s udies in li e a u e ha e demons a ed he in luence o each i4.0 echnology
on ep. o he bes o ou knowledge, his s udy is he i s a emp o p opose a hie a chical amewo k
using Ahp o ank i4.0 owa d enhancing ep and modi ying eMA sys ems. esea che s can use his
amewo k o assess he impo ance o o he echnologies ha do no exis in he amewo k, hi d, he
simul aneous adop ion o all i4.0 is di icul , hus, he p oposed amewo k aids i m manage s in de e -
mining he weigh s o a ious echnologies o make in es men decisions ega ding hei adop ion,
ou h, he p oposed amewo k enhances i s applicabili y by combining case s udy and McDM ools,
unlike mos amewo ks in he li e a u e ha a e alida ed only h ough case s udies, and i h, he case
s udy esul s e ealed ha iop /cps, BDA, and cc echnologies would enhance he ep o he lea he
companies. hese esul s a y signi ican ly based on he echnology adop ed, indus y ype, and chal-
lenges o each i m.
6.2. P ac ical implica ions
his s udy analyzes he li e a u e and p oposes a amewo k ha p o ides p ac ical implica ions.
Fi s , he p oposed amewo k ac s as a e e ence guide o p ac i ione s and manage s on he en i-
onmen al impac s o i4.0 and hei con ibu ion owa d en i onmen al sDgs achie emen .
p ac i ione s will ecognize he signi ican ole o i4.0 in d i ing sus ainable ends wi hin hei
o ganiza ions. second, iden i ying he majo de e minan s o adop ing i4.0 p o ides oppo uni ies
o manage s o pay mo e a en ion o hem. hi d, he p oposed amewo k can suppo manage s
in many ways: (1) he p oposed amewo k shows which echnology can imp o e each en i onmen-
al aspec , p o iding aluable insigh s, pa icula ly o manage s in pollu ing indus ies. (2) he p o-
posed amewo k could help decision-make s p io i ize and/o e-e alua e in es men s in i4.0 ,
conside ing limi ed inancial esou ces. (3) he p oposed amewo k can be used by companies in
di e en indus ies by modi ying i s componen s based on hei goals and policies. Fou h, public
au ho i ies and policymake s ha e es ablished mechanisms o en i onmen al go e nance moni o ing
o encou age i ms o make hei ope a ions and p ocesses en i onmen ally sus ainable and ewa d
i ms wi h modi ied eMA sys ems.
6.3. Limi a ions and u u e esea ch
his s udy has some limi a ions and o e s oppo uni ies o u u e esea ch. Fi s , he in e ela ionships
among i4.0 we e no conside ed. he e o e, esea che s could ex end he p esen s udy by using an
analy ical ne wo k p ocess o conside he in e ela ionships among hem. second, he esul s o his
s udy a e only alid a he company le el. he e o e, u u e esea ch should be conduc ed a an indus-
ial le el. hi d, u u e esea ch should conside he impac s o o he echnologies such as blockchain,
a i icial in elligence, cybe secu i y, and mobile echnology. Fou h, u u e esea ch should conside he
cos -bene i analysis o applying he p oposed hie a chical amewo k.
18 Y. M. l. BAD oos
Acknowledgmen s
he au ho would like o hank anonymous e iewe s o hei suppo i e and aluable commen s and sugges ions.
Disclosu e s a emen
no po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho .
Funding
he au ho ecei ed no di ec unding o his esea ch.
Abou he au ho
Ywana Mahe Lamey Bad oos, ph.D. o Manage ial Accoun ing - lec u e a Accoun ing Depa men o Facul y o
comme ce- an a uni e si y, an a egyp . he esea ch in e es include cos accoun ing, compu e ized accoun ing
sys ems and e-accoun ing.
ORCID
Ywana Mahe lamey Bad oos h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-8272-0057
Da a a ailabili y s a emen
Da a is a ailable upon eques om he au ho .
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22 Y. M. l. BAD oos
Appendix A
in e iew manusc ip .
in e iewee Ques ions
Manage s and
head o
depa men s
• Wha a e he en i onmen al s a egies ha a e adop ed by he i m ( o example: pollu ion p e en ion, eco-e iciency,
p oduc de elopmen and co po a e social esponsibili y?
• Wha is eai p o ided by eMa sys em?
• Does he eMa sys em adop ed in he company p o ide eal- ime eai?
• Wha a e g een p ac ices adop ed in he company ( o example: na u al and biodeg adable ma e ials, educ ion o
wa e and chemicals usage?
• Wha is indus y 4.0 echnologies adop ed/o in he p ocess o adop ion in he company?
• in you opinion, wha a e he expec ed en i onmen al bene i s o indus y 4.0 echnologies adop ion?
• in you opinion, wha a e he po en ial con ibu ions o indus y 4.0 echnologies owa ds en i onmen al sDgs
(7,8,12, and 13)?
• a e he e challenges ha hinde adop ion o indus y 4.0 echnologies in you company? gi e me examples.
• Does he company adop ci cula economy p ac ices like ecycling, educing, o emanu ac u ing?
echnologis s
and enginee s
• Wha is he low o lea he anning p ocesses?
• Wha a e he en i onmen al p oblems esul ing om anning p ocesses?
• Wha indus y 4.0 echnologies a e ac ually adop ed o sol e en i onmen al p oblems?
• in you ecommenda ion, wha o he echnologies can be adop ed o enhance he company’s en i onmen al pe o mance?
Appendix B
Compa ison among en i onmen al pe o mance aspec s.
Q1: wha is mo e impo an en i onmen al pe o mance aspec o enhance en i onmen al pe o mance and modi y EMA
sys ems?
98765432123456789
Was e Managemen Wa e Usage
Was e Managemen Ma e ial
Usage
Was e Managemen Emissions
Was e Managemen Ene gy Usage
Was e Managemen Ci cula
Economy
P ac ices
Wa e usage Ma e ial
Usage
Wa e usage Emissions
Wa e usage Ene gy Usage
Wa e usage Ci cula
Economy
P ac ices
Ma e ial usage Emissions
Ma e ial usage Ene gy Usage
Ma e ial usage Ci cula
Economy
P ac ices
emissions Ene gy Usage
emissions Ci cula
Economy
P ac ices
ene gy usage Ci cula
Economy
P ac ices
Compa ison among indus y 4.0 echnologies unde each Pe o mance aspec .
Q2: wha is mo e impo an o was e educ ion?
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
io /CPs BDa
io /CPs CC
BDa CC
Q3: wha is mo e impo an o educe wa e usage?
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
io /CPs BDa
io /CPs CC
BDa CC
Q4: wha is mo e impo an o educe ma e ial usage?
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
io /CPs BDa
io /CPs CC
BDa CC
cogen Business & MAnAgeMen 23
Q5: wha is mo e impo an o educe emission eleases?
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
io /CPs BDa
io /CPs CC
BDa CC
Q6: wha is mo e impo an o educe ene gy usage?
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
io /CPs BDa
io /CPs CC
BDa CC
Q7: wha is mo e impo an o p omo e ci cula economy p ac ices?
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
io /CPs BDa
io /CPs CC
BDa CC
