Ruwanika, Elio Quinz Fa ai; Massyn, Liezel
A icle
A leade ship compe ence amewo k o sus ainable
de elopmen in he manu ac u ing indus y in a
de eloping coun y con ex : he bicycle me apho
Cogen Business & Managemen
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Ruwanika, Elio Quinz Fa ai; Massyn, Liezel (2024) : A leade ship compe ence
amewo k o sus ainable de elopmen in he manu ac u ing indus y in a de eloping coun y
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A leade ship compe ence amewo k o
sus ainable de elopmen in he manu ac u ing
indus y in a de eloping coun y con ex : he
bicycle me apho
Elio Quinz Fa ai Ruwanika & Liezel Massyn
To ci e his a icle: Elio Quinz Fa ai Ruwanika & Liezel Massyn (2024) A leade ship
compe ence amewo k o sus ainable de elopmen in he manu ac u ing indus y in a
de eloping coun y con ex : he bicycle me apho , Cogen Business & Managemen , 11:1,
2364849, DOI: 10.1080/23311975.2024.2364849
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2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2364849
A leade ship compe ence amewo k o sus ainable de elopmen
in he manu ac u ing indus y in a de eloping coun y con ex :
he bicycle me apho
elio Quinz Fa ai Ruwanika and liezel Massyn
Business school, uni e si y o he F ee s a e, Bloem on ein, sou h a ica
ABSTRACT
he a icle p esen s a leade ship compe ence amewo k o sus ainable de elopmen
(lcFsD) con ex ualized o he Uni ed na ions’ sus ainable De elopmen goals (sDgs),
o d i e businesses o con ibu e o he achie emen o hese goals. a syn hesis o
me a heo ies and leade ship heo ies p oduced a h ee-pilla d a leade ship
compe ence amewo k (lcF) ha in o med he ield enqui y. Face- o- ace in e iews
we e conduc ed wi h 12 execu i es ( i e ceOs; six execu i es; one o me execu i e) in
he be e age manu ac u ing indus y in Zimbabwe using he snowball sampling
echnique. Da a we e ansc ibed and analysed hema ically. he esul s we e
inco po a ed in he de elopmen o a econs uc ed lcF. Fou expe s alida ed he
lcFsD, con i ming i s applicabili y and ans e abili y; hus, hei sugges ions we e
inco po a ed. he ou come is a lcFsD depic ed by a bicycle me apho comp ising i e
pilla s, namely s a egic compe ences (p esencing, in e gene a ional sys emic beha iou ,
e lexi i y, s akeholde engagemen , s a egic awa eness, sus ainabili y hinking,
knowledge o me ics o measu emen , inclusi i y skills, mul iple leade ship s yles); co e
compe ences (social esponsi eness, ecosys em hinking, sel -leade ship, knowledge o
sDgs, inno a i e hinking); co e alues (e hical; ca ing o all, espec o all, doing he
bes o local communi ies, diplomacy, belie s in sus ainable de elopmen ); collabo a i e
compe ences (build di e se eams, pa ne ing skills); and pe son-leade compe encies
(leade ship compe ences a exe cised a pe sonal le el).
In oduc ion
a leade ship compe ence amewo k (lcF) is a o m o an in en o y o elemen s on wha leade s can and
should do ha enable e ec i e leade ship (giglio i, 2019). Whe eas nel e al. (2011, p. 145), conside s an
lcF as “a g ouping o beha iou s in o se s o he pu pose o accomplishing s a egic objec i es”. in his
a icle, an lcF is de ined as a se o skills, beha iou s, quali ies and alues (Bolden e al., 2003) ha con-
ibu es o pe o mance (shRM, 2008) and ep esen s an in eg al pa o an o ganiza ion’s s a egy
( hompson e al., 2013).
a li e a u e e iew ound ha exis ing lcFs we e oo b oad o gi e he equi ed impe us o he Un
sus ainable De elopmen agenda 2030 (giglio i, 2019; Mazibuko e al., 2015; a i iyaman e al., 2014).
he lcFs did no mains eam sus ainable de elopmen . a global empi ical s udy o ganized by ash idge
Business school on 194 business leade s e ealed a knowledge pe o mance gap o sus ainabili y lead-
e ship skills in all he o ganiza ions su eyed (gi sham e al., 2008). an iBM global s udy concluded ha
business leade s we e no ully equipped o add ess sus ainabili y issues, and many ceOs doub ed hei
own capabili ies o manage sus ainabili y (s andbe g, 2015). li e a u e on sus ainable leade ship is s ill
unde de eloped. howe e , ecen ly he e has been no able con ibu ions om au ho s such as a mani
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup
CONTACT Liezel Massyn [email p o ec ed].za Business school, uni e si y o he F ee s a e, Po Box 339, Bloem on ein 9301, sou h
a ica.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2364849
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 21 Janua y 2024
Re ised 12 ap il 2024
accep ed 28 May 2024
KEYWORDS
leade ship compe ence
amewo k; sus ainable
de elopmen ; sDgs
REVIEWING EDITOR
Jose-luis
Rod iguez-sanchez, Rey
Juan ca los Uni e si y,
spain
SUBJECTS
Business; Managemen
and accoun ing;
co po a e social
Responsibili y & Business
e hics; human Resou ce
Managemen
2 e. Q. F. RUWaniKa anD l. MassYn
e al. (2020), cheng e al. (2021), ge a d e al. (2017), Kan abu a and sa a un (2013), Ma os e al. (2022),
iqbal and ahmad (2021), and iqbal e al. (2020).
acco ding o Kan abu a (2022), co po a e sus ainabili y is now an all-emb acing goal o co po a es o
su i e and succeed because hey a e dealing wi h unce ain ies emana ing om he high- eloci y en i on-
men . he unce ain ies esul om he deep in e connec edness amongs socie y, he en i onmen and
he economy. in his ega d, sus ainabili y is ega ded as an unde lying con empo a y change d i e b ing-
ing oge he o he o ces in he changing business en i onmen (najam e al., 2007) h ough he 17 sus-
ainable de elopmen goals (sDgs). hus, nidumolu e al. (2009) a gue ha compe i i e ad an age will
acc ue o companies ha make sus ainabili y a goal. Pä ä i e al. (2015) and ga bie (2014) add ha sus ain-
abili y is he new mega- o ce d i ing change and will a ec he abili y o business o succeed. Mo eo e ,
companies ha will succeed in he u u e will be hose managed by leade s who possess adap i e and
lexible skills o espond quickly o he changing business en i onmen (B own & ha ey, 2011).
in sep embe 2015, he Un gene al assembly (2015) app o ed he sus ainable De elopmen agenda
2030, which is ancho ed on 17 sDgs. coun ies, o ganisa ions and indi iduals a e expec ed o implemen
he agenda (cesá io e al., 2022) in collabo a i e pa ne ship (gene al assembly, 2015). ga bie (2014)
explains ha he e a e wo le els o sus ainabili y: he i s one is he mac o le el, e e ed o as sus ain-
able de elopmen , and is go e nmen d i en; while he o he is on he mic o le el, which encompasses
he p i a e sec o , and which is conside ed i al o pu suing he big pic u e o sus ainable de elopmen .
acco ding o he gene al assembly (2015), he 17 sDgs a e global, in eg a ed, and indi isible. hey a e
p emised on he 5 P amewo k (people, plane , p ospe i y, peace, & pa ne ships). When p o i is added
o he lis , he esul is a 6 P amewo k ha can ac as a successo o he 3 P amewo k ( iple bo om
line) p opounded by elking on (2004); his 3 P amewo k is cen ed on people, plane and p o i .
elking on (2004) admi ed he inadequacy o he iple bo om line, in ha i is no comp ehensi e
enough o add ess business sus ainabili y p emised on sus ainable de elopmen and en i onmen al p o-
ec ion. hence, he e is a need o a 6 P amewo k – he sex uple bo om line. he e is also a need o
ensu e ha leade ship possesses compe ences ha synch onize wi h changes in he business en i on-
men ha a e d i en by sus ainable de elopmen .
gi en his con ex ual backg ound his a icle add esses he p oblem o exis ing co po a e lcFs ha
a e conside ed inadequa e o d i e companies o e ec i ely con ibu e o he achie emen o he sDgs.
he ou da ed lcFs we e iewed as oo b oad and do no mains eam sus ainable de elopmen o gi e
he equi ed impe us o he sDgs agenda. hence, he en isaged lcF should gi e con idence o business
leade s o manage sus ainabili y because he amewo k will ac as a e e ence poin . he e o e, a
esea ch gap exis s because he e is no leade ship compe ence amewo k ha is based on sus ainable
leade ship compe ences con ex ualized o sDgs and ha is a ge ed a he manu ac u ing indus y in a
de eloping coun y. secondly, his a icle con ibu es o a gap in li e a u e on sus ainable leade ship,
which is s ill in i s in ancy. o con ibu e o he wo gaps, his a icle sough o answe he ollowing
o e a ching esea ch ques ion:
how can an lcF be de eloped ha op imizes sus ainable de elopmen in he manu ac u ing indus y
in a de eloping coun y? he ollowing seconda y esea ch ques ions a e pe inen :
i. how can leade ship heo ies and me a heo ies be syn hesized o de i e leade ship compe ences ha
in o m a d a lcF?
ii. how can he b oad d a lcF be used o de elop a inal lcF ha ensu es sus ainabili y o he man-
u ac u ing indus y in a de eloping coun y?
he e o e, o de elop he d a lcF, a syn hesis o me a heo ies and leade ship heo ies was con-
duc ed h ough a li e a u e e iew.
Li e a u e e iew
Syn hesizing me a heo ies and leade ship heo ies o de i e leade ship compe ences
in his sec ion me a heo ies and leade ship heo ies we e syn hesized o de i e leade ship compe ences
ha a e sui able o sus ainable manu ac u ing
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 3
Table 1. Me a heo ies and leade ship heo ies con ibu ing o he de elopmen o an LCF.
heo y o ien a ion Leade ship compe encies/compe ences
Me a heo ies Quan um
Bohm (1952); Boje (2012); Dyck and g eidanus (2017); scha me
(2007)
Reconciles needs o business wi h demands o he
social and ecological en i onmen
Knowledge o en anglemen , inde e minism and indi isibili y o quan a; p esencing; and
lea ning om e olu ion
sys ems heo y
He nandez e al. (2015); Mele e al. (2010); Paulin (2014); scha me
and Kau e (2013); Von Be alan y (1969)
Connec edness and in e dependence sys ems hinking; ecosys ems awa eness; conce ned wi h he well-being o all global
communi ies; in e -gene a ional sys emic beha iou ; and linking cu en and u u e
gene a ions
adap able
leade ship
heo ies
Con ingency/ si ua ional
Bai an us and agapi ou (2016); Fiedle (1986); Hickson e al. (1971);
House (1971); House and Mi chell (1974); Pe e omode (2012);
Reddin (1970); annenbaum and schmid (1975)
Va ie y o compe encies and abili y o engende
lexibili y
P oblem sol ing; decision making; a ional hinking; easoning; ask ocus; unce ain y
coping; skill uniqueness; and in e pe sonal ela ionship
implici Leade ship heo y
Chale (2003); Dixon and Wes b ook (2003); epi opaki e al. (2013);
Fa a a (2009); Fein e al. (2015)
Men al models held by ollowe s on hei leade s
and ice e sa.
sense making; implici belie s; con ic ions; mo ali y; powe ; sensi i eness; skil ulness;
imp essi eness; dedica ion; in elligence; dynamism; in e pe sonal; goal e iciency;
e sa ili y; indus y; en husiasm; con o mi y; good ci izen; incompe ence,
insubo dina ion; eam playe ; p oac i e; posi i e a i ude; obedience; exp essing
opinion; lexibili y; dependable; communica ion; suppo i e; dependable; aking
owne ship; in eg i y; mission conscience; decisi e; con idence; au hen ic; cha isma ic;
diploma ic; se an hood; acili a o ; passion; esilien ; humou ; and humbleness
ans o ma ional
Bai an us and agapi ou (2016); Bass (1985); Bu ns (1978); K ishnan
(2005); shi azi e al. (2014)
Mo i a ing ollowe s o achie e mo e inspi a ional; in luen ial; conside a e; in ellec ual s imula ion; and p o-ac i eness
Manage ial Leade ship
Flanagan and hompson (1993); Lang o d (1979)
in eg a es si ua ional, ansac ional; and
ans o ma ional skills
si ua ional sensi i i y; ansac ional; and ans o ma ional
spi i ual leade ship
Fach unnisa and adhia ma (2014); F y (2003); F y e al. (2005); Jeon
e al. (2013)
ele a ed spi i s o leade and ollowe s and is
inspi a ional and ans o ma ional
High spi i s; isiona y; mo i a e sel and o he s; commi men ; employee wellbeing; ai h;
al uis ic lo e; and calling
sus ainable de elopmen leade ship
akins e al. (2013); a mani e al. (2020); Cheng e al. (2021); ge a d
e al. (2017). g ooms and Reid- Ma inez (2011); iqbal and
ahmad (2021); iqbal e al. (2020); Kan abu a and sa a un
(2013); Ma inez (2011); Ma os e al. (2022), Pe e lin (2016);
Pe e lin e al. (2013)
emphasises well-being o he p esen and u u e
gene a ions and is key o implemen a ion o
sus ainable de elopmen agenda 2030
Mul iple in elligences; ecognising in ica e sys ems; wellbeing o u u e gene a ions;
deal wi h s akeholde con lic ; sus ainabili y lea ning; social jus ice; de eloping
human and ma e ial esou ces; de eloping en i onmen al di e si y and capaci y;
ac i is engagemen wi h he en i onmen ; de elop deep lea ning a i udes ha
sp ead and las ; highe o de hinking skills; socially esponsi e; e lexi i y; open
moni o ing and e alua ion; sensi i e; cogni ion; humili y; e hical beha iou ; hones y;
in eg i y; e lec ing; engaging; empowe ing; ecosys em awa eness; esilien esponse;
in o ma ion compe ency; psychological empowe ing; ocus on sus ainabili y; and
dynamic capabili y.
Complemen a y
Leade ship
heo ies
Democ a ic/Pa icipa i e
Blake and Mou on (1961); Choi (2007); Fada e (2013); g eenlea
(1977); Huang e al. (2010); Mohamad e al. (2009); no house
(2016); Vincen (2016)
Rallying ollowe s o eams o ocus on objec i es
o goals
Facili a ing; consul ing; consensus building; encou aging; suppo ing; in luencing;
empowe ing; and e hical
au ho i a ian/au oc a ic
amini e al. (2019); Kalu and okpokwasili (2018); no house (2016)
gi ing di ec i es o ollowe s o achie ing goals ask knowledge; goal se ing; powe e en ion; decisi eness; and ansac ional skills
au hen ic
Baka i e al. (2017); Walumbwa e al. (2008)
P omo es posi i e psychological abili ies and
e hical clima e
e hical; sel -awa eness; in e nalised mo ali y; ela ional anspa ency; and balanced
in o ma ion p ocessing
se an
g eenlea (1977); Pa is and Peachey (2013)
sel lessness o he leade o he good o ollowe s Hones y; in eg i y; isiona y; ole modelling; lis ening; eaching; au hen ici y;
humbleness; powe and s a us sha ing; and s ewa dship;
e hical
B own e al. (2005); oo & o o i (2009); Wu (2017)
P emised on social lea ning heo y and emphasises
mo als
Role modelling; mo al s anding; in e ac ional ai ness; ewa ding and disciplining;
hones y; kindness; and cou age
Psychological o 3 P Model
scoulle (2016)
sel -iden i y, pu pose and eelings emo ional in elligence, esilience, p esence, au hen ici y, and se an ship
Responsible leade ship
Bass and Bass (2008); Came on (2011); Ruwanika and Massyn
(2019); eodo escu (2015); Walsh e al. (2003)
emphasises ela ionships wi h all s akeholde s and
ecology based on e hics, alues and no ms
s akeholde engagemen ; sus ainabili y cen e ed o ganisa ional cul u e; lea ning
o ien ed owa ds sus ainabili y; measu ing and epo ing sus ainabili y esul s;
explo a ion and asse ion; a achmen and a ilia ion; sense o enjoymen ; jus ice;
ecogni ion; and ca e
4 e. Q. F. RUWaniKa anD l. MassYn
in able 1, a summa y is p o ided om he me a heo ies as well as adap able and complemen a y
leade ship heo ies ha we e used in iden i ying po en ial leade ship compe ences.
Managemen heo y, om which leade ship heo y s ems, uses bo h quan um and sys ems heo y as
i s building blocks (Olusoji, 2015). he e o e, hese wo me a heo ies we e included in he analysis om
a me a heo y pe spec i e. leade ship heo ies we e classi ied in o adap able and complemen a y heo-
ies. he heo ies ha a e adap able a e con ingency/si ua ional; implici leade ship; ans o ma ional;
manage ial leade ship; spi i ual leade ship; and sus ainable de elopmen leade ship. hese heo ies pos-
sess a ibu es ha enable hem o espond o he changing business en i onmen ; whe eas comple-
men a y heo ies a e no adap able o he changing business en i onmen on hei own bu s eng hen
adap i e heo ies. he heo ies ha complemen adap able heo ies a e democ a ic/pa icipa i e; au ho -
i a ian/au oc a ic; au hen ic; se an ; e hical; psychological o 3 P model; and esponsible leade ship. his
mix u e o adap able and complemen a y heo ies is necessa y, because he en i onmen is d i en by
mul iple o ces o change. in able 1, he heo ies a e lis ed, oge he wi h hei o ien a ion and he
leade ship compe ences/compe encies ha could po en ially be inco po a ed in he leade ship compe-
ence amewo k.
Re iew o exis ing LCFs
a e iew o lcFs ound in he li e a u e showed ha he lcFs con ained leade ship compe ences ha
co obo a e compe ences de i ed om he leade ship heo ies in able 1. hese lcFs a e om he hos-
pi ali y indus y (Wee aki & Bee on, 2018); he heal h sec o (nhs, 2011); global indus y (Kim & Mclean,
2015); manu ac u ing (Van Beek & g ache , 2010); o ganiza ional sus ainabili y (Fa uk & ho mann, 2012);
and a changing business en i onmen (s andbe g, 2015). hese lcFs ha e compe ences ha make hem
adap able o a changing business en i onmen . On a e age he lcFs had h ee pilla s namely, alues,
co e leade ship compe ences, and s a egic leade ship compe ences as shown in able 2.
he signi icance o able 2 is ha i p o ides an o ien a ion o he en isioned d a lcF, based on he
h ee-pilla s uc u e namely: s a egic-le el leade ship compe ences, co e leade ship compe ences and
co e alues. his h ee-pilla s uc u e is he suppo base o he d a lcF.
he heo e ical amewo k o his esea ch was p emised on leade ship heo y con ex ualised o sus-
ainable de elopmen and ancho ed on quan um heo y (Bohm, 1952) and sys ems heo y (Von
Be alan y, 1969). F om a business pe spec i e, sus ainable de elopmen is iewed om a 6Ps amewo k
(people, p ospe i y, plane , peace, pa ne ships & p o i ) as opposed o he 3Ps ( iple bo om line).
Table 2. LCFs in li e a u e ha a e adap able o a changing business en i onmen .
De i ed F om LCF Cha ac e is ics o ien a ion Compe ences/Compe encies
Hospi ali y
indus y
Ho el managemen Co e sel -managemen ; in e pe sonal skills; p oblem-sol ing; s a egic
o ien a ion; communica ion; decision-making; e hics and in eg i y; and
cul u al au hen ici y
ope a ions Language skills; compu e skills; and eamwo k
s a egic Conce n o communi y; challenging o he s; aking calcula ed isks;
in ellec ual s imula ion; ole model; and inspi a ional mo i a ion
Heal h sec o Heal hca e managemen Co e Values-d i en; ela ionships; managemen skills; and leading
s a egic C ea e ision; and s a egic
global indus y Changing wo ld Co e Cul u al con ingency, ask o ien ed; ela ionships; and awa eness
s a egic global business knowledge; and pu pose ulness
Manu ac u ing
(unile e )
Compe ences o g ow h Values Passion o g ow h; b eak h ough hinking; o ganisa ional awa eness;
seizing he u u e; change ca alys ; de eloping o he s; holding people
accoun able; empowe ing o he s; eam commi men ; s a egic
in luencing; and eam leade ship
heo y Compe ences o
o ganisa ional
sus ainabili y
Lowe le el unde s anding global impac ; e ec i e dialogue; poli ical and policy
o ien a ion; passion; op imism; analy ical hinking; c ea i e hinking;
c ea ing accoun abili y; de eloping people; p omo ing bes p ac ices;
delega ing; empowe ing; eam leade ship; and eam wo king
Values e hics and in eg i y
Medium Decision making; judgemen ; managing inno a ion; pa ne ship building;
cou age; pe sis ence; and secu ing buy-in
s a egic sup a en i onmen al awa eness; isioning; s a egy o mula ion; isk
managemen ; s akeholde engagemen ; lexibili y; and adap abili y;
heo y Compe ences o a changing
business en i onmen
Co e sus ainabili y li e acy; and ac i e alues
s a egic sys ems hinking; ex e nal collabo a ion; social inno a ion
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 5
Quan um and sys ems a e he me a heo ies iden i ied o syn hesis wi h leade ship heo ies, ha con-
ibu ed o he d a lcF om li e a u e. Quan um heo y is iewed om an en anglemen , inde e min-
ism, and indi isibili y pe spec i es. Whe eas, sys ems heo y is dissec ed in o sys ems hinking, ecosys ems,
in e gene a ional sys ems. he ela ionship be ween hese me a heo ies and leade ship heo y is p e-
mised on he collabo a i e ension be ween quan um and sys ems heo ies, cemen ed by in e connec -
edness and en anglemen (Dyck & g eidanus, 2017; scha me , 2007), which is essen ial as he base ha
suppo s leade ship heo y. Whe eas, U- heo y (p esencing) connec s quan um heo y, sys em heo ies
and sus ainable de elopmen (scha me & Kau e , 2013). leade ship heo y was conside ed app op ia e
because he esea ch sough o iden i y leade ship compe ences ha would d i e companies in he man-
u ac u ing indus y o e ec i ely con ibu e o he achie emen o sDgs. leade ship heo y is he s udy
o how people in luence and acili a e indi iduals and eam e o s o accomplish sha ed objec i es Yukl’s
(2012). a s udy o leade ship heo y equi es unde s anding he a ious schools o leade ship hough
namely, ai , beha iou al, con ingency/si ua ional, ollowe ship, and con empo a y leade ship heo ies.
sus ainable leade ship is a new a ea o e ec i e leade ship, es ablished ecen ly o cope wi h ma e s
ela ed o sus ainable de elopmen (iqbal & ahmad, 2021) ha alls unde he school o con empo a y
leade ship hough ; hence, he ques o sus ainable de elopmen leade ship compe ences. Figu e 1 ep-
esen s he heo e ical amewo k o his esea ch.
The d a leade ship compe ence amewo k
his d a lcF d aws om he baske o heo ies ( able 1 and able 2) o iden i y leade ship compe ences
ha could d i e sus ainable manu ac u ing. he exis ing lcFs ( able 2) o med he basis on which he
amewo k was buil . F om he me a heo ies and leade ship heo ies, compe ences we e di ided in o
h ee ca ego ies, namely co e alues, co e leade ship compe ences and s a egic leade ship compe ences.
he iden i ica ion o he leade ship compe ences o be included in he d a amewo k, had o ake in o
conside a ion he cu en business con ex and he e o e needed o be esponsi e o he cu en ends
in he ex e nal en i onmen and be able o measu e he con ibu ion o o ganiza ional goals, he sDgs
and u u e gene a ions. he 6 P amewo k is used as a ool o b ing in accoun abili y.
he d a lcF has he ollowing alues ha a e sui able o sus ainable manu ac u ing, mainly de i ed
om he me a heo ies and complemen a y leade ship heo ies: e hical, ca ing o all and e e y hing,
in eg i y, and espec o all. he alues p o ide pe son-leade compe encies (elemen s/indica o s) o
each key alue. he co e leade ship compe ences a e as ollows: ecosys ems awa eness, mul iple
Figu e 1. heo e ical F amewo k.
6 e. Q. F. RUWaniKa anD l. MassYn
in elligences, knowledge o sus ainable manu ac u ing pa e ns and p ac ices, sys ems hinking, and
socially esponsi e. hese co e compe ences a e equi ed o e e y leade and e e y leade ship posi ion.
he s a egic leade ship compe ences a e as ollows: p esencing, in e gene a ional sys emic beha iou ,
e lexi i y, s akeholde engagemen , and s a egic awa eness. he s a egic compe ences a e equi ed a
he op le el o leade ship. he con ibu ions o his li e a u e syn hesis, coupled wi h he b oad d a
lcF, in o med he empi ical s udy and he design o ques ions used in he ield enqui y.
Me hods
he d a lcF om li e a u e was he basis o he esea ch design whose esea ch app oach was a qual-
i a i e inqui y o a phenomenological na u e. he phenomenological app oach sough o es ablish he
li ed expe iences o leade s in he be e age manu ac u ing indus y guided by ques ions o mula ed
om a d a lcF de i ed om li e a u e e iew. he econs uc ed lcF, a e ield enqui y, was subjec ed
o alida ion by expe s culmina ing in o he leade ship compe ence amewo k o sus ainable de elop-
men (lcFsD).
semi-s uc u ed in e iews we e conduc ed wi h 12 pa icipan s om he be e age manu ac u ing
companies lis ed on a s ock exchange in Zimbabwe. able 3 shows he p o iles o pa icipan s.
his sample was pu posi ely selec ed using he snowball echnique a ge ing ou ceOs as he nucleus.
hese companies we e a ge ed because hey we e obliged o do sus ainabili y epo ing in compliance
wi h s ock exchange egula ions. i was belie ed ha such pa icipan s could in o m unde s anding o lead-
e ship compe ences in he con ex o sus ainable de elopmen . he ocus was on he expe iences o pa ic-
ipan s wi h lcFs; he meanings hey a ach o lcFs o sus ainable manu ac u ing; and hei subjec i e iews.
he d a lcF was subjec ed o a ield inqui y o es i s iabili y based on in e iew ques ions de i ed
om he d a . Da a was audio eco ded, ansc ibed, analysed and in e p e ed leading o some hemes
om he d a lcF being con i med, de-con i med o new ones added esul ing in a econs uc ed lcF.
he p ocess as well as he econs uc ed lcF we e alida ed by ou expe s: an academic in leso ho,
a elecommunica ions indus y execu i e in Zimbabwe, a cons uc ion indus y ceO in Zimbabwe, and a
ceO and boa d chai o a ious companies in Zimbabwe. he alida o s we e selec ed acco ding o
anney’s (2014) a gumen ha ans e abili y o indings is aided by pu posi ely selec ing expe s.
sugges ed changes om alida ion expe s we e inco po a ed leading o he lcF o sus ainable de el-
opmen (lcFsD) depic ed by he bicycle me apho .
Da a analysis and in e p e a ion
he da a was dissec ed in o h ee ca ego y hemes and nine subca ego y hemes, p oducing esul s
shown in able 4.
he ini ial ca ego y hemes we e deduc ed om he d a lcF; whe eas subsequen ca ego y hemes
we e iden i ied om in e iew da a. he h ee ca ego y hemes a e sus ainable de elopmen , in eg a ed
leade ship compe ences de elopmen , and e ec i e leade ship compe ences. he ca ego y o subca e-
go y hemes in bold on in able 4 a e new hemes a ising om he ield inqui y, whe eas he es a e
om he d a lcF. he new ca ego y heme is in eg a ed leade ship compe ences de elopmen , and he
new subca ego y heme is collabo a i e leade ship compe ences. he ca ego y hemes and hei subca e-
go y hemes a e discussed nex .
Table 3. P o ile o pa icipan s.
gende Job i le s a us in his esea ch gende Job i le s a us in his esea ch
Male Ceo Fo me execu i e Female Di isional di ec o execu i e
Male Re i ed Ceo Fo me execu i e Male Ceo non-execu i e
Male Ceo Ceo Male Di isional execu i e execu i e
Male Ceo Fo me Ceo Male gene al manage execu i e
Male Di isional execu i e execu i e Male Di isional di ec o execu i e
Male Ceo Ceo Male gene al manage execu i e
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 7
Sus ainable de elopmen
Knowledge o sus ainable de elopmen is impo an , because i p o ides he con ex in which leade ship
compe ences we e con empla ed. Kawulich (2004) emphasizes he impo ance o unde s anding con ex ,
because i enables one o espond app op ia ely o he ques ions o a s udy. Mos pa icipan s who
declined o pa icipa e e iewed he in e iew ques ions supplied in he in i a ion, hen eplied ha hey
had li le knowledge o sus ainable de elopmen , o o sDgs. Fo example, ceO D1 eplied:
hank you o in i ing me o pa icipa e in you leade ship in he con ex o sDgs esea ch. o de i e alue
om pa icipan s, i seems o me he pa icipan s mus be amilia wi h sDgs. i am no e y amilia . Wi hou
ha con ex , i do no belie e he esea ch will bene i om my inpu .
howe e , knowledge o con ex helped pa icipan s, because hey unde s ood ha sDgs impac and
a e impac ed by he co po a e wo ld. Pa icipan P9 explained:
i know sDgs de eloped om millennium de elopmen goals (MDgs). i hink a ha poin , which is h ee o ou
yea s back and beyond, i was jus academic. We hough hese a e ngO and Un issues. Bu i know o a ac
[ ha ], o e he las yea o wo we ha e ocused on sDgs, which we hink, a leas , a e ele an o ou indus y.
In eg a ed leade ship compe ences de elopmen
his heme ocuses on how o de elop leade ship compe ences o op imise sus ainable be e age man-
u ac u ing. he heme is impo an o he s udy, because leade ship compe ences need o be de eloped
ha espond o a business en i onmen p emised on sus ainable de elopmen as indica ed in able 4
i em 3. Pa icipan s ag eed unanimously ha exis ing leade ship compe ences we e no e ec i e, and
hey sugges ed me hods o de elop o ganiza ional leade ship compe ences and pe son-leade compe-
encies. On o ganiza ional leade ship compe ences, pa icipan P8 made a ep esen a ional s a e-
men saying:
We need o clea ly de ine, which goals a e key o he company; se minimum s anda ds o be me on each
goal; lea n and de elop; se speci ic aining o he se s anda ds; and inculca e a cul u e o owne ship o he
sus ainabili y agenda.
Pa icipan s P3 and P4 sugges ed na ional dialogue ha includes all economic sec o s. Pa icipan s P2,
P8 and P12 called o he inculca ion o a sus ainabili y cul u e and cul u e change. Mos pa icipan s
ad oca ed o capaci y de elopmen , wi h pa icipan P6 saying:
Table 4. Da a ca ego ies and ou pu s.
Ca ego y heme subca ego y hemes ou pu s – hemes, compe ences o elemen s
1 sus ainable
de elopmen
Con ex sDgs; li elihoods; u u e gene a ions; esponsible managemen ; quan um;
ecosys ems; in e gene a ion sys ems; and p esencing
Knowledge Rele ancy o sDgs; he changing business en i onmen ; pa ne s in sus ainable
de elopmen ; and esou ce managemen
2in eg a ed leade ship
compe ences
de elopmen
O ganisa ional
leade ship
compe ences
Dialogue; cul u e change; capaci y building; p og ammes o
de eloping leade ship compe ences; and channels o de eloping
leade ship compe ences
Pe son-leade
compe encies
T aining; pe sonal de elopmen ; conscience de elopmen ; pe o mance
managemen ; men o ship; coaching; and counselling
3e ec i e leade ship
compe ences
s a egic leade ship
compe ences
P esencing; in e gene a ional sys emic beha iou ; e lexi i y; s akeholde
engagemen ; s a egic awa eness; sus ainabili y hinking; knowledge o
me ics o measu emen ; inclusi i y skills; and mul iple leade ship s yles
Co e leade ship
compe ences
social esponsi eness; ecosys em hinking; sel -leade ship; knowledge o SDGs;
and inno a i e hinking
Co e alues e hical; ca ing o all; espec o all; doing he bes o local communi ies;
diplomacy; and belie s in sus ainable de elopmen
Collabo a i e leade ship
compe ences
Build di e se eams; and pa ne ing skills
Pe son-leade compe encies he compe ences in his able become compe encies when iewed om he
pe sonal le el o he leade ; hence, he e is no need o duplica ion. he ocus
o his a icle is on o ganisa ional compe ences and no pe son-leade
compe ences.
14 e. Q. F. RUWaniKa anD l. MassYn
he ea wheel d i es he sus ainable de elopmen agenda, as one cycles he gea pedals. i is backed
by he ollowing me a heo ies: ecosys ems; in e gene a ional sys ems; p esencing; and quan um heo ies.
he 6 P amewo k is he empla e o s a egic planning ha embeds sus ainable de elopmen in o
business s a egy. howe e , o de elop he leade ship compe ences desi ed o sus ainable de elopmen ,
an in eg a ed leade ship compe ences de elopmen amewo k is equi ed (middle ame). his middle
ame helps he o ganiza ion o de elop compe ences a bo h o ganiza ional and pe sonal le els ( able
4 i em 2). he e o e, he a icle p oposes a lcFsD using key leade ship compe ences based on he con-
ingency si ua ional leade ship app oach ( on wheel), which comp ises nine s a egic leade ship com-
pe ences, i e co e leade ship compe ences, se en co e alues, and wo collabo a i e leade ship
compe ences. hese compe ences should assis o op imize sus ainabili y in he manu ac u ing indus y.
Figu e 3 zooms ou he iangle in he on wheel o he bicycle (Figu e 2), o show, in me apho ical
o m, he key leade ship compe ences.
Figu e 3 shows ha he co e alues (middle ci cle), as a on gea , d i e he es o he leade ship
compe ences. sus ainabili y li ing as a alue is an inpu by he alida ion expe s. he pe son-leade
compe encies a e ound in e e y leade ship compe ence pilla , because o ganiza ional leade ship com-
pe ences equi e people o d i e hem. he e o e, wi h his new e ela ion, pe son-leade compe en-
cies become sub-pilla s o leade ship compe ences a o ganiza ional le el, and no s and-alone pilla s.
Conclusion
P ac ical implica ions o business
Business should adop he lcFsD as a oolki o de eloping leade ship compe ences ha will enable he
o ganiza ion o con ibu e o sDgs, o he bene i o u u e gene a ions. s a by explo ing using he
in eg a ed leade ship compe ence de elopmen amewo k, o de elop ins i u ional compe ences and
pe son-leade compe encies. his will esul in de eloping leade ul o ganiza ions wi h a collec i e
esponsibili y o leade ship, as opposed o he adi ional app oach o de eloping compe en leade s.
his po en ially could accele a e a u u e whe e sus ainable de elopmen is pa o he ibe o
o ganiza ions.
Figu e 3. Key leade ship compe ences o sus ainable de elopmen .
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 15
secondly, o a ain sus ainable leade ship, business could simply adop he gene ic key leade ship
compe ences espoused in Figu e 3 comp ising 16 leade ship compe ences and se en co e o ganiza ional
alues. he leade ship s yle ecommended o his amewo k is con ingency/si ua ional s yle.
Theo e ical implica ions
lcFsD is a new e m de eloped om he esul s ha is con ex ualized o sDgs and esona es wi h sus-
ainable de elopmen leade ship, which is in i s in ancy. hence, his esea ch con ibu ed he lcFsD o
he discou se on sus ainable leade ship whe e a li e a u e gap exis s.
Limi a ions o he esea ch
he s udy was con ined o execu i es and o me membe s o be e age manu ac u ing companies and
no o he a ious le els o s akeholde s in he o ganiza ions.
Di ec ions o u u e esea ch
conside ing ha he s udy was con ined o execu i es and o me membe s o be e age manu ac u ing
companies, esea ch can be ex ended o he es ing o he lcFsD o he a ious le els o s akeholde s
in o ganiza ions. Whils he alida ion expe s belie ed he lcFsD is applicable o he manu ac u ing
indus y and ans e able o o he indus ies, applying he amewo k o o he indus ies will es he
alida ion esul s. Fu he esea ch is equi ed on how he sex uple bo om line (6 P) amewo k can be
ope a ionalized, and whe he i should be he successo o he iple bo om line (3 P) amewo k.
Disclosu e s a emen
he au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e
appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Abou he au ho s
Elio Quinz Fa ai Ruwanika is a consul an in business s a egy, change managemen o ganisa ional es uc u ing,
and managemen /leade ship men o and coach. he holds a PhD in Business adminis a ion om he Uni e si y o
he F ee s a e, sou h a ica whe e he is a ilia ed. his esea ch in e es s a e in sus ainable leade ship and manage-
men and lo es b idging he gap be ween heo y and p ac ice.
Liezel Massyn is an associa e p o esso and p og amme di ec o o he Bachelo o Managemen and leade ship
(BMl) p og amme designed o wo king adul s a he Uni e si y o he F ee s a e Business school. she has s supe -
ised mo e han 150 unde g adua e esea ch p ojec s and mo e han 50 Mas e and PhDs o g adua ion. he
esea ch in e es s a e adul lea ning and de elopmen , leade ship and skills de elopmen , well-being and wo k-li e
in eg a ion.
Funding
he wo k was suppo ed by he Uni e si y o he F ee s a e.
ORCID
elio Quinz Fa ai Ruwanika h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1954-5372
liezel Massyn h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-5131-3336
Da a a ailabili y s a emen
he da a ha suppo he indings o his s udy a e a ailable on eques om he i s au ho . he da a a e no
publicly a ailable due o he da a con aining in o ma ion ha could comp omise he p i acy o he esea ch
pa icipan s.
16 e. Q. F. RUWaniKa anD l. MassYn
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