Intelligent exchange of sustainable tourist habits among the EU member states

Leal, Fá ima; Pinho, Micaela Mo ei a
A icle
In elligen exchange o sus ainable ou is habi s among
he EU membe s a es
Adminis a i e Sciences
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
MDPI – Mul idisciplina y Digi al Publishing Ins i u e, Basel
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Leal, Fá ima; Pinho, Micaela Mo ei a (2024) : In elligen exchange o sus ainable
ou is habi s among he EU membe s a es, Adminis a i e Sciences, ISSN 2076-3387, MDPI, Basel,
Vol. 14, Iss. 6, pp. 1-17,
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci14060128
This Ve sion is a ailable a :
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/320944
S anda d-Nu zungsbedingungen:
Die Dokumen e au EconS o dü en zu eigenen wissenscha lichen
Zwecken und zum P i a geb auch gespeiche und kopie we den.
Sie dü en die Dokumen e nich ü ö en liche ode komme zielle
Zwecke e iel äl igen, ö en lich auss ellen, ö en lich zugänglich
machen, e eiben ode ande wei ig nu zen.
So e n die Ve asse die Dokumen e un e Open-Con en -Lizenzen
(insbesonde e CC-Lizenzen) zu Ve ügung ges ell haben soll en,
gel en abweichend on diesen Nu zungsbedingungen die in de do
genann en Lizenz gewäh en Nu zungs ech e.
Te ms o use:
Documen s in EconS o may be sa ed and copied o you pe sonal
and schola ly pu poses.
You a e no o copy documen s o public o comme cial pu poses, o
exhibi he documen s publicly, o make hem publicly a ailable on he
in e ne , o o dis ibu e o o he wise use he documen s in public.
I he documen s ha e been made a ailable unde an Open Con en
Licence (especially C ea i e Commons Licences), you may exe cise
u he usage igh s as speci ied in he indica ed licence.
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
Ci a ion: Leal, Fá ima, and Micaela
Pinho. 2024. In elligen Exchange o
Sus ainable Tou is Habi s among he
EU Membe S a es. Adminis a i e
Sciences 14: 128. h ps://doi.o g/
10.3390/admsci14060128
Recei ed: 26 Ap il 2024
Re ised: 3 June 2024
Accep ed: 14 June 2024
Published: 19 June 2024
Copy igh : © 2024 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
adminis a i e
sciences
A icle
In elligen Exchange o Sus ainable Tou is Habi s among he EU
Membe S a es
Fá ima Leal 1,*,† and Micaela Pinho 1,2,3,†
1Resea ch on Economics, Managemen and In o ma ion Technologies, REMIT, Po ucalense Uni e si y,
4200-072 Po o, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed]
2Ins i u o Ju ídico Po ucalense, IJP, Po ucalense Uni e si y, 4200-072 Po o, Po ugal
3Resea ch Uni in Go e nance, Compe i i eness and Public Policy, GOVCOPP, A ei o Uni e si y,
3810-193 A ei o, Po ugal
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
†These au ho s con ibu ed equally o his wo k.
Abs ac : Despi e much esea ch being conduc ed wi hin he scope o sus ainable ou ism, mo e
p og ess has ye o be made in de ining how close o a di e en coun ies a e om achie ing his
goal. Consequen ly, his pape aims o e alua e and compa e he commi men o ci izens, as ou is s,
om he 27 membe s a es o he Eu opean Union o sus ainable ou ism. A map o sus ainabili y
was de eloped h ough he use o machine lea ning algo i hms. A clus e analysis was pe o med,
ollowed by a sus ainable a ing. The main indings indica e he exis ence o h ee coun y segmen s
among he Eu opean Union membe s a es acco ding o he in ol emen o i s ci izens as ou is s wi h
sus ainable p ac ices: highly commi ed, mode a ely commi ed, and uncommi ed. Based on hese
segmen s, we p oposed a ecommenda ion sys em ha sugges s he op- i e coun ies whe e ou is s
could exchange sus ainable ou ism habi s based on he idea o con agion o imi a ion beha iou s
among indi iduals ac oss an ex ensi e se o e e yday decisions. The esul s e eal signi ican
a ia ions in sus ainable ou ism p ac ices ac oss membe s a es, highligh ing bo h challenges and
oppo uni ies o ha monisa ion. By implemen ing his ecommenda ion sys em, we acili a e he
adop ion o sus ainable habi s among ou is s and s akeholde s, d i ing a mo e uni ied app oach
o sus ainabili y in he mul iple ou ism des ina ions. This s udy shows no con e gence be ween
he 27 Eu opean Union membe s a es ega ding sus ainable ou ism. The e o e, poli ical policies
a e necessa y so ha all ci izens con e ge on sus ainable ou is habi s and he Eu opean Union
con ibu es, as a whole, o sus ainable ou ism.
Keywo ds: sus ainable ou ism; clus e ing; machine lea ning; ou is s’ sus ainable beha iou s;
sus ainabili y in o ma ion a ailabili y; ecommenda ion sys ems
1. In oduc ion
The plane is on i e and he wo ld is in ‘g ea pe il’, as he Uni ed Na ions Sec e a y-
Gene al said in 2022. He ecen ly encou aged he poli ical leade s ga he ed o he Con-
e ence o Pa ies (COP) 28 ( aking place while his a icle is being w i en) o ge us ou
o ‘deep’ oubles. The economic p og ess ha we bene i om was achie ed wi hou
conside ing he Ea h’s na u al limi s. Humani y has made sel ish decisions in pu sui
o i s maximum well-being, igno ing he cos s hey sow along he way, jeopa dising he
well-being o u u e gene a ions ( hei child en and g andchild en). Recognising ha soci-
e y will collapse when hese limi s a e exceeded has been one o he i s mo e s owa d
sus ainabili y. The e has been a widesp ead call o a sus ainable o m o de elopmen .
Sus ainable de elopmen seeks o edisco e he balance be ween he economy, socie y,
and he en i onmen . Sus ainable de elopmen was i s de ined in he B und land Repo
eleased in 1987 by he Wo ld Commission on En i onmen and De elopmen , as a le el
o de elopmen ha mee s he needs o he p esen wi hou comp omising he abili y o
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 128. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci14060128 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/admsci
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 128 2 o 17
u u e gene a ions o mee hei own needs Ja ie (2016). To signal hei in ol emen and
commi men o his cause, he Uni ed Na ions de eloped he 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable
De elopmen , comp ising 17 sus ainable de elopmen goals by 2030 Uni ed Na ions (2015)
by he 193 signa o y coun ies. The ou ism sec o plays a i al ole in his con ex .
Tou ism is a highly signi ican economic sec o globally and locally. This se ice
sec o has g own exponen ially in ecen yea s (excep he pandemic yea s), becoming
one o he wo ld’s la ges indus ies. The posi i e economic impac s o ou ism canno be
o e s a ed. This sec o gene a es e enues, c ea es jobs, and de elops local communi ies
while boos ing o he sec o s such as anspo a ion, hospi ali y, and e ail. The ou ism and
a el indus ies ep esen ed 7.6% o he wo ldwide g oss domes ic p oduc in 2022 Eu os a
(2023), which will undoub edly ise since he sec o is s ill eco e ing om he COVID-19
pandemic. Howe e , ou ism bene i s he s a e and simul aneously in ol es cos s ha
ansla e in o high lows o na u al esou ces, excessi e ene gy and wa e consump ion,
and inc easing ad e se en i onmen al e ec s, including clima ic change. Acco ding o he
Uni ed Na ions Wo ld Tou ism O ganisa ion (UNWTO) O ganiza ion and Fo um (2019),
ou ism is es ima ed o con ibu e o 5.3% o wo ldwide ca bon emissions in 2030.
The impac o ou ism on he en i onmen began o be ecognised in he la e 1980s.
Nash and Bu le s (1990) c ea ed he concep o sus ainable ou ism o educe he ad e se
e ec s o ou ism ac i i ies. This opic is o he u mos impo ance o wo main easons.
Fi s , he ou ism sec o inds i sel a a c oss oads, as he con inui y o he ou ism indus y
depends on he heal h o he en i onmen (e.g., heal hy ma ine ecosys ems a e de e minan s
o coas al and ma i ime ou ism, while ich biodi e si y and na u al he i age a e a ac ions
in des ina ions) while simul aneously being a signi ican con ibu o o i s des uc ion.
Second, he ou ism sec o has he po en ial o con ibu e o he 17 Sus ainable De elopmen
Goals (SDGs) (e.g., he ou ism sec o helps o e adica e po e y by c ea ing jobs in local
communi ies—SDG1—while he axes i gene a es can be ein es ed in he p o ision o
heal h se ices, esul ing in be e heal h o all—SDG3).
Sus ainable ou ism aims o gua an ee a balance be ween p o ec ing he en i onmen ,
main aining cul u al in eg i y and social jus ice (Liu e al. 2013), p omo ing economic
bene i s o mee he needs o he hos popula ion o be e s anda ds o li ing (Pa k and
Yoon 2009), and encou aging and cul i a ing ou ism in lesse -known and less- equen ed
des ina ions. In his deba e on sus ainable ou ism, ci cula ou ism is gaining p ominence,
and, based on he heo y o he ci cula economy, i s nume ous ad an ages o achie ing
mo e sus ainable ou ism ha e been pu o wa d Axhami e al. (2023); Flo ido e al. (2019).
Tou is s’ p o-en i onmen al beha iou s a e one o he main ways o achie e ou ism
sus ainabili y, namely, h ough ollowing ce ain p ac ices such as educing was e and wa e
usage, choosing mo e ecological modes o anspo , op ing o local p oduc s, choosing
less isi ed des ina ions, aking holidays ou side he high season, and con ibu ing o
ca bon-o se ing ac i i ies (Li and Wu 2020;P onello and Gabo ieau 2018;Wu e al. 2021).
Sus ainable ou ism has become an inc easing ield o esea ch (de B uyn e al. 2023;
S eimikiene e al. 2021;Yang e al. 2023), al hough his p oli e a ion o he li e a u e
p esen s weaknesses (Liu e al. 2013). One o he mos impo an limi a ions is conside ing
he sus ainabili y o des ina ions exclusi ely h ough a supply pe spec i e. The e is a need
o e hink human–en i onmen ela ions since ou is s, h ough hei beha iou s/a i udes,
play a c ucial ole in achie ing sus ainable ou ism. The e o e, he ocus should shi om
he sus ainable ou ism supply side owa d he demand side. Reaching a new ou ism
model wi h a cen al alue in sus ainabili y depends on he impo ance ha ou is s
gi e o sus ainabili y and how hey a e commi ed o con ibu ing o i . In his ega d,
esea ch has shown ha a possible way o in eg a e sus ainabili y in o he planning o
ou ism des ina ions is o a ac ou is s who a e in insically in e es ed in p o ec ing he
des ina ion hey isi and, consequen ly, beha e esponsibly (Dolnica 2006;Kas enholz
e al. 2018). The e o e, o achie e sus ainable ou ism, i is necessa y o de e mine he
ou is s’ he e ogenei y o de ine segmen s based on he beha iou s and a i udes associa ed
wi h he sus ainabili y philosophy o be analysed. The segmen a ion o he ou ism ma ke
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 128 3 o 17
and he de ini ion o he size and ele ance o each segmen ensu e he o mula ion o
policies ha a e he mos app op ia e and ailo ed o he ma ke s’ needs. Fu he mo e,
da a and in o ma ion a e pa amoun o achie ing sus ainable ou ism, as his p ocess is
in e ac i e. On he supply side, he e is cons an moni o ing o impac s o, when necessa y,
in oduce p e en i e and/o co ec i e measu es O’Mahony e al. (2009). On he demand
side, in o ma ion conce ning ou ism des ina ion sus ainabili y may in luence ou is a el
planning S eimikiene e al. (2021) and make hem mo e compelling wi h sus ainable
ou ism Tang e al. (2022). Thus, in o ma ion is c ucial o implemen ing and moni o ing
sus ainable ou ism. E en so, a ecen s udy e eals ha , al hough he ac o s a e mo e
in ol ed in moni o ing ou ism, hei impo ance o en i onmen al and social moni o ing
is lowe han ha gi en o economic moni o ing Dias e al. (2023).
Al hough he e a e a ew segmen a ion s udies on sus ainable ou ism (desc ibed
in he nex sec ion), his domain lacks esea ch o segmen a elle s conside ing bo h
(i) he a ailabili y o ou is s o change ou ism habi s and (ii) he ele ance o accessing
us wo hy sus ainable in o ma ion o a el planning. Addi ionally, no esea ch has been
conduc ed o explo e he sus ainable beha iou o Eu opean Union ou is s.
The p esen s udy aims o o e come hese limi a ions and shed ligh on how o build
an in eg a i e amewo k o he s a e o sus ainable ou ism in he Eu opean Union (EU)
o help o mula e policies ha lead all membe s a es o achie e he same goal: o each
sus ainable ou ism in he EU as quickly as possible and hus become close o eaching
sus ainable de elopmen as ea u ed in he 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen .
The p esen pape in ends o con ibu e o sus ainable ou ism de elopmen by p o iding
in o ma ion ha con ibu es o he in o med pa icipa ion o all ele an s akeholde s,
namely, ou is s, egula o s, hos communi y membe s, se ice p o ide s, ma ke ee s, and
s ong poli ical leade ship, o ensu e wide pa icipa ion and consensus building.
The e o e, he cu en esea ch aims o explo e, h ough machine lea ning (ML), ou is
segmen a ion by he 27 EU membe s a es based on hei sus ainable a el habi s and he
a ailabili y o us wo hy sus ainable in o ma ion in ou ism des ina ions. This s udy
builds on seconda y da a om he Flash Eu oba ome e 499—’A i udes o Eu opeans
owa ds Tou ism’ (GESIS 2022), conce ning 25,711 ci izens om he 27 Eu opean Membe
S a es. The s udy akes place in wo phases. Fi s , a clus e ing analysis is conduc ed o
g oup he da a (coun ies) based on simila i ies in ou ism sus ainabili y (Rokach and
Maimon 2005). A e wa ds, o con i m he clus e analysis esul s, a sus ainabili y a ing
by coun y is calcula ed. This aims o a ibu e a ce ain deg ee o sus ainabili y o each
Eu opean coun y based on ou is habi s. In he second phase, an analysis pe esponden
is ca ied ou . He e, he p o ile o each esponden is analysed and compa ed wi h he
p e ious esul s o alloca e each esponden o he p e iously de ined clus e s o coun ies.
The alloca ion decisions o ecommenda ions a e p ocessed by employing con en -based
il e ing, which calcula es he simila i y be ween coun ies and he co esponding espon-
den s. The in en ion is o c ea e a ‘beha iou al con agion e ec ’ based on he hypo hesis
de ended in he li e a u e ha indi iduals mimic each o he in e e yday li e, which may
ha e signi ican en i onmen al consequences (Zo ell 2020).
The main esul s sugges he exis ence o h ee coun ies’ segmen s acco ding o he
in ol emen o i s ci izens, as ou is s, wi h sus ainable p ac ices: (i) highly commi ed
(sus ainable le el 3); (ii) mode a ely commi ed (sus ainable le el 2); and (iii) uncommi -
ed (sus ainable le el 1). Conside ing hese h ee segmen s, o each esponden , i e
coun ies we e ecommended whe e he beha iou con agion e ec can be inc eased e-
ga ding sus ainabili y. This s udy is ele an o he sus ainable ou ism li e a u e since i
is he i s o segmen he 27 EU membe s a es’ ou ism pa hs h ough a combina ion o
quan i a i e me hods.
The emainde o he pape is s uc u ed as ollows. Sec ion 2add esses he li e a u e
ela ed o segmen a ion analysis in ou ism sus ainabili y. Sec ion 3desc ibes he p oposed
me hod. Sec ion 4discusses he expe imen al esul s. Sec ion 5discusses he esul s
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 128 4 o 17
compa ing wi h he li e a u e. Sec ion 6p esen s he concluding ema ks. Finally, Sec ion 7
de ails he implica ion o his wo k in he ou ism domain.
2. Rela ed Wo k
As global ou ism expands, he impe a i e o sus ainable p ac ices wi hin he indus-
y becomes inc easingly c i ical. Sus ainable ou ism aims o minimise en i onmen al
impac s, suppo local economies, and p ese e cul u al he i age, ensu ing ha ou ism
de elopmen mee s he needs o p esen gene a ions wi hou comp omising he abili y o
u u e gene a ions o mee hei own needs. The li e a u e on sus ainable ou ism is as
and mul i ace ed, encompassing a ious s a egies and app oaches designed o p omo e
sus ainabili y ac oss di e en segmen s o he ou ism ma ke and he ole o echnology in
mul iple SDGs.
This pape add esses an in elligen exchange o sus ainable ou ism habi s by em-
ploying a segmen a ion analysis and a ecommenda ion sys em. Sus ainable ou ism and
segmen a ion explo e he di e se ma ke segmen s wi hin he ou ism indus y and how
ailo ed sus ainable p ac ices can e ec i ely add ess he unique needs and beha iou s o
di e en ou is g oups. By unde s anding he dis inc cha ac e is ics and mo i a ions o
a ious segmen s, s akeholde s can de elop a ge ed s a egies ha enhance he adop ion
o sus ainable p ac ices. Recommenda ion app oaches o sus ainable ou ism del es in o
he echnological and me hodological ad ancemen s in ecommenda ion sys ems o p o-
mo e sus ainable ou ism beha iou s. This includes examining how ML and da a-d i en
ecommenda ion sys ems can pe sonalise a el expe iences o encou age eco- iendly
choices and he b oade implica ions o hese echnologies in os e ing a con agion e ec o
sus ainabili y wi hin he ou ism sec o .
2.1. Sus ainable Tou ism and Segmen a ion
Wi h ou ism being a signi ican con ibu o o economic g ow h and cul u al exchange
in he Eu opean Union, he e is an inc easing emphasis on unde s anding and p omo ing
sus ainable ou ism p ac ices. Sus ainable ou ism is an impo an opic wi hin a b oade
spec um o sus ainable de elopmen . Howe e , he inc easing exis ing esea ch showed i s
complexi y since jus a small iny pe cen age o he esea ch ocuses s ic ly on sus ainabili y.
Robe s e al. (2022) p esen a me a-analysis o ou ism sus ainabili y esea ch highligh ing
he eme gence o new esea ch s udies in he ield. Thus, i has been ecognised ha
sus ainable ou ism equi es a mo e c i ical and comp ehensi e analysis Bu le e al. (2003).
Sus ainable ou ism equi es a pe manen moni o ing o impac s, employing p e en-
i e and/o co ec i e measu es o ini ia i es ha aim o educe en i onmen al impac
and suppo local communi ies. Howe e , (López-Sánchez and Pulido-Fe nández 2016)
s a e ha sus ainable ou ism should ocus on he isi o s. In his ega d, he e is inc eas-
ing empi ical li e a u e conce ning sus ainable ou ism segmen a ion o g oup ou is s
using mul iple cha ac e is ics. By de ini ion, ma ke segmen a ion is a p ocess o di iding
indi iduals in o subg oups based on speci ic cha ac e is ics app oaching mul iple con ex s.
A segmen a ion s a egy enables he de e mina ion o he numbe o segmen s and
he classi ica ion c i e ia used o p o iling he segmen membe s. The ele ance o segmen-
a ion is widely acknowledged Tkaczynski e al. (2009), and he li e a u e has p oposed
many bases o segmen ou ism ma ke s. In ou ism, segmen a ion p o iling has conside ed
geog aphic, demog aphic, socioeconomic, psychog aphic, o beha iou al cha ac e is ics, as
p oposed by Ko le and A ms ong (2010). I allows he c ea ion o homogeneous ou is
g oups, o se e hem acco dingly and o de elop e ec i e ou ism policies Mazanec and
Dolnica (2020).
Wi h his ega d, Bassi and Ma ín (2024) in es iga ed he willingness o ci izens
om he 27 EU coun ies o al e hei a el and ou ism habi s owa d mo e sus ainable
beha iou s, con ibu ing o he ecen li e a u e on he in e play be ween ou ism and
sus ainabili y. By applying a mul ile el analysis o accoun o he hie a chical s uc u e o
he da a (ci izens wi hin coun ies), he s udy iden i ied se en dis inc g oups o Eu opean

Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 128 5 o 17
ci izens based on hei willingness o adop sus ainable ou ism p ac ices. These g oups
we e p o iled using sociodemog aphic a iables, allowing o a de ailed desc ip ion o
ypical ci izens in each clus e . Ma h ani e al. (2023) explo ed he pe o mance o Asian
coun ies in di e en dimensions o Sus ainable De elopmen Goals (SDGs). Speci ically,
hey p oposed a clus e ing analysis o analyse Asia sus ainabili y, inding ha Wes and
Sou h Asian coun ies pe o m be e han o he Asian egions. Simila ly, Ça˘gla and Gü le
(2022) employed a clus e ing app oach o analyse 110 coun ies wo ldwide ega ding so-
cioeconomic and poli ico-cul u al s uc u e. Penagos-Londoño e al. (2021) p oposed h ee
segmen s based on economic, sociocul u al, and en i onmen al dimensions o pe cei ed
sus ainabili y using ou is s om Chile and Ecuado , employing a clus e ing me hod o
segmen a ion. López-Sánchez and Pulido-Fe nández (2016) analysed da a om ou is s
in Wes e n Cos a del Sol, Spain, o measu e “sus ainable in elligence” h ough la en class
analysis. Las ly, Kas enholz e al. (2018) used a scale o assess sus ainable a el beha iou
a a u al des ina ion, co e ing en i onmen al, cul u al, social, and economic sus ainabili y
dimensions. Thei hie a chical clus e analysis e eals wo segmen s: ac i e p ese e s o
na u e and cul u e, and local na u e, cul u e, and communi y seeke s.
In ac , mos segmen a ion s udies in ou ism use socio-demog aphic, psychog aphic,
and beha iou al cha ac e is ics o segmen ou is s conce ning des ina ion sus ainabili y
and us wo hiness (Bassi and Ma ín 2024;Ca ache-F anco e al. 2022;Coope e al. 2018;
Kas enholz e al. 2018;López-Sánchez and Pulido-Fe nández 2016;Nicke son e al. 2016).
Howe e , acco ding o Tkaczynski e al. (2009), demog aphic ac o s a e ques ionable gi en
hei low accu acy in p edic ing ac ual consume beha iou , claiming ha no esea ch
has conside ed which a iables ou ism s akeholde s use o segmen a ion. Meanwhile,
(Glyp ou e al. 2022) ha e p oposed a segmen a ion app oach using di e en indica o s ha
measu e sus ainable pe o mance such as en i onmen al oo p in , des ina ion dependency
on ou ism, and locals’ p ospe i y. Glyp ou e al. (2022) analysed Medi e anean coun ies
ega ding sus ainabili y o o mula e en i onmen al oo p in , des ina ion dependency,
and locals’ p ospe i y indica o s.
2.2. Recommenda ions App oaches o Sus ainable Tou ism
P omo ing sus ainable ou ism has become an inc easing p io i y on global agendas
due o i s en i onmen al, economic, and social implica ions. In his con ex , ecommenda-
ion sys ems, oge he wi h ML echniques, can ha e an impo an ole in his challenge.
Recommenda ion sys ems a e algo i hms designed o sugges ele an i ems o use s. These
i ems can ange om p oduc s, se ices, and con en o des ina ions and ac i i ies in he
con ex o ou ism. Recommenda ion sys ems analyse pa e ns in use beha iou o p o ide
pe sonalised sugges ions. They a e widely used in e-comme ce, s eaming se ices, and
social media o enhance use expe ience by ailo ing ecommenda ions o indi idual needs.
Recommenda ion applica ions ely on ML, enabling sys ems o lea n and imp o e om
expe ience wi hou being explici ly p og ammed. ML algo i hms use s a is ical echniques
o iden i y pa e ns in da a, make p edic ions, and imp o e decision-making p ocesses
o e ime. In he con ex o ecommenda ion sys ems, ML echniques such as collabo a i e
il e ing, con en -based il e ing, and hyb id app oaches a e employed o enhance he
accu acy and ele ance o ecommenda ions Ricci e al. (2011).
Collabo a i e il e ing makes ecommenda ions based on he p e e ences and be-
ha iou s o simila use s. The e a e wo main ypes o collabo a i e il e ing: (i) use -based
and (ii) i em-based. While use -based ecommends i ems ha use s wi h simila as es
and p e e ences liked in he pas , i em-based ecommends i ems simila o hose ha he
use has liked. In u n, he con en -based il e ing app oach ecommends i ems based on
he a ibu es o he i ems and he use ’s pas in e ac ions. Fo example, i a use likes
eco- iendly ho els, he sys em will ecommend o he ho els wi h simila ea u es. I elies
on analysing i em desc ip ions and use p o iles o ma ch p e e ences. Finally, hyb id
app oaches combine collabo a i e and con en -based il e ing o le e age he s eng hs
o each me hod and imp o e ecommenda ion accu acy. Hyb id sys ems can use a ious
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 128 6 o 17
s a egies, such as combining he esul s o bo h me hods o swi ching be ween me hods
depending on he con ex Fá ima Leal e al. (2021).
Recommenda ion sys ems se e an impo an ole in p omo ing sus ainabili y by sug-
ges ing sus ainable ac i i ies and less popula des ina ions o use s. These sys ems u ilise
ML algo i hms o sugges des ina ions and ac i i ies ha minimise en i onmen al impac
and p omo e he local economy. Banik e al. (2023) demons a e ha including sus ainable
op ions in in elligen sugges ions encou ages ou is s o choose sus ainable and less popula
a eas. Adaji and Adisa (2022) p esen a e iew o he use o pe suasi e echnologies o
in luence sus ainable beha iou . The main indings indica e ha he majo i y o applica-
ions ocus on ene gy conse a ion and sus ainable ood managemen , lea ing a esea ch
gap in he domain. In addi ion, Fel e nig e al. (2023) su eyed ecommenda ion sys ems
pla o ms ha suppo he achie emen o he 17 Sus ainabili y De elopmen Goals. The
s udy has iden i ied esea ch issues o sus ainabili y as sus ainable e alua ion me ics,
nudging, con ex ual explana ions, consequence-based explana ions, and cons ain -based
ecommenda ions. In his pape , we employ ecommenda ion sys ems as a nudge o
sus ainable ou ism, i.e., p o oking an in elligen exchange o sus ainable ou ism habi s
among EU membe s. This idea is suppo ed by he empi ical li e a u e (Cen ola e al. 2018;
Fieldhouse and Cu s 2012;Pa heymülle and Schmi -Beck 2012;Zo ell 2020) conce ning
heal h- ela ed beha iou s, consume ends, elec o al beha iou s, and public opinions,
which ha e e ealed ha conscious imi a ion and unconscious con agion o a i udes and
beha iou s happen ac oss an ex ensi e se o e e yday decisions.
2.3. Con ibu ions
The li e a u e on ou ism sus ainabili y analysis e eals a lack o undamen al s udies
in EU coun ies. In his con ex , his pape con ibu es a clus e ing analysis ha g oups he
EU coun ies in o h ee di e en clus e s using he Eu oba ome e su ey on he a i udes
o Eu opeans owa ds ou ism. In addi ion, we p opose a sus ainabili y-le el app oach ha
a es each coun y conside ing hei ou is habi s. Table 1compa es illus a i e app oaches
ega ding he sus ainable analysis, he coun ies con empla ed, and he ep esen a ion o
he esul s. As a as we know, none o hese app oaches o e an analysis o EU membe
s a es o a ca og aphic ep esen a ion o he esul s. Al hough mul iple ecommenda ion
sys ems ha e been de eloped o p omo e sus ainable ou ism, we ound a esea ch gap
in ecommending ou is s om coun ies whe e sus ainabili y alues a e deeply de el-
oped o less sus ainable coun ies and ice e sa. Wi h hose ecommenda ion, he main
con ibu ion is o c ea e a con agion e ec ega ding sus ainable habi s. The con agion
e ec o sus ainable ou ism os e s widesp ead adop ion o eco- iendly p ac ices, leading
o signi ican en i onmen al conse a ion and p omo ing local cul u es and economies
Bo hos e al. (2015). By encou aging sus ainable ou ism p ac ices, des ina ions can c ea e a
ipple e ec ha enhances he ou is expe ience and ensu es long- e m bene i s o local
communi ies and ecosys ems Bo hos e al. (2015).
Table 1. Compa ison o he li e a u e conce ning sus ainabili y analysis.
App oach Analysis Coun ies Con agion E ec
Bassi and Ma ín (2024) mul ile el la en class EU No
Ma h ani e al. (2023) clus e ing Asian No
Ça˘gla and Gü le (2022) clus e ing 110 wo ldwide No
Glyp ou e al. (2022) clus e s Medi e anean No
Penagos-Londoño e al. (2021) clus e ing Chile and Ecuado No
López-Sánchez and Pulido-Fe nández (2016) la en class Wes e n Cos a Del Sol No
Kas enholz e al. (2018) hie a chical clus e Po ugal No
Ou P oposal clus e ing EU coun ies Yes
s a is ical
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 128 7 o 17
3. P oposed Me hod
This pape p oposes a segmen a ion o sus ainable ou is belie s om he 27 EU
membe s a es and an in elligen exchange o sus ainabili y ou ism habi s among he EU
membe s a es using da a om 25,711 pa icipan s om he 27 EU membe s a es. The
da a we e collec ed in Oc obe 2021 h ough he Flash Eu oba ome e 499 (GESIS 2022).
Figu e 1in oduces he p oposed solu ion, which encompasses (i) inpu s om he Flash
Eu oba ome e su ey on A i udes o Eu opeans owa ds ou ism; (ii) a da a analysis
module; and (iii) a ecommenda ion module. The da a analysis module comp ises a clus e
analysis p oduced h ough ML algo i hms and, o con i m his segmen a ion, a coun y’s
ou ism sus ainabili y a ing was calcula ed using s a is ical analysis.
Based on his da a analysis, a con en -based ecommenda ion sys em is p oduced o
alloca e each esponden o he i e coun ies whe e hey can in luence o be in luenced by
he local ou is habi s.
Figu e 1. Recommenda ions o exchange sus ainable cul u e in EU membe s a es.
3.1. Clus e ing Analysis
The cu en wo k employs a clus e ing app oach o analyse he coun ies in e ms o
sus ainabili y, conside ing ou is sus ainable habi s and he a ailabili y o us wo hy sus-
ainable in o ma ion in ou ism des ina ions. Clus e ing is an unsupe ised ML echnique
ha is used o g oup simila da a poin s. I aims o iden i y inhe en pa e ns, s uc u es, o
ela ionships wi hin a da ase . This p ocess in ol es pa i ioning a se o objec s in o sub-
se s, o clus e s, whe e objec s wi hin he clus e sha e common cha ac e is ics. S anda d
clus e ing me hods include k-means clus e ing, hie a chical, and densi y-based clus e ing.
Due o i s simplici y, e iciency, and in e p e abili y, k-means has been a widely used clus e -
ing algo i hm. The simplici y and compu a ional e iciency a e sui able o la ge da ase s,
enabling apid explo a ion o clus e ing solu ions. Addi ionally, k-means p oduces clus e s
ha a e easy o in e p e . Mo eo e , k-means con e ges quickly, especially wi h well-chosen
ini ial cen oids, making i e icien o p ac ical applica ions. Fu he mo e, i s a ailabili y
in widely used ML lib a ies ensu es easy accessibili y o esea che s.
k-means is a widely used clus e ing algo i hm in unsupe ised ML. The main goal is
o pa i ion a da ase in o kclus e s, each ep esen ing a g oup o da a poin s wi h simila
cha ac e is ics whe e ks ands o he p ede e mined numbe o clus e s ha algo i hm
de ec s. To de e mine he op imal numbe o clus e s, we use he Elbow me hod. I is a
g aphical ool used in da a analysis ha esembles an Elbow, whe e he op imal numbe o
clus e s is si ua ed. The k-means algo i hm ope a es as ollows (Has ie e al. 2009):
1. Randomly selec kda a poin s as he ini ial clus e cen oids;
2.
Assign each da a poin o he clus e whose cen oid is closes based on dis ance
me ics, e.g., Euclidean dis ance;
3.
Recalcula e he clus e s’ cen oids by aking he mean o all da a poin s assigned o
each clus e ;
4.
Repea S eps 2 and 3 un il con e gence, i.e., when he cen oids do no su e changes
o when a speci ied numbe o i e a ions is eached.
In he p esen s udy, we employ k-means o g oup he 27 EU membe -s a e coun ies
ega ding hei ou is s’ willingness o change a el and ou ism habi s o become mo e sus-
ainable and he a ailabili y o us wo hy sus ainable in o ma ion in
ou ism des ina ions.
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 128 8 o 17
3.2. Le el o Tou ism Sus ainabili y—Sus ainabili y Ra ing
The de ini ion o a sus ainabili y a ing h ough s a is ical analysis is ano he me hod
o g ouping coun ies ha alida es he clus e ing me hodology p esen ed abo e and is
pu sued h ough ML. This me hod quan i ies he ques ions using a scale be ween 1 and 3.
Ou app oach is based on a s anda d a e age (
µ
) acco ding o Equa ion
(1)
, whe e
qc
n
indica es he alue o he coun y
c
o he ques ion
n
, and
C
is he o al numbe o coun ies.
The e o e, o bo h ques ions, we calcula e he s anda d a e age (
µ
) conside ing he numbe
o answe s pe coun y, acco ding o Equa ion (1):
µn=1
C
C
∑
c=1
qc
c(1)
Then, o ob ain he s a is ically sus ainable le el o each ques ion, we calcula e he
a e age o he numbe s abo e and below
µ
, ob aining
µ+
and
µ−
. Finally, a ques ion
ob ains he s a is ical le el slc
qn, acco ding o Equa ion (2):
slc
qn=


1 : qc
n<µn
2 : µ≤qc
n<µ+
n
3 : qc
n≥µ+
n
(2)
The inal le el is he a e age o he s a is ical le els pe ques ion, as depic ed in
Equa ion (3), whe e Nis he numbe o ques ions:
µ=1
N
N
∑
n=1
µn(3)
3.3. Con en -Based Fil e ing
Con en -based il e s in ecommenda ion sys ems ma ch use s wi h i ems. They c ea e
p o iles based on pas in e ac ions and make ecommenda ions based on he simila i y
be ween he use s’ con en and i ems, i.e., ega dless o o he p o iles. In his pape ,
we calcula e he simila i y among coun ies and esponden s using cosine simila i y, as
depic ed in Equa ion (4):
cos( ,e) = e
∥ ∥∥e∥=∑n
i=1 iei
q∑n
i=1( i)2q∑n
i=1(ei)2(4)
The cosine simila i y co esponds o he cosine o he angle o med be ween
(p o ile
o he esponden / ou is ) and
c
(p o ile o he coun y). The nea e he esul s app oach
one, he mo e app op ia e he coun y is o ecommenda ion.
4. Expe imen s and Resul s
The expe imen s use he answe s o 25,711 Eu opean Union ci izens e ie ed om
he Flash Eu oba ome e 499 (GESIS 2022). Speci ically, hese expe imen s in ol e wo
di e en da a analysis me hods o explo e he le el o sus ainabili y o he EU based on
ci izens’ a el habi s and he a ailabili y o us wo hy sus ainable in o ma ion in ou ism
des ina ions. While clus e ing analysis g oups he coun ies in he clus e using k-means,
he s a is ical sus ainabili y le el a es he coun y’s le el o sus ainabili y by applying an
o dinal scale be ween 1 and 3. These o dinal scales combined wi h indi idual esponden s’
p o iles a e hen used o alloca e each esponden o a g oup o coun ies.
4.1. Da ase
The Eu oba ome e su ey on A i udes o Eu opeans owa ds ou ism aims o analyse
he long- e m impac o COVID-19 on EU ci izens conce ning a elling beha iou s. Fu -
he mo e, he su ey app oaches he impo ance o sus ainabili y o imp o e he ou ism
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 128 15 o 17
7. Limi a ion and Fu u e Resea ch Di ec ion
Like any s udy, his one is no wi hou limi a ions. The esul s should be in e p e ed
wi h cau ion. Despi e he la ge sample, he sizes o he coun ies and he numbe s o
esponden s in each coun y a e e y di e en , which may ha e biased he esul s. Ad-
di ionally, ou ism sus ainabili y was e alua ed only by en i ems conce ning a el and
ou ism habi s and by i e i ems e alua ing he a ailabili y o in o ma ion, which is ce -
ainly insu icien o assess sus ainabili y. Fu he mo e, he coun ies a e economically and
cul u ally e y di e en om each o he , which undoub edly impac s he esul s. Finally,
ou ecommenda ion p ocess needs o be con i med and es ed. I is ou con en ion ha
hese d awbacks a e o e come by he con ibu ion o his s udy.
In ollow-up esea ch, i would be use ul o mo e speci ically in es iga e and e alua e
he ele ance o applying a mobile de ice ha aces he beha iou al con agion e ec
le by he ou is s in hei ou ism expe ience. I would also be in e es ing o in oduce
demog aphic da a in he indi idual p o iles o e ine he esul s and p o ide be e ec-
ommenda ions. We in end o ollow his in es iga ion sho ly. Fu u e s udies conce ning
ou is sus ainabili y con e gence among EU membe s a es should conside hei cul u al
and economic di e ences. Finally, he da a o he Flash Eu oba ome e 499 we e collec ed
du ing 2021, when many Eu opeans we e unable o a el o , i hey did so, wi h many
es ic ions. The e o e, i will be necessa y o epea he in e iews in o de o compa e he
2021 esul s wi h he cu en ones, ocusing on a se ies o ques ions abou he eal habi s o
he consume as a ou is .
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualisa ion, F.L. and M.P.; me hodology, F.L. and M.P.; alida ion,
F.L. and M.P.; o mal analysis, F.L. and M.P.; in es iga ion, F.L. and M.P.; esou ces, F.L. and M.P.;
da a cu a ion, F.L. and M.P.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, F.L. and M.P.; w i ing— e iew and
edi ing, F.L. and M.P.; isualisa ion, F.L. and M.P.; supe ision, F.L. and M.P.; p ojec adminis a ion,
F.L. and M.P.; unding acquisi ion, F.L. and M.P. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published
e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This wo k was unded by he In e eg Spain-Po ugal (POCTEP) 2021-2027 p og amme,
co unded by he Eu opean Union, unde he Twin Na Aux p ojec , 0070_TWIN_NAV_AUX_1_E.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : The da a p esen ed in his s udy a e a ailable on eques om he
co esponding au ho .
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es .
Abb e ia ions
The ollowing abb e ia ions a e used in his manusc ip :
SDG Sus ainable De elopmen Goal
EU Eu opean Union
ML Machine Lea ning
Re e ences
Adaji, I eoma, and Mikhail Adisa. 2022. A e iew o he use o pe suasi e echnologies o in luence sus ainable beha iou . Pape
p esen ed a Adjunc P oceedings o he 30 h ACM Con e ence on Use Modeling, Adap a ion and Pe sonaliza ion, Ba celona,
Spain, July 4–7; pp. 317–25.
Axhami, Mi daim, Valen ina Ndou, Ve onica Milo, and Paola Sco ano. 2023. C ea ing alue ia he ci cula economy: P ac ices in he
ou ism sec o . Adminis a i e Sciences 13: 166. [C ossRe ]
Banik, Pa omi a, Ashmi Bane jee, and Wol gang Wö ndl. 2023. Unde s anding use pe spec i es on sus ainabili y and ai ness
in ou ism ecommende sys ems. Pape p esen ed a Adjunc P oceedings o he 31s ACM Con e ence on Use Modeling,
Adap a ion and Pe sonaliza ion, UMAP ’23 Adjunc , New Yo k, NY, USA, June 26–29; New Yo k: Associa ion o Compu ing
Machine y, pp. 241–48. [C ossRe ]

Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 128 16 o 17
Bassi, F ancesca. 2023. Eu opean consume s’ a i udes owa ds he en i onmen and sus ainable beha io in he ma ke . Sus ainabil-
i y 15: 1666. [C ossRe ]
Bassi, F ancesca, and Juan An onio Ma molejo Ma ín. 2024. D i e s o sus ainable ou ism in eu ope: How o design e icien business
s a egies. Quali y & Quan i y 1–26. [C ossRe ]
Bo hos, E himios, Dimi is Apos olou, and G ego is Men zas. 2015. Recommende sys ems o nudging commu e s owa ds
eco- iendly decisions. In elligen Decision Technologies 9: 295–306. [C ossRe ]
Bu le , Da id, Paul Jowi , Richa d Ashley, Da id Blackwood, John Da ies, C ina Ol ean-Dumb a a, G. McIlkenny, T. Foxon, D.
Gilmou , H. Smi h, and e al. 2003 Swa d: Decision suppo p ocesses o he uk wa e indus y. Managemen o En i onmen al
Quali y: An In e na ional Jou nal 14: 444–59. [C ossRe ]
Ca ache-F anco, Mau icio, Con ado Ca ascosa-López, and Wilme Ca ache-F anco. 2022. Ma ke segmen a ion by mo i a ions in
eco ou ism: Applica ion in he pose s-malade a na u al pa k, spain. Sus ainabili y 14: 4892. [C ossRe ]
Cen ola, Damon, Joshua Becke , De on B ackbill, and And ea Ba onchelli. 2018. Expe imen al e idence o ipping poin s in social
con en ion. Science 360: 1116–19. [C ossRe ]
Coope , Ch is, Se ena Volo, William C. Ga ne , and Noel Sco . 2018. The SAGE Handbook o Tou ism Managemen : Theo ies, Concep s and
Disciplina y App oaches o Tou ism. Thousand Oaks: SAGE. [C ossRe ]
Ça˘gla , Mehme , and Cem Gü le . 2022. Sus ainable de elopmen goals: A clus e analysis o wo ldwide coun ies. En i onmen ,
De elopmen and Sus ainabili y 24: 8593–624. [C ossRe ]
de B uyn, Chané, Foued Ben Said, Na anya Meye , and Mohammad Soliman. 2023. Resea ch in ou ism sus ainabili y: A comp ehensi e
bibliome ic analysis om 1990 o 2022. Heliyon 9: e18874. [C ossRe ]
Dias, F ancisco Teixei a Pin o, Sa a Ma ia Rod igues Góis, and Gonçalo Nuno de Cas o Oli ei a Gomes. 2023. Tou ism moni o ing
as a s a egic ool o ou ism managemen : The pe cep ions o en ep eneu s om cen o de po ugal. Adminis a i e Sciences
13: 205. [C ossRe ]
Dolnica , Sa a. 2006. Na u e-conse ing ou is s: The need o a b oade pe spec i e. Ana olia 17: 235–55. [C ossRe ]
Eu os a . 2023. T a el, To ism & Hospi ali y. London: Wo ld T a el & Tou ism Council.
Fel e nig, Alexande , Man ed Wunda a, Thi Ngoc T ang T an, Seda Pola -E deniz, Sebas ian Lubos, Me a El Mansi, Damian Ga be ,
and Vie -Man Le. 2023. Recommende sys ems o sus ainabili y: O e iew and esea ch issues. F on ie s in Big Da a 6: 1284511.
[C ossRe ]
Fieldhouse, Edwa d, and Da id Cu s. 2012. The companion e ec : Household and local con ex and he u nou o young people. The
Jou nal o Poli ics 74: 856–69. [C ossRe ]
Flo ido, Ca men, Ma a Jacob, and Ma ga i a Paye as. 2019. How o ca y ou he ansi ion owa ds a mo e ci cula ou is ac i i y in
he ho el sec o . he ole o inno a ion. Adminis a i e Sciences 9: 47. [C ossRe ]
Fá ima Leal, Benedi a Malhei o, B uno Veloso, and Juan Ca los Bu guillo. 2021. Responsible p ocessing o c owdsou ced ou ism da a.
Jou nal o Sus ainable Tou ism 29: 774–94. [C ossRe ]
GESIS. 2022. Flash Eu oba ome e 499 (A i udes o Eu opeans owa ds Tou ism, Au umn 2021). A ailable online: h ps:
//sea ch.gesis.o g/ esea ch_da a/ZA7807 (accessed on 25 Ap il 2024).
Glyp ou, Ky iaki, Nikos Kaloge as, Dimi ios Sku as, and Ioannis Spilanis. 2022. Clus e ing sus ainable des ina ions: Empi ical
e idence om selec ed medi e anean coun ies. Sus ainabili y 14: 5507. [C ossRe ]
Has ie, T e o , Robe Tibshi ani, Je ome F iedman, T e o Has ie, Robe Tibshi ani, and Je ome F iedman. 2009. Unsupe ised
lea ning. In The Elemen s o S a is ical Lea ning: Da a Mining, In e ence, and P edic ion. Be lin: Sp inge , pp. 485–585. [C ossRe ]
Holmes, Ma k Robe , Rachel Dodds, and Isabelle F ocho . 2021. A home o ab oad, does ou beha io change? Examining how
e e yday beha io in luences sus ainable a el beha io and ou is clus e s. Jou nal o T a el Resea ch 60: 102–16. [C ossRe ]
Ja ie, Michelle E. 2016. B und land Repo . A ailable online: h ps://www.b i annica.com/ opic/B und land-Repo (accessed on
25 Ap il 2024).
Kas enholz, Elisabe h, Celes e Eusébio, and Ma ia João Ca nei o. 2018. Segmen ing he u al ou is ma ke by sus ainable a el
beha iou : Insigh s om illage isi o s in po ugal. Jou nal o Des ina ion Ma ke ing & Managemen 10: 132–42. [C ossRe ]
Ko le , Philip, and Ga y A ms ong. 2010. P inciples o Ma ke ing. London: Pea son Educa ion.
Li, Qiucheng, and Maoying Wu. 2020. Tou is s’ p o-en i onmen al beha iou in a el des ina ions: Benchma king he powe o social
in e ac ion and indi idual a i ude. Jou nal o Sus ainable Tou ism 28: 1371–89. [C ossRe ]
Liu, Chui-Hua, Gwo-Hshiung Tzeng, Ming-Huei Lee, and Po-Yen Lee. 2013. Imp o ing me o–ai po connec ion se ice o ou ism
de elopmen : Using hyb id mcdm models. Tou ism Managemen Pe spec i es 6: 95–107. [C ossRe ]
Liu, Yan, Xinyue Cao, and Xa ie Fon . 2024. Nudge p o-en i onmen al con agion: Residen s o ou is s. Annals o Tou ism Resea ch
105: 103738. [C ossRe ]
López-Sánchez, Yaiza, and Juan Ignacio Pulido-Fe nández. 2016. In sea ch o he p o-sus ainable ou is : A segmen a ion based on he
ou is “sus ainable in elligence”. Tou ism Managemen Pe spec i es 17: 59–71. [C ossRe ]
Ma h ani, Anu adha, Jian Wang, Ding Li, and Xuanzhen Zhang. 2023. Clus e ing analysis on sus ainable de elopmen goal indica o s
o o y- i e asian coun ies. Science 5: 14. [C ossRe ]
Mazanec, Jose A., and Sa a Dolnica . 2020. Segmen a ion—Tou ism. Cham: Sp inge In e na ional Publishing, pp. 1–4. [C ossRe ]
Nash, Dennision, and Richa d Bu le 1990. Towa ds sus ainable ou ism. Tou ism Managemen 11: 263–64. [C ossRe ]
Adm. Sci. 2024,14, 128 17 o 17
Uni ed Na ions. 2015. T ans o ming Ou Wo ld: The 2030 Agenda o Sus ainable De elopmen . New Yo k: Uni ed Na ions. A ailable
online: www.un.o g/en/de elopmen /desa/popula ion/mig a ion/gene alassembly/docs/globalcompac /A_RES_70_1_E.pd
(accessed on 25 Ap il 2024).
Nicke son, No ma Polo i z, Jake Jo genson, and B. Bynum Boley. 2016. A e sus ainable ou is s a highe spending ma ke ? Tou ism
Managemen 54: 170–77. [C ossRe ]
O’Mahony, C., M. Fe ei a, Y. Fe nandez-Palacios, V. Cummins, and R. Ha oun. 2009. Da a a ailabili y and accessibili y o sus ainable
ou ism: An assessmen in ol ing di e en eu opean coas al ou ism des ina ions. Jou nal o Coas al Resea ch 1135–39.
O ganiza ion Wo ld Tou ism, and In e na ional T anspo Fo um. 2019. T anspo -Rela ed CO
2
Emissions o he Tou ism Sec o —Modelling
Resul s. Mad id: UNWTO. [C ossRe ]
Pa k, Duk-Byeong, and Yoo-Shik Yoon. 2009. Segmen a ion by mo i a ion in u al ou ism: A ko ean case s udy. Tou ism Managemen 30:
99–108. [C ossRe ]
Pa heymülle , Julia, and Rüdige Schmi -Beck. 2012. A “social logic” o demobiliza ion: The in luence o poli ical discussan s on
elec o al pa icipa ion a he 2009 ge man ede al elec ion. Jou nal o Elec ions, Public Opinion & Pa ies 22: 457–78. [C ossRe ]
Penagos-Londoño, Gab iel I., Ca la Rod iguez-Sanchez, Felipe Ruiz-Mo eno, and Edua do To es. 2021. A machine lea ning app oach
o segmen a ion o ou is s based on pe cei ed des ina ion sus ainabili y and us wo hiness. Jou nal o Des ina ion Ma ke ing &
Managemen 19: 100532. [C ossRe ]
Poo inga, Wou e , Lo aine Whi ma sh, Linda S eg, Gisela Böhm, and S ephen Fishe . 2019. Clima e change pe cep ions and hei
indi idual-le el de e minan s: A c oss-eu opean analysis. Global En i onmen al Change 55: 25–35. [C ossRe ]
P onello, C is ina, and Jean-Bap is e Gabo ieau. 2018. Engaging in p o-en i onmen a el beha iou esea ch om a psycho-social
pe spec i e: A e iew o beha iou al a iables and heo ies. Sus ainabili y 10: 2412. [C ossRe ]
Ricci, F ancesco, Lio Rokach, and B acha Shapi a. 2011. In oduc ion o Recommende Sys ems Handbook. Bos on: Sp inge US, pp. 1–35.
[C ossRe ]
Robe s, Ch is, Joel Reynolds, and Ma y Jo Dolasinski. 2022. Me a-analysis o ou ism sus ainabili y esea ch: 2019–2021. Sus ainabil-
i y 14: 3303. [C ossRe ]
Rokach, Lio , and Oded Maimon. 2005. Clus e ing me hods. In Da a Mining and Knowledge Disco e y Handbook. Bos on: Sp inge ,
pp. 321–52. [C ossRe ]
S eimikiene, Dalia, Bi u a S agzdiene, Edmundas Jasinskas, and A u as Simana icius. 2021. Sus ainable ou ism de elopmen and
compe i i eness: The sys ema ic li e a u e e iew. Sus ainable De elopmen 29: 259–71. [C ossRe ]
Su, Lujun, Jin Cheng, Jun Wen, Me in Kozak, and S ephen Teo. 2022. Does seeing de ian o he - ou is beha io ma e ? The
mode a ing ole o a el companions. Tou ism Managemen 88: 104434. [C ossRe ]
Tang, Haiyan, Yong Ma, and Jie Ren. 2022. In luencing ac o s and mechanism o ou is s’ p o-en i onmen al beha io –empi ical
analysis o he cac-moa in eg a ion model. F on ie s in Psychology 13: 1060404. [C ossRe ]
Tkaczynski, Aa on, Sha yn R. Rundle-Thiele, and Na elle Beaumon . 2009. Segmen a ion: A ou ism s akeholde iew. Tou ism
Managemen 30: 169–75. [C ossRe ]
Wu, Jialin (Snow), Xa ie Fon , and Jingyan Liu. 2021. Tou is s’ p o-en i onmen al beha io s: Mo al obliga ion o disengagemen ?
Jou nal o T a el Resea ch 60: 735–48. [C ossRe ]
Yang, Yue ao, Gowha Ahmad Wani, Velayu ham Naga aj, Mohammad Haseeb, Samee Sul an, Md. Em an Hossain, Mus a a Kamal,
and Syed Mehmood Raza Shah. 2023. P og ess in sus ainable ou ism esea ch: An analysis o he comp ehensi e li e a u e and
u u e esea ch di ec ions. Sus ainabili y 15: 2755. [C ossRe ]
Zo ell, Ca olin V. 2020. Nudges, no ms, o jus con agion? A heo y on in luences on he p ac ice o (non-)sus ainable beha io .
Sus ainabili y 12: 418. [C ossRe ]
Disclaime /Publishe ’s No e: The s a emen s, opinions and da a con ained in all publica ions a e solely hose o he indi idual
au ho (s) and con ibu o (s) and no o MDPI and/o he edi o (s). MDPI and/o he edi o (s) disclaim esponsibili y o any inju y o
people o p ope y esul ing om any ideas, me hods, ins uc ions o p oduc s e e ed o in he con en .