Supply Chain Operations in the Arctic: Implications for Social Sustainability

Ts e ko a, An onina (Ed.); Timoshenko, Kons an in (Ed.)
Book
Supply Chain Ope a ions in he A c ic: Implica ions o
Social Sus ainabili y
Rou ledge Ad ances in P oduc ion and Ope a ions Managemen
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Taylo & F ancis G oup
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Ts e ko a, An onina (Ed.); Timoshenko, Kons an in (Ed.) (2024) : Supply Chain
Ope a ions in he A c ic: Implica ions o Social Sus ainabili y, Rou ledge Ad ances in P oduc ion
and Ope a ions Managemen , ISBN 978-1-003-80027-9, Rou ledge, Abingdon, Oxon,
h ps://doi.o g/10.4324/9781003218043
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h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10419/305352
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“This is an en husias ic book ha o e s cap i a ing insigh s in o a mul ipli-
ci y o supply chain managemen p ac ices ac oss a ious A c ic egions. I
highligh s he o en- o e looked social implica ions, making i an impo an
con ibu ion o A c ic esea ch. Wi h i s di e se collec ion o case s udies,
igo ous esea ch, and hough - p o oking con en , i will undoub edly be o
g ea in e es o schola s, p ac i ione s, and policymake s.”
F ode Mellem ik, P o esso , Di ec o o High No h
Cen e o Business and Go e nance, No d Uni e si y, No way
“The A c ic egion is wa ming ou imes as e han he es o he plane .
F eed om he pack ice ha mel s in summe , access ou es o hyd oca bon
esou ces and a ious po s a e mo e nume ous and easily accessible. Howe e ,
he A c ic egion is no like o he egions due o i s lack o indus ial in a-
s uc u e, i s geog aphy and, abo e all, he way o li e o he local popula ions
who li e along he A c ic coas line. Logis ics supply ope a ions a e complex
and o en equi e cos ly dedica ed esou ces o espec his en i onmen , which
is mo e agile han elsewhe e. While he A c ic is he subjec o nume ous sci-
en i ic publica ions, pa icula ly on clima e, he e a e ewe s udies on he logis-
ical and sociological issues cen e ed a ound he demands o local popula ions.
This is p ecisely wha his book does ema kably well and accu a ely, co e ing
all he subjec s i co e s.
Reading he 13 chap e s, which co e a wide ange o opics, p o ides a
spec acula o e iew o all he issues in ol ed in logis ics ope a ions in his
hos ile egion, which is only accessible du ing he summe mon hs. These
di e en s udies gi e a la ge place o he p oblems o he Indigenous Peoples
o whom supplies, mainly by sea, a e essen ial. All hese s udies lead o he
same conclusion. The A c ic is a egion ha is opening up as a esul o clima e
change and he po en ial o exploi ing i s esou ces. All he expe s a e unani-
mous in saying ha he ecosys em needs o be managed in a sus ainable way
by gi ing p io i y o shipping co ido s, bu abo e all, by placing g ea e us
in he managemen o esou ces by local popula ions. Because i is ema k-
ably clea ha all he issues linked o p ese ing he en i onmen and ensu ing
he sa e y o supply chains ha e he same hing in common: aking accoun
o local popula ions. Al hough he deadlines may s ill seem a long way o
(be ween 2024 and 2029), he ban on he use o hea y uel oil as uel o ships
in he A c ic Ocean is a s ong sign o he need o p ese e his pa icula ly
ulne able egion. The idea o c ea ing ma i ime access co ido s has al eady
been adop ed in some pa s o Nuna u .
The lessons lea n om he en i onmen al impac o he a ious ail co -
ido p ojec s in Finland on he Sami people clea ly demons a e he ulne -
abili y o a sys emic app oach ha does no ake accoun o he cul u al and
geog aphical en i onmen . This app oach, cen e ed on indus ial needs, mus
no be ep oduced in he A c ic. This book shows examples o a much mo e
esponsible app oach, adap ed o he popula ions and en i onmen endemic
o he A c ic, such as he p ac ice o esponsible ishing o he es ablishmen
o shipping co ido s wi h low en i onmen al impac . The main me i o his
book is ha i shows ha solu ions o espec ing he en i onmen canno be
based solely on he indus ial playe s in ol ed locally bu ha a mo e sus ain-
able app oach mus p e ail, based on he needs o local popula ions who ha e
a mo e sus ainable and sociable ision o he exploi a ion o A c ic esou ces.
The modes o go e nance mus be mo e conduci e o esea ch in his di ec-
ion a he han seeking o make he exploi a ion o esou ces accep able as
a sou ce o p o i , e en i some o he p o i is des ined o local popula ions.
The holis ic app oach o his book means ha all he opics co e ed a e highly
accessible o all eade s, whe he hey a e s uden s, eache s, indus ialis s, o
simply anyone in e es ed in he de elopmen o he A c ic. The quali y o he
au ho s, who a e all ou s anding specialis s in hei espec i e ields, lends
eno mous c edence o his s udy, which co e s an a ea ha is s ill poo ly
analyzed o e en neglec ed. The book ‘Supply Chain Ope a ions in he A c ic:
Implica ions o Social Sus ainabili y’ ills his gap.”
He é Baudu, Senio Lec u e in A c ic
Nau ical Sciences, F ench Ma i ime Academy, F ance
“This book, wi h con ibu ions om a global se o academic au ho s, deals
wi h wo di e en ye ela ed opics wi hin Supply Chain Managemen (SCM),
namely social esponsibili y and supply chain ope a ions, wi h ocus on he
A c ic. This pa o he wo ld is cha ac e ized by ough wea he condi ions,
a ulne able na u al en i onmen , and dispe sed se lemen s o en wi h weak
connec i i y o egional cen es. The e o e, balancing he social, en i onmen al,
and economic ou comes o supply chain ac i i ies is o pa amoun impo ance
in hese a eas. The olume deals wi h in e es ing and ele an elemen s om he
a he b oad ield o SCM, like p oduc ion, anspo a ion, sus ainabili y, and
esilience, wi h social esponsibili y as a common denomina o . These elemen s
a e pu in o an A c ic con ex by means o nume ous case s udies. Chap e s
on heal h ca e p o ision and accessibili y in u al a eas, ex ac ion o na u al
esou ces h ough ishe ies and he ding, social esponsi eness, ou ism in he
ulne able A c ic, ca bon cap u e and s o age o educe global wa ming, and
a ious aspec s o anspo a ion a e p o ided o illus a e he impo ance o
ha ing he social pa o he ‘ iple bo om line’ in mind. The book ends wi h
use ul e lec ions on u u e di ec ions o esea ch. I will be ex emely use ul o
s uden s, academics and o he s who a e in e es ed in he A c ic, wi h i s s eadily
inc easing p essu e on esou ce ex ac ion and geo- poli ical ac i i ies. The ele-
ance is unde lined by he ac ha he li e a u e on SCM in he A c ic is sca ce.
Hence, his book gi es a imely and impo an con ibu ion.”
S ein B å hen, P o esso in T anspo Economics,
Molde Uni e si y College, No way
“This olume widens he unde s anding o he discipline o Supply Chain
Managemen and includes a neglec ed dimension in A c ic logis ics and ans-
po a ion esea ch. I is made abundan ly clea ha supply chains a e essen-
ial no only o economic ac i i ies, bu also o social condi ions. Thus, i
includes analyses o local ood supply, sa e ma e ni y se ices, sus ainable ein-
dee he ding and ou ism. In e iew da a and an an h opological app oach
b ing ou in o ma ion om loca ions hi he o poo ly esea ched. The book
also p o ides comp ehensi e and new insigh s in o la ge in as uc u e p ojec s
connec ed o oil de elopmen , shipping and ailway cons uc ion and explains
how such p ojec s can collide wi h en i onmen al and social sus ainabili y.
By using supply chain managemen as a common amewo k – bu no a
s ai jacke – he eade easily sees he commonali ies and links be ween e y
di e en a eas o ac i i y in he A c ic. A ich li e a u e e iew is e y use ul
o s uden s and schola s who wan o pu sue u he esea ch.”
A ild Moe, Resea ch P o esso , F id jo
Nansen Ins i u e, No way
“This well- w i en book, edi ed by An onina Ts e ko a and Kons an in
Timoshenko, wo well- known expe s in supply chain and A c ic issues in which
enowned expe s ook pa , ques ions he de elopmen o he A c ic in a e y
in e es ing way. I s esses he complexi y o he A c ic en i onmen and he
need o implemen a sus ainable supply chain. The au ho s app oach his opic
om economic, human, and en i onmen al pe spec i es. One o he inno a i e
con ibu ions o he book is o ques ion he in eg a ion o no he n communi-
ies in o he de elopmen o he A c ic a ea. The au ho s demons a e ha hese
communi ies’ knowledge o he complexi y o he sys em is a majo asse o he
implemen a ion o a sus ainable supply chain sys em. They highligh ha A c ic
de elopmen , and he e o e sus ainable supply chains, canno be implemen ed
wi hou he in ol emen o No dic communi ies. To conclude, I would say ha
his book is a e y well- w i en book, in which es eemed expe s ha e pa icipa ed
in examining he de elopmen o he A c ic in a e y in e es ing way and shed
new ligh on he sus ainable de elopmen o A c ic egions.”
Oli ie Fau y, Associa e P o esso in Supply Chain Managemen
and Logis ics, EM No mandie Business School, Le Ha e, F ance
“The eme ging and necessa y socie al dialogue abou he expansion o supply
chain ope a ions in he A c ic equi es comp ehensi e and anspa en e alu-
a ion o i s en i onmen al, social and economic implica ions. To da e, he opic
has la gely been explo ed om an en i onmen al pe spec i e, p esen ing an
impo an , bu one- sided a gumen . ‘Supply Chain Ope a ions in he A c ic:
Implica ions o Social Sus ainabili y’ o e s aluable insigh s o suppo a
balanced discussion o shape he pa h ahead o socially esponsible supply
chain p ac ices in he A c ic.”
Niklas Wi e, Sus ainabili y Manage ,
Hambu g Süd, Ge many

“This is a pionee ing book ocusing on social esponsibili y in he unique
egion: he A c ic. The book add esses he issue in he A c ic h ough he lens
o supply chain managemen and ope a ions. I is an insigh ul collec ion o
hi een ele an opics con ibu ed by p es igious expe s and schola s om
he A c ic. The well- esea ched book p o ides aluable and b oad knowledge
on social esponsibili y and sus ainable de elopmen in he A c ic.”
Zhi Tao, Associa e P o esso in Logis ics,
Uni e si y o Alaska Ancho age, USA
Supply Chain Ope a ions in he A c ic
The ex an co pus o esea ch on supply chain sus ainabili y in he A c ic
exhibi s a conspicuous neglec o he social dimension, ende ing i he mos
unde p i ileged among he h ee pilla s o sus ainabili y. A deep di e in o he
A c ic, his edi ed olume endea o s o ill his opulen lacuna by placing he
unjus ly o saken concep o social sus ainabili y a he o e on o supply
chain managemen (SCM) esea ch.
By showcasing eal- li e case s udies o supply chain ope a ions, all in
di e en indus ies and loca ed in a ious A c ic egions, his book del es
in o he in ica e in e play be ween business in e es s, poli ical ambi ions,
and social issues. In esponse o he bu geoning demand o mo e in- dep h
empi ical s udies wi hin he SCM landscape, i o e s a compelling ap-
es y o expe iences and candid iews on he complexi ies o implemen ing
socially sus ainable and esponsible policies in A c ic supply chains. Fea u ing
con ibu ions by 26 es eemed schola s wo ldwide, his collec ion p o e s 13
hough - p o oking and insigh ul chap e s, a anged in a logical and cohe en
sequence ha enables eade s o ollow a clea h ead o a gumen a ion.
Wi h abundan heo e ical insigh s and empi ical da a, Supply Chain
Ope a ions in he A c ic: Implica ions o Social Sus ainabili y will appeal o a
wide ange o eade s keeping a close eye on A c ic ope a ions and sus ainable
issues. I is a imely and essen ial esou ce o s uden s and schola s o SCM
and sus ainabili y s udies, as well as businesses, policymake s, Indigenous
Peoples, and non- go e nmen al o ganiza ions seeking o p omo e socially
esponsible supply chain p ac ices in he A c ic.
An onina Ts e ko a, Ph.D., is an Associa e P o esso in Supply Chain
Managemen a Molde Uni e si y College, No way.
Kons an in Timoshenko, Ph.D., is an Associa e P o esso in Business Economics
in he School o Business a he Uni e si y o Sou h- Eas e n No way.
Rou ledge Ad ances in P oduc ion and Ope a ions Managemen
This se ies se s ou o p esen a ich and a ied collec ion o cu ing- edge
esea ch on p oduc ion and ope a ions managemen (POM), add essing key
opics and new a eas o in e es in o de o de ine and enhance esea ch in his
impo an ield. B inging oge he academic s udy on all aspec s o planning,
o ganizing and supe ising p oduc ion, manu ac u ing o he p o ision o se -
ices, subjec a eas will include, bu a e no limi ed o: ope a ions esea ch,
p oduc and p ocess design, manu ac u ing s a egy, scheduling, quali y man-
agemen , logis ics and supply chain managemen . Highly specialised and
indus y- speci ic s udies a e ac i ely encou aged.
Real- ime Simula ion o Sus ainable P oduc ion
Enhancing Use Expe ience and C ea ing Business Value
Edi ed by Juhani Ukko, Minna Saunila, Janne Heikkinen, R. Sco Semken and
Aki Mikkola
Quali y Managemen , Value C ea ion and he Digi al Economy
Edi ed by Joanna Rosak- Szy ocka, Jus yna Żywiołek and Muhammad Shahbaz
Supply Chain Ope a ions in he A c ic
Implica ions o Social Sus ainabili y
Edi ed by An onina Ts e ko a and Kons an in Timoshenko
Fo mo e in o ma ion abou his se ies, please isi : www. ou le dge.com/ The- Rou le dge-
Philo soph e s/ book- se ies/ RAPOM
Supply Chain Ope a ions in
he A c ic
Implica ions o Social Sus ainabili y
Edi ed by An onina Ts e ko a and
Kons an in Timoshenko
xi Lis o Figu es
11.2 The No hwes Passage. The passage connec s he Beau o
Sea o he Ba in Bay 252
11.3 The No heas Passage and he No he n Sea Rou e 253
11.4 Ca go capaci y o e ed o communi ies se iced by NEAS in 2022 267
11.5 Majo mining ope a ions and p ojec s in he Canadian A c ic,
2019 270
11.6 Railways in Scandina ia and Russia, 2019 272

Tables
2.1 Pape s wi h di e en combina ions o e ms 27
2.2 Annual numbe o pape s on supply chains in he A c ic 28
2.3 Jou nal and pape s published combina ion 30
2.4 Top publishing jou nals 30
2.5 A summa y o he li e a u e on he easibili y analysis o he
A c ic ou es 37
2.6 A summa y o SWOT analysis o SC ac i i ies in he A c ic 40
4.1 Ins i u ional logics and dispu able e lec ions on he A c ic
Co ido p ojec 85
5.1 Selec ed i ems om he 2019 na ional su ey o a i udes o
Icelande s owa ds ou ism and ou is s in Iceland 104
6.1 Da a on u al locali ies, including economic in as uc u e,
popula ion, and in e iew numbe s in each locali y 124
6.2 Da es o he opening and closing o na iga ion be ween 2002
and 2021 (excluding da a du ing he haw) 132
7.1 Sus ainabili y pilla s and he objec i es o ishe ies
s akeholde s in G eenland 163
8.1 Lis o esponden s 177
9.1 Compa ison o ea u es o biomedical and midwi e y
(o communi y- based) models o ma e ni y heal hca e 198
9.2 Social esponsibili y ac o s in biomedical and
communi y- based amewo ks wi hin Alaska Na i e
ma e nal anspo supply ne wo k 205
9.3 Alaska Na i e in an mo ali y a e by ibal heal h egion,
2013– 2017 208
9.4 Alaska Na i e in an dea hs and a es, neona al and
pos neona al, 2010– 2017 208
9.5 Pe ina al egionaliza ion bene i s and d awbacks o Heal h
Agency and Alaska Na i e bi hing people s akeholde s 214
10.1 Role o EU axonomy in CCTS 234
11.1 Vessel mo emen s in he Canadian A c ic, numbe o oyages,
No dREG zone 254
x i Lis o Tables
11.2 T ansi a ic along he No hwes Passage, 2006– 2022 255
11.3 Vessel mo emen s in NSR wa e s, numbe o oyages 257
11.4 T ansi a ic along he NSR, 2006– 2021 259
11.5 Resupply oyages o scheduled des ina ions, 2008, 2020, and 2022 268
Pic u es
6.1 Mo o boa used o a eling om Pushlakh a o Le nyaya
Zolo i sa 122
6.2 P i a e sale ma ke o ganized by esiden s 137
Con ibu o s
A sha i, Hamid, is an Assis an P o esso a he Depa men o Indus ial
Enginee ing, Dalhousie Uni e si y, Hali ax, NS, Canada. His esea ch
in e es s include supply chain managemen , sus ainable design and manu-
ac u ing, business analy ics, and applied op imiza ion.
Anikee a, Na alia, is a h ee- yea pos - g adua e s uden a he Luzin
Ins i u e o Economic S udies o he Kola Science Cen e o he Russian
Academy o Sciences, Russia. He esea ch in e es s lie in he ield o oil
and gas esou ces’ anspo a ion and supply chain managemen . The
esea ch wo k ocuses on logis ics and anspo a ion egional s a egy
de elopmen , p ecisely, A c ic egion anspo s a egy in connec ion
wi h o sho e oil and gas explo a ion and logis ics ou es’ di e si ica-
ion. She has as expe ience in in e na ional academic ( esea ch and
educa ion) p ojec implemen a ion as a p ojec coo dina o . She was also
engaged as a esea che in an in e na ional p ojec de o ed o A c ic
ma i ime logis ics and in e modal sea- land anspo connec ions in he
Ba en s egion.
A nau , Ja ie L., is an Associa e P o esso o Economics, P og am
Coo dina o o Business Economics a he Depa men o A c ic Social
Science and Economics, Uni e si y o G eenland. He holds a doc o a e in
economics om he Uni e si y o G oningen (2017). His esea ch in e es s
include en i onmen al economics, poli ical economy, and quan i a i e eco-
nomic his o y. His esea ch has ocused on measu ing he long- e m eco-
nomic ans o ma ion o eme ging egions and he A c ic. Ul ima ely, his
wo k seeks o unde s and how socie ies could lea n om he pas , adap o
change, and p omo e sus ainable de elopmen .
Bja nadó i , Ey ún Jenný, is a Resea che a he Icelandic Tou ism Resea ch
Cen e, Iceland. He esea ch ocus has been on social impac s o ou ism
and impac o ou ism de elopmen on esiden s’ quali y o li e.
Lis o Con ibu o s xix
Bu ns, Geo ge e Leah, is a Senio Lec u e in he School o En i onmen
and Science a G i i h Uni e si y in B isbane, Aus alia, and a ounding
membe o G i i h’s Cen e o Plane a y Heal h and Food Secu i y. As an
en i onmen al an h opologis , he esea ch ocuses on he e hical and sus-
ainable in e sec ion o people and wildli e in ou ism se ings.
Buyuksagnak, Ba ba os Y., is a Lec u e a Pi i Reis Uni e si y, Is anbul,
Tu kiye. His esea ch in e es s include A c ic shipping and logis ics
managemen .
Caymaz, Eb u, is an Assis an P o esso a Canakkale Onsekiz Ma Uni e si y,
Canakkale, Tu kiye. He esea ch in e es s include adap i e go e nance,
A c ic shipping, and sus ainable de elopmen .
E ah- Kesse, Do is, is a Sessional Lec u e a USN School o Business,
Depa men o Business and IT, Uni e si y o Sou h- Eas e n No way.
He esea ch in e es s include supply chain managemen , logis ics, and
sus ainabili y.
Espí i u, Aileen Ase on, is a Resea che a he Ba en s Ins i u e a he UiT The
A c ic Uni e si y o No way. She has ongoing esea ch on sus ainable de el-
opmen in he A c ic egions, no ably i s u ban a eas; egion- building in
he A c ic and he Ba en s Region; iden i y poli ics in indigenous and non-
indigenous No he n communi ies; he impac o indus ializa ion and pos -
indus ializa ion on single- indus y owns in he High No h/ A c ic; and he
poli ics o communi y sus ainabili y in Russia in compa a i e pe spec i e.
She was he lead esea che in he No wegian Resea ch Council- unded p o-
jec on A c ic Uban Sus ainabili y and con inues he esea ch on his opic.
Fadee , Alexey, is a Doc o o Economics and Chie Resea che a he Luzin
Ins i u e o Economic S udies o he Kola Science Cen e o he Russian
Academy o Sciences, Russia. His esea ch ac i i ies ocus on he de el-
opmen o o sho e ene gy and hyd oca bon p ojec s in he A c ic. He is
also P o esso o he Highe School o Managemen and Business a Pe e
he G ea S . Pe e sbu g Poly echnic Uni e si y. He has as p o essional
expe ience in s a egic managemen o la ge complex oil and gas p ojec s in
ex eme A c ic en i onmen s. He has published widely, wi h mo e han 120
scien i ic a icles and 11 monog aphs on he economic and echnological
implica ions o de eloping o sho e ene gy p ojec s.
Gunna sdó i , Guð ún Þó a, is he Di ec o o he Icelandic Tou ism Resea ch
Cen e, Iceland. He esea ch in e es s e ol e a ound he ole o ou ism in
he socie y, des ina ion de elopmen in pa icula .
Gu u, Amulya, is he Di ec o o P ojec Managemen P og ams and holds
he posi ion o P o esso o P ac ice a he Uni e si y o Kansas, KS,
USA. His esea ch in e es s a e in global ope a ions and supply chains, and

xx Lis o Con ibu o s
hei impac on he en i onmen and socie y. He ob ained his Ph.D. om
To on o Me opoli an Uni e si y ( o me ly Rye son Uni e si y), Canada,
and an MBA om I ey Business School, Uni e si y o Wes e n On a io,
Canada. His esea ch has been published in se e al pee - e iewed jou nals,
and he se es on se e al edi o ial boa ds.
Helgadó i , Guð ún, is a P o esso o Tou ism a he Depa men o Business
and IT, USN School o Business, Uni e si y o Sou h- Eas e n No way. He
esea ch in e es s include social and cul u al sus ainabili y o ou ism and
esea ch me hodology.
Jabe , Mohamad Y., is a P o esso o Indus ial Enginee ing a To on o
Me opoli an Uni e si y ( o me ly Rye son Uni e si y) and an Adjunc
P o esso a Dalhousie Uni e si y. He ecei ed his unde g adua e and
g adua e educa ion in he USA and he UK. His edi ed books, In en o y
Managemen : Non- classical Views and Lea ning Cu es: Theo y, Models,
and Applica ions, published by he CRC P ess, e lec his esea ch in e es s.
He has published many a icles in pee - e iewed jou nals, whe e his esea ch
has ecei ed no iceable a en ion in he li e a u e. P o . Jabe is an edi o o
and on he edi o ial boa d o se e al in e na ional jou nals. He has mo e
han 30 yea s o academic expe ience and was a cons uc ion managemen
and supe ision enginee be o e. He is a membe o se e al p o essional
socie ies.
Khodachek, Igo , is an Associa e P o esso in Social Sciences a he High
No h Cen e o Business and Go e nance a No d Uni e si y Business
School. His esea ch in e es s include accoun ing, budge ing, and pe o m-
ance managemen in public sec o o ganiza ions, go e nance, and man-
agemen in sma ci y ini ia i es, as well as mul idisciplina y esea ch on
business and socie al de elopmen in he A c ic egions. He holds a Mas e ’s
in Human Geog aphy om S . Pe e sbu g S a e Uni e si y and a Ph.D. in
Business om No d Uni e si y. He has pa icipa ed in se e al in e na ional
esea ch, educa ional and de elopmen p ojec s unded by he Resea ch
Council o No way and he No dic Council o Minis e s, as well as a ious
Eu opean Union esea ch and de elopmen ini ia i es ha led o nume ous
publica ions in pee - e iewed jou nals and books.
Kylli, Ri a, is a Docen o Finnish and No h Eu opean His o y, and she
wo ks as a uni e si y lec u e o A c ic and No he n His o y a he
Uni e si y o Oulu, Finland. The opic o he Ph.D. disse a ion (2005) was
he encoun e s and con on a ions be ween he chu ch and he Sámi people
in Finland. She has mos ecen ly concen a ed on ood, heal h, and en i -
onmen al his o y o he A c ic.
Lasse e, F édé ic, is a P o esso o Poli ical Geog aphy a he Geog aphy
Depa men a La al Uni e si y (Quebec Ci y, Canada). He wo ked as an
Lis o Con ibu o s xxi
analys in consul ing g oups and wi h he Quebec Minis y o T ade and
Indus y on Asian desks be o e joining he uni e si y. He heads he Quebec
Council o Geopoli ical S udies (CQEG) and holds a esea ch chai on
Indo- Paci ic S udies a La al Uni e si y. He ac ed as P ojec Di ec o wi h
he esea ch ne wo k A c icNe whe e he coo dina ed esea ch p og ams
on he geopoli ics o he A c ic, A c ic anspo a ion, he geopoli ics o
esou ces, and he geopoli ics o A c ic seas.
Middle on, Alexand a, is a Resea che wi h Ph.D. in Economics and Business
Adminis a ion om he Uni e si y o Oulu. He esea ch ocuses on sus-
ainabili y, socio- economic changes, and science diplomacy in he A c ic.
She has published scien i ic a icles on clima e change accoun abili y in
he A c ic, A c ic sus ainable business de elopmen , demog aphics, human
capi al, inno a ions, and connec i i y solu ions. She is ac i ely engaged in
science diplomacy o aise awa eness o he A c ic economic, social and
en i onmen al challenges.
Nenashe a, Ma ina, is an Associa e P o esso a he Depa men o Philosophy
and Sociology a he No he n A c ic Fede al Uni e si y (NA FU). She is
also a esea che a he Ins i u e o S a egic A c ic Resea ch a he NA FU.
He cu en esea ch in e es s a e connec ed wi h he sus ainable social and
economic de elopmen o he Russian A c ic e i o ies and local commu-
ni ies, he social impac assessmen o planned economic ac i i y, as well as
heo y and p ac ice o social esilience.
Ozsoy, Bu cu, is a P o esso a TÜBITAK MAM Pola Resea ch Ins i u e
and Is anbul Technical Uni e si y, Kocaeli, Tu kiye. He esea ch in e es s
include sea ice, emo e sensing, and A c ic shipping.
Sauna aa a, Juha, is an Associa e P o esso a Hokkaido Uni e si y A c ic
Resea ch Cen e , Japan. He has published in pee - e iewed jou nals and
edi ed olumes ep esen ing a ious ields anging om A c ic and Asian
s udies o his o y, geog aphy, in e na ional ela ions, and ou ism. His
cu en esea ch ocuses on elecommunica ion and anspo in as uc u e
in he A c ic, egional de elopmen , non- s a e ac o s’ in e na ional coope -
a ion, and sus ainable ou ism.
Schwa zbu g, Lisa, is an Assis an P o esso o Heal h Sciences a he Di ision
o Popula ion Heal h Sciences, Uni e si y o Alaska Ancho age, special-
izing in ci cumpola , en i onmen al, u al, and Indigenous heal h esea ch –
and eaches cou ses on hese opics in he unde g adua e p og am. Wi h
a backg ound in medical an h opology and heal h policy, she seeks o
in o m communi y- based decisions on he en i onmen , ood ways and
bi h ways. She also enjoys engaging wi h colleagues ac oss he ci cumpola
no h h ough he In e na ional A c ic Social Scien is s Associa ion, wi h
xxii Lis o Con ibu o s
i s exchange o in e disciplina y insigh s gained h ough unique ye sha ed
A c ic social science- based esea ch goals.
Timoshenko, Kons an in, is an Associa e P o esso in Business Economics a
he Depa men o Business, Ma ke ing and Law wi hin he School o
Business a he Uni e si y o Sou h- Eas e n No way. His p ima y schol-
a ly in e es s e ol e a ound he in e sec ion o public sec o accoun ing
and public adminis a ion. Timoshenko has con ibu ed o he ield
h ough co- edi ing books and publishing a icles in epu able, pee -
e iewed in e na ional and na ional jou nals. His mos ecen publica ions
deal wi h challenges in implemen ing he UN Sus ainabili y De elopmen
Goals and alue- c ea ion issues in he A c ic con ex . In addi ion o his
esea ch ac i i ies, Timoshenko eaches cou ses in inancial and man-
age ial accoun ing and supe ises s uden s a he bachelo 's, mas e 's, and
Ph.D. le els.
Ts e ko a, An onina, is an Associa e P o esso in Supply Chain Managemen
a Molde Uni e si y College, No way. He esea ch ac i i ies a e ocused
on he a eas o sus ainable and esilien p ac ices wi hin supply chain
managemen , social esponsibili y, human ac ions in supply chains, and
ope a ional esponses o ex emely complex en i onmen s. O he in e es s
include he scope o applying di e en ins i u ional pe spec i es o a
ange o issues in supply chain ope a ions. She also has as expe ience
in explo ing ups eam logis ics, including ma i ime supply ope a ions
and eme gency p epa edness o SAR and oil spills, wi hin o sho e ield
p ojec s’ de elopmen on he No wegian Con inen al Shel and in he
Russian A c ic. She is a membe o he Eu opean Ope a ions Managemen
Associa ion (Eu OMA).
Tulae a, S e lana, is a Visi ing Resea che a he Uni e si y o Eas e n
Finland (Depa men o Geog aphical and His o ical S udies). She holds
a Ph.D. in Legisla i e S udies om he Uni e si y o Eas e n Finland
and a Ph.D. in Sociology om S . Pe e sbu g S a e Uni e si y. He wo
heses ocused on implemen ing global s anda ds in he Russian o es
and oil sec o s. She pa icipa ed in se e al in e na ional esea ch p ojec s
conce ning he ole o non- s a e ac o s in he go e nance o na u al
esou ces (“Con on ing Sus ainabili y: Go e ning Fo es s and Fishe ies
in he A c ic” – 2020; “Di e si ies o he En i onmen al Mo emen and
I s Impac on Sus ainable De elopmen in Russia” – 2021). Also, she
in es iga ed in e ac ions be ween oil co po a ions and indigenous com-
muni ies in he Russian A c ic (A c ic Fulb igh – 2017; “Oil P oduc ion
Ne wo ks in he Russian A c ic” – 2015). She has published nume ous a -
icles in a ange o pee - e iewed jou nals.
Øs e gaa d, Rikke, is a g adua e s uden in he Mas e P og am in Social
Science a he Uni e si y o G eenland – Ilisima usa ik, G eenland. He
esea ch in e es s include inno a ion, e hnog aphy, as well as social and
Lis o Con ibu o s xxiii
en i onmen al sus ainabili y in he A c ic. She holds a bachelo ’s deg ee
in Business Economics om he Uni e si y o G eenland – Ilisima usa ik
and a g adua e diploma (HD2) in O ganiza ion and Managemen om he
Uni e si y o Sou he n Denma k. She has expe ience in co po a e banking
and inance and as an independen consul an in Nuuk, G eenland.
2 An onina Ts e ko a and Kons an in Timoshenko
e ec i ely add ess he mul i a ious social dynamics inhe en in con ex - speci ic
supply chains. The A c ic is hen po ayed as a dis inc i e esea ch e ain ha
demands special a en ion due o i s c ucial ole in ad ancing sus ainabili y
e o s. Finally, he ou line o he an hology is un eiled, a o ding a concise
and lucid o e iew o he esea ch o come.
Supply Chain Ope a ions as a Resea ch Phenomenon
The discipline o Supply Chain Managemen (he ea e , SCM) has acqui ed he
s a us o a apidly and widely de eloping ield o knowledge, since i s incep ion
in he ea ly 1980s. The mains eam o SCM esea ch has adi ionally e ol ed
a ound op imizing business p ocesses and cus ome sa is ac ion o amp up
e iciency and achie e ma ke esponsi eness by building models and es ing
hypo heses. Howe e , in ecen yea s, a pa icula ocus o SCM esea ch
has also been pu on es ablishing and o ging collabo a i e ela ionships and
mu ually bene icial pa ne ships wi hin and ac oss o ganiza ions (S ock e al.,
2010). As a esul o he syn hesis o hese wo s eams, SCM has mo phed in o
an in eg a ing mechanism ha connec s key business p ocesses o planning,
o ganizing, moni o ing, and go e ning all supply chain ac i i ies, wi h mu ual
in o ma ion sha ing wi hin and beyond o ganiza ions (Lambe and Coope ,
2000; Men ze e al., 2001; Hand ield and Nichols, 2002). A a mo e s a egic
le el, supply chain in eg a ion has been ecognized as a op p io i y o col-
labo a ion and he sha ing o in a- and in e - o ganiza ional p ocesses and
ou ines among supply chain membe s, in o de o make ma e ial lows e i-
cien and be e synch onized (F ohlich and Wes b ook, 2001; Flynn e al.,
2010; Schoenhe and Swink, 2012). As a consequence o hese p ocesses and
ou ines, supply chain in eg a ion has been inaugu a ed o he pu pose o
c ea ing alue o cus ome s and s akeholde s (Coope e al., 1997; Lambe ,
2008).
In pa allel, SCM p ac ices ha e become ope a ionalized along he en i e
supply chain, as cons i uen o ganiza ions implemen necessa y adap a ions
and adjus hei ope a ions, in a conce ed and in eg a ed ashion, o oll ou
new p ac ices and solu ions and es ablish no el in e - o ganiza ional links
(Nai e al., 2016). Seen om his pe spec i e, SCM ensu es s a egic beha io
such as in e ac ion and collabo a ion, p o ides mu ual objec i es in o gan-
iza ional ac ions, and emb aces con ol asks o suppo ope a ional man-
agemen (Dekke and Van Goo , 2000). Al hough SCM has his o ically been
iewed as a unc ion o ope a ions managemen , ecen esea ch posi s ha i
has a g ea e impac on ope a ions han p e iously ealized. Th oughou his
olume, he e m SCM is used qui e b oadly, inco po a ing a ious ace s o
he ope a ions and supply chain managemen knowledge. A leas wo main
ace s can be obse ed: (1) supply chains deal wi h he low o ma e ial and
in o ma ion, which (2) ha e o be managed by all pa ne s embedded in he
supply chain (Seu ing, 2005).

Pa ing he Way o Social Sus ainabili y in A c ic Supply Chain Ope a ions 3
Despi e he ple ho a o de ini ions and scopes ou ed by schola s, SCM
emains a ield ha is as ly unde - esea ched. Al hough i has inc easingly
gained ac ion among p ac i ione s, i s heo e ical ounda ion lags behind ha
o o he ields (Chen and Paul aj, 2004; Bu gess e al., 2006), leading o such
mal unc ions as agmen a ion and inconsis ency o co e indings (Zsidisin
e al., 2000; Cousins and Menguc, 2006). As a consequence o his sca ci y,
a ce ain se o heo ies, app oaches, and iews has been p e e ed by he
academic communi y o capi alize on he momen (Halldo sson e al., 2003;
Ke chen and Hul , 2007; Shook e al., 2009). The undamen al assump ion
upon which mos o hese p e e ed heo ies es is imp isoned wi hin hol-
is ic sys ems hinking (Johannessen and Solem, 2002; Johannessen, 2005). This
o ganiza ional pe spec i e iews he supply chain e ain as a sys em composed
o independen componen s ha a e agmen ed in o pa s and hen examined
as sepa a e en i ies (Nilsson and Gammelgaa d, 2012). As a esul , he majo i y
o SCM esea ch boils down mos ly o he conside a ion o pa s o he
sys em, while undese edly eclipsing he a ious complex in e ac ions be ween
he pa s (Nehe , 2005). This indica es ha sys ems hinking is cha ac e ized
by he dualis ic na u e, since he eali y is iewed as a pa o he o ganiza-
ion, while also s anding ou side i , due o a spa ial bounda y ha sepa a es
pa s o he sys em om each o he and om he sys em as a whole. Al hough
sys ems hinking is concei ed o as mo e o he me hodological ounda ion
o SCM, a he han a heo y, i is a ely men ioned explici ly. None heless, i
can be o g ea alue in helping esea che s o mula e conc e e esea ch asks
(Gammelgaa d, 2023). O e all, holis ic sys ems hinking leads o a agmen ed
and o en incomple e pic u e o supply chain ope a ions.
As c i ically asse ed by Johannessen (2005), holis ic sys ems hinking ails
o p o ide a con incing explana ion o o ganiza ional change ha bo h man-
age s and local employees expe ience in p ac ice. Change is o en eckoned
as an ex e nal p essu e, d i en by he a ional decisions o manage s who a e
seen as au onomous indi iduals s anding ou side he o ganiza ion and s i ing
o make he sys em as e ec i e as possible. Con e sely, he beha io o local
employees wi hin he sys em is assumed o be p edic able and s able (Nilsson
and Gammelgaa d, 2012). Howe e , his iew p esen s o midable di icul ies
in comp ehending how manage s ou side he o ganiza ion a e able o spa k a
change in he o ganiza ional pa e ns o ac ions and beha io o hose who
implemen hese pa e ns in p ac ice. Fu he mo e, his iew ails o ecognize
ha human ac i i y b ings abou change in o ganiza ional li e h ough day-
o- day ou ines, expe iences, and in e ac ions (Johannessen, 2005). Wi hou
accoun ing o he impac o human beha io and social in e ac ion, he p e-
dic i e accu acy o models and hypo heses appea s o be limi ed in he eal-
wo ld p ac ical issues and challenges o SCM (Toka , 2010).
The co e idea o SCM cen e s a ound he ela ionships and in e connec ions
be ween companies, which a e c ea ed and go e ned by people who design,
manage, and execu e almos all supply chain ac i i ies and unc ions (Sweeney,
2013). The ole o humans is conside ed o pa amoun impo ance in supply
4 An onina Ts e ko a and Kons an in Timoshenko
chain decision- making. This is because hei ac ions can ha e a - eaching
implica ions o o ganiza ional ope a ions and ou comes in day- o- day ac i -
i ies, which a e o en habi ual, ou ine, o e en unconscious (Ts e ko a, 2021).
Bu he g ound eali y con inues o be ha he human dimension has been
la gely shun ed aside in SCM esea ch (S o ey e al., 2006; Fawce e al., 2008;
Toka , 2010; Sweeney, 2013; Huo e al., 2013). The po en ial bene i s o sys ems
hinking no wi hs anding, p io esea ch on SCM has p incipal sho comings
in add essing he ole o human ac ions and social in e ac ion on d i ing
o ganiza ional change. This is a se ious limi a ion, as hese ac o s a e c i ical
o achie ing sus ainable and socially esponsible supply chain ope a ions.
As clea om he abo e, mos o he heo ies ha ea u e p ominen ly in
he SCM ield adop a educ ionis and s a ic iew o he supply chain and
i s managemen . These heo ies app oach change in p ac ice as a a ional and
planned ac i i y, while ejec ing he possibili y o unp edic able and unknow-
able ou comes. Acknowledging his iew, supply chains end o be ope a ed
wi hou much ega d o hei con ex ual en i onmen . This pe spec i e
la gely o e looks he ac ha supply chain ope a ions a e fluid and in ica ely
wo en in o he ab ic o poli ical- economic and social p ocesses (Wieland,
2021). No does his iew acknowledge he e y ac ha local ins i u ional
en i onmen s a e ins umen al in he implemen a ion o almos all supply
chain ac i i ies (Ts e ko a, 2016). As has also been spelled ou eloquen ly
in he ex an li e a u e, supply chain ope a ions may impinge upon he con-
ex i sel by esponding o con ex ual and ins i u ional challenges (Ts e ko a
and Gammelgaa d, 2018). All his makes i impe a i e o assess ins i u ional
unde pinnings o con ex s in which supply chain ope a ions ake place.
This an hology gea s i s e o s owa d un eiling he di e se and o en hidden
in icacies o he human dimension in SCM. To achie e his ambi ious goal, i
ad oca es o a shi in me hodological hinking owa d an in e p e i e pe spec-
i e. As a iable al e na i e o he dominan sys ems hinking, and suppo ed
by a hand ul o schola s (A lbjø n and Halldo sson, 2002; Johannessen, 2005;
Nilsson and Gammelgaa d, 2012), his pe spec i e seeks o en ich he scope o
SCM by del ing deepe in o how supply chain ac i i ies a e ope a ionalized
h ough social in e ac ions and esponsibili ies. By shedding ligh on he social
and human dynamics unde lying supply chain ac i i ies, he in e p e i e pe -
spec i e ends o o e a mo e inclusi e and comp ehensi e app oach o SCM.
Social Sus ainabili y as a Missing Pilla in he SCM
Landscape
The e is ha dly a e m as ubiqui ous oday as he no ion o sus ainabili y.
Ha ing gained ac ion in he la e 20 h cen u y, i has spu ed huge in e es and
conce n wo ldwide, se ing as an impo an beacon o guide ou cu en e o s
o he sake o he u u e. No excep ion o he global end, supply chains
and hei managemen a e also unde he elen less p essu e o he sus ainable
Pa ing he Way o Social Sus ainabili y in A c ic Supply Chain Ope a ions 5
policy challenge (Pun e e al., 2020; Ma os e al., 2020). As a esul , SCM has
e ol ed o e he wo- decade his o y o i s de elopmen in o a domain ha
amalgama es, al hough o a ying deg ees, he en i onmen al, social, and eco-
nomic ace s o supply chains in o a common amewo k (Seu ing and Mülle ,
2008; Ca e and Roge s, 2008).
This amewo k, commonly known as he iple bo om line (Elking on,
1997), has enabled illumina ing insigh s o be p o ided in o a ious issues in
supply chains. P emised on his amewo k, sus ainabili y- d i en SCM appeals
o g ea e in eg a ion and coope a ion be ween pa ne s. This is done o
make supply chain p ac ice and pe o mance sus ainable, by pushing en i -
onmen al and social c i e ia beyond he con ines o any single company o
cap u e he whole supply chain (Bai and Sa kis, 2010). As p io esea ch has
posi ed (Ansa i and Kan , 2017), emb acing he sus ainabili y concep in co e
business unc ions o he supply chain has enabled i ms o expand hei ope -
a ional scope beyond adi ional p ocesses and hone compe i i e ad an age in
he ma ke . The posi i e aspec s no wi hs anding, he SCM li e a u e is eple e
wi h cases ha p o ide documen ed e idence o supply chains being com-
pelled o adop no el and/ o cos ly p ac ices, all in he name o sus ainabili y.
Unsu p isingly, such p essu es can b ing a deluge o de imen al implica ions
o he local en i onmen and communi ies. This makes i impe a i e o ekindle
a deba e abou he pe cep ion o social bene i s. O e all, he ole o SCM in
add essing socially sus ainable issues emains la gely uncha ed, o e ing
immense possibili ies o explo ing how SCM acili a es he implemen a ion
and u he embeddedness o sus ainable p ac ices (Ts e ko a, 2020a).
Complex Dynamics in Achie ing Sus ainable Supply
Chain P ac ices
A hos o schola s sha es he iew ha sus ainabili y can only be a ained by
gi ing equal and simul aneous a en ion o en i onmen al, social, and eco-
nomic conce ns o so- called esponsibili ies and by in ol ing all pa ne s in he
supply chain (Faisal, 2010; Bai and Sa kis, 2010; Mani e al., 2016; Ts e ko a,
2020a). This poses a o midable challenge o i ms o manage sus ainabili y
along he supply chain, which in ol es in e dependen ac o s ha can impac
each o he ’s pe o mance. Thus a , unde s anding he iad o hese h ee
dis inc bu in e ela ed esponsibili ies is a he e y hea o SCM esea ch
(Pagell and Wu, 2009; Mani e al., 2016; Ts e ko a, 2020a).
The eali y is ha , despi e some indica ions o he complexi y o he sus-
ainabili y concep , he ex an li e a u e canno boas a wide ange o s udies
shining a ligh on he complex na u e o he ans o ma ions owa d sus-
ainable SCM p ac ices. This is especially e iden a he ope a ional le el, as
opposed o he s a egic le el, whe e a qui e p o ound iew o complexi y in
sus ainable SCM has been eached. As Sil es e has spelled ou (2015, p. 157),
“sus ainable supply chains a e no a des ina ion bu a he a jou ney because
6 An onina Ts e ko a and Kons an in Timoshenko
as supply chains mo e owa d mo e sus ainable p ac ices, hey go h ough a
complex, dynamic, and e olu iona y lea ning p ocess”. Some o ganiza ions
ha e ye o go down his pa hway owa d sus ainabili y, while o he s ha ha e
emba ked on i unde es ima e i s complexi y. This calls o del ing deepe in o
he implica ions o sus ainabili y heo y o SCM in he sc amble o be e
unde s and he complex dynamics in he jou ney owa d sus ainable p ac ices
and ope a ions (Pagell and She chenko, 2014; Qua shie e al., 2016).
Unpacking Social Sus ainabili y: A Mul i ace ed
Concep in SCM Li e a u e
Al hough he concep o sus ainabili y has ickled down in o he SCM ield,
he ex an li e a u e has la gely cen e ed a ound issues o making supply chain
ope a ions “g een” o en i onmen ally iendly, h ough measu es such as
educing uel consump ion and mi iga ing en i onmen al impac (Ca e and
Roge s, 2008; Sil es e, 2015; Lam and Lai, 2015; Mansou i e al., 2015), wi h
he o e a ching goal o boos ing economic pe o mance. The e is bu geoning
e idence ha , while he quan i y o esea ch on he en i onmen al dimension
has ecen ly mo e han ipled (Gu u e al., 2015), social issues in pu sui o
sus ainabili y ha e, on he con a y, been ma ginalized in he esea ch agenda
(Seu ing and Mülle , 2008; Wu and Pagell, 2011; Beske, 2012; Sa kis, 2012; Ahi
and Sea cy, 2015, Mani e al., 2016; Ts e ko a, 2020a). I comes as no su p ise,
hen, ha he social dimension o sus ainabili y is o en concei ed o as he
weakes link in he iad.
Resul ing om his clea - cu bias, he scope o social sus ainabili y has
been consc ip ed o en i onmen al issues, such as he po en ial ad e se e ec s
o pollu ion on human heal h, sa e y, and quali y o li e (Ts e ko a, 2020a).
Fu he mo e, he e has been a ocus on he p oduc and p ocess measu es
gea ed owa d sa egua ding he sa e y and wel a e o people in he chain
(Mani e al., 2016). Thus a , s udies add essing social issues emain sca ce,
and g ea e a en ion is needed o aise awa eness o he social impac s ac oss
he supply chain (Rajee e al., 2017; Ts e ko a, 2020a). This lacuna in he li -
e a u e makes i challenging o gauge ad ances in sus ainable SCM p ac ices
(Da idson, 2011).
The social sus ainabili y concep has encoun e ed a signi ican challenge and
c i icism, cen e ing a ound i s obscu e alignmen wi h he o he dimensions
o sus ainable de elopmen and o he social de elopmen issues (Bos öm,
2012). One o he de ining cha ac e is ics o his concep is i s equen associ-
a ion wi h a mul i ude o ela ed e ms and de ini ions, making i emp ing o
schola s o buy in o he social sus ainabili y o hei choice. All his is o con-
end ha social sus ainabili y is la gely a complex and mul i ace ed concep ,
laden wi h alue s a emen s, mo als, and o he in angible and non- measu able
ace s (Go indan e al., 2021). Among hose ace s o images widesp ead in
he ex an li e a u e a e social well- being, quali y o li e, social capi al, social
Pa ing he Way o Social Sus ainabili y in A c ic Supply Chain Ope a ions 7
jus ice, social cohesion, cul u al di e si y, democ a ic igh s, wo ke s’ igh s,
social inclusion, social exclusion, and indi idual capabili ies, o name a ew.
As Dempsey e al. (2011, p. 292) ha e elucida ed, “social sus ainabili y is nei-
he an absolu e no a cons an ... [i ] has o be conside ed as a dynamic con-
cep , which will change o e ime ( om yea o yea / decade o decade) in a
place”. The e is a p o ound lack o a clea and unambiguous consensus on
wha cons i u es social sus ainabili y, which gi es ise o ce ain s uggles and
con adic ions aimed a he ins i u ionaliza ion o his concep . This, in u n,
leads o a bewilde ing di e si y o speci ic ypologies and amewo ks.
P io i izing Social Sus ainabili y: A C i ical Look a
Co po a e Social Responsibili y
Social sus ainabili y undoub edly ea u es p ominen ly in a supply chain con-
ex . This is no only because i aises awa eness among ele an s akeholde s
abou human sa e y bu also because i deals wi h he ‘how’, ‘who’, and ‘unde
wha condi ions’ ques ions SCM can con ibu e o communi y de elopmen
and add ess social issues ha a e high on he agenda in ex emely emo e
a eas (Ts e ko a, 2020a). Wi h some mino excep ions, he e is, howe e , s ill
a dea h o esea ch in o he unde lying meaning o social sus ainabili y and
social issues in he SCM ield. Re lec ing his pauci y, some schola s ha e
dubbed he social dimension o sus ainabili y mos ly an e hical code o con-
duc o human su i al and u u e de elopmen ha needs o be accomplished
“in a mu ually inclusi e and p uden way” (Sha ma and Ruud, 2003). Ins ead
o explici ly e e ing o sus ainabili y (Qua shie e al., 2016), p oponen s o
his iew incline mo e owa d he e m “co po a e social esponsibili y” (CSR),
which encompasses co po a ions’ legal, economic, e hical, and disc e iona y
esponsibili ies, placing ex a emphasis on mo al managemen and o ganiza-
ional s akeholde s by a oiding ha m (Ca oll, 1991). Seen om his an age
poin , he scope o social sus ainabili y has been na owed down o human
igh s, wo king condi ions, wel a e, and labo sa e y (Qua shie e al., 2016).
Ano he s eam o esea ch ad oca es o he in eg a ion o CSR in he
supply chain, which can ake a ious o ms, e.g., h ough socially esponsible
supplie de elopmen (see K ause, 1999). Viewed om his pe spec i e, he
bulk o s udies wi hin SCM has cen e ed a ound pu chasing decisions esul ing
om he une hical beha io o supplie s and inadequa e p o ision o se ices.
Supplie ela ionships a e concei ed o as a challenge o social sus ainabili y in
his iew (Ca e and Jennings, 2002; Boyd e al., 2007; Cilibe i e al., 2008).
As Ande sen and Skjoe - La sen (2009) ha e con ended, CSR p ac ices can
en ail in ensi ely de eloping supplie s and incen i izing hem h ough long-
e m con ac s and la ge o de s.
One o he basic ea u es o he CSR app oach is ha i ocuses mainly
on p ac ices adop ed by indi idual i ms. Ra he han con ined o any single
en i y, he scope o SCM encompasses a b oad ange o o ganiza ions om

8 An onina Ts e ko a and Kons an in Timoshenko
a ying ields o business, each wi h i s own goals and ways o managing. This
makes i necessa y o ex end he co e age o CSR ini ia i es well beyond he
bounda ies o indi idual i ms, o ac “as a mul iplie e ec o social espon-
sibili y” (P euss, 2000, p. 143). I seems ha he CSR app oach alls sho o
e lec ing he social cohesion ha a ious ac o s, including esiden s as end
cus ome s o supply chain se ices, can exp ess and, e en mo e so, he desi e
o he well- being o local communi ies. In one o he ea lies de ini ions o
CSR, Bowen (1953, p. 6) equa ed i wi h a commi men “ o pu sue hose pol-
icies, o make hose decisions o o ollow hose lines o ac ions ha a e desi -
able in e ms o he objec i es and alues o ou socie y”, he eby appealing o
he need o ca e o communi ies’ needs.
Empowe ing Communi ies o Social Sus ainabili y:
A Communi y- Based App oach
As alluded o ea lie , SCM is ma ked by he in ica e in e play o mul iple
ac o s, each wi h hei own se o goals and ways o managing. These di e -
ging goals engende hind ances in achie ing a sha ed unde s anding o social
esponsibili y among all ac o s in ol ed. This aises a ho ny ques ion o
whe he and e en ually how hese di e ences can be esol ed and, i possible,
how hey can be in eg a ed in o e o s owa d social esponsibili y and sus-
ainabili y. Agains his backg ound, he so- called communi y- based app oach
p oposed by Dempsey e al. (2011) may se e as an app op ia e amewo k.
Speci ically ailo ed o u ban se ings, his app oach is oo ed in he Eu opean
Union’s no ion o “sus ainable communi ies”, which a e de ined as places
whe e people wan o li e and wo k, now and in he u u e. They mee he
di e se needs o exis ing and u u e esiden s, a e sensi i e o hei en i on-
men , and con ibu e o a high quali y o li e. They a e sa e and inclusi e, well
planned, buil and un, and o e equali y o oppo uni y and good se ices
o all.
(ibid, p. 290)
As e iden om his exce p , his communi y- based app oach alo izes social
in e ac ions among communi y membe s, p omo es social inclusion, en ails
he equi able dis ibu ion o oppo uni ies and esou ces be ween all ac o s
enmeshed, and ecognizes he i al ole o local collec i e ins i u ions, whe he
o mal o in o mal, in ad ancing sus ainable p ac ices. Equally impo an ,
i posi s ha honing sus ainabili y is no he sole esponsibili y o business
co po a ions bu necessi a es he collabo a i e e o s o all communi y
membe s. We a gue ha he communi y- based app oach, which has p e i-
ously been used in an u ban con ex , can also se e as a e sa ile s a egy o
main aining social cohe ence and in eg i y in SCM p ac ice. By ele a ing he
impo ance o social esponsibili y p inciples among all ac o s in ol ed, we can
Pa ing he Way o Social Sus ainabili y in A c ic Supply Chain Ope a ions 9
hope ully ad ance he li e a u e on how hese p inciples e ol e in exis ing SCM
p ac ices (Ts e ko a, 2020a), ul ima ely boos ing he o e all unde s anding o
social sus ainabili y in SCM.
In ligh o he p eceding discussion, a undamen al ques ion a ises ega ding
wha i uly means o be socially esponsible, especially in a supply chain con-
ex . P e ious esea ch (Maignan and Fe ell, 2001; Da id e al., 2005) has
asse ed ha social esponsibili y equi es adhe ence no only o economic
impe a i es bu also o mo al, e hical, and social s anda ds ha a e pa ly
de e mined by ac o demands. Yawa and Seu ing (2017) ha e p oposed com-
munica ion and compliance s a egies as esponsible supply chain ac i i ies.
Howe e , de e mining wha cons i u es social issues emains he p incipal
challenge. This is due o he ac ha social issues a y d as ically among
di e se s akeholde s, a e cons an ly e ol ing, and a e la gely con ingen on he
ci cums ances in which a i m ope a es (Klassen and Ve eecke, 2012; Hoejmose
e al., 2014). As a consequence o his di e si y and luidi y, a mosaic o pa ly
disco dan pe spec i es on eali y ensues (Da idson, 2009). Fu he mo e, he
in eg a i e and collabo a i e na u e o SCM may ha e a singula impac on
socially esponsible ac i i ies ha may no be e lec ed in con en ional p i a e
sec o p ac ices (Spence and Bou lakis, 2009), pa icula ly wi h ega d o soci-
e al needs (Ts e ko a, 2020a). The mo e owa d supply chain esponsibili y
necessi a es ha all membe s s i e o achie e social and en i onmen al bene i s
beyond economic gains and app ecia e he di e gen e hical app oaches o
a ious o ganiza ional o ms wi hin he supply chain (De Vliege , 2006; Spence
and Bou lakis, 2009).
Re hinking Social Sus ainabili y h ough Social Responsi eness?
As an in ica e and mul i ace ed concep , social sus ainabili y is ecognized
as bo h a c ucial ask and a e y big challenge. I en ails g appling wi h a
wide a ay o p essing social issues ha impac indi iduals, o ganiza ions,
and local communi ies. Despi e he bu geoning e o s o ackle hese issues, a
comp ehensi e unde s anding o social sus ainabili y is s ill lacking. As p e i-
ously alluded o, one po en ially iable s a egy o ad ancing social sus ain-
abili y is o adop a communi y- based app oach ha en ails wo king closely
wi h local communi ies. To u he ampli y he impac o his app oach, we
sugges en iching i wi h wo closely in e wined concep s – social esponsi-
bili y and social esponsi eness. The o me e e s o an indi idual o en i y’s
mo al obliga ion and du y o socie y (Waddock, 2004), while he la e in ol es
esponding o socie al needs and key ac o demands by aking explici and
p oac i e ac ions (C amp on and Pa en, 2008). Coalescing hese wo concep s
unde he umb ella o a communi y- based app oach may enable indi iduals
and g oups o people o bene i he de elopmen o local communi ies by ele-
a ing he s anda d o li ing and enhancing he en i onmen o hose in hei
icini y. Fu he mo e, his app oach has he po en ial o os e collabo a ion
10 An onina Ts e ko a and Kons an in Timoshenko
and us among local communi ies, o ganiza ions, and ins i u ions h ough
social in eg i y and cohe ence. Consequen ly, such e o s may esul in mo e
equi able and sus ainable ou comes.
I is ou unwa e ing belie ha he p oposed app oach has po en ial
applica ions wi hin SCM p ac ice by acknowledging and add essing human-
cen e ed issues. This belie s ems p ima ily om he app oach’s iew o SCM
as a se ies o consis en pa e ns o human ac ions ha pe o m ongoing
ope a ions, p oduce ou comes, and en ision new o ms o collabo a ion
among supply chain membe s (Ts e ko a, 2021). I is wo h no ing ha , des-
pi e he p ominence o social esponsibili y in SCM li e a u e h ough he CSR
app oach, social esponsi eness has no ga ne ed he same le el o a en ion
hus a (Ts e ko a, 2021). The e o e, mo e e o is equi ed o gi e social
esponsi eness he p ominence i dese es in he SCM domain. Wi h his a gu-
men in mind, one o his book’s endea o s is o highligh social esponsi eness
in he con ex o he A c ic, o which we now u n ou a en ion.
The A c ic as a Resea ch Con ex
The A c ic is a as egion ha is highly abundan in mine al esou ces, bu
i s spa sely popula ed a eas lack essen ial in as uc u e on a widesp ead scale
(Høi ød e al., 1995). Un il he 20 h cen u y, he A c ic was conside ed a emo e
and inhospi able egion, wi h limi ed economic p ospec s o ha nessing i s
na u al esou ces. Howe e , he egion is p esen ly expe iencing no ewo hy
ans o ma ions, la gely a ibu ed o he obse able and con en ious e ec s o
clima e change. Wi h he ad en o indus ial de elopmen , he ole o supply
chains has undoub edly become impo an in d i ing economic p og ess in
a - lung A c ic a eas. These supply chains a e ins umen al in dis ibu ing
ca go o he ma ke , ca e ing o indus ial needs, and ensu ing he su i al
o no only la ge manu ac u e s bu also emo e communi ies, encompassing
local esiden s and Indigenous Peoples. Fu he mo e, he exponen ial g ow h
o comme cial ac i i ies in he A c ic, no ably in ol ing oil and gas explo -
a ion, mine al ex ac ion, and shipping, has led o he expansion o he egion’s
economy and heigh ened demand o s eamlined and esilien supply chain
se ices.
The dis ibu ion o ca go in he A c ic egion is signi ican ly impeded by i s
ha sh na u al condi ions. The adi ional land- based anspo a ion me hods
such as ailways and oads a e o en imp ac ical, making ma i ime anspo -
a ion a i al means o ca go dis ibu ion. Consequen ly, SCM p ac ices a e
p edominan ly ocused on he ope a ions ela ed o ma i ime anspo a ion
o goods. The A c ic ma i ime ou es, such as he No he n Sea Rou e, he
No hwes Passage, and o he c i ical channels, a e igh ully conside ed c u-
cial connec ing a e ies o he social, economic, and cul u al ad ancemen o
emo e no he n egions and global ade (Høi ød e al., 1995; Hong, 2012;
Ts e ko a, 2020b). In ecen yea s, he e has been a bu geoning po en ial o
Pa ing he Way o Social Sus ainabili y in A c ic Supply Chain Ope a ions 11
ma i ime ac i i ies along he No he n Sea Rou e, which inco po a es o sho e
pe oleum esou ce ex ac ion and in a- egional anspo a ion o ex ac ed
mine als and onsho e ene gy esou ces, as well as in e na ional ansi ,
al hough i has emained limi ed in olume.
Howe e , he scope o SCM ad ances beyond he ma i ime domain,
comp ising he complex land- based logis ics challenges and ai se ices o
he A c ic’s ugged and emo e hin e lands. Du ing he summe mon hs,
ce ain se lemen s become en i ely cu o om neighbo ing illages and
u ban cen e s, making he deli e y o c i ical supplies, including ood,
an insu moun able challenge. These a eas can only be eached ia em-
po a y win e oads o “zimnik” o igina ing om he closes po and
own, unde sco ing he logis ics complexi ies in ol ed in he A c ic egion’s
SCM p ac ices. Addi ionally, hea y- li eigh esupply o isola ed coas al
se lemen s is o en seasonal, wi h yea ly equi emen s only able o be
p o ided by ship in he summe na iga ion (B ooks and F os , 2012). These
challenges a e compounded by nume ous s ess ul si ua ions ha companies
and p o essionals wo king in he A c ic con on while ca ying ou hei
daily supply chain ope a ions. While no exhaus i e, he os e o s esso s
encompasses na iga ing h ough ice loes o mos o he yea , ha sh na -
u al A c ic condi ions, he need o iceb eake assis ance, lack o echnology,
ime cons ain s, and long dis ances (Ts e ko a, 2020a, Ts e ko a, 2021).
These ac o s make he supply chains in his a ea suscep ible o delays and
dis up ions, which can ha e o midable socie al impac s on local communi-
ies. To mi iga e hese isks, speci ic supply chain s a egies a e needed ha
no only add ess indus ial ac i i ies bu also ecognize he needs and well-
being o local communi ies (Ts e ko a, 2016).
As p e iously men ioned, he A c ic egion is cu en ly expe iencing swi
and unp eceden ed changes, p ima ily due o he expansion o exis ing indus-
ial ac i i ies and he eme gence o new ones, along wi h he angible e ec s o
clima e change. These changes gi e ise o d ama ic socie al impac s, impinging
upon social needs and esul ing in a - eaching epe cussions o local commu-
ni ies and Indigenous Peoples. Remo e se lemen s and adi ional li es yles –
such as he nomadic li es yle o eindee he de s – a e especially ulne able o
hese socie al impac s, which a ec hei quali y o li e and abili y o main ain
hei cul u al he i age. This is u he agg a a ed by he suscep ibili y o he
A c ic en i onmen o he ad e se e ec s o business ac i i ies and high- isk
echnological p ojec s ha a e backed by poli ical ambi ions. In such a a-
gile en i onmen , enc oachmen s and acciden s can ha e las ing consequences
and impose signi ican inancial bu dens. Las , bu no leas , con ending p io -
i ies, ueled by he pu sui o economic g ow h and esou ce ex ac ion, o en
spa k ensions be ween business in e es s and poli ical ambi ions ha a ec
he needs and well- being o local communi ies.
Echoing he moun ing in e es in he A c ic, esea ch on he egion has
gained p ominence (Timoshenko and Minee , 2021). Much o he conduc ed
esea ch is cen e ed a ound explo ing he new ound economic oppo uni ies
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DOI: 10.4324/9781003218043-2
2 Managing Supply Chains and
T anspo a ion in he A c ic –
Challenges and Oppo uni ies
A Li e a u e Re iew and Resea ch
Di ec ions
Amulya Gu u
Uni e si y o Kansas, KS, USA
Hamid A sha i
Depa men o Indus ial Enginee ing, Dalhousie Uni e si y,
Hali ax, Canada
Mohamad Y. Jabe
Depa men o Mechanical and Indus ial Enginee ing, To on o
Me opoli an Uni e si y, To on o, Canada
In oduc ion
This chap e syn hesizes cu en knowledge o supply chain (SC) ac i i ies
in he A c ic, iden i ies esea ch gaps on supply chain managemen (SCM)
in he A c ic, and de elops a esea ch agenda. In his chap e , we conside ed
all ac i i ies om he ex ac ion o aw ma e ials h ough deli e y o he
inished p oduc s o consume s and sa e disposal o goods a he end o
hei use ul li e as pa s o SCM. The A c ic has been an a ea o explo -
a ion o mo e han 100 yea s, bu wi h an accele a ed pace in he las wo
decades. While global wa ming has many po en ial ad e se e ec s on he
en i onmen and socie ies, i has a ew po en ially posi i e e ec s. One such
bene i is he comme cial access o he A c ic ou es. As a esul , he dis ance
and a el ime be ween coun ies in he Eas e n and Wes e n hemisphe es
will educe.
Lasse e and Pelle ie (2011) p o ided an o e iew o he opening up o
sea ou es in he A c ic egion and i s e ec s. As pe he s udy, he A c ic ou e
will no be a ailable in he 21s cen u y. The au ho s based hei conclusion on
in es iga ing he in en ions o 98 shipping companies. Some au ho s ha e con-
a y iews abou he imeline o ship mo emen s in his egion (Lackenbaue
and Lajeunesse, 2014, Lajeunesse, 2012). La e , Lasse e (2014b) p o ided

24 Amulya Gu u, Hamid A sha i, and Mohamad Y. Jabe
op ions o a eling ia he A c ic ou e and hei economic iabili y because
he s udies in he 1990s did no show economic iabili y due o he cos o
b eaking he ice. O he s udies, such as he A c ic Repo Ca d, show ha
he empe a u e has been ising, and ice has been mel ing in he las decade
as e han e e (Rich e - Menge e al., 2019). Huang e al. (2017) e alua ed
he consequences o clima e change a he pace o mel ing ice and de eloped
scena ios o p edic when he A c ic ice caps will mel . This scena io c ea es a
possibili y o he mo emen o ships in he A c ic egion soone han p e i-
ously hough . I will ad e sely a ec ma ine li e and na i e communi ies in
ha egion when ha happens.
I is essen ial o ensu e he en i onmen al and social sus ainabili y o he
A c ic egion. In his ega d, he ole o go e nance becomes pi o al in ensu ing
ha all coun ies in ha egion con ibu e o i s sus ainabili y. The A c ic
Council was o med wi h “ he ole o s ewa ds o he egion” and he pa ici-
pa ing eigh na ions signed he ag eemen in 1996 called he O awa Decla a ion
(A c ic Council, 1996). Eigh coun ies – Canada, Denma k, Finland, Iceland,
No way, Russia, Sweden, and he Uni ed S a es – cons i u e he A c ic Council
(A c ic Council, 2020). China is no an A c ic coun y. Howe e , i has shown
a deep in e es in his egion (Lan eigne, 2017, Tobin, 2018, Agniho i, 2013).
This in e es may be due o cos sa ings in he mo emen o aw ma e ials
and inished goods be ween China and i s majo in e na ional ma ke s such as
Eu ope and No h Ame ica. Some au ho s eel ha i will likely cause a back-
lash om he Wes (Lasse e e al., 2015). Al hough a deepe discussion on his
issue is no in he scope o his chap e , howe e , i is wo h men ioning ha
in e na ional egula ions, con en ions, and policy could play a g ea e ole in
con lic - ee ope a ions o he A c ic anspo a ion and SC ac i i ies.
An SC includes all pa ies collabo a ing, di ec ly o indi ec ly, o ul ill a
cus ome o de (Chop a, 2019). Based on his de ini ion, each p oduc needs
a pa icula SC. Each SC could in ol e a a ie y o s ages such as supplie s,
manu ac u e s, dis ibu o s, e aile s, and cus ome s. Se e al in e es s and
ac i i ies ha e been epo ed in he A c ic, including oil and gas explo a ion,
ishing, ma i ime ope a ions, ou ism, and sea ch and escue. Di iding SC
ac i i ies in he A c ic based on hei s ages enables us o e iew and in es iga e
such ac i i ies comp ehensi ely, as p esen ed in Figu e 2.1.
Figu e 2.1 The schema ic iew o SC s ages in he A c ic (Sou ce: he au ho s’
elabo a ion).
Managing Supply Chains and T anspo a ion in he A c ic 25
An SCM pe spec i e on he A c ic ac i i ies helps in es iga e esea ch gaps
and build a esea ch agenda based on he challenges and oppo uni ies in
each s age o he SC. O he bene i s o such analysis a e explo ing he balance
be ween s ages, he sha e o local communi ies in SC ac i i ies, and he po en ial
o es ablish a e e se low o sus ainable SCs in he A c ic. This chap e ’s main
con ibu ion is o p o ide a long- e m iew o he egion and de elop a esea ch
agenda o wo k on SCM, including anspo a ion in he A c ic. The nex sec ion
p o ides an o e iew o he cu en s a e o esea ch on SCs in he A c ic.
The emainde o he chap e is o ganized as ollows. The nex sec ion
discusses he cu en s a e o esea ch and explains he me hodology deployed
in de eloping his chap e , ollowed by a sec ion analyzing SC ac i i ies in he
A c ic. The la e sec ion is ollowed by one ha p o ides an o e iew and
syn hesis o SCM and anspo a ion ac i i ies in he A c ic egion. The
sec ion be o e he las p esen s a SWOT analysis. The las sec ion p esen s
he implica ions o using he A c ic ou e o ade, as well as discusses some
limi a ions and u u e esea ch agenda.
Cu en S a e o Resea ch
Da a Sampling and Selec ion C i e ia
The esea ch began wi h he de ini ion o he esea ch objec i e, scope, bound-
a ies, and sea ch wo ds/ e ms. Se e al esea che s ha e used his me hodology
o iden i y he li e a u e o e iew in a ious ields (Gu u, 2019; Gu u e al.,
2015b; Hamed, 2020; Seu ing and Mülle , 2008; A sha i e al., 2022). Figu e 2.2
shows he p ocess o iden i ying he ele an a icles h ough a ious sea ch
e ms using he cons ain s desc ibed below. The esea ch objec i es a e as
ollows:
• Iden i ying he ocus and ends in SCM in he A c ic egion.
• In es iga ing he hemes o esea ch based on SC s ages as discussed in he
in oduc ion.
• Syn hesizing exis ing knowledge, challenges, and oppo uni ies based on SC
s ages.
• P oposing u u e esea ch agenda h ough gap analysis and knowledge
syn hesis.
The e iew s a ed by limi ing he sea ch o he scope o his chap e , which
includes speci ic e ms in he i le, keywo ds, and abs ac in pee - e iewed
academic jou nal a icles in English published om 1900 un il 2021 in he
EBSCO p emium da abase. EBSCO da abase has been chosen because i is a
comp ehensi e mul idisciplina y da abase ha con ains pee - e iewed, non-
open access jou nals and open access jou nals wi h no emba go indexed in
Web o Science o Scopus. An example o sea ch syn ax is “TI (a c ic AND
26 Amulya Gu u, Hamid A sha i, and Mohamad Y. Jabe
anspo ) OR AB (a c ic AND anspo ) OR KW (a c ic AND anspo )”
o Pee Re iewed; Sou ce Types: Academic Jou nals; Academic Published
Da e: 19000101- 20211231; Language: English.
Each sea ch i e a ion also looked o he combina ion o e ms in he i le,
keywo ds, o abs ac . Va ious mino a ia ions in sea ch e ms such as “Oil
& Gas” and “Oil and Gas” o “Fishing,” “Fishe y,” and “Fishe ies” we e
combined in o one. Figu e 2.1 shows di e en sea ch esul s o combining
e ms o ep esen SCM ca ego ies be e . Fo example, Fishe ies and Oil &
Gas ep esen he i s block o Figu e 2.1, ha is, Resou ce Ex ac ion and
P epa a ion.
The abs ac was e iewed o alida e he sui abili y o he pape . Mos
pape s on ishing we e ela ed o biosciences and il e ed ou om u he ana-
lyses. Table 2.1 summa izes he numbe o pape s om he ini ial sea ch and
a e e iews o abs ac s. The o als may no ma ch because some pape s may
all unde wo (o mo e) ca ego ies. Two esea che s e iewed hese pape s
o sui abili y and hen compa ed hem o ensu e consis ency. The pape s
appea ing in he sea ch o he SCM in he A c ic egion a e oo ew and
belong o he T anspo a ion s age.
T ends and S a is ics
The i s pape on he A c ic was on he li es o Pola Eskimos who li ed in
G eenland (Ekblaw, 1927). Be o e he 1980s, esea ch ocused on biodi e si y,
animal beha io , ecology in he A c ic, empe a u e s udies, e c. Table 2.1 also
shows he numbe o pape s appea ing a e 1980 and he SCM ca ego ies
conside ed. These we e published om he 1980s onwa d. This subse o da a
Figu e 2.2 Li e a u e sea ch and dis illa ion p ocess (Sou ce: he au ho s’
elabo a ion).
Managing Supply Chains and T anspo a ion in he A c ic 27
was used o u he analysis. Figu e 2.3 illus a es he change in he ocus o
esea ch in he A c ic egion in he las hal o he cen u y.
In e es in A c ic esea ch picked up pace in 2014 (Table 2.2). I is also e i-
den om Table 2.1 ha he esea ch on SCs in he A c ic s a ed wi h a ocus
on anspo a ion/ shipping, ha is, he mo emen o goods h ough he A c ic.
Figu e 2.3 Annual numbe o pape s published in di e en a eas o SCM in
he A c ic (Sou ce: he au ho s’ elabo a ion).
Table 2.1 Pape s wi h di e en combina ions o e ms
S age o SCM Te ms Pape s om
sea ch
Pape s a e
e iew
Supply: Resou ce ex ac ion and p epa a ion 2005 197 (18.64%)
Fishe y 1,575 64 (6.05%)
Oil and Gas 276 79 (7.47%)
Mining 194 55 (5.2%)
Manu ac u ing: Manu ac u ing ope a ions 468 33 (3.12%)
Manu ac u ing (19) 19 3 (0.28%)
Ope a ions (453) 453 30 (2.84%)
T anspo a ion: Mo ing and shipping 2,485 662 (62.63%)
T anspo a ion (2,049) 2049 398 (37.65%)
Shipping (303) 303 306 (28.95%)
Logis ics (144) 144 50 (4.73%)
Re e se Logis ics (0) 0 0 (0%)
Cus ome - end: Se ices 225 164 (15.52%)
Tou ism (122) 122 55 (5.2%)
Sus ainabili y (112) 112 115 (10.88%)
Supply Chain Managemen 4 4 (0.38%)
To al 4,779 1057 (100%)
34 Amulya Gu u, Hamid A sha i, and Mohamad Y. Jabe
companies could sa e abou 40% in he dis ance a eled by using NSR ins ead
o he Suez Canal Rou e (SCR) (Hill, 2007). Such sa ings could ake di e en
o ms, e.g., apid deli e y o p oduc s, lowe in en o y le els, educed uel con-
sump ion, less esou ces such as ships and con aine s, and cheape cos s o
end- use . Ano he ad an age is ha ships a eling a slowe speeds can s ill
each hei des ina ion on ime. Thus, educing he isk o acciden s in he
A c ic (Humpe and Raspo nik, 2012).
T anspo ing people o goods h ough he A c ic could also enhance he
cu en go e nance o in e na ional ma ine anspo a ion. The e is, he e-
o e, an oppo uni y o es ablish a cen al agency ha con ols he speeds o
ships, like he In e na ional Ai T anspo Associa ion (IATA), which con ols
ai a ic. Such egula ions and supe ision by a cen al agency would limi
subjec i e app oaches o he sa e y and secu i y o he o al A c ic ou e
anspo a ion. The e is also ano he ad an age o anspo ing h ough he
A c ic compa ed o adi ional ou es, whe e he isk o pi acy and capaci y
cons ain s a e epo ed as wo challenges ha essels ace (Hill e al., 2015).
Shipping o ganiza ions a ec ed by sea pi acy on adi ional ou es will bene i
om using a sa e A c ic ou e. An A c ic ou e will educe he dependency on
adi ional ones ha ha e eached hei maximum capaci y, while o he s will in
se e al yea s. Coun ies and global companies bene i ing om he A c ic ou e
a e likely o di e hei u u e in es men s owa d building and de eloping
he in as uc u e in ha egion. NSR is sho e , up o 60%, based on o igin
and des ina ion. Howe e , he educ ions in anspo cos s and ansi imes
depend on many ac o s, such as ice and wind condi ions (Theocha is e al.,
2019). Fo ins ance, a ip be ween Asia and Eu ope ia NSR could sa e up o
$500,000 compa ed o using SCR as he adi ional ou e (S ephenson e al.,
2013). Acco ding o a mo e ecen s udy, NSR sa es up o 40% o he cos in
ice- ee condi ions compa ed o SCR. The sa ings decline in he ange o 20%
o 5%, depending on he se e i y o he ice (Pham and Mil iadis, 2019).
Cus ome - end
Cus ome - cen ic ac i i ies a e he las block o SC ac i i ies (Figu e 2.1).
One o he p ominen cus ome ac i i ies is ou ism. The A c ic is a new
ou ism des ina ion (Be , 2012), and s udies show ha ou ism ac i i ies in
he A c ic a e on he ise (Be , 2012; Silbe and Adams, 2019; Nilsen, 2018).
Iceland has in es ed in he ou ism indus y h ough he A c ic po ions
o he Scandina ian coun ies. Such in es men in oad in as uc u e has
enabled linking he no he n inges wi h he es o he Eu opean con-
inen (Duhaime and Ca on, 2006). Tou ism inc eases jobs o he A c ic
egion and de elops new ou ism- ela ed indus ies such as helicop e ou s,
ho els, and ood se ices. Besides ou ism, sea ch and escue se ices a e
expanding in he A c ic, enhancing he secu i y o anspo a ion ac i i ies
in he egion.

Managing Supply Chains and T anspo a ion in he A c ic 35
Analysis and Syn hesis o Knowledge on T anspo a ion
and he A c ic Rou es
A majo i y o he ex an li e a u e has ocused on anspo a ion in he A c ic
(Table 2.1). The e o e, his sec ion discusses issues ela ed o anspo a ion in
g ea e de ail. The ollowing subsec ions also ep esen he mos s udied opics
in A c ic anspo a ion esea ch.
T anspo a ion and Sus ainabili y
Sus ainabili y, by a , is he mos equen opic in A c ic SCM and ans-
po a ion esea ch. Based on he iple- bo om- line de ini ion, sus ainabili y
includes economic, social, and en i onmen al pilla s. The economic a ac -
i eness o anspo a ion h ough he A c ic was discussed in a sec ion i led
“Li e a u e” on exis ing SCM ac i i ies in he A c ic. Social sus ainabili y
has no ecei ed a en ion in he li e a u e un il ecen ly. I add esses c i ical
issues such as wel a e, secu i y, heal h and sa e y, human igh s, educa ion and
cul u e, and communi y de elopmen , o name a ew (A sha i e al., 2022).
Discussion o social issues in he A c ic is a li e and ongoing ield o esea ch,
as elabo a ed in he o he chap e s o his edi ed book. The hi d pilla is en i -
onmen al sus ainabili y, which is he ocus o his sec ion.
Ensu ing minimal emissions and ad e se e ec s on he en i onmen is
ano he uneasy challenge o add ess. The bulk o he ca goes ( om he ex ac-
ion o oil, gas, mine als, and o he na u al esou ces) passing h ough A c ic
ou es will po en ially cause se e e ha m o he en i onmen . The e o e, using
hose p oduc s will mos p obably pollu e he A c ic en i onmen . A sys em
is needed o p e en pollu ing essels on he A c ic ou es (Guy and Lasse e,
2016). The challenge o anspo a ion emissions is linking hem o a ic.
Silbe and Adams (2019) s udied a ic changes in he A c ic egion be ween
2015 and 2017. Fu he , S ephenson e al. (2018) and Xing e al. (2014)
exp essed conce ns abou ships’ emissions in he A c ic egion due o he
inc eased a ic.
Inc eased a ic o essels in he A c ic could inc ease acciden isks
(A enyo e al., 2016; Lee e al., 2015, Uni ed S a es Coas Gua d, 2010), and
an acciden in he A c ic will a ec en i onmen al sus ainabili y. The a ic
in he A c ic has been inc easing. Reducing ha m ul emissions om a ic
emains an en i onmen al challenge (Johansson e al., 2017). Such isks a e
negligible p esen ly in he A c ic egion, and he inc eased a ic would amp-
li y hem in ha egion. P oduc s ha a e no sa e on adi ional ou es will
go h ough he A c ic ou e. The pollu ion also a ec s he communi ies he e.
No o men ion he isk o oil leakage om passing essels o oil ex ac ion
si es/ pipelines (Agniho i, 2013). I such a hing happens, i could uin small
communi ies, po s, and ela ed indus ies in he A c ic egion, as wi nessed in
36 Amulya Gu u, Hamid A sha i, and Mohamad Y. Jabe
he Exxon Valdez oil spill (Ri chie, 2012). Also, A c ic anspo a ion ac i i ies
would impac bo h he en i onmen al and social pilla s.
A c ic anspo a ion also a ec s ha egion’s ecosys em. Ships ha
ha e passed h ough o explo ed he A c ic egion ha e iden i ied a no ice-
able numbe o non- indigenous species (Mille and Ruiz, 2014), which could
impac he local species, ishes, and egional esou ces o local communi ies
(Hun ing on e al., 2015). Baj ek a e ic (2011) a gued ha inc eased a ic
would impac lo a and auna due o he elease o chemicals such as me hane.
The noise om he passing essels and he explo a ion o oil, gas, and o he
na u al esou ces could impac o dis up he expec ed beha io o mammals
and species unde he sea (Fou ne e al., 2018). D ake (2011) discussed he
e ec o mel ing a c ic ice on he mixing o Paci ic and A lan ic ecosys ems due
o anspo a ion, which esul s in a change in ma ine ecology. These examples
highligh he need o add ess sus ainabili y issues in A c ic anspo a ion and
p esen an oppo uni y o u u e esea ch.
Feasibili y o T anspo a ion h ough he A c ic
The li e a u e has widely s udied he easibili y o adop ing anspo a ion
h ough he A c ic ou es compa ed o adi ional sea ou es. The ocus is
mainly on he economic ad an ages o using he A c ic ou es, and in mos
cases, he en i onmen al impac o shipping is ansla ed o cos unc ions.
Table 2.5 p esen s a lis o pape s ha e alua ed he easibili y o shipping along
he A c ic ou es compa ed o SCR. The las column o he able summa izes
such analysis esul s, including ejec ing, a o ing, and condi ional a o ing
he A c ic ou es o he adi ional shipping ou es.
Many in e es ed pa ies ha e no iced ha he easibili y o adop ing he
A c ic ou es emains con o e sial. A po en ial sou ce o con lic ing esul s
is using di e en measu emen pa ame e s and assump ions. Despi e a lack
o ag eemen on he easibili y o A c ic anspo a ion, i is p uden o be
p epa ed o di e en anspo a ion scena ios h ough he A c ic ou es.
Policy and In as uc u es
Geopoli ical challenges and oppo uni ies exis on h ee exis ing shipping
ou es in he A c ic egion (Baj ek a e ic, 2011; Depledge and Kennedy-
Pipe, 2018). These esea che s also e iewed many poli ical and geopoli ical
issues ha migh a ise in he u u e. The A c ic and he An a c ic egions
may seem simila . Howe e , hey a e di e en in many aspec s, including he
ag eemen s and go e ning ea ies (Baj ek a e ic, 2011). An in e na ional
ea y go e ns he An a c ic egion wi h a legal amewo k unde nego ia ion.
The coun ies in ol ed in he A c ic Council ha e di e en claims, di e en
expec a ions o egula ions, and di e en mu ual in e es s wi h o he s (Guy
and Lasse e, 2016; Hill e al., 2015, K a , 2009). Fo example, one o he
Managing Supply Chains and T anspo a ion in he A c ic 37
Table 2.5 A summa y o he li e a u e on he easibili y analysis o he A c ic ou es
Au ho (s)/ Yea Me hodology Rou es Objec i e(s) A c ic
ou e
p e e ed?NSR NWP SCR O he s Eco En Soc Sa
Somana han e al. (2009) Simula ion PCR C
Ve ny and G igen in (2009) Quan i a i e analysis     N
Lasse e (2014a) Quan i a i e analysis     N
Chang e al. (2015) Quan i a i e analysis    Y
Pie e and Oli ie (2015) Quan i a i e analysis     N
Fau y and Ca iou (2016) Quan i a i e analysis    Y
Linds ad e al. (2016) Quan i a i e analysis    N/ A
Wang e al. (2016) Quan i a i e analysis    Y
Zhang e al. (2016) S a is ical analysis   N/ A
Lin and Chang (2018) Quan i a i e analysis    N
Wang e al. (2018) Quan i a i e analysis    N
Theocha is e al. (2019) Quan i a i e analysis     C
Ding e al. (2020) Quan i a i e analysis     Y
Fau y e al. (2020) Quan i a i e analysis    C
Wang e al. (2020) Quan i a i e analysis      C
Xu and Yang (2020) Quan i a i e analysis    Y
No e: Y, Yes; N, No; C, Condi ional; Eco, Economic; En , En i onmen al; Soc, Social; Sa , Sa e y; PCR, Panama Channel Rou e.
newgen pd
38 Amulya Gu u, Hamid A sha i, and Mohamad Y. Jabe
A c ic coun ies, Canada, has plans o expand i s pola pa ol lee o ake
ca e o he secu i y and na ional e i o ies (Hill e al., 2015). Howe e , hey
do no seem su icien o co e he whole A c ic a ea and he ade aspi a ions
in ha egion. O he challenges in his ca ego y a e so e eign y and c oss-
bo de con lic be ween he A c ic coun ies, such as he con lic be ween he
Uni ed S a es and Canada in NWP (Agniho i, 2013; Baj ek a e ic, 2011)
and be ween Russia and No way in NSR (Øs eng e al., 2013). Such con lic s
could make a quick esponse o inciden s and en i onmen al disas e s impos-
sible. Thus, egula ions and con en ions a e equi ed o o ganize and con ol
a ic and minimize po en ial isks (Ts e ko a, 2020a). Lasse e (2022) w o e
abou Canadian challenges and oppo uni ies in A c ic anspo a ion. The
au ho conside ed ha inc easing a ic would cause many challenges and
ecommended imp o ing in as uc u e, egula ing shipping, and p io i izing
compliance o add ess hese challenges.
On he o he side, each A c ic coun y has i s egula ion o he passing
essels. Fo example, Russia cha ges a ee o passing se ices like moni o ing,
esco ing, and iceb eaking (Hill e al., 2015). Canada does no cha ge any man-
da o y ee and p o ides no suppo ; howe e , Canada manda es ha each ship
in o m he Canadian side when passing NWP (Lan eigne, 2017). Con lic ing
policies and di e en le els o suppo om he A c ic Council membe s can
endange he s a egic planning o shipping i ms o u ilize he A c ic Rou es.
Addi ionally, non- A c ic coun ies also need o in es in ice- s eng hened
essels and iceb eake s (Lan eigne, 2017) and explo e na u al esou ces
(Baj ek a e ic, 2011) in he A c ic egion. Hence, a mo e comp ehensi e ea y
o he A c ic egion is needed han e e (Guy and Lasse e, 2016).
Sa e y o he A c ic T anspo a ion
Hamil on e al. (2005) add essed a lack o escue se ices in he A c ic o espond
o eme gencies ha comme cial ships ( ou is s o ca go) could ace. Since hen,
many discussions ha e aken place on he necessi y o p o iding such escue
se ices in he A c ic. Fo example, Fo d and Cla k (2019) highligh ed ha he
cu en Canadian Sea ch and Rescue (SAR) p epa edness does no e icien ly
handle la ge- scale e acua ions o shipping acciden s. One se ious conce n o
such a ic is i s impac on he en i onmen (Chi cop e al., 2020). Ciu iak and
Ciu iak (2013) e iewed he ela ionship be ween clima e change and ading
sys ems. They discussed he en i onmen al impac o using he A c ic ou e.
The e ha e al eady been many acciden s (e.g., oil spillage) ha ha e se e ely
impac ed he ecosys em o ha egion (Eliopoulou and Papanikolaou, 2007;
Kelly e al., 2018).
Hill e al. (2015) e iewed anspo a ion isks, sa e y, and secu i y in he
A c ic egion. To con ol he challenges o ship mo emen s in he A c ic egion,
Guy and Lasse e (2016) sugges ed de eloping a policy o egula e comme cial
shipping. Dalaklis e al. (2018) e iewed a ailable esou ces o SAR ope a ions
Managing Supply Chains and T anspo a ion in he A c ic 39
in he A c ic, especially iceb eake s, and sugges ed p ope planning o c i -
ical esou ces. Wi hin Canada, olun a y low- impac shipping co ido s ha e
been ini ia ed o educe he isk o A c ic shipping anspo a ion (Chi cop
e al., 2020). Ts e ko a (2020b) in es iga ed he ole o mul i- unc ion essels
o moni o ing o sho e ope a ions and wea he condi ions and coo dina ing
he logis ics ope a ions in he A c ic. The au ho u he sugges ed sha ing he
ac i i ies o educe cos s (Ts e ko a, 2020c). Papko skii (1997) sugges ed using
nuclea - powe ed ships o minimize he en i onmen al e ec s. Nuclea - powe ed
essels minimize en i onmen al impac so long as he e a e no acciden s. I
an un o una e inciden e e happens, he e will be de imen al e ec s on he
en i onmen and all species in ha egion. Ano he solu ion is using o he
ypes o uels o essels, such as hyd ogen. Sa e y and secu i y conce ns used
o be one o he easons o he slow adop ion o hyd ogen ehicles (Gu u
e al., 2015a; Gu u e al., 2017). This is an ongoing a ea o esea ch.
S eng h, Weakness, Oppo uni y, and Th ea (SWOT)
Analysis
In o de o in es iga e he in e nal and ex e nal ac o s con ibu ing o he
expansion o SC ac i i ies in he A c ic, his sec ion summa izes he esul s o
an analysis based on he SWOT me hod. The ou come o his analysis enables
us o p opose u u e esea ch di ec ions o be discussed in he nex sec ion.
The analysis is pe o med based on each s age o SC in he A c ic (Figu e 2.1).
We also conside ed “ e e se logis ics” o enhance he analysis. Howe e , i is
igno ed in he cu en SC ac i i ies in he A c ic. Table 2.6 summa izes he
SWOT analysis o he SC ac i i ies in he A c ic. In his analysis, we also
conside ed all sus ainabili y pilla s o p o ide a comp ehensi e pe spec i e in
he analysis. This able ep esen s each SWOT i em using a h ee- cha ac e
code. The i s cha ac e shows i i is a s eng h (S), weakness (W), oppo -
uni y (O), o h ea (T). The second cha ac e ep esen s he ela ed s age o
SC, including supply (S), manu ac u ing (M), anspo a ion (T), cus ome -
end (C), and e e se logis ics (R). The las cha ac e coun s he numbe o
i ems as a combina ion o he i s and second cha ac e s.
Conclusion and Fu u e Resea ch Di ec ions
This chap e e iewed he exis ing academic li e a u e on SC ac i i ies in he
A c ic. I lis ed oppo uni ies and challenges ha would a ise in his a ea. I
also sugges ed some solu ions o o e come hese challenges. The main con i-
bu ion o his chap e is o p o ide a long- e m iew o cu en esea ch on
SCM and anspo a ion in he A c ic due o he mel ing o he pola ice cap
and p opose a esea ch agenda o wo k on a ious equi emen s o he SCs in
he A c ic. Manu ac u ing and cus ome - o ien ed se ices a e much behind

40 Amulya Gu u, Hamid A sha i, and Mohamad Y. Jabe
Table 2.6 A summa y o SWOT analysis o SC ac i i ies in he A c ic
S eng hs (S) Weaknesses (W)
SS1:
SM1:
ST1:
ST2:
ST3:
ST4:
ST5:
SC1:
Rich na u al esou ces
Low cos o access o some aw ma e ials and land o manu ac u ing
Sho e dis ance o ma ke s compa ed o adi ional ou es
Lowe isk conside ing pi acy
La ge capaci y o anspo a ion (lowe wai ing ime)
Less oil consump ion o anspo a ion
Less chance o impac by a global c isis (e.g., delays due
o SC dis up ion)
A ac i eness o ou ism
WS1:
WS2:
WS3:
WM1:
WM2:
WM3:
WM4:
WT1:
WT2:
WC1:
WC2:
WR1:
Ha sh wea he and ela ed isks
Explo a ion cos s
Lack o in as uc u e (e.g., po s, ai po s, oads)
Lack o skilled wo k o ce
Highe manu ac u ing cos s i he ma e ial is
supplied om ou side o he A c ic
In en o y managemen o pe ishable p oduc s
Lack o agili y o ime- sensi i e ac i i ies
Lack o access o some ou es all yea ound
Weak access o anspo a ion echnologies (e.g.,
GPS, sa elli e co e age, da a)
Limi ed SAR se ices
Spa se popula ion and highe cos o e ail se ices
Lack o ac i e e e se logis ics in SCs
Oppo uni ies (O) Th ea s (T)
OM1:
OM2:
OM3:
OT1:
OT2:
OT3:
OC1:
OC2:
OR1:
OR2:
Exploi ing he economies o scale o manu ac u ing acili ies
Ideal o es acili ies and indus ies ha need o be ope a ed in cold egions
Es ablishing ad anced manu ac u ing echnologies ha
need limi ed esou ces such as ma e ial and labo
P o i able anspo a ion ou es compa ed o adi ional ones
De eloping po s and in as uc u es ha bene i locals
and nea by ci ies ou o he egion
De eloping inno a i e anspo a ion echnologies such
as au onomous essels
P o i able in es men in ou ism
Imp o e he social sus ainabili y indica o s such as
employmen and wel a e o locals
Exploi ing oppo uni ies in e e se logis ics, such as gene a ing ene gy
om was e and a hub o e e se logis ics ac i i ies
Oppo uni y o implemen sha ing economy in he egion
TS1:
TS2:
TS3:
TM1:
TT1:
TT2:
TT3:
TC1:
Un esol ed poli ical issues o ex ac ing na u al
esou ces
Changes in ma ine ecology and na u al ecosys em
Social issues due o he change in wo k o ce
demog aphy
S aying limi ed o manu ac u ing a speci ic ype o
p oduc s
En i onmen al and social conce ns abou inc eased
a ic
Insu ance cos s
Imbalance egula ions and ea ies ac oss di e en
A c ic ou es
Dissa is ac ion wi h se ices and being eplaced by
al e na i e ou es
newgen pd
Managing Supply Chains and T anspo a ion in he A c ic 41
anspo a ion and supply ac i i ies. Howe e , he A c ic na ions mus p epa e
o emb ace he inc eased low o ships in he u u e. The inc eased low o ships
will ha e many long- e m e ec s on he en i onmen , ma ine ecosys em, and
communi ies. The inc eased a ic low will need be e in as uc u e o com-
munica ion, sa e y, and secu i y o people and ca goes passing h ough his
egion. Policies o main ain he p is ine en i onmen a e a huge challenge, and
policies a e u gen ly needed o ensu e ha i emains, as much as possible, in
p is ine condi ion in he u u e. These policies mus include puni i e measu es
o keep he en i onmen and ma ine ecology in ac in case o an acciden .
Many a angemen s need o be planned and de eloped o se e a la ge numbe
o ships, ca go, and people in ha egion. These include housing, powe , wa e ,
sewage, schooling, heal hca e o communi ies, and a obus in as uc u e o
oads, ailways, po s, and ai po s o mo e ca goes, passenge s, and people
wo king in hese places.
In e modal anspo a ion has been conside ed mo e sus ainable, and as e
modes o anspo a ion, such as he hype loop, ha e also been conside ed sus-
ainable (Gu u e al., 2019). Howe e , he i s hype loop has ye o become
ope a ional. These concep s ha could minimize emissions in he A c ic a e
wo h in es iga ing. No way is one o he A c ic coun ies and de eloping
au onomous ships as he u u e o shipping (Munim, 2019). When success ul,
his will be applicable e e ywhe e, no jus in he A c ic egion. All hese
measu es a e due o he en i onmen al conce ns o ossil uels (P io and
Walsh, 2018).
The A c ic ou es a e an in iguing and inspi ing esea ch opic o he
u u e o unleash hei economic bene i s o socie y. The e is unce ain y in
de e mining he olume and imeline o a ic in he A c ic egion in he nex
decade (Lackenbaue and Lajeunesse, 2014; Lajeunesse, 2012). Howe e , he
planning o in as uc u e o manage egula a ic and policies o p o ec he
en i onmen and ensu e sa e y mus be decided long be o e his ou e becomes
widely a ailable o comme cial pu poses. A c ic anspo a ion sa e y also
needs o use uni o m echnologies o he seamless and e icien ans e o
in o ma ion and communica ion. Some o he p oposed esea ch di ec ions
a e classi ied as ollows:
In as uc u e de elopmen : Sa e and sus ainable ope a ion and anspo -
a ion ac i i ies along he A c ic ou e equi e a se o in as uc u e p ojec s.
The in as uc u e has al eady been discussed in he chap e ; howe e , se -
e al ques ions a e o be answe ed, especially o de eloping new po s o
expanding exis ing po s. S udies on iden i ying sui able loca ions o such
po s, social aspec s o de eloping new o expanding exis ing po s, and en i -
onmen al conce ns o such loca ion decisions a e i al issues o be discussed.
In pa icula , add essing social aspec s o de eloping po s (e.g., he impac
o in as uc u e de elopmen on Indigenous People) is essen ial o ensu e he
long- e m ope a ions o hese acili ies a e unded by a conso ium o coun-
ies. In his ega d, he s uc u e o o eign in es men s, sha ing he cos s and
e enues, and equi ed egula ions a e necessa y o maximize hei bene i s.
42 Amulya Gu u, Hamid A sha i, and Mohamad Y. Jabe
De eloping po s will lead o de eloping logis ics ne wo ks as well. The e is a
possibili y o de eloping an unde wa e unnel connec ing Eu ope ( ia Russia
h ough he Be ing S ai ) and Canada, simila o he Channel Tunnel o
Eu o unnel connec ing B i ain o F ance. The new unnel may use a hype loop
besides ains, ca s, and ucks. Roads and highways, anspo a ion hubs,
ou e selec ion, and p ope modes o anspo a ion a e s imula ing esea ch
opics in his ield.
Managemen o a ic in he A c ic ou es: Each A c ic ou e would po en-
ially abso b a speci ic ype o commodi ies and p oduc s. The exis ing mech-
anism does no seem e icien as he a ic is une en among he ou es. Selec ing
a ou e depends on he a ailable suppo and se ices along ha ou e and
he ees cha ged. In his ega d, s udying op imal cha ges (e.g., ax) o each
ou e acco ding o he p o ided se ices could esul in easonable c i e ia o
espassing essels. De eloping ou ism is also a ac o in he op imal design
o he cha ging mechanism. The cha ges could a y based on he e ec o
ou ism on he economic de elopmen o small po s and communi ies wi hin
each ou e. In addi ion, he e should be some mechanism o es ic he ype
o goods ha a e shipped and con ol na iga ion and a ic. Fu u e esea ch
could ini ia e mo e case s udies (Ts e ko a and Gammelgaa d, 2018). Such
case s udies could in es iga e he ole o local, na ional, and in e na ional
in e en ions o acili a e SC ac i i ies in he A c ic wi hou nega i ely
impac ing cu en and u u e gene a ions. As p esen ed in he SWOT analysis,
social sus ainabili y should be one o he majo esea ch di ec ions due o i s
impac on p omo ing SC ac i i ies in he A c ic.
Designing eco- iendly essels, es ic ing he ype o goods shipped ia
A c ic ou es, and con olling na iga ion and a ic could also con ibu e o
sa e and sus ainable anspo a ion in his egion. The ansi ion om ossil
uel will educe he likely explo a ion o oil in he A c ic egion and o he
places. A educ ion in dependence on oil will elimina e con lic s in he a ious
egions.
In addi ion, ou ism ac i i ies in he A c ic a e expec ed o inc ease. Se e al
esea ch gaps exis o explo e he impac o ou is a ic in he egion. Fo
example, he impac o ou ism a ic on o he anspo a ion and SC ac i -
i ies, as well as he sa e y and secu i y o ou ism in he A c ic, a e po en ial
esea ch opics.
Rou e selec ion based on economic, social, and en i onmen al goals: Emissions
and isks a e ine i able when conside ing he cu en le el o anspo a ion
echnology. The c i ical decision is selec ing a ou e o minimize such en i -
onmen al impac while keeping he anspo a ion p o i able. The op imal
ou e selec ion should also e lec he in e connec ion be ween social and en i -
onmen al issues, e.g., na u al disas e s could end he immig a ion o a local
communi y om pollu ed a eas. Thus, he penal y o se e e, social, o en i on-
men al impac should be e isi ed and embedded in he op imal ou e selec ion.
Despi e he a ac i e bene i s o he A c ic ou es, a se o challenges
limi s he adop ion o hese ou es. The challenges a e mul i- ie ed, including
Managing Supply Chains and T anspo a ion in he A c ic 43
egional, na ional, and in e na ional le els. The e o e, he e is no unique solu-
ion o hese challenges wi hou global coope a ion, especially be ween he
A c ic coun ies. One o A c ic ope a ions’ bigges challenges, e en hough he
ice is much hinne , is se e e cold wea he and i s impac on sailing. F eezing
empe a u es a ec na iga ion equipmen , which is likely o cause p oblems.
Many sensi i e pa s o a essel a e ulne able o he ice, wind chill, and
icebe gs (K aska, 2010, Lasse e, 2011). Due o such isks, ope a ions in he
A c ic egion a e cos ly (S ephenson and Smi h, 2015), including insu ance.
Global posi ioning sys em (GPS) does no wo k well in he A c ic egion and
endange s essels’ sa e y when passing h ough one o he A c ic ou es (Hill
e al., 2015). Weak sa elli e signals and low geocoding/ geo maps cause hese
challenges o he a ic. Ba hyme ic mapping has also no been p o ided o e
a majo i y o NSR. As a esul , shipping ou es could be limi ed o a ce ain
numbe , c ea ing bo lenecks and consequences o o he essels on ha ou e.
SCM in he A c ic has he po en ial o con ibu e o he global economy. As
we p oceed, new challenges and oppo uni ies will show up. Thus, sus ainably
enhancing ou ad an ages om he A c ic emains an in e es ing and dynamic
esea ch ield.
Re e ences
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model o A c ic ma ine oil spills”, Jou nal o En i onmen al Chemical Enginee ing,
Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 1494– 1503.
A enyo, M., Vei ch, B., and Khan, F. (2016), “A s a e- o - he- a e iew o a e and
anspo o oil spills in open and ice- co e ed wa e ”, Ocean Enginee ing, Vol. 119,
pp. 233– 248.
A sha i, H., Agniho i, S., Sea cy, C., and Jabe , M. Y. (2022), “Social sus ainabili y
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in p omo ing addi i e manu ac u ing in supply chains”, In e na ional Jou nal o
P oduc ion Economics, Vol. 223, p. 107538.
Agniho i, K.K. (2013), “Holis ic ma i ime capaci y building: New “ ou e” o China’s
ise”, Ma i ime A ai s: Jou nal o he Na ional Ma i ime Founda ion o India, Vol.
9, No. 1, pp. 30– 44.
A c ic Council (1996), “O awa Decla a ion”, A c ic Council.
A c ic Council (2020), “A c ic Council- Abou ”, @a c iccouncil.
Baj ek a e ic, A. (2011), “The mel ing poles: Be ween challenges and oppo uni ies”,
Cen al Eu opean Jou nal o In e na ional & Secu i y S udies, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 17– 55.
Be , M. (2012), “The A c ic is now: Economic and na ional secu i y in he las on-
ie ”, Ame ican Fo eign Policy In e es s, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 5– 19.
Bo ge son, S. G. (2008), “A c ic mel down”, Fo eign A ai s. A ailable a www. o eign
a a i s.com/ a ic les/ a c ic- an a c ic/ 2008- 03- 02/ a c ic- mel d own
Bo iso , V. N. and Pochukae a, O. V. (2017), “In es men and inno a i e echno-
logical e iciency: Case s udy o he A c ic p ojec ”, S udies on Russian Economic
De elopmen , Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 169– 179.
50 An onina Ts e ko a, Alexey Fadee , and Na alia Anikee a
2018). Howe e , he in e play o bo h goals may make i di icul o achie e a
balance be ween alue- c ea ion and alue- cap u e, especially o e ime; ha is
wha is s ill lacking in ou unde s anding and why a ho ough examina ion is
called o (Hannah and Eisenha d , 2018), pa icula ly a he ope a ional le el.
A c ic oil and gas ield p ojec s a e inhe en ly complex communi ies o spe-
ci ic in e ac ions and in e dependencies among di e en ac o s in ol ed bo h
ups eam and downs eam. They ep esen dis inc ecosys ems ha ha e ecog-
nizable ins i u ional bounda ies wi hin which ope a ions ake place. The A c ic
p o ides unique empi ical se ings whe e manu ac u ing and supply ope a ions
a e challenged by ex emely ha sh clima ic condi ions, emo eness, spa se ans-
po a ion links wi h o he egions and global ma ke s, and a limi ed numbe
o supplie s and logis ics p o ide s. While echnological ad ances ha e d i en
signi ican b eak h oughs in he oil and gas indus y, making hei ope a ions
smoo he and be e hough ou , hey may also d as ically a ec he na -
u al en i onmen . Value- c ea ing ac i i ies wi hin oil and gas supply chain
ope a ions include no only ensu ing egula deli e ies o ca goes o manu ac-
u ing needs and hei cus ome s bu also ex a suppo ega ding he sa e y o
ope a ions and local se lemen s in ex emely emo e A c ic a eas (Ts e ko a,
2020a). Howe e , collabo a i e ela ionships among ecosys em ac o s can be
o e shadowed by he compe i ion o limi ed esou ces and p o i s ha akes
place wi hin hese ela ionships. I seems ha he e is a lack o knowledge
o alue- c ea ing implica ions when companies ansi ion om a adi ional
supply chain en i onmen o su i ing and h i ing wi hin an ecosys em.
By aking in o accoun he con ibu ions o a ious ac o s owa d achie ing
sha ed- alue ou comes, his s udy seeks o examine he in e play be ween
alue- c ea ion and alue- cap u e in supply ecosys ems. O pa icula in e es
is how SCM p ac ices unde A c ic ex eme en i onmen s ha e been con inu-
ously ( e)shaped by he complex and e ol ing in e ac ions be ween oil and gas
businesses and Indigenous eindee he de s whe e he la e a e impac ed by he
oil and gas ecosys em. In doing so, a single case s udy app oach is employed o
showcase a supply ecosys em ha o igina ed om he onsho e oil and gas ield
ope a ions loca ed on he Yamal Peninsula. This ecosys em, comp ising mul-
iple ac o s, echnologies and ins i u ions, was selec ed o i s abili y o enable
alue- c ea ion ac i i ies by abso bing and in eg a ing di e se ope a ions, e en
in he p esence o compe i ion and he need o alue-cap u e.
The s udy p oceeds as ollows: he nex sec ion ou lines ou esea ch me hod.
This is ollowed by p esen ing ou empi ical case, wi h he indings discussed
he ea e . The s udy concludes wi h heo e ical and p ac ical implica ions and
guidelines o u u e esea ch di ec ions.
Me hod
Resea ch Design
A quali a i e, single case- s udy app oach was chosen o explo e he acili a-
ion o alue- c ea ing ac i i ies wi hin an ecosys em o A c ic oil and gas ield

Reindee He de s in A c ic Supply Ecosys ems 51
ope a ions. I ook as i s poin o depa u e an oil and gas ield loca ed on
he Yamal Peninsula. This ield has been de eloped by one o he wo ld’s la -
ges oil companies (he eina e , he ocal company) unde ex emely na u al
condi ions and a lack o in as uc u e. The supply chain p ac ice o his ield
was chosen o i s ole in he e olu ion o an ecosys em, including mul iple
ac o s, echnologies and ins i u ions, and in acili a ing alue- c ea ion ac i -
i ies by abso bing and managing di e se ope a ions.
This app oach allowed us o in es iga e ou phenomenon in i s na u al
se ing (Ba a e al., 2011), in e p e he p ocesses “in e ms o he meanings
people b ing o hem” (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005) and gene a e insigh s gained
h ough he deep obse a ion o eal- li e p ac ice (Voss e al., 2002).
Da a Collec ion
We used mul iple da a sou ces, as ecommended in p e ious SCM esea ch
(Voss e al., 2002). Da a we e collec ed o e a nine- mon h pe iod in 2021 and
2022 using en semi-s uc u ed and in- dep h ace- o- ace in e iews, eigh ele-
phone in e iews and ocus g oup discussions wi h key in o man s engaged
in de eloping he A c ic oil and gas ield, supply ope a ions and he ans-
po a ion o goods. Focus g oup pa icipan s and in e iewees we e selec ed
h ough pu posi e sampling om di e en wo k posi ions – si e and ope -
a o manage s, equipmen manage s, e minal ope a ions manage s and
ep esen a i es o Indigenous Peoples, as well as oil anke adminis a o s.
They we e chosen based on hei long expe ience, p ac ical knowledge and
many yea s o in ol emen in de eloping oil and gas p ojec s and ecosys em-
ela ed ac i i ies in he ex emely ha sh condi ions o he Russian A c ic. This
wide ange o ep esen a i es o a ious p o essions allowed us o gain a com-
p ehensi e unde s anding o how ecosys ems e ol e a ound he de elopmen
o A c ic oil and gas p ojec s, and how alue- c ea ing ac i i ies a e ca ied
ou , despi e ecosys em membe s cap u ing alue o limi ed esou ces and he
associa ed p o i s.
The semi- s uc u ed in e iew me hod was chosen since i encou aged ou
in e iewees o e lec and elabo a e on he challenges and peculia i ies o
supply chain ope a ions in ex emely low empe a u es and ice- in es ed wa e s
and he discussed ongoing conce ns, which led o deepe insigh s in o he
obse ed phenomenon. Las ing be ween wo and h ee hou s, hese in- dep h
in e iews we e eco ded on pape o ms and as digi al audio iles wi h he
consen o he in e iewees, ansc ibed and alida ed wi h key in o man s in
o de o ensu e he eliabili y o ou indings. The in e iews we e conduc ed
in Russian and hen ansla ed in o English. When necessa y, ollow- up
in e iews wi h addi ional ques ions we e conduc ed ia email. The names
o in e iewees and companies we e omi ed o comply wi h e hical issues.
The ocus g oup discussions included a o al o eigh pa icipan s and we e
designed o ollow up he p elimina y ou comes ob ained om he semi-
s uc u ed in e iews.
52 An onina Ts e ko a, Alexey Fadee , and Na alia Anikee a
Ou indings we e suppo ed by pe sonal obse a ions ha enabled us o
desc ibe he eal- li e p ac ice o supply ecosys ems in he Russian A c ic.
A ce ain amoun o empi ical da a was collec ed du ing a ip onboa d a con-
aine essel o ice- class A c7 (unde aken by he second au ho ) on i s egula
oyage om Mu mansk po o Dudinka po in he pe iod 28 Ap il o 6 May
2016. Pe sonal obse a ions we e also made du ing a ip onboa d he o sho e
se ice essel (unde aken by he second au ho ) on i s egula oyage om he
supply base o he o sho e ins alla ions in he No wegian Sea (be ween 4 and
6 Ma ch 2020). Al hough he wa e s o he No wegian Sea a e no ice- in es ed,
his ip helped collec da a on how se ice essels pa icipa e in suppo ing
oil ield de elopmen and ca y ou loading/ unloading ope a ions in s o my
winds and high wa es. Fu he , ou indings we e suppo ed by he wo king
expe ience o he i s au ho as an expe in supe ising oil and gas ac i -
i ies in he Sea o Okho sk, which is a so- called sub- A c ic a ea cha ac e ized
by hu icanes, p olonged blizza ds, se e e s o ms, yphoons and ha sh ice
condi ions. All he co- au ho s also made pe sonal obse a ions du ing se e al
isi s o he in e iewees’ o ices. These da a sou ces allowed he obse a ion o
he decision- making p ocess by senio manage s o wi ness hei ac ual daily
in e ac ion in ope a ional ac i i y. Being ca e ul obse e s and good lis ene s,
we main ained a non- judgmen al a i ude and openness o he unexpec ed in
wha was lea ned.
Addi ionally, seconda y da a we e p ima ily collec ed om he companies’
documen a ion, p ess eleases, in e nal a chi al ma e ials and websi es, as well
as epo s om ele an go e nmen au ho i ies and independen agencies.
Using di e en ypes o da a sou ces allowed o da a iangula ion, he eby
inc easing he da a’s in e nal consis ency and he alidi y o ou esea ch
indings (Voss e al., 2002) and es ablishing a chain o e idence, as desc ibed
by Yin (2009).
Da a Analysis
One o he mos c ucial challenges behind da a analysis in single case s udies is
demons a ing he objec i i y o he p ocess h ough which he empi ical da a
and no es a e de eloped in o conclusions (Eisenha d , 1989). In line wi h his,
we employed hema ic syn hesis analysis, which allowed o g ea e lexibili y
in he coding p ocess o iden i ying, analyzing and epo ing pa e ns wi hin
ou da a. This me hod also desc ibes he da a se in ich de ail and equen ly
in e p e s a ious aspec s o he esea ch opic. So, i was help ul o examine
he expe ience, meanings and eali y o case pa icipan s, as well as he ways in
which e en s, eali ies, meanings, expe ience and o he aspec s a ec he p ac-
ice (C uzes e al., 2015).
In he i s s age, we p o ided a case desc ip ion o supply chain ope a ions
wi hin he A c ic oil and gas p ojec and hen delinea ed eme ging cons uc s
and hei ela ionships ela ed o alue- c ea ing ac i i ies and alue- cap u e
Reindee He de s in A c ic Supply Ecosys ems 53
among he ecosys em membe s. Thus, we we e able o mo e i e a i ely and
abduc i ely be ween p e ious esea ch and he empi ical ma e ial. This
means ha we kep e ising and e ining in e iew empla es, in o med by
bo h insigh s om p e ious in e iews and da a ob ained du ing pe sonal
obse a ions, as well as by con inuous eading o he li e a u e (B aun and
Cla ke, 2006). In he second s age, we iden i ied speci ic segmen s o in e iew
ansc ip s and c ea ed a lis o en a i e hemes. We also adop ed hemes
om ex an li e a u e. Then, we educed he o e lap and ansla ed he 12
codes in o he ollowing six hemes: supply ope a ions, ma i ime anspo -
a ion, alue- c ea ing ac i i ies, alue- cap u e, Indigenous People and ood
deli e y. This allowed us o c ea e a i s - o de coding scheme ha con inu-
ally changed. While ou unde s anding o he empi ical case g ew, he coding
scheme was e ised and e ined. In he las s age, we c ea ed a model o he
inal coding hemes, in which we mapped he six hemes in o h ee highe -
o de hemes: in eg a ion, adap a ion and co- exis ence. The s eng h o he
inal coding scheme was based on he numbe o imes men ioned by ou
in e iewees.
Case P esen a ion: The Oil and Gas Ecosys em A ec ing
Reindee He de s
Ecosys em- Building Mechanisms
Con ex ual Se ings o he Russian A c ic as P e equisi es o
Inno a i e Technologies
The ocal company’s oil and gas ield is loca ed in an ex emely emo e no -
he n Russian a ea on he Yamal Peninsula. Reco e able ese es a e es ima ed
a o e 250 million ons o oil and condensa e and o e 320 billion cubic me e s
o gas. Howe e , he absence o anspo in as uc u e, coupled wi h he
complex unde lying geology and mul iple echnical issues, e.g., ec onic abno -
mali ies leading o signi ican agmen a ion o deposi s, emain insu moun -
able obs acles o he ield going in o ull- scale de elopmen .
I s loca ion in he Russian A c ic implies se ious con ex ual challenges, such
as ex eme emo eness, long dis ances, se e e A c ic clima e, pola nigh , spa se
anspo a ion ne wo ks and lack o anspo in as uc u e (Ts e ko a and
Gammelgaa d, 2018). The ield lies 200 kilome e s om he nea es ailway
line, mo e han 700 kilome e s om he nea es oad, 360 kilome e s om he
nea es own, and 30 kilome e s om he Gul o Ob. These challenges made
he easibili y o his ield p ojec c i ically p oblema ic o implemen and
mean he ocal company was isola ed om i s cus ome s, global ma ke s and
o he egions. As a esul , he ocal company aced one o he mos ba ling
and s enuous logis ical unde akings in he en i e his o y o he Russian oil
and gas indus y. As emphasized by a senio manage :
54 An onina Ts e ko a, Alexey Fadee , and Na alia Anikee a
The ield was disco e ed mo e han 50 yea s ago. Bu , un o una ely, he lack
o echnologies allowing us o de elop such a complex ield and – wha is mos
impo an – he lack o a scheme o he expo o inished oil om his ield
did no allow us o s a i s de elopmen .
Thus, one o he mos subs an ial challenges was he ield’s ex eme emo eness
om anspo in as uc u e. The ocal company’s main ope a ional and s a-
egic conce n was inding a ou e o he shipmen and anspo a ion o c ude
oil om he ield o he ma ke in no hwes Eu ope. Regula supply deli e ies
o he ield and he shipping o oil om he ield ma e o he ocal company’s
manu ac u ing ope a ions and in as uc u e.
De elopmen o T anspo In as uc u e
In 2012, ull- scale de elopmen o he ield began wi h he ensuing p oduc ion
o he i s 6,000 ons o c ude oil. As a senio manage s a ed:
In hose days, when he p ojec had jus begun o be de eloped, he e was
no hing he e, only an emp y ield ... Only endless und a s e ched housands
o kilome e s, and he e and he e eindee oamed. No oads, no pa hs. A i s ,
li ing condi ions we e u e ly ha sh because, in hese a eas, he empe a u e
d ops o – 60 deg ees in win e , and e e y hing is bu ied in snow o 245 days
pe yea .
The i s oil shipmen s we e ca ied ou by ucks, using 200 kilome e s o
win e ice oads o he nea es ailway s a ion, and hen hey we e ansshipped
in o ailway anks o be anspo ed abou 800 kilome e s o a e ine y plan .
A senio manage explained:
In such a way, we could anspo only 12,000 ons o oil. I was an expe i-
men al scheme o us. We used i as i equi ed he leas in es men . Howe e ,
i s ly, he h oughpu o his op ion was minimal. Secondly, he und a
becomes impassable in he summe ime.
Expe s conside ed 20 op ions o oil deli e y, which we e mainly based on
he cons uc ion o pipelines o he nea es ailway o e ine y plan and sea
e minals loca ed a a dis ance o se e al 250 o 500 kilome e s. All hese
op ions mean a huge dis ance. Fu he , each o he 20 op ions had i s own
di icul ies. So, o e ime, expe s came up wi h he idea o anspo oil by sea.
In pa allel, a pilo oyage o he Vaygach iceb eake was unde aken, in o de
o check he na igabili y o he Gul o Ob du ing challenging ice condi ions
and con i m he possibili y o anspo ing oil om he ield by sea. Clima ic
condi ions o he Gul o Ob a e cha ac e ized by ha sh pa ame e s, such as –
25°C in Feb ua y (wi h absolu e lowes – 56°C), ice dep h o up o 2.5 me e s
Reindee He de s in A c ic Supply Ecosys ems 55
and ice- ee na iga ion o app oxima ely 85 days pe yea . As emphasized by
a senio enginee :
In he Gul o Ob, esh ice is s onge han sea ice. Ne e heless, he iceb eake
success ully a e sed he challenging ice condi ions and he eby p o ed ma i-
ime anspo a ion o be he mos e ec i e o oil shipping. This was he i s
expe ience o wo king wi h he s a e p o ide o iceb eake se ices, and i was
posi i e.
F om he poin o iew o ma i ime logis ics, he mos a ac i e and con enien
op ion was he e minal in Kha asa ey, loca ed mo e han 250 kilome e s om
he ield. This e minal opened a ou e di ec ly o he po o Mu mansk.
Thus, oil anke s would oyage o jus wo days, c ea ing alue o cus ome s.
Howe e , his op ion could cause a social con lic o in e es wi h Indigenous
Peoples. As a senio manage explained:
We would ha e o build a pipeline wi h a leng h o mo e han 250 kilome e s,
and i would c oss he en i e Yamal Peninsula. This op ion would a ec he
oaming pa hs o eindee and he Indigenous Peoples ollowing hem. Fo
eindee and Indigenous People o c oss a pipeline is an un easible obs acle
ha could lead o hunge o he eindee and hei ex inc ion. We would ha e
o make nume ous changes o he pipeline design, which is cos ly and a consid-
e able challenge.
Despi e he seemingly high le el o e iciency, he company had o abandon
his op ion.
Indigenous People: T adi ional Li es yle a he Cen e o Business
Ecosys em
The Nene s people a e he keepe s o he ancien cul u e, who obey he
bio hy hms o hei eindee he d. They ha e adap ed o be able o li e and a el
in eezing empe a u es. The annual eindee mig a ion sees o e 650,000 ein-
dee and o e 18,000 o he Nene s people who he d hem a eling up o 1,000
kilome e s ac oss he Yamal Peninsula (see Figu e 3.1). Du ing he win e ,
when empe a u es can plumme o – 50°C, mos Nene s g aze hei eindee
on moss and lichen pas u es in he sou he n o es s. Then, e e y sp ing, he
Nene s mo e hese eno mous he ds, which ange om 500 o 7,000 eindee ,
om win e pas u es on he Russian mainland no h o summe pas u es o e
he Pola Ci cle o he sho e o he Ka a Sea. The no he n pas u es, ich in
as y lichen and sal wa e , which a e excep ionally use ul o hese animals, a e
wai ing o hem. Seasonal mig a ions a e necessa y, eindee he de s say, as
hey help p e en he deple ion o eindee pas u es and le he animals ga he
s eng h be o e he long pola win e . This massi e jou ney usually s a s in

56 An onina Ts e ko a, Alexey Fadee , and Na alia Anikee a
Figu e 3.1 Gene al mig a ion ou es o eindee he ds and majo in as uc-
u e on he Yamal peninsula (Sou ce: Deg e a and Nellemann,
2013).
Reindee He de s in A c ic Supply Ecosys ems 57
mid- Ma ch, when empe a u es a e s ill eezing, because pa o he jou ney
in ol es c ossing a as expanse o he Ob Ri e . I is wo h adding ha sea-
sonal mig a ion ou es ha e no changed o cen u ies.
Howe e , in he ea ly 2000s, his land became he cen e o he s a egic
in e es s o he ocal company. The ex ensi e ne wo k o pipelines, oads and
elec ical lines has c issc ossed he A c ic und a, a eeless expanse ha became
an insu moun able ba ie o eindee o a el ac oss hund eds o kilome e s.
The ques ion a ises as o why i is impossible o eindee o choose ano he way.
A i s glance, his does no seem o be a p oblem; a e all, his indus ial oasis is
su ounded by un ouched und a. As cla i ied by one Indigenous ep esen a i e:
The Nene s’ li elihood is ied o he eindee . The e a e o he eindee he de s.
I one amily o eindee he de s is o ced o change i s cen u ies- old mig a-
ion pa e ns, o he he de s ha e o lea e hei habi a . In his case, he e will
no be enough pas u es. The Nene s’ su i al depends on eindee mig a ion
in he und a, and hey canno li e wi hou i . We o en joke abou who g azes
whom – do people g aze eindee o , on he con a y, do eindee g aze people?
Addi ionally, he Nene s’ su i al is h ea ened no only by he de elopmen
o oil and gas ields bu also by clima e change. As empe a u es ise and he
und a’s pe ma os haws and eleases g eenhouse gases in o he a mosphe e,
he ice mel s ea lie in sp ing and does no eeze un il much la e in au umn.
The ising empe a u es also a ec he und a’s ege a ion, he only sou ce o
ood o he eindee . The e o e, he Nene s ha e o s uggle o su i e due o
clima e change and indus ializa ion o hei land.
Ecosys em- Based Value- Cap u e Mechanisms:
In Sea ch o Inno a i e Logis ics Solu ions
The ocal company’s p oduc ion si es a e adjacen o he e i o ies o he
Nene s, who ha e been li ing on his land o many cen u ies. The cons uc-
ion o a as pipeline sys em o oil shipping would se a ba ie o eindee
mig a ion by di iding he win e pas u es in o wo. Fu he , he majo acili ies
o he ield ha e al eady a ec ed mig a ion pa e ns and ans o med a agile
en i onmen al communi y. As a senio manage epo ed:
We espec he adi ions o Indigenous Peoples. P ese ing he adi ional
li es yle o hese people o he No h is among he undamen al p inciples o
ield de elopmen in he Yamal Peninsula.
Al hough he op ion o he 250- kilome e pipeline cons uc ion o he e -
minal in Kha asa ey and hen ma i ime anspo a ion di ec ly o Mu mansk
po was he leas cos ly op ion and allowed he ime o he shipping o oil
o cus ome s o be minimized, he ocal company decided o choose ma i ime
58 An onina Ts e ko a, Alexey Fadee , and Na alia Anikee a
anspo a ion h ough he Gul o Ob. This op ion was qui e cos ly, a duous
and ca ied nume ous isks. I included he cons uc ion o a pipeline 100
kilome e s long o he coas o he Gul o Ob, whe e subsequen loading on o
oil anke s would be ul illed. The ocal company aced nume ous challenges,
such as he Gul o Ob being ee o ice o less han h ee mon hs, esh ice
being much s onge han sea ice ( hickness up o 2.5 me e s), cons an allu ial
cu en s, shallow wa e s o 12 me e s’ dep h and sea anke s unable o come
close han 3.5 km om he coas . Due o hese challenges, si ing he e minal
onsho e p o ed impossible. Howe e , one indispu able condi ion was ha i
had o ope a e all yea ound, al hough ma i ime logis ics specialis s doub ed
his was possible in p inciple.
Du ing summe na iga ion 2014, he i s shipmen was made, aligned wi h
he o loading o oil om he oil deli e y and accep ance poin o he i e
anke wi h a low d a by hose, hen anspo a ion o a la ge sea- going
anke and, inally, he “be h- o- be h” o loading o oil om he i e anke
o he sea- going anke o be deli e ed o Mu mansk po . Mo e han 101,000
ons we e shipped unde his scheme in 2014. La e , du ing win e na iga ion
2015, a empo a y scheme was es ed h ough he so- called ice pie , wi h he
shipmen o mo e han 112,000 ons o oil. Bo h op ions ma ked a b eak-
h ough in he de elopmen o A c ic SCM p ac ices. Howe e , he olume
o oil p oduc ion g ew in colossal p opo ions. As a senio manage epo ed:
Those empo a y schemes based on o loading by hose and i e anke s p o ed
ine ec i e – i s o all, because hey could no be used in he o season. Besides
his, we could no claim ha hese logis ics me hods we e sa e and secu e.
The e was a high isk o oil spills, which possibly needed o be p e en ed. We
ca e ully ied o a oid e e y aul . F om he e y beginning, we made i a
p e oga i e ha ecology and sa e y we e ou p io i y in de eloping his ield.
The e o e, we pu in a lo o e o and in ol ed expe s in inding an e ec i e
solu ion.
Ul ima ely, in 2016, he ocal company came up wi h an inno a i e decision o
ins all a owe - ype A c ic loading e minal as a single- poin moo ing a a dis-
ance o 3.5 km o sho e, whe e la ge c ude anke s could be loaded sa ely (see
Figu e 3.2). Oil om he p oduc ion si es eached he cen al ga he ing poin
on he coas o he Gul o Ob, h ough a pipeline mo e han 100 kilome e s
long and, subsequen ly, he e minal, h ough an unde wa e pipeline 3.5 km
long. T ansshipmen capaci y a he A c ic loading e minal allowed up o
8.5 million onnes o oil pe yea . Fu he , he choice made in a o o he
A c ic loading e minal ensu ed s ingen en i onmen al and indus ial sa e y
s anda ds (Fadee e al., 2021) and he applica ion o “ze o- emissions” ech-
nology ha elimina ed any isk o con aminan s eaching he wa e s o he
Gul o Ob.
The ocal company also in es ed in building i s own iceb eake lee o se -
ice he ield p ojec , including six A c7- class anke s and wo diesel- elec ic
Reindee He de s in A c ic Supply Ecosys ems 59
Figu e 3.2 Oil o loading ia he sea e minal in he Gul o Ob (Sou ce: “Gazp omNe - Supply” L d).
newgen pd
66 An onina Ts e ko a, Alexey Fadee , and Na alia Anikee a
Figu e 3.4 Ecosys em- building and managemen mechanisms (Sou ce: he au ho s’ elabo a ion).
newgen pd

Reindee He de s in A c ic Supply Ecosys ems 67
empi ical case e eals ha he de elopmen o new anspo a ion ou es in he
A c ic egion can esul in social con adic ions and un o eseen consequences
o Indigenous communi ies. The e o e, ou indings indica e ha he alue
c ea ed by he ecosys em may no be dis ibu ed ai ly among he a ious
ac o s, leading o ensions and con lic s.
Fu he mo e, i is wo h no ing he ole o au ho i ies in ensu ing a balance
be ween business and social objec i es by implemen ing adap a ion mechanisms
o Indigenous eindee he de s. No ably, esponden s om he business
side highligh ed he au ho i ies’ lack o in luence and in ol emen , while
ep esen a i es o Indigenous Peoples we e mo e accep ing and ecognized he
au ho i ies’ ole as c ucial. Ne e heless, he au ho i ies’ e o s con ibu ed o
he eme gence o a new co- exis ence solu ion, which has pe mea ed he socie al
ab ic o , in o he wo ds, he en i e ecosys em. The co- exis ence solu ion shi s
he ocus away om he con lic o in e es be ween he main ac o s owa d
sys em co- e olu ion h ough in e ac ions and join con ex s. This new phe-
nomenon acili a es he ai and equi able dis ibu ion o alue c ea ed wi hin
he ecosys em among all ac o s in ol ed. Ou indings ha e unco e ed he in e-
g a ion o demand in supply ecosys em managemen and he de elopmen o
social esponsibili y p ac ices ha ake in o accoun he needs and in e es s o
all ac o s in he ecosys em.
While he SCM amewo k ocuses mo e on alue- cap u e and alue deli e y,
he ecosys em- based app oach allows he disclosu e o alue- c ea ing and
e en inno a i e ac i i ies. Bo h p ima y ac o s in he ecosys em suppo ed he
en isioning o inno a i e supply chain p ac ices, e.g., deli e y by win e oad
supply o emo e ading pos s on he mig a ion ou es o eindee he de s.
Ecosys em se ices ha e been ha nessed as pa o an o e all s a egic adap a-
ion o con ex ual change in his ex emely emo e A c ic egion. This allowed
local communi ies, including bo h Indigenous and local people, o bu e
agains he ad e se e ec o indus ial de elopmen and clima ic change and
ecei e he bene i s o ci iliza ion. In line wi h his, ou indings ha e disclosed
alue as some hing unique o an ecosys em and he con ex in which i eme ges
and he membe o whom i eme ges. So, he p ocess o alue- c ea ion in an
ecosys em has been iewed o ex end beyond he ocal company’s o dina y
ope a ional ac i i ies. These indings suppo and u he ex end some ecen
discussions abou he ole o coope i ion in alue- c ea ing ac i i ies (Ri ala
e al., 2013; Meynha d e al., 2016).
Thus, an ecosys em- based app oach allowed us o s udy he adap a ion o
con ex ual modi ica ions associa ed wi h he eme gence o a new main indus-
ial ac o ha expanded indus ial acili ies on he land o iginally owned by
Indigenous eindee he de s. The indings also illus a e ha bounda ies a e
elusi e and open- ended a he ecosys em laye , u he making supply chain
p ac ices dynamic and in e dependen . Tha is consis en wi h Aa ikka-
S en oos and Ri ala’s (2017) s udy.
68 An onina Ts e ko a, Alexey Fadee , and Na alia Anikee a
Final Rema ks
This in- dep h s udy a gues ha he managemen o supply chains in an
“ecosys em e a” aces signi ican changes, h ough he de elopmen o
alue- c ea ing and inno a i e ac i i ies in balance wi h compe i ion and alue-
cap u e. Ou indings indica e ha supply chain p ac ice equi es a willing-
ness o mu ually unde s and each o he ’s bounda ies and challenges owa d
in eg a ed co- exis ence and ake in o accoun he needs o weake , ulne able
ac o s in a single ecosys em. This is especially impo an when supply chain
p ac ice becomes agile due o con on a ion be ween he compe ing goals
o he main ac o s’ ac ions and in en ions. I is bila e al e o s ha lead o
a syne gis ic in e ac ion be ween all le els o he ecosys em, including in e -
dependence on ma ke s and local social communi ies wi h o he dimensions
o ci ic li e.
Thus, he ecosys em app oach equi es he ecogni ion o he ac o s’
embeddedness and in e dependence wi hin supply chain p ac ice, whe e
alue- c ea ion as some hing unique ex ends beyond he ac o s’ o dina y ope -
a ional ac i i ies and day- o- day ou ines. Ou s udy, which is hus in line wi h
cu en calls o a g ea e ocus on he socie al public alue (see Ts e ko a,
2021) and social needs and esponsibili ies (see Ts e ko a, 2020b), explo es an
eme gen phenomenon o he supply ecosys em. This phenomenon esul s in
new o ms o in eg a ion among he ac o s and po en ially unexpec ed social
consequences owing o he complex in e play o he collec i e in e dependen-
cies o co- exis ence. Fu he , ou empi ical case illus a es business bounda ies
and unde lying mechanisms o alue- c ea ion and cap u e wi hin and ac oss
ecosys ems. So, ou indings ha e implica ions o manage s who a e con inu-
ously engaged in he de elopmen o supply chain ope a ions in new con ex s
and ha e o deal wi h an “unknown animal called socie y” (Meynha d e al.,
2016, p. 2988).
Limi a ions and Fu he Resea ch Oppo uni ies
The s udy includes some limi a ions ela ed o i s quali a i e na u e and a
ocus on local- le el ope a ions, in which a limi ed numbe o ac o s we e
in ol ed in conside a ion o he SCM p ac ice. I would, he e o e, be bene-
icial o u he esea ch o su ey a la ge sample o p ac i ione s and
co e mo e ac o s wi hin and ac oss a single supply ecosys em o ex end his
s udy’s indings.
While we discussed he supply ecosys em in he Russian A c ic, he indings
may no apply in comple ely di e en se ings. Howe e , we belie e ha ou
s udy p o ides in e es ing and p o ound implica ions o u he esea ch
abou alue- c ea ion and alue- cap u e in a ious ope a ional and supply
chain p ac ices and se ings.
Reindee He de s in A c ic Supply Ecosys ems 69
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DOI: 10.4324/9781003218043-4
4 The A c ic Co ido and Ques ions
Conce ning Social Responsibili y and
Sus ainabili y
Juha Sauna aa a
Hokkaido Uni e si y A c ic Resea ch Cen e , Sappo o, Japan
Ri a Kylli
Facul y o Humani ies (His o y, Cul u e and Communica ion S udies),
Uni e si y o Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Aileen Ase on Espí i u
The Ba en s Ins i u e, UiT The A c ic Uni e si y o No way, No way
In oduc ion
T anspo in as uc u e and supply chain managemen (SCM) a e in insic-
ally linked. As wo ld ma ke s become inc easingly in e wined, global supply
chains ha e had o de elop and expand o mee demand and supply. In e ms
o SCM, globaliza ion has led o ganiza ions o a emp o inc ease hei com-
pe i i e ad an ages and educe cos s ia global sou cing (Shukla e al., 2011).
Thus, he con la ion o he need o op imize he e iciency o supply chains
wa an s building new in as uc u e o expanding exis ing ones. This esea ch
applies a single- case s udy app oach and aims o explo e how de eloping
global anspo a ion ou es and SCM p ac ices c ea es social con adic ions
a he local, egional, and na ional le els.
The logis ical co ido enabling he low o people, ca go, and in o ma ion
be ween Finnish Lapland and he coas o he Ba en s Sea has a long and
dispu ed his o y. Fo a cen u y, he possibili y o cons uc ing a ailway line
he e has been deba ed (Lilja, 2013). This discussion e- eme ged, and conc e e
planning o he A c ic Co ido p ojec in ensi ied du ing he second hal o
he 2000s and culmina ed in decisions made in ecen yea s. Suppo e s o he
planned ailway ha e emphasized i s con ibu ion o egional and na ional econ-
omies, global supply chains h ough he A c ic, and local logis ical ne wo ks in
he Ba en s Region. Ye , he p ojec ’s social esponsibili y, cul u al and en i -
onmen al sus ainabili y, and economic easibili y ha e been ques ioned by
se e al ac o s. The ex an esea ch li e a u e on he A c ic Co ido p ojec is
sca ce and ocuses on su eying Finnish media deba es in he yea s 2016– 2018

72 Juha Sauna aa a, Ri a Kylli, and Aileen Ase on Espí i u
(Taksami, 2018) and epo s he mos ecen changes in he au umn o 2021
(Kähkönen and Nys én- Haa ala, 2021).
We analyzed his collision o iews and in e es s by using he lens o an
ins i u ional logics app oach, which ocuses on he con ending logics o
di e en socie al sec o s (Ts e ko a, 2020) and allowed us o expand on he
h ee undamen al hemes p esen in ou quali a i e empi ical da a: (i) he his-
o ical con ex ha has led o di e en goals o s akeholde s in he egion,
(ii)cul u e and cul u al p ac ices ha ha e he powe and agency o dis up he
ins i u ional logics o ma ke s, and (iii) he inc easing en i onmen al conce ns
o local, na ional, and in e na ional s akeholde s ha combine o upse he
pe cei ed needs o hose who wan o ad ance economic de elopmen . This
app oach allowed us o e eal he meanings and cha ac e is ics o di e en
ins i u ional logics a ec ing he deba e conce ning he A c ic Co ido and o
place he planning and de elopmen o new supply chains in he A c ic in he
con ex o his o y, communi y, and local sen imen s.
This chap e consis s o an in oduc ion o he heo e ical and concep ual
amewo k we used, he p esen a ion o a case s udy, ou esea ch me hod-
ology, da a, and analysis, and a discussion and conclusion.
Sus ainable and Socially Responsible SCM App oach
Using Ins i u ional Logics Theo y
Acco ding o he Uni ed Na ions’ B und land Repo (1987), sus ainable
de elopmen mee s p esen needs wi hou comp omising he abili y o u u e
gene a ions o mee hei needs. The achie emen o sus ainable de elop-
men enabling he well- being o indi iduals and socie ies is based on he
ha moniza ion o economic g ow h, social inclusion, and en i onmen al
p o ec ion. Sus ainable SCM can be unde s ood as an a emp o s eamline
supply chain ope a ions o maximize p o i abili y while minimizing en i on-
men al impac s and maximizing social well- being (Hassini, Su i and Sea cy,
2012). Al hough ques ions conce ning supply chains and sus ainabili y ha e
been add essed in an inc easing numbe o esea ch pape s, he exis ing li -
e a u e ocuses on he en i onmen al (and o some ex en he economic)
sphe e o sus ainabili y. Thus, a emp s o minimize he en i onmen al
impac s o supply chain ope a ions and inc ease ene gy (and cos - ) e iciency
a e dominan discou ses o e shadowing he social sphe e o sus ainabili y
(Ts e ko a, 2020).
Social esponsibili y is an e hical amewo k ha p oposes ha indi idual
ac o s should coope a e (o en also comp omise) and ha hei ac ions should
bene i a communi y and/ o socie y. As social esponsibili y is connec ed o
he p ocess o inding a balance be ween economic g ow h and he well- being
o socie y and he en i onmen , i is also closely ied o he concep o sus-
ainabili y. Ts e ko a (2020) concluded in he s udy ocused on A c ic ma ine
ope a ions ha a supply chain becomes sus ainable when i c ea es alue no
The A c ic Co ido and Ques ions on Social Responsibili y 73
only o a ocal company bu also bene i s local communi ies ia economic
suppo and capaci y building. When social esponsibili y is discussed in he
con ex o SCM, a en ion is o en paid o en e p ises and he concep o co -
po a e social esponsibili y (Modak e al., 2020). Ne e heless, ou esea ch
emphasizes ha discussions conce ning and demand o social esponsibili y
in SCM- ela ed decisions and ac ions a e no limi ed o co po a e ac o s bu
also in ol e public au ho i ies who ep esen di e en le els o go e nmen
and non- comme cial in e es g oups anging om indigenous o ganiza ions o
poli ical pa ies.
Ra he han ocusing on indi idual en e p ises and hei a emp s o
adap and assume new p ac ices in hei supply chain ope a ions, his s udy
emphasizes a wide socie al deba e ha ci cumsc ibes app op ia e ac ions
and policy op ions. F iedland and Al o d (1991) a gued ha ins i u ional
logics may be desc ibed as “symbolic sys ems, ways o o de ing eali y, and
he eby ende ing he expe ience o ime and space meaning ul.” Meanwhile,
he de ini ion p o ided by Tho n on and Ocasio (1999) e e s o he socially
cons uc ed his o ical pa e ns o ma e ial p ac ices, assump ions, alues,
belie s, and ules by which indi iduals p oduce and ep oduce hei ma e ial
subsis ence, o ganize ime and space, and p o ide meaning o hei social
eali ies. When en e p ises and o he o ganiza ions y o a e o ced o in e-
g a e di e en sphe es o sus ainabili y in o hei supply chain ope a ions and
managemen p ac ices, condi ions o new logics eplacing, compe ing, o
complemen ing adi ional ma ke and inancial logics may eme ge. Following
he ocabula y o F iedland (2018), G eenwood e al. (2010), and F iedland
and Al o d (1991), his means “non- ma ke ” ins i u ions can in luence he eco-
nomic decisions o o ganiza ions.
F iedland (2018) also a gued ha emo ion and a ec should be conside ed
when examining ins i u ional logics and o ganiza ional decision- making. When
e e ing o s akeholde s and hei agency, his s udy ocuses on he capaci y o
ac (including he igh and/ o oppo uni y o pa icipa e in a discussion), he
expe ience o ac ing (including he expe ience o being hea d), and he abili y
o in luence decisions and u ilize powe . Alongside indi idual agency, we ec-
ognize he exis ence o collec i e agency and agency ia in e media ies.
Resea ch Me hodology and Da a
This esea ch uses a quali a i e single- case s udy app oach ha aims o an in-
dep h unde s anding ha allows o meaning ul and analy ical gene aliza ions.
We chose his me hod o g asp he con ex ual se ings a ec ing he deba e
conce ning he A c ic Co ido and o de e mine he key playe s who possess
agency. Ca e ul con ex ualiza ion o he phenomenon s udied ( ha is, he
deba e and decisions conce ning he A c ic Co ido ) can make he iden i i-
ca ion o di e en ins i u ional logics possible and enable he analysis o hei
in e ac ions, collisions, and possible in e connec ions.
74 Juha Sauna aa a, Ri a Kylli, and Aileen Ase on Espí i u
This s udy inco po a es se e al o ms o da a and sou ces, including
in o ma ion such as w i en epo s and documen s p oduced by public
and p i a e ac o s. Ou da a and sou ces also include media ma e ial (e.g.,
p in ed newspape s and magazines, digi al publica ions, and social media
pla o ms) and da a collec ed ia semi- s uc u ed in e iews ( ha is, ace- o-
ace, online, and email in e iews du ing 2017– 2022) wi h public au ho i ies
and ep esen a i es o p i a e en e p ises. We also engaged in pa icipa o y
obse a ions o e en s in which he A c ic Co ido ini ia i e was discussed.
Consen om he in o man s, who had he igh o wi hd aw om an in e iew
whene e and o wha e e eason, was ob ained, and an u mos e o was
made o ensu e ha he in e iews conduc ed would no ha m he in e iewees’
posi ions. The e o e, he in e iews we e anonymized. While c i ically e alu-
a ing he pu poses and unc ional connec ions o di e en sou ces, his
esea ch bene i ed om in es iga o iangula ion ( ha is, he coope a ion o
mul iple obse e s wi h di e en backg ounds and expe ise). I emphasizes
he need o unde s and he his o ical oo s o ongoing deba es.
The A c ic Co ido P ojec : Case P esen a ion
His o ical Backg ound
Finland’s na ional ailway p og am s a ed in he sou h in he ea ly 1860s, and
he ail oad was ex ended o he own o Oulu in no he n Finland in 1886.
The ne wo k was ex ended u he no hwa d du ing he i s yea s o he 20 h
cen u y and eached Ro aniemi – an inland own nea he A c ic Ci cle – in
1909 (Lilja 2013; Wiklund, 2016). Cons uc ion o he i s ailway in No way
be ween Ch is iania (now Oslo) and Eids old s a ed in 1851, and he line was
opened in 1854. The second line be ween Hama and G undse was comple ed
in 1862, and he amous I on O e Line in he no h was ex ended om Ki una,
Sweden o Na ik in 1902 (S ene sen, 2002; No way T ains, 2021).
The i s plans o build a ailway o he A c ic Ocean h ough Finland
we e made in he 1890s. While ea ly discussions in Finland concen a ed on
he possible sou ce o unding, ou e, and he seapo ha should be he inal
des ina ion, a No wegian ini ia i e conce ning a ailway o Ro aniemi also
appea ed in he ea ly 1910s. In e es in he ailway lou ished du ing Wo ld
Wa I when wa e anspo h ough he Danish S ai s was blocked and a
ailway connec ing Sain Pe e sbu g and Mu mansk was cons uc ed in Russia
(Lilja, 2013). When he esou ce- ich Pe samo (Pechenga Dis ic ) became pa
o Finland a e he T ea y o Ta u (1920), Finland ex ended i s bo de o
he A c ic Ocean. Al hough he e was no e en a oad in he a ea, a deba e
conce ning he ailway ensued. Bo h he u iliza ion o local na u al esou ces
(e.g., imbe , mine als, and me als) and he anspo o me chandise (e.g.,
ishe y p oduc s) we e ecognized as economic oppo uni ies ha could be
enhanced by a new ailway connec ion (Uusi Au a, 1919; Wiklund, 2016; Kylli
The A c ic Co ido and Ques ions on Social Responsibili y 75
and Sauna aa a, 2017). In he newly independen Finland, he ailway was
connec ed wi h he ci iliza ion p ocess and na ionalism (Pohjolan Sanoma ,
1920; Rau a iehalli us, 1937).
Indigenous Sámi esiden s – who li e in he no he n pa s o Fenno-
Scandia and he Kola Peninsula o Russia – we e no asked o hei iews on
he cons uc ion o he ailway. Compa ed o No way and Sweden, whe e he
Sámi people began e hnopoli ical ac i i ies in he ea ly decades o he 20 h
cen u y, de elopmen s in Finland we e delayed. The i s associa ion ounded
by he Sámi people, Samii Li o, was es ablished in 1945. Howe e , he Sámi
had in luence, e.g., in he U sjoki municipal adminis a ion, which de ended
he Sámi li elihoods and opposed he cons uc ion o oads om he sou h o
U sjoki du ing he 1920s. U sjoki was he only municipali y in Finland whe e
he Sámi we e he majo i y (Kylli and Sauna aa a, 2017; Leh ola, 2012).
Finland’s planning o a ailway connec ion o Pe samo s a ed in 1921– 23.
Al hough none o he op ional ou es s udied appea ed economically easible
(Rau a iehalli us, 1937), discussions conce ning he ex ension o he ailway
ne wo k no h o Ro aniemi con inued. Finally, he na ional pa liamen
decided on he ma e ia he accep ance o a special law. Cons uc ion o he
Ro aniemi– Kemijä i ailway was comple ed in 1934 (Lilja, 2013). Meanwhile,
he i s ou decades o he 20 h cen u y wi nessed he comple ion o many
o No way’s main lines (T ondheim, 1921; Åndalsnes, 1924; K is iansand,
1938) in he sou he n and cen al pa s o he coun y (S ene sen, 2002).
Discussions in Finland conce ning a connec ion o he A c ic Ocean
we e s ongly a ec ed by na ional secu i y needs du ing Wo ld Wa II (see
e.g., Suomen Ku aleh i, 1939). Howe e , he Moscow Peace T ea y signed
in 1940 a he end o he Win e Wa obliged Finland o cons uc a ailway
om no he n Finland o he So ie Union. The idea o a oad and a ailway
connec ion o No way did no disappea , and Ge man oops planned o con-
s uc a ailway be ween Ro aniemi and Pe samo du ing he Con inua ion
Wa om 1941 o 1944. A e he Moscow A mis ice in 1944, Pe samo was
handed o he So ie Union, and he ailway p ojec was abandoned. Du ing
he pos wa e a, a new ailway connec ion in Finnish Lapland be ween To nio
and Kola i was buil in 1965. Al hough no new lines ha e been cons uc ed
since, he A c ic ailway was p oposed se e al imes be ween 1970 and 2000
(Lilja, 2013). On he No wegian side, he comple ion o he no he n main line
o Bodø (1962) s opped he no hwa d expansion, al hough he possibili y o
ex ending he ailway ne wo k o T omsø has been discussed h oughou he
decades (S ene sen, 2002; Nikel, 2019).
Re i al o he P ojec
Discussions abou po en ial ca go low h ough he No he n Sea Rou e
(NSR) in ensi ied a he end o he 2000s and he beginning o he 2010s.
A he same ime, g owing in e na ional a en ion was paid o oil and gas
82 Juha Sauna aa a, Ri a Kylli, and Aileen Ase on Espí i u
o ee, p io , and in o med consen (FPIC) ha is included in in e na ional
ag eemen s conce ning he igh s o Indigenous Peoples. They desc ibed he
ailway p ojec as uncons i u ional and emphasized ha he p ojec has had
signi ican nega i e e ec s on he Sámi people’s men al well- being (Lakkala,
2018; Lapin Lii o, 2020).
Al hough he cu en collec i e s ance o he Sámi communi y in Finland
appea s o be a he uni ed and en i ely agains he A c ic Co ido , his
may no always ha e been he case. One (non- indigenous) in o man closely
in ol ed in he p ojec o yea s a gued ha he ini ia i e aced ha dly any
esis ance be ween 2008 and 2016, and Sámi municipal poli icians joined he
delega ions ha p omo ed he p ojec bo h domes ically and in e na ionally.
A icles and opinion pieces in local newspape s seem o suppo his a gumen
(Seu ujä i, 2015; Pel omaa, 2015).
Indus ies in Finland ha e exp essed suppo o he A c ic ailway. Se e al
Finnish indus y and ade union leade s published a pe i ion in 2017 o gi e
he A c ic ailway a cen al ole when he A c ic in as uc u e p ojec s o he
Eu opean Union we e conside ed (Rakennus eollisuus, 2017). The Finnish
b anch o he A c ic Economic Council exp essed i s suppo o he p o-
jec concu en ly (A c ic Finland, 2017). Ac o s ep esen ing indus ies and
businesses made posi i e ema ks a e he Finnish T anspo Agency’s epo
was published in Ma ch 2018 (Kauppakama i 2018; STT 2018; E as i 2018).
When he Lapland Chambe o Comme ce o ganized he A c ic Business Fo um
in he same sp ing, p o i abili y calcula ions we e based on an annual ca go o
ou million ons. A ound he same ime, local planne s in Ki kenes desc ibed a
po en ial supply chain o ca go. They a gued ha he new seapo wi h a ailway
connec ion could po en ially handle up o 10% o con aine a ic be ween
China and no he n Eu ope. These g and isions included 550,000 con aine s
pe yea and en sou h- bound ains pe day (Mainio, 2018; S aalesen, 2018a).
P i a e companies, which a e he en isioned use s and bene icia ies o
he planned ailway connec ion, ha e no ac i ely pa icipa ed in public
discussions conce ning he A c ic Co ido . I has been di icul (i no impos-
sible) o ind s a emen s made by mining, shipping, o logis ics companies ha
suppo he p ojec . While companies ha e been ca e ul no o become di ec ly
in ol ed in a sensi i e and poli icized deba e, bo h p i a e ci izens and mos
collec i e en i ies in oduced abo e ha e been ac i e in sha ing hei iews on
social media.
Al hough he ailway p ojec and i s possible e ec s on Finland’s posi ion
in global supply chains was i s deba ed in online discussion o a, such as
Suomi 24 (Ci y Digi al G oup, 2021), Twi e has played a leading ole as
a discussion pla o m. The i s wee wi h ‘#jääme en a a’ (di ec ansla-
ion: ailway o he A c ic Ocean [h ps:// wi e .com/ sea ch?q= %23j ääme en
a a&s c= ype d_ qu e y& = li e]) was published on 27 Feb ua y 2013. A e a
s eady inc ease in he numbe o wee s, he popula i y o his hash ag on
Twi e in Finland exploded in 2017. Al hough i is di icul o ind posi i e
commen s conce ning he planned p ojec in he wee s made in he 2020s,

The A c ic Co ido and Ques ions on Social Responsibili y 83
ea ly discussions we e s ongly pola ized and consis ed o a gumen s bo h
o and agains he p ojec . These ensions may explain why a new Twi e
accoun ‘@A c icRailway’ was launched in Ma ch 2018 wi h he sel - s a ed
pu pose o p o iding a pla o m o app op ia e in o ma ion conce ning he
A c ic ailway.
Eas Asian and Eu opean in es o s and po en ial use s o he planned
ailway ha e o med a g oup o s akeholde s ha a e o en men ioned bu
a ely hea d o . Al hough Japanese s akeholde s in he mid- 2010s exp essed
hei in e es in being in ol ed in he p ojec (In e iew, 18 May 2017), and
he se en- week anspo ime o imbe p oduc s om a sawmill in Kemijä i
(no he n Finland) o Japan h ough sou he n Finland, he Suez Canal,
and he Malacca S ai has been used as an example o he bene i s o he
new A c ic ou e (Laukkanen and Heikkilä, 2016), China has been he mos
o en men ioned non- A c ic ac o . Ac o s in no he n Finland and No way
ha e p epa ed ma e ial in he Chinese language and en isioned a connec ion
be ween he A c ic Co ido and he Bel and Road ini ia i e ( he Pola Silk
Road). Chinese capi al and po en ial in es men s ha e also been discussed in
he case o a p i a e ailway ini ia i e (De onshi e- Ellis, 2017; A c ic Co ido ,
2019; Mainio, 2019).
The eas has no been he only di ec ion whe e suppo o he p ojec has
been sough . Paa o Lipponen (2015), he o me P ime Minis e o Finland,
p oposed in his 2015 memo andum o Eu opean Commission P esiden Jean-
Claude Juncke ha he EU should secu e logis ical access o he A c ic Ocean
by launching a p ojec o a ail oad connec ion om Sou he n Finland o
Ki kenes. Taksami (2018) concluded in he su ey o Finnish media deba es
ha discussion and in e es (in yea s 2016– 2018) we e ans o ming om
Chinese owa d possible EU in es men s. Howe e , hese ini ia i es ha e no
p oceeded o he poin whe e he A c ic Co ido is included in he T ans-
Eu opean T anspo Ne wo k policy.
Analysis and Discussion
This s udy emphasizes he p esence o con lic ing in e es s and local ac o s’
capabili ies o d i e hei causes ei he independen ly o in coope a ion wi h
like- minded agen s. I in oduces a case in which con adic ions and compe i-
ion be ween di e en logics esul ed in a si ua ion in which space o sus ain-
able and socially esponsible supply chain p ac ices could no be ound. Thus,
hose engaged in o suppo ing he de elopmen o he A c ic Co ido ha e
ound hemsel es in a si ua ion in which i is di icul o impossible o ad ance
his p ojec , which could open oppo uni ies o new ypes o supply chain
ope a ions in he A c ic.
The connec ion be ween anspo in as uc u e, esou ce ex ac ion, and
economic g ow h has been s ong in he A c ic. Building anspo in as uc-
u e has a signi ican impac on landscapes, ecosys ems, and land- use pa e ns,
84 Juha Sauna aa a, Ri a Kylli, and Aileen Ase on Espí i u
and hey o en s imula e deba es conce ning social esponsibili y and inequali y
(Kylli and Sauna aa a 2017). Unsu p isingly, s a emen s e lec ing he en i on-
men al, economic, and social sphe es o sus ainabili y ha e been made bo h
o and agains he A c ic Co ido p ojec . Al hough some o hese a gumen s
ha e a long his o y, con empo a y discussions ha e also emphasized issues
missing o much less p esen in deba es ha ook place in he 20 h cen u y.
A holis ic app oach ha pays a en ion o his o ical de elopmen has e ealed
ha ques ions conce ning he ailway’s di ec impac s on na u e a e an example
o issues ha ha e become widely add essed only ecen ly.
The impac o he en i onmen al- conce n logic in discussions on A c ic
ailways should no be o e simpli ied. As desc ibed in Table 4.1, ailways ha e
been desc ibed as an en i onmen ally iendly mode o anspo . No way’s
la ges en i onmen al conse a ion o ganiza ion, when commen ing on he
planned Fauske- T omsø line, e e ed o he posi i e clima ic e ec s achie ed
i goods a e anspo ed by ail ins ead o oads (Aas, 2017; Nikel, 2019). In
he con ex o he A c ic Co ido , low le els o ca bon dioxide emissions,
when compa ed o o he o ms o a ic, ha e also been men ioned (Lapin
Lii o, 2018; Si owise, 2018b). Ne e heless, mos commen s conce ning
en i onmen al sus ainabili y ha e emphasized he ailway’s ha m ul e ec s
on na u e conse a ion a eas and na u al asse s (Si owise, 2018a; Lakkala,
2018; Länsman, 2018). Besides di ec impac s, some people ha e sugges ed
ha ailways also ha e indi ec ha m ul e ec s on he en i onmen . In o he
wo ds, he cons uc ion o he A c ic ailway would make anspo ing local
esou ces (e.g., mine als, o es s, e c.) easie , a ac new business ac i i y, and
cause damage o he en i onmen (Aikio and Pal o, 2018).
Economic g ow h, indus ial di e si ica ion, and employmen a e a he co e
o discussions conce ning economic sus ainabili y, and he A c ic Co ido
p ojec is no excep ion. While long- e m employmen may be signi ican ly
lowe han wha would be equi ed in he sho - e m cons uc ion phase, bo h
he main enance o in as uc u e and he ope a ion o ain a ic would ha e
posi i e di ec e ec s on employmen . The possible long- las ing indi ec con-
ibu ion o employmen and economic g ow h would come h ough indus-
ial de elopmen ha migh gain new momen um ad anced by he ailway
and h ough he ipple e ec s o suppo indus ies. Howe e , cons uc ing a
ailway could also ha e nega i e e ec s on local indus ies. While he impac s
on eindee he ding ha e cons an ly been desc ibed as nega i e, discussions
conce ning he ou ism indus y ha e been mo e complex, as he planned
ailway has been desc ibed as a pull ac o b inging mo e ou is s and a nega-
i e de elopmen a ec ing na u e and landscapes (Mainio, 2019; Ruokangas
and Män yken ä, 2019; Minis y o T anspo and Communica ions, 2019).
The his o y o SCM in Finnish Lapland in ol es many ins ances in which
local people ha e c i icized he cen al go e nmen , ei he because o a lack o
su icien in e es and in es men o because o p essu e o de elop anspo
in as uc u e ha is nei he needed no desi able. Al hough local communi-
ies, bo h indigenous and non- indigenous, ha e o en been di ided, and he e
The A c ic Co ido and Ques ions on Social Responsibili y 85
Table 4.1 Ins i u ional logics and dispu able e lec ions on he A c ic Co ido p ojec
Type o Logic Suppo i e A gumen Opposing A gumen
Economy/ ma ke logic • Mo e e icien and di e se supply
chains
• New di ec employmen and ax
e enue
• Engine o g ow h/ posi i e impac s on
o he (exis ing o new) indus ies
• No easible (lack o compe i i eness agains o he
anspo ou es)
• No easible (lack o ca go h ough he NSR)
• Nega i e e ec s on o he economic ac i i ies
En i onmen al logic • Rail is a g een o m o anspo a ion
• Can suppo a ic h ough he
NSR (e.g., a sho e ou e, less uel
consump ion, e c.)
• Ha m ul e ec s on he (local) en i onmen and
(indigenous and non- indigenous) li elihoods
• Can suppo indus ies ha ha e a g ea en i onmen al
oo p in
• Feasibili y depends on clima e change and he mel ing o
sea ice in he A c ic
Social esponsibili y logic • Wo kplaces and economic ac i i ies
keep an a ea a ac i e and occupied
(enable public and p i a e se ices)
• Imp o ed a ic connec ions
• Des uc i e e ec s on Sámi cul u e.
• Illegal p ocess
• Con inua ion o he injus ices su e ed by he Sámi
Regional de elopmen and
in eg a ion logic
• Possibili y o inc ease c oss- bo de
mobili y
• S eng hen coope a i e ela ionships
wi hin he Ba en s Region (P io o
Russian in asion o Uk aine in 2022)
• Inc easing awa eness o he A c ic
• Inc eased p essu e on Sámi cul u e (sen imen s ha
Sámi land and cul u e a e being colonized by majo i y
popula ions)
• O e use o he na u al en i onmen wi h an inc easing
numbe o ou is s and newcome s
Secu i y- o - supply logic • Inc eased secu i y o supply ia
di e si y/ exis ence o al e na i e ou es
• Closeness o he Russian bo de is a p oblem
• Economic easibili y ( ansshipmen om Asia o Eu ope
h ough he NSR) elies hea ily on ice mel ( ha is, global
wa ming)
newgen pd
86 Juha Sauna aa a, Ri a Kylli, and Aileen Ase on Espí i u
a e examples o no he n indigenous communi ies lobbying o he cons uc-
ion o new anspo in as uc u e, conce n abou he damage ha in a-
s uc u e could cause o he Sámi cul u e and adi ional li elihoods has been
a e- eme ging heme (Kylli and Sauna aa a, 2017). The e o e, he ac ha he
A c ic Co ido ’s ha m ul impac s on Sámi communi ies ha e been he domin-
a ing discou se in ecen deba es conce ning he social esponsibili y and sus-
ainabili y o he p ojec is no su p ising.
We a gue ha emo ion and a ec a e sha ply heigh ened by cul u e and
his o y, which has mani es ed in Sámi leade s in Finland ( o a lesse ex en ,
No way), who a e oicing hei opposi ion o he A c ic ail oad (Nilsen, 2017).
Howe e , i mus be emphasized ha he No wegian Sámi Pa liamen was in ull
suppo o he Sámi in Finland ha he ailway should no be buil (Lægland
2021). As G eenwood e al. (2010) a gued, such non- economic logics also play
a pa in decision- making. They iden i ied h ee o e iding elemen s ha lead
o ganiza ions o make non- ma ke decisions: s a e and amily, enewed in e es
in he ole o geog aphical communi ies, and he impo ance o his o y o any
unde s anding o he ela ionship be ween o ganiza ions and ins i u ions. We
a gue ha all h ee o hese elemen s ha e been p esen in decisions conce ning
he building o he ail oad be ween Ro aniemi and Ki kenes i we designa e
ha he indigenous Sámi in e es s can be cha ac e ized as wha G eenwood
e al. e med “ amily.” Indeed, he Sámi’s a gumen s o adi ional li elihoods
ied o he land and i s oo edness in his o y ha e s eng hened Finnish Sámi’s
a gumen s and s andpoin s.
Al hough Taksami (2018) concluded ha s a e o icials, egional au ho -
i ies, and he Sámi popula ion ha e been in lexible in hei pe cep ions, he e
a e examples showing ha a i udes ha e e ol ed. The ela i e impo ance o
ac o s a ec ing he p ocess in which he p os and cons o he ailway a e
weighed ha e a ied. The cu en si ua ion speaks o he s eng hs o social
and en i onmen al sus ainabili y discou ses. Howe e , i can be specula ed
whe he non- ma ke ins i u ions and logics would ha e been s ong enough o
hal he ailway p ojec should he e alua ions conce ning economic easibili y
be mo e posi i e. One in o man c i icized he Ramboll and Si owise s udies
and a gued ha hey we e enden ious and w i en o make he A c ic ailway
p ojec look una ac i e. Taking no s ance on he c i icism o he epo s, i
can be conside ed whe he p essu e based on non- ma ke logics a ec ed he
d a ing o hese assessmen s. The ac ha hese s udies ound he p ojec
economically un easible a ec ed e alua ions conce ning o e all sus ainabili y
and social esponsibili y, and his made i easie o poli ical decision- make s
o wi hd aw om he p ojec .
The ailway ini ia i e can also be analyzed as a pa o a wide discus-
sion conce ning he sus ainable and esponsible de elopmen o he A c ic.
Finland’s new A c ic S a egy adop ed in 2021 s ongly emphasizes clima e
ac ions, he ca ying capaci y o na u al en i onmen s, and espec o he
igh s o indigenous popula ions. Space dedica ed o he economic po en ial
and in as uc u al de elopmen o he A c ic seems less han in he p e ious
The A c ic Co ido and Ques ions on Social Responsibili y 87
s a egy (Finnish Go e nmen , 2021). The A c ic ailway is no men ioned in
he Finnish p esidency p og am o he Ba en s Eu o- A c ic Council 2021–
2023 (Minis y o Fo eign A ai s o Finland, 2021). When he new A c ic
S a egy men ions anspo se ices and c oss- bo de connec ions in no -
he n pa s o Finland, No way, and Sweden, i e e s o he possibili y o
connec ing Finland o he A c ic Ocean and Eas Asia ia he po o Na ik.
While he desi e o ecognize Finland as a pa o global supply chains h ough
he A c ic is s ill p esen , he documen does no commen on he cu en o
expec ed u u e a ic condi ions in he so- called I on O e Line.
As o No way’s A c ic S a egy 2021, he e is no men ion o an A c ic
ailway o e e ences o local isions o building a ailway connec ion om
Ro aniemi o Ki kenes. Howe e , in a speech on 3 Feb ua y 2022, he newly
elec ed p ime minis e o No way, Jonas Gah S ø e, e i ed he ocus on
he High No h and A c ic while ci ing he impo ance o a possible No h
No way ailway ha would connec he coun y mo e igh ly om eas o wes
and no jus om no h o sou h. S ø e unde sco ed his will be a majo ocus
o his go e nmen ’s o hcoming anspo plan (S ø e 2022).
Conclusion
The A c ic Co ido exempli ies a p ojec in which discussions conce ning
in e na ional and global supply chains and hei sus ainabili y mee a ious
con lic ing in e es s and iews a he local, egional, and na ional le els. Ou
indings e eal a dynamic ange o di e en ins i u ional logics in ol ed in and
guiding a gumen a ion (ei he on behal o agains ) conce ning he p ojec .
The mos in luen ial a e hose ha ocus on (1) economic bene i s, (2) igh s o
he Sámi people and hei adi ional ways o li ing, and (3) p o ec ion o he
agile A c ic en i onmen . Due o he collisions and incompa ibili y o hese
logics, leading o he lack o SCM p ac ices b oadly conside ed esponsible
and sus ainable, he A c ic Co ido p ojec has become a new chap e in he
long his o y o ailed a emp s o cons uc a ailway line be ween no he n
Finland and an A c ic po own. The cu en s udy con ibu es o he SCM
li e a u e on social esponsibili y and sus ainabili y by unde lining he he e o-
genei y and con lic ing in e es s wi hin A c ic local communi ies. The lack o
unde s anding o dismissal o local collisions can challenge he de elopmen
o supply chains ha migh ha e global signi icance.
Finally, i is wo h poin ing ou ha he A c ic Co ido is no he only
A c ic ailway p ojec ecen ly desc ibed as a missing link in he global supply
chain. The Belkomu p ojec , a ail oad connec ion designed o link Pe m
in he U al Moun ains wi h he A c ic po ci y o A khangelsk, also has a
his o y ha da es back o he beginning o he 20 h cen u y. Like he A c ic
Co ido , his p ojec has also been e i alized du ing pas decades as pa
o discussions conce ning he NSR and new global supply chains (Belkomu ,
2007; Sukhankin, 2019). The e o e, compa a i e esea ch on he di e en

88 Juha Sauna aa a, Ri a Kylli, and Aileen Ase on Espí i u
A c ic ailway p ojec s (possibly including a plan o build a ailway o Indiga
on he coas o he Ba en s Sea (Nilsen, 2020b) o some case s udies om
No h Ame ica) could p o ide an in e es ing analysis ha elabo a es on
na ional and egional di e ences in he ela ionship be ween SCM p ac ices,
anspo in as uc u e, and sus ainable de elopmen in he A c ic.
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Mos o he li e a u e on supply chain social sus ainabili y ocuses on
de eloping coun ies whe e equi y, philan h opy, sa e y, heal h and wel-
a e, e hics, and human igh s a e o p ima y conce n (Mani e al., 2016). In
de eloped coun ies, by compa ison (Golicic e al., 2020), he e is mo e ai h in
ma ke o ces adop ing socially sus ainable p ac ices due o consume p essu e,
bu , a he same ime, he e a e calls o go e nmen esponsibili y in he o m
o in e en ions o c ea e incen i es and amewo k o suppo such p ac ices.
Beske (2012) claims ha when i ms iden i y hei capabili ies and coope a e
h ough aligning hei goals o make hei supply chain sus ainable, hey gain
a compe i i e ad an age, and i is usually hese i ms who pe o m well on
social and en i onmen al indica o s. Fu he s udies a e needed speci ically
o con i m his in e ms o social sus ainabili y, pa icula ly in de eloping
coun ies, and he e is a call o he businesses o conside he in e es s o
s akeholde s who a e no di ec pa ne s in he supply chain, such as he
communi y in which he business ope a es (Golicic e al., 2020; Mani e al.,
2016). Ahi and Sea cy (2015) also emphasize he impo ance o iden i ying
and add essing sa e y, wel a e, and communi y ela ed issues in sus ainable
supply chain.
Supply Chain Managemen in Tou ism
Tou ism is a mul i- segmen ed se ice indus y based on p o ision o expe iences
o he ou is consume . In his indus y, he low o o eign cu ency in o a
coun y’s economy is pa o in e na ional ade and highly compe i i e, while
lacking eliance on he expo o goods (Minciu, 2008). An e ec i e ou ism
indus y equi es he coope a ion and commi men o many s akeholde s o
manage i s supply chain. Al hough he e m SCM has no been widely used
in ou ism esea ch, i is implici in concep ualiza ion o he ou ism sys em,
which is mo e commonly used as a amewo k in ou ism esea ch and edu-
ca ion (Mo ison, 2018). To supply he equi ed goods and se ices o ou is
consume s, hese s akeholde s ake he o m o links in he supply chain which
mus be lexible o espond o inc eases and changes in cus ome demands. The
well- known issue o seasonali y in ou ism des ina ions, ha is he di e ence
in demand be ween high and low seasons, can be add essed wi h he SCM con-
cep . The seasonal luc ua ion in demand educes he economic sus ainabili y
o he ou ism supply chain as he lack o demand in a long low season educes
he e u n on in es men in ou ism in as uc u e, such as accommoda ion
(Ran ala e al., 2019).
The supply chain in manu ac u ing indus ies is concei ed o , in a linea
ashion, as a single s eam lowing down a chain. This does no adequa ely
desc ibe he ou ism supply chain (TSC). A c i ical di e ence is ha i in ol es
a ne wo k o ou ism o ganiza ions as s akeholde s in ol ed in a se ies o
di e se ac i i ies (Zhang e al., 2009). This ne wo k is wide and di e se, an-
ging om hose o ganiza ions esponsible o ma ke ing, p o ision o ligh s

Social Sus ainabili y and Supply Chain Managemen in Tou ism 99
and accommoda ion, o hose ha deploy local p oduc s and ou s. I also
in ol es s akeholde s in public and p i a e sec o s, anging om go e nmen s
and la ge o ganiza ions o small businesses and indi iduals. De elopmen and
managemen o ou is des ina ions is based on his iew o a ou ism sys em
whe e communi y ela ions, s akeholde collabo a ion, and con lic esolu ion
a e cen al (Mo ison, 2018). The ou ism supply chain managemen (TSCM)
is, he e o e, a e y complex sys em, which inc eases he isk o a misma ch
be ween supply and demand along he supply chains.
In ou ism, he supply chain p oduc s a e he goods and se ices consumed
by ou is s. Mi o ing all supply chains, success ul deli e y o p oduc s elies
on coope a ion be ween s akeholde s who ha e di e en du ies and may also
ha e di e ing objec i es. An e ec i e TSC suppo s sus ainabili y o he
indus y, which is also impo an o inancial ad an age in a highly compe i-
i e comme cial en i onmen (Chen, 2009; Song, 2012; Szpilko, 2017). The e
is also a need o be mind ul o he en i e supply chain ne wo k, aking a hol-
is ic iew o i s managemen . This will always be challenging, especially gi en
he “he e ogeneous na u e and agmen a ions ha exis s wi hin he ou ism
indus y” (Si olo, 2020, p. 129).
Sus ainable Supply Chain Managemen in Tou ism
As discussed, p io i iza ion o sus ainabili y in SCM ini ially ollowed a iple
bo om line app oach, adding conside a ion o “en i onmen al, social and
economic impac s o business ac i i ies” o he p ocesses o supply change
managemen (Fon e al., 2008, p. 260). In he ou ism li e a u e, esea ch
encompassing sus ainabili y and SCM heo y has ocused on he economic
and en i onmen al issues; mo e on manu ac u ing, such as he en i onmen al
aspec s o manu ac u ing (Fon e al., 2008), less on he se ice sec o , and
e en less on he social, and pa icula ly esiden , aspec s. This ocus, un il he
las decade, p io i ized dis ibu ion and ma ke ing ac i i ies “wi hou ully
conside ing he whole ange o di e en supplie s in ol ed in he p o ision
and consump ion o ou ism p oduc s” (Zhang e al., 2009, p. 345). In mo e
ecen shi s, SCM has been ecognized as a sus ainabili y- d i en app oach
(So a ana e al., 2021), and i s success in o he sec o s gi es ise o op imism
o i s use in he ou ism sec o (Zhang e al., 2009).
As wi h he li e a u e on SCM in o he sec o s, social, and pa icula ly
esiden , sus ainabili y is ye o be comp ehensi ely add essed in he ield o
ou ism. As discussed, achie ing sus ainabili y in p oduc s and se ices leads o
cus ome sa is ac ion (Seu ing, 2011). In ou ism, he cus ome is he ou is ,
and he impo ance o unde s anding hei sa is ac ion in SCM is add essed in
some li e a u e (e.g., Ghade i e al., 2018). Howe e , he esiden is a s akeholde
in TSCM as well, and hei ole in he sus ainabili y o i emains unde s udied.
The p e alen ocus on ma e ial goods in SCM may ha e blinded
ou ism esea che s o how he concep can be applied o a gla ing case o
100 Guð ún Helgadó i e al.
unsus ainable ou ism, ha is, o e ou ism. An applied ocus, such as h ough
SCM, may b idge a gap be ween heo e ical discou ses on he subjec and he
ope a ionaliza ion o esea ch and p ac ice o add ess o e ou ism. This would
answe calls o applica ion o he c i ical u n in ou ism s udies (Bianchi,
2009; B amwell and Lane, 2014), pa icula ly ega ding esea ch on ou ism
sus ainabili y (Moyle e al., 2021).
Social sus ainabili y o ou ism is mul i ace ed. Using Iceland as a case
s udy, he e we ocus on he ou ism indus y’s use o public goods and se ices
c ea ed and main ained by axpaye s, such as oad in as uc u e, law en o ce-
men and heal h ca e, as well as o he na u al and cul u al esou ces. This
can lead o he nega i e pe cep ion ha ou ism akes mo e han i p o ides,
hus c ea ing disco d wi h esiden s and a misma ch be ween he demand o
and a ailabili y o esou ces (Ande eck and Nyaupane, 2011; Helgadó i
e al., 2019).
Tou ism Managemen in Iceland
Tou ism became he mos impo an expo indus y in Iceland a e he
inancial c ash in 2008 (Icelandic Tou is Boa d, 2018). In 2018, Iceland
anked in hi d place o all he O ganiza ion o Economic Co- ope a ion
and De elopmen (OECD) coun ies, a e Mexico and Spain, in he p opo -
ion o ou ism con ibu ion o he o al GDP o he coun y (OECD, 2020).
In e na ional ou is numbe s ose om hal a million in 2010 o 2.3 million in
2018 (Icelandic Tou is Boa d, n.d.), wi h an annual inc ease be ween 19% and
39%. Tou ism became he main economic ac i i y and by 2018, he pe cen age
o people wo king in ou ism in Iceland compa ed o he whole economy
was he highes o all OECD coun ies (OECD 2020). In Iceland, he sho
summe season, June– Augus , is adi ionally he high season and he geo-
g aphical sp ead o ou is s is une en, wi h he as majo i y isi ing in he
Sou h and Sou h- Wes egion (Sæþó sdó i e al., 2019; Þó hallsdó i and
Óla sson, 2017).
Despi e economic op imism, he exponen ial g ow h a e o isi a ion in
he decade a e he inancial c isis led o inc easing media epo s o alleged
nega i e impac s o ou ism on Icelandic na u e and socie y (Helgadó i e al.,
2019). Iceland inc easingly became associa ed wi h o e ou ism; ha is, when he
numbe o ou is s exceeds he ole ance limi s o esiden s and causes damage
o na u e and s ess on he na ional in as uc u e (Sæþó sdó i e al., 2020).
The Icelandic go e nmen eac ed by de eloping a high- le el ou ism ask
o ce composed o minis e s esponsible o ou ism, inance, en i onmen ,
and in e io , in addi ion o he Icelandic Tou ism Associa ion and Icelandic
Associa ion o Local Au ho i ies (OECD, 2017). The ask o ce add essed he
consequences o ou ism on na u e conse a ion, imp o ed skills and quali y
o ou ism se ices, and p o ided a ounda ion o managing ou ism de el-
opmen mo e e ec i ely (Minis y o Indus y and Inno a ion and SAF,
Social Sus ainabili y and Supply Chain Managemen in Tou ism 101
2015). Since hen, a ious p og ams ha e been launched o be e manage
he inc eased ou ism numbe s. The mos p ominen ones a e he Na ional
In as uc u e Plan and he Tou is Si e P o ec ion Fund, bo h wi h a ocus
on in as uc u e de elopmen (OECD, 2021). Mos ecen ly, he Minis y o
Tou ism launched a p og am labelled Va ða – Si es o Me i ha aims o p o-
mo e and acili a e an in eg a ed app oach o des ina ion managemen . The
h ee main goals o he p og am add ess he iple bo om line o sus ain-
abili y: conse a ion o na u e and cul u e, high- quali y se ice, and espec o
esiden s (Minis y o Indus y and Inno a ion, 2021).
Al hough hese ini ia i es we e ini ially la gely conce ned wi h en i on-
men al sus ainabili y, hey ha e also inc eased he ocus on he social impac s
o ou ism and he inc eased p esence o ou ism in Icelandic communi ies.
The Icelandic go e nmen ’s ision o 2030 is ha ou ism will ha e a posi i e
e ec on he local communi y and inc ease he quali y o li e o local people
(Go e nmen o Iceland, n.d.).
Me hod
Ou s udy is pa o a longi udinal esea ch p og am ini ia ed by he Icelandic
Tou is Boa d, which we ha e been engaged in ia he Icelandic Tou ism
Resea ch Cen e and Hóla Uni e si y. Residen a i udes owa d ou ism
impac s and ou is s in Iceland ha e been moni o ed since 2014 h ough
na ional and local su eys as well as h ough in e iews wi h andomly selec ed
esiden s. The longi udinal esea ch aims o moni o changes in a i udes and
indica ions o p essu e on esiden s and communi ies due o ou is s and
ou ism in hei local a ea. In i s esea ch agenda, he Icelandic Tou is Boa d
measu es how con en he esiden s a e abou ou ism in Iceland h ough
na ional su eys and in e iews (Icelandic Tou is Boa d, 2021). This longi u-
dinal s udy p o ides an oppo uni y o build a imeline o esiden a i udes,
which is an impo an indica o o he social sus ainabili y o ou ism. The
selec ion o communi ies o his s udy e lec s bo h geog aphical sp ead in
Iceland and di e en cha ac e is ics o ou ism. Thus, some o he communi-
ies s udied deal wi h mass ou ism, while o he s had o ba le emo eness and
lack o in as uc u e.
The in e iews we e semi- s uc u ed, and he sample was andomly selec ed
om esiden s who we e 18 yea s o olde and no employed in he ou ism
sec o . The in e iew schedule included bo h i ems on a i udes o and
expe iences wi h ou is s in he esponden s’ daily en i onmen . The schedule
also included i ems abou he ou ism indus y and go e nance, co e ing p i-
a e and public sec o oles in ou ism de elopmen .
In o al, 108 in e iews and h ee ocus g oup sessions we e conduc ed e e y
second yea om 2015 o 2021 in 11 communi ies (Bja nadó i , 2022; 2021a;
2021b; 2021c; 2021d; 2019a; 2019b; Helgadó i e al., 2019; Bja nadó i e al.,
2016). In epo ing indings, he esponden s a e anonymized and only e e ed
102 Guð ún Helgadó i e al.
o by hei place o esidence, in e iew numbe , and yea . The in e iews
we e ca ied ou in esponden s’ place o choice, excep he in e iews and
ocus g oups conduc ed in 2020– 2021, which we e conduc ed online due o
COVID- 19 es ic ions. The mean leng h o he in e iews was an hou , all
in e iews we e eco ded and ansc ibed. They we e analyzed independen ly
based on con en . Fi s , he ca ego ies inhe en in he in e iew schedule we e
conside ed and hen new ca ego ies we e o med h ough con en p o ided by
esponden s in addi ion o wha was in he in e iew schedule. In e iewe ’s
no es and eco dings we e also used o gauge he a ec i e con en ; ha is, wha
emo ions esponden s exp essed. This was aken as e idence o bo h a i udes
and he ela i e impo ance esponden s a ach o i ems.
The na ional and local su eys we e based upon s uc u ed ques ionnai es
combining a a ie y o ques ion o ma s and adminis e ed by elephone
in e iews o a andomly selec ed sample o esiden s 18 yea s and olde .
Desc ip i e s a is ics we e used o summa ize esponses and compa e a i udes
o ou ism impac s be ween di e en communi ies and egions, by demo-
g aphics and s akeholde s (Bja nadó i , 2020a). The su ey ins umen
moni o s changes in he esiden s’ assessmen o quali y o li e and hei local
way o li e due o ou ism in he p e ailing adi ion o social impac esea ch.
Main Findings
He e we p esen he main indings om ou longi udinal s udy ha ha e
bea ing upon sus ainabili y in he TSC. Figu e 5.1 shows esul s on i ems om
he na ional su ey on esiden a i udes ha e lec esiden s’ a i udes o he
numbe o ou is s in hei daily en i onmen . I clea ly shows ha ac oss he
yea s, and in bo h seasons (summe and win e ), esiden s we e o e whelmingly
posi i e abou he numbe o ou is s wi h many hinking ha he numbe was
oo low, pa icula ly in win e .
Table 5.1 shows su ey i ems ha a e o mos ele ance o SCM, add essing
how ou ism impac s issues such as access o se ices, a ic in as uc u e,
e ail, housing, public space, and jobs. Responden s we e asked o a e hei
le el o ag eemen using a 5- poin Like - ype scale (1 = s ongly disag ee o
5 = s ongly ag ee). On a na ional scale, he su eys indica e ha esiden s ha e
posi i e a i udes owa d ou is s and ou ism. Mos Icelande s a e sa is ied
wi h ou ism in hei communi y. Thei opinions abou he posi i e aspec s o
ou ism ha e been consis en o e ime, and he economic pe spec i es inhe en
in oppo uni ies o income gene a ion, employmen , and imp o ed quali y o
li e a e p ominen .
Residen sa is ac ion wi h inc eased p o ision o se ices such as mo e
es au an s and ca és as well as e en s and a ac ions is linked wi h imp o e-
men in quali y o li e (Vog e al., 2020). This is bo ne ou by esiden
s a emen s such as:
Social Sus ainabili y and Supply Chain Managemen in Tou ism 103
Figu e 5.1 A i udes o Icelande s owa d ou is numbe s du ing summe and win e seasons 2014– 2021 (Based on
sou ces: Bja nadó i , 2020a and Minis y o Indus y and Inno a ion, n.d.).
newgen pd

104 Guð ún Helgadó i e al.
The bigges change is ha we ha e a g ea e le el o se ice he e. We ge mo e
se ices and mo e choices because o he ou is s. I hink people o ge ha
some imes.
(Husa ik- 04- 2018)
The communi y he e is so small, we would ne e be able o ha e all his se ice
i i wasn’ o he ou is s.
(Aku ey i- 03- 2021)
In he pas , local companies commonly closed down du ing he win e season
and some p obably s ill do ha . […] Bu we ge o ac like he communi y is
conside ably bigge han i eally is because o he ou is s.
(Egilss adi - 04- 2018)
Table 5.1 Selec ed i ems om he 2019 na ional su ey o a i udes o
Icelande s owa ds ou ism and ou is s in Iceland
Selec ed s a emen s om 2019
su ey
Like scale (1 = s ongly
disag ee o 5 = s ongly ag ee)
N Mean1 2 3 4 5
Tou ism has led o mo e di e se
se ice in my communi y ha I
ha e used
8% 22% 12% 34% 24% 2.565 3,4
Tou is s boos ade in my
communi y
4% 12% 7% 42% 35% 2.566 3,9
Tou ism inc eases job di e si y in
my communi y
2% 7% 7% 47% 37% 2.558 4,1
Tou is s limi o he people’s access
o se ice in my communi y
37% 43% 8% 9% 3% 2.568 2,0
I y o a oid ce ain places a ound
he coun y ha I know many
ou is s a e o be encoun e ed
20% 26% 10% 28% 16% 2.576 2,9
I am mo e a aid now han be o e
o d i e on he highway due o
inc eased ou is a ic
12% 21% 10% 36% 21% 2.575 3,3
The ou ism indus y has limi ed
he possibili y o esiden s
o acqui e housing in my
communi y
21% 37% 11% 23% 8% 2.398 2,6
O he indus ies in my communi y
su e o people being employed
in ou ism
28% 49% 11% 9% 2% 2.418 2,1
I hink i is posi i e ha people in
my communi y can en ou hei
p ope ies o ou is s
8% 15% 17% 44% 16% 2.480 3,5
Sou ce: Bja nadó i (2020a).
Social Sus ainabili y and Supply Chain Managemen in Tou ism 105
A common h ead in na ional su eys is ha he mos nega i e a i udes owa d
ou is s and ou ism a e likely o be ound among hose who claim ha ou is
numbe s a e oo high (Bja nadó i , 2020a). Those esiden s a e also mo e nega-
i e in hei a i udes o he impac s o ou ism on he housing and labo ma ke
and daily li e in hei en i onmen . The numbe o cus ome s in local s o es ises
conside ably du ing he high ou ism season and, in some loca ions, esiden s
exp essed conce ns abou he s ain o his on he s o es and on hemsel es.
The g oce y s o e is so small, i ’s o en comple ely ull and he pa king lo is
o en ull oo. I ’s jus aw ul. This is wha i i a es he locals he mos . They
a e no necessa ily annoyed by he people; he space is jus so small ha i does
no ca y his kind o a ic.
(My a n- 01- 2016)
In some cases, howe e , especially in e y small communi ies, he economic
iabili y o ope a ing a g oce y s o e o ca e in he coun yside is dependen
on ou is business, and esiden s ecognize his. Fo some, his became pa -
icula ly appa en du ing he COVID- 19 pandemic when ou is numbe s o
Iceland we e educed by 75% (Icelandic Tou is Boa d, n.d.):
In a small communi y such as by lake My a n, he locals now unde s and ha
he ou is a ic has sus ained he g oce y s o e. As soon as he ou is a ic
dec eased, so did he se ice.
(My a n- 04- 2021)
Ne e heless, long queues on c owded summe days a e s ill desc ibed by
esiden s as a p oblem. Addi ionally, he esiden s poin ou ha he e aile s
lack he lexibili y o accommoda e la ge numbe s o cus ome s du ing he
peak ou ism season and a ewe a o he imes in he yea (Bja nadó i ,
2021a).
When he g oce y s o e he e was buil a he ime, he ques ion was, a e we
building his o he ou is a ic in he summe o he local communi y in
he win e ?
(My a n- 06- 2021)
A bus o 30 people comes o he supe ma ke and all b ead, ege ables and
all kinds o p oduc s disappea om he shel es. […] O cou se, I’m sad ha
he e’s no mo e b ead when I come o buy g oce ies, bu in my opinion, he
ou is s a e no o blame, i is a he he g oce y s o e ha is o blame.
(Husa ik- 05- 2018)
P oblems pe cei ed by esiden s in he housing ma ke ha e mainly been in
connec ion wi h inc eases in sho - e m en al accommoda ion o ou is s.
This is linked o a sho age o housing o ou ism wo ke s and issues wi h
106 Guð ún Helgadó i e al.
ou is accommoda ion which, wi hin he sha ed economy, mo ed close o
he esiden s han hey p e iously expe ienced. The lip side o ha coin was
wha esiden s e e ed o as a lack o “ eal neighbou s, people ha you know”
(Ísa jö ðu - 02- 2015), ha is he social ab ic o he communi y wea s hin
when esidency is only sho - e m.
The sha ing economy has aised he en al p ices, which has led o ha
we ha e los a lo o young people om he ci y cen e o o he pa s o
he ci y
(101- Reykja ik- 01- 2021)
I ’s annoying and dis u bs he social pa e n ha he e should only be gues s in
some o he houses in ou neighbou hood, no amilies and kids.
(Hö n- 01- 2016)
I ound ou he ha d way ha i can be e y di icul o ge and keep a long-
e m en al apa men . I can be qui e easy om 1s o Oc obe un il 1s o
Ma ch, bu a e ha you migh be h own ou because he apa men is u ned
in o a sho - e m en al only o e he summe .
(Egilss adi - 01- 2018)
In some communi ies, p oblems ha e isen whe e esiden s ha e el ha ou ism
has become o e whelming. Some esiden s in hea ily isi ed des ina ions
expe ienced nega i e communica ion wi h ou ism wo ke s. Fo example, when
a guide poin ed o a esiden as an example o an aspec o Icelandic cul u e
and socie y he eac ion was:
I don’ wan o be a p op o some guide who akes 15 people o a walk in my
neighbou hood.
(Reykja ik- 02- 2015)
Ano he example was gi en o a guided g oup who blocked he s ee o
o he pedes ians and when a esiden asked hem o mo e, he g oup leade
esponded impoli ely (Ísa jö ðu 02- 2015). In Reykja ík, a bus d i e eac ed
nega i ely o he us a ion o o he d i e s o his blocking o a esiden-
ial s ee while le ing passenge s o he bus (Reykja ík- 04- 2015). In some
cases, complain s om esiden s wi h ( epea ed) bad expe iences ha e led o
imp o emen s, which ha e educed some o he p essu e caused by ou ism on
esiden s. One such example is om Reykja ík ci y cen e whe e bus a ic was
es ic ed signi ican ly in 2017 a e opposi ion om he esiden s (Reykja ík,
n.d.). As desc ibed by one esiden :
These new egula ions ha banned he big buses om ce ain s ee s down-
own made a huge di e ence in my neighbou hood. I’m e y happy wi h he
Social Sus ainabili y and Supply Chain Managemen in Tou ism 107
new a angemen . This hough had begun ha he e mus be oom o he
locals as well he ou is s.
(Reykja ik- 05- 2021)
In esponse o complain s om esiden s in Ísa jö ðu who sha ed hei expe i-
ence o wande ing c uise ou is s blocking a ic on he s ee s o looking
h ough windows in o people’s homes, he municipali y unde ook a walking-
pa h cons uc ion along he seaside. This cons uc ion aised hopes ha ped-
es ian a ic would mo e o he s ee s and he eby educe p essu e on he
locals.
The e was g ea esen men amongs he esiden s. [...] Bu hese pa hs we e
cons uc ed, and I hink he locals did ha e an impac . Ou expe ience om
li ing wi h his became e ealed.
(Ísa jö ðu - 01- 2021)
On he o he hand, he esiden s o en epo ed aking he ini ia i e o in e ac
wi h ou is s, bo h o o e help and ad ice and o socialize – al hough he
willingness o do so declines when hey expe ience hei daily en i onmen
domina ed by ou ism.
You don’ ha e o alk o ou is s unless you wan o. […] Mos ly you ge
asked o di ec ions. […] I doesn’ happen e y o en.
(Egilss adi 01- 2018)
While esiden a i udes owa d economic and social impac s a e mos ly posi-
i e, hey a e less posi i e owa d he inc eased p essu e on na u e and in a-
s uc u e such as he oad sys em, public la a o ies, he heal h ca e sys em, and
he local housing ma ke . In o he wo ds, inc eased ou is numbe s esul ed
quickly in inc eased p essu e on sha ed spaces.
The oad sys em is one o he clea es examples o in as uc u e sha ed by
ou is s and locals in Iceland. Residen s exp essed conce n abou d i e s who
lacked expe ience wi h oad condi ions in Iceland as well as hei lack o con-
side a ion o o he d i e s. They also iden i ied a need o inc eased main en-
ance and imp o emen s o he oad sys em due o inc eased a ic. In No h
Iceland, o example, he pe cei ed lack o ou ism in as uc u e in a popula
na u e des ina ion has been a cause o conce n o he esiden s who doub ha
he in as uc u e can handle he cu en ou ism a ic (Bja nadó i , 2021a).
The e is no in as uc u e o accommoda e all o his [ca ] a ic. The e a e
no enough lay- by pa king a eas along he main oad so people s op whe e e
hey see some hing [in e es ing]... The a ea is no eady o ecei e all hese
ca s.
(My a n 05- 2021)
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DOI: 10.4324/9781003218043-6
6 Social Responsi eness wi hin
he Russian A c ic Supply Chains
E idence om Isola ed Communi ies
h ough he An h opological View
An onina Ts e ko a
Facul y o Logis ics, Molde Uni e si y College, Molde, No way
Ma ina Nenashe a
No he n A c ic Fede al Uni e si y, A khangelsk, Russia
These people who li e on he island and coas al e i o ies
o he No h...we don’ know any hing abou hem a all.
When you s a alking o hem, i u ns ou ha his is a
comple ely di e en uni e se; e en i hey ha e a li le some-
hing o do wi h A khangelsk, e e y hing is di e en he e.
Rep esen a i e o he A khangelsk Ri e Po
In oduc ion
Resea ch on esponsible supply chain managemen (SCM) has gained con-
side able a en ion ecen ly. Being socially esponsible means ha an indi-
idual o social en i y complies wi h no only economic bu also mo al du ies,
e hical and social s anda ds, which a e pa ially de e mined by s akeholde
demands (Maignan and Fe ell, 2001; Da id e al., 2005). Ac i e means o
social esponsibili y and a way o manage and espond o socie al needs and
s akeholde demands (C amp on and Pa en, 2008) can be iden i ied as so-
called social esponsi eness, which is o en e e ed o as “social esponsi-
bili y”. In he b oad sense o he e m, esponsi eness means ha an indi idual
o en i y should ake explici and p oac i e ac ions o espond o and deal wi h
s akeholde s and social issues (Waddock, 2004). Klassen and Ve eecke (2012,
p.103) de ine social issues in supply chains as “p oduc - o p ocess- ela ed
aspec s o ope a ions ha a ec human sa e y, wel a e and communi y de el-
opmen ”. So, social esponsi eness seems o con ibu e o ac i i ies ha ocus
on esponding o socie al needs in a way ha imp o es he quali y o li e and
en i onmen o hose a ound hem.
Wi hin SCM s udies, much has been w i en abou he a ie y o
ela ionships  bu o en om a es ained and echnical iewpoin (P ice,
Social Responsi eness wi hin he Russian A c ic Supply Chains 117
1996). Fu he , mos s udies on social esponsibili y in SCM ha e ocused
on pu chasing decisions due o supplie s’ inco ec beha io , including e hics
and sa e y condi ions, he eby emphasizing supplie ela ionships and supply
managemen p ac ices as a challenge o enhancing social pe o mance and
sus ainabili y (Ca e and Jennings, 2002; Boyd e al., 2007; Cilibe i e al.,
2008). In his s udy, we sugges ha he mos undamen al challenges a e
social a he han echnical. G oups o people can deal wi h a numbe o
challenges ega ding communica ion, coope a ion, and compe i ion by
de eloping de ached cul u es. Wi hin hese cul u es, oles and ela ionships
e ol e o main ain he s uc u e and unc ion o an en i y o whole commu-
ni y. A he same ime, indi iduals o g oups o people in a pa icula cul u al
con ex a e ine i ably in luenced by he cul u al a mosphe e hey li e in. Thus,
ou s udy’s main mo i e is o analyze social esponsi eness ini ia i es in SCM
and explo e how local esiden s in isola ed no he n se lemen s o he Whi e
Sea espond o social needs and de elop socially esponsible supply chains in
A c ic local communi ies.
In doing so, his s udy ep esen s an empi ical case o he e ol emen o
social esponsi eness ini ia i es in he exis ing SCM p ac ice in wo di e en
g oups o u al, emo e se ings in he Russian A c ic: island and coas al
se lemen s o he Whi e Sea. This quali a i e explo a o y s udy u ilizes he
an h opological app oach o obse ing he beha io o local esiden s who
assume he ole o supply chain manage s in hese u al emo e se ings. This
app oach is p oposed o be e unde s and he cul u al con ex o he day- o-
day li es, ac i i ies and mo i a ions o local esiden s who make supply chains
wo k and o locals who ely on hem.
The emainde o his s udy is o ganized as ollows. The ollowing sec ion
p o ides an o e iew o he ex an li e a u e on social esponsibili y wi hin
SCM and he an h opological iew. We hen p esen ou me hodology and
he da a collec ion p ocess, ollowed by an analysis o da a and indings. Nex ,
he indings a e discussed in ligh o ou concep ual amewo k and an h opo-
logical app oach. Finally, he s udy concludes wi h heo e ical and p ac ical
implica ions and p o ides insigh s o u u e esea ch.
Social Responsibili y and Social Responsi eness in SCM
Li e a u e
Social esponsibili y issues a e commonly conside ed h ough he co e
cha ac e is ics o co po a e social esponsibili y (CSR). An ea ly de ini ion
o o ganiza ions’ social esponsibili y da es back o Bowen (1953, p.6), who
de ined i as he obliga ion o
pu sue hose policies, o make hose decisions o o ollow hose lines o ac ions
ha a e desi able in e ms o he objec i es and alues o ou socie y.
118 An onina Ts e ko a and Ma ina Nenashe a
La e , Da is (1973, p. 312) de ined CSR as
he i m’s conside a ion o and esponse o issues beyond he na ow economic,
echnical and legal equi emen s o he i m which esul s in accomplishing
social bene i s along wi h he adi ional economic gains which he i m seeks.
Much o he li e a u e deals wi h socially esponsible p ac ices adop ed by
indi idual i ms o enhance and ensu e social, en i onmen al, and economic
a i udes and beha io s (Cilibe i e al., 2008). Howe e , SCM p ac ice links
a ious o ganiza ions om di e en ields o business wi h mul iple goals
and ways o managing, and CSR ini ia i es should be ans e ed beyond he
indi idual i m o ac “as a mul iplie e ec o social esponsibili y” (P euss,
2000, p.143). Along he whole supply chain, a common unde s anding o
social esponsibili y and social issues becomes a signi ican challenge o all
supply chain pa ne s, including supplie s, manu ac u e s, cus ome s, and
socie y o local communi ies. Thus, he social aspec conce ns ai oppo -
uni ies and in ol emen inside and ou side he communi y, no only he
bounda ies o an indi idual o ganiza ion. Howe e , he inco po a ion o
CSR- ela ed pa ame e s in he SCM ield s uggles o measu e he social
e o s o supply chain agen s and membe s (Slape and Hall, 2011; Se aes
and Tamayo, 2013) due o he lack o comp ehensi e indica o s (Yawa and
Seu ing, 2017).
Fu he , Yawa and Seu ing (2017) p oposed ha esponsible supply chain
ac ions ini ia ed by s akeholde s and accep ed by o he supply chain membe s
o add ess social issues can be g ouped in o communica ion, compliance, and
supplie de elopmen s a egies. The challenge is ha wha cons i u es social
issues di e s signi ican ly among di e en s akeholde s because hey con-
s an ly adjus and depend on he condi ions in which a i m ope a es (Klassen
and Ve eecke, 2012; Hoejmose e al., 2014). Mo eo e , SCM’s in eg a i e and
coope a i e na u e can sugges a pa icula in luence on socially esponsible
ac i i ies, which may no be e lec ed in he mo e adi ional p i a e sec o
(Spence and Bou lakis, 2009), especially conce ning socie y’s needs (Ts e ko a,
2020). The shi o supply chain esponsibili y equi es ha all supply chain
membe s no only s i e o achie e social and en i onmen al bene i s besides
economic gains bu also acknowledge di e en app oaches o e hics by a ious
o ganiza ional o ms wi hin he supply chain (De Vliege , 2006; Spence and
Bou lakis, 2009).
These social issues can be unde s ood h ough ano he concep o social
esponsi eness closely ela ed o social esponsibili y. Social esponsi eness
is de ined as s akeholde s’ in en ion o con ibu e o socie y’s wel a e and
be e men . While social esponsibili y e e s o he e hical/ mo al obliga-
ion and du y o an indi idual o en i y owa d socie y, social esponsi e-
ness is he manne in which an indi idual o en i y esponds o social needs.
Social esponsibili y and social esponsi eness a e wo ac o s enabling an
indi idual and/ o g oup o people o bene i socie y’s de elopmen . The eby,
Social Responsi eness wi hin he Russian A c ic Supply Chains 119
social esponsi eness e lec s on he social o human dimension issues, which
ha e ecei ed sca ce a en ion in SCM li e a u e (see Ts e ko a, 2021). In
his ligh , SCM p ac ice is also iewed as consis en pa e ns o human
ac ions ha pe o m ongoing ope a ions, p oduce ou comes in day- o- day
endea o s, and en ision new o ms o collabo a ion among supply chain
membe s (Ts e ko a, 2021). Despi e bo h opics – SCM and CSR – ha ing
been inc easingly obse ed in he li e a u e, li le a en ion has been paid o
unde s anding he possible e ec s o in eg a ing SCM and social esponsi-
bili y in local communi ies and he needs o socie y (Pagell and She chenko,
2014; Ts e ko a, 2020).
This s udy add esses he abo e- men ioned sho comings in he li e a u e on
inco po a ing social esponsibili y in SCM p ac ice and i s in luence on supply
chain in eg a ion p oblems, by applying an an h opological iew, as ou lined
in he subsequen sec ion.
Cul u al Se ings o Supply Chain Managemen :
The An h opological View
F om he an h opologic pe spec i e, his s udy deals wi h he cul u al aspec s
o social ac ion o gain a be e unde s anding o p axis and conscious ac ion
by local esiden s who de elop and main ain ood supply chains and o hose
who ely on hem.
Cul u e is an essen ial pa o SCM, as supply chain membe s ope a e in
c oss- cul u al con ex s (Mu phy e al., 2019). Fu he , ela ionship issues, in
e ms o bo h s uc u e and communica ion and o he p oblems ela ed o
in eg a ion e o s, can be a ibu ed o cul u al di e ences (Klaus e al., 1993).
Cul u e can be de ined as a common se o sha ed alues, belie s, a i udes, and
no ms ha cha ac e ize a g oup o people (Ho s ede e al., 2010). This means
ha cul u e emb aces all aspec s o socie y and hus a ec s he beha io al
aspec s o how people ac and hink in e e yday li e.
Cul u e can be seen as a sepa a e sys em o ideas o “an o de ed sys em o
meaning”. Gee z (1973, p. 145) a gued ha cul u e becomes “ he ab ic o
meaning in e ms o which human beings in e p e hei expe ience and guide
hei ac ion”. Fos e (1994, pp. 370– 371) added ha “cul u es a e sys ems o
symbolic meaning which can no be sepa a ed om he p ocess o social in e -
ac ion”. This sugges s ha he meaning o cul u e can ba ely be sepa a ed om
he pe son and his/ he in en ions. Mos an h opologis s ag ee ha “ inding
meaning” is i al in cul u al analysis.
Mos amewo ks adop ed in cu en esea ch on o ganiza ional cul u e
ha e been based on he compe ing alue amewo k o Came on and Quinn
(2006), cul u al in elligence, and o he ope a ionalized amewo ks o SCM
esea ch (El Baz e al., 2022). Howe e , such cul u al amewo ks insu i-
cien ly delinea e mo i es, oles, and in e ac ions be ween he o ganiza ion’s
membe s (Ma shall e al., 2016), as hey o e simpli y cul u e. Fo

120 An onina Ts e ko a and Ma ina Nenashe a
an h opologis s, cul u e canno be di ided in o se e al elemen s o di e en
alues o be measu ed and quan i ied. In con as , cul u al con ex conce ns
he di e si y o alues, oles, and ela ionships ha eme ge o main ain he
o ganiza ion’s s uc u e and unc ion h ough symbols and meanings in an
in eg a ed manne (Baske ille, 2003). Acco ding o P ice (1996) and El Baz
e al. (2022), SCM esea ch can ex end i s scope by lea ning om cul u al
an h opology.
Me hod
Resea ch Design
A quali a i e in- dep h single case was chosen o explo e social esponsibili y
p ac ices in SCM wi hin he Russian A c ic. Case s udy esea ch is an app o-
p ia e app oach, as i ep esen s he in e change o heo y, s uc u es, and
e en s. Mo eo e , i allows he in es iga ion o a speci ic phenomenon wi hin
i s speci ic con ex ual se ings h ough di e en sou ces o knowledge (Seu ing,
2008), in e p e ing hem “in e ms o meanings people b ing o hem” (Denzin
and Lincoln, 2005).
The case ep esen s wo g oups o u al, emo e se ings in he Russian
A c ic: island se lemen s (see Figu e 6.1) and coas al se lemen s (see
Figu e 6.2) o P imo skiy dis ic in he A khangelsk egion. The geog aphy
o hese se lemen s includes islands in he lowe cou se o he No he n D ina
Ri e and he Whi e Sea coas a ound D ina Bay, namely he Onega Peninsula.
Da a Collec ion
We used mul iple da a sou ces, including ield esea ch and obse a ions, 50
semi- s uc u ed, in- dep h ace- o- ace in e iews wi h local esiden s and
au ho i ies o 13 u al se lemen s, as well as a chi al ma e ials.
An h opological da a we e acqui ed ia ield s udies pe o med by he
second au ho , who esided in he espec i e u al se lemen s o se e al
weeks and days in 2019 and 2021. Field s udies on he se lemen s on he
No he n D ina del a islands (see Figu e 6.1) we e conduc ed du ing ou
ips in he pe iod June– July 2019. Each ip’s du a ion was wo o h ee days
and “ ied” o he main local i e passenge anspo schedule. Fu he , ield
s udies on se lemen s on he Whi e Sea coas ( he Onega Peninsula) (see
Figu e 6.2) we e conduc ed as pa o he scien i ic expedi ion in Augus –
Sep embe 2021. Da a collec ion was challenged by p oblems due o he di -
icul and sca ce anspo accessibili y o hese a eas (see Figu e 6.2 and
Pic u e 6.1). Consequen ly, ield esea ch on hese emo e no he n e i-
o ies in he A khangelsk egion has no been conduc ed o he las 20 yea s
(Ba yano a, 2013).
To conduc his ield s udy, he second au ho joined a g oup o pilg ims
om he A khangelsk diocese who isi ed u al se lemen s, pe o med di ine
Social Responsi eness wi hin he Russian A c ic Supply Chains 121
se ices in emo e illages, and examined he echnical condi ion o eligious
monumen s. In mos cases, he locals helped mo e be ween he illages on hei
boa s, e.g., as shown in Pic u e 6.1, he jou ney om Pushlakh a o Le nyaya
Zolo i sa on a small mo o boa ook abou h ee hou s. The pu pose o bo h
ield s udies was o in es iga e and collec da a on he day- o- day li es yle, eco-
nomic and social ac i i ies, and mo i a ions o locals who keep ood supply
chains mo ing and hose who ely on hem.
This p ima y obse a ion da a o esiden s who o ganized and main ained
ood supply chains and o locals who ely on hem was combined wi h insigh s
om he an h opological app oach o explo e he cul u al con ex o local ood
supply chains. This made i possible o iden i y and desc ibe indi idual and
collec i e ea u es o hei li es, social pe cep ions, and expec a ions ega ding
needs, p ospec s, and accep able means o u al exis ence in esponse o se e al
Figu e 6.1 Map o se lemen s loca ed on he No he n D ina del a islands
(Sou ce: he second au ho ’s elabo a ion).
122 An onina Ts e ko a and Ma ina Nenashe a
economic and social challenges. Fu he , ield esea ch was conduc ed in eal-
wo ld and na u al se ings, so we could gain a deep unde s anding o he
esea ch phenomenon, due o he p oximi y o i . Hence, ou s udy is ex ensi e,
ho ough, and accu a e.
Due o he small size o he local popula ion and he egion’s limi ed acces-
sibili y, he selec ion o esponden s and he in e iew p ocess we e ca ied ou
by he “snowball” me hod. This mean esponden s being selec ed a andom
(on he s ee s, in g oce y shops, a he pos o ice, in he local adminis a ion)
and hen sugges ing o he po en ial candida es o in e iew. Consequen ly,
50 esiden s, aged 25– 82 yea s, we e in e iewed du ing ield esea ch. O pa -
icula in e es we e esponden s in ol ed in de eloping and main aining local
ood supply chains and he e olu ion o social esponsibili y p ac ices. All 50
in e iews (pe o med by he second au ho ) we e hand- w i en and eco ded
wi h he consen o each esponden o be ansc ibed la e . In e iews we e
conduc ed in Russian and ansla ed in o English. In e iew da a mainly
included s o ies abou esiden s’ li es in he So ie and pos - So ie pe iods,
he his o y o he espec i e u al se lemen s, ood deli e y and p ocu e-
men , clima e change, and challenges o su i al in he No h. To ensu e
Pic u e 6.1 Mo o boa used o a eling om Pushlakh a o Le nyaya
Zolo i sa (Pho o aken by he second au ho ).
Social Responsi eness wi hin he Russian A c ic Supply Chains 123
Figu e 6.2 Map o se lemen s loca ed on he Whi e Sea coas , he Onega Peninsula (Sou ce: he second au ho ’s
elabo a ion).
newgen pd
226 An onina Ts e ko a and Alexand a Middle on
educing uel and ene gy consump ion (Seu ing and Mülle , 2008; Qua shie
e al., 2016; Ansa i and Kan , 2017). This ga e ise o he implemen a ion o
“g een” SCM p ac ices (see Jabbou e al., 2015). In con as , social issues
on he ou e o sus ainabili y ha e a ely been add essed in SCM s udies, as
emphasized by many schola s (Seu ing and Mülle , 2008; Mani e al., 2016;
Ts e ko a, 2020). Ins ead, social sus ainabili y has been na owed down o
en i onmen al issues ega ding he possible ad e se e ec s o pollu ion on
human heal h, sa e y, and quali y o li e (Ts e ko a, 2020), as well as he
p oduc and p ocess measu es o ensu e he sa e y and wel a e o people in
he chain (Mani e al., 2015).
Fu he , a la ge numbe o s udies iden i ied he impac o ex e nal d i e s
on o ganiza ions’ e o s. Ex e nal p essu es, including con ex ual and ins i-
u ional ones, encou age i ms ha go e n he supply chain o adop and
implemen sus ainable supply chain p ac ices (Seu ing and Mülle , 2008).
Fi ms ha e o ensu e and inc ease hei ex e nal legi imiza ion, o i socially
cons uc ed sys ems o no ms, belie s, alues, and ins i u ions. Regula o y
p essu e and ins i u ional cons ain s conside ably impac i ms’ ope -
a ional pe o mance, by obliging hem o adop sus ainable SCM p ac ices.
While some egula ions may b ing nega i e e ec s like penal ies and ines,
o he s may ha e posi i e impac s like en i onmen al p og ams, pa ne ships,
g an s, and go e nmen al suppo ha encou age i ms o unde ake p o-
ac i e en i onmen al s a egies and g een ini ia i es (Age on e al., 2012).
In addi ion o a ious ins i u ional d i e s and p essu es, esea che s poin
o he impac o ma ke mechanisms and condi ions ha can incen i ize
o ganiza ions’ decisions o adop sus ainable p ac ices a di e en le els.
No o be o e looked is also epu a ion ela ed o sus ainabili y ha can no
only enhance o ganiza ions’ compe i i e ad an age bu also change o gan-
iza ional beha io o exceed accep ed s anda ds and he eby gene a e new
business oppo uni ies wi h o he companies, e.g., supplie s and cus ome s
(Age on e al., 2012).
En i onmen al and social issues, o o ms o social sus ainabili y, a y
ac oss di e en geog aphical loca ions and con ex ual se ings (Huq e al.,
2014; Mani e al., 2016; Ts e ko a, 2020). Implemen ing sus ainable p ac ices
and s a egies de ines he na u e o he in e ac ion be ween he supply chain
and he con ex o he ex e nal en i onmen whe e hese ini ia i es a e applied.
These in e ac ions may unco e “unexpec ed esul s” and “unin ended
consequences” o he deploymen o pa icula s a egies (see Ts e ko a and
Gammelgaa d, 2018). Wi hou simul aneously add essing en i onmen al,
social, and economic issues, ou unde s anding o sus ainabili y becomes
insu icien o c ea e uly sus ainable supply chains (Pagell and She chenko,
2014); ha , in u n, c ea es di icul y in measu ing ad ances in sus ain-
able supply chain p ac ices (Da idson, 2011). Al hough schola ly a en ion
o social issues has g own in ecen yea s (see Ts e ko a, 2020, Ts e ko a,
2021a), some li e a u e e iews s ill indica e a need o mo e s udies o de elop
be e scales o measu ing he social impac o a ious supply chains (Rajee
e al., 2017).

Ca bon Cap u e, T anspo , and S o age P ojec s in No wegian Seabed 227
Me hod
We apply a single quali a i e case s udy app oach o unde s and he dynamics
o sus ainable and clima e- esilien s a egies in a pa icula se ing (Eisenha d ,
1989) om bounded eal- wo ld se ings (Ba a e al., 2011), speci ically he ole
o SCM unde he implemen a ion o a CCTS p ojec in he No wegian seabed.
We selec ed “No he n Ligh s” (pa o he “Longship” p ojec ), which is espon-
sible o he anspo a ion o he lique ied CO2 by ship om he espec i e pick-
up poin s o he ecei ing e minal loca ed in No way o subsequen s o age in
he seabed. The p ojec in ol es se e al majo s akeholde s, including indus ial
en e p ises, e.g., a cemen p oduce , a was e incine a ion/ ene gy eco e y plan ,
and a e ilize ac o y, and se e al oil companies, wi h he close in ol emen
o he No wegian go e nmen . Al hough he e a e g ea ambi ions o apidly
inc ease he ons o CO2 o be cap u ed and o a ac e en mo e indus ial
en e p ises in he nea u u e, he implemen a ion p ocess is accompanied by a
signi ican lack o a legisla i e amewo k o he legal CO2 anspo a ion de in-
i ion o co e anspo a ion by ships. So, his s udy has a dual uni o analysis,
whe e he o ganiza ions a e conside ed o be he uni o analysis o iden i ying
he d i e s o eme ging new sus ainable p ac ices, while he supply chain – as
an in e - o ganiza ional ield cha ac e ized by he e ogenei y o goals, mo i es,
demands, and p inciples o managing – is he uni o unde s anding he impac
o supply chain ope a ions on he s akeholde s’ beha io and ac ions.
Eigh semi- s uc u ed indi idual in e iews we e conduc ed be ween 2021
and 2022. As Yin (1994) ecommended using mul iple sou ces o empi ical e i-
dence o ensu e iangula ion, we in e iewed a a ie y o ac o s wi hin CCTS
p ojec s and o he c i ical s akeholde s. I was help ul o p o ide insigh s om
a ious pe spec i es. We mainly used he snowball echnique, wi h pa icipan s
sugges ing addi ional esponden s o ou s udy. In e iew ques ions we e
de eloped based on he li e a u e e iews and con ained open ques ions o
discussion bu did no limi he esponden s’ scope and hinking. The in e iew
da a was supplemen ed by a chi al ma e ials, including academic pape s, legal
documen s, go e nmen epo s, EU and na ional s a egies’ pape s ha helped
unde s and he ins i u ional en i onmen and d i e s behind he eme gence
o CCTS ini ia i es, he ole o SCM, key issues, and s akeholde s in ol ed.
Tha was help ul in es ablishing a chain o e idence and ein o cing iangula-
ion (Yin, 1994), he eby inc easing he da a’s in e nal consis ency and he al-
idi y o ou esea ch indings (Voss e al., 2002). To be e code and ca ego ize
ou da a, we used NVi o so wa e, which allowed us o assign a ibu es and
explo e ela ionships in di e en logis ics ope a ions.
Ca bon Cap u e, T anspo , and S o age (CCTS) as Pa
o G een T ansi ion
CCTS p ojec s a e iewed as a solu ion o mi iga ing g eenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions as pa o Na ionally De ined Con ibu ions acco ding o he Pa is
228 An onina Ts e ko a and Alexand a Middle on
Ag eemen (Pa is Ag eemen , 2015). Emissions o ca bon dioxide can be educed
h ough he educ ion o ene gy in ensi y, ca bon in ensi y, and ca bon seques-
a ion (Yamasaki 2003). Ca bon seques a ion is he p ocess o cap u ing and
s o ing a mosphe ic ca bon dioxide. I is one me hod o educing he amoun
o ca bon dioxide in he a mosphe e, wi h he goal o educing global clima e
change. Ca bon seques a ion can be ei he bio ic o geological. Bio ic ca bon
seques a ion e e s o ca bon s o ed in ege a ion, soils, woody p oduc s, and
aqua ic en i onmen s. Biologic seques a ion ad oca es hope o emo e CO2 om
he a mosphe e by encou aging he g ow h o plan s, especially ees. Geologic
ca bon seques a ion is a echnique o s o ing ca bon dioxide in deep geologic
o ma ions o p e en i om being eleased in o he a mosphe e and con ib-
u ing o global wa ming as a g eenhouse gas (Duncan and Mo issey, 2011);
o an illus a ion o he echnology, see Figu e 10.1. The e o e, CCS is a o m
o geologic ca bon seques a ion. The echnology o seques a ion mus ensu e
long- e m sa e y, s abili y, and en i onmen al accep ance (Zheng e al., 2020).
The long- e m s o age o an h opogenic CO2 in deep- sea sedimen s, using
he exis ing o sho e in as uc u e, has been p oposed. A he same ime, he
mul iphysics p ocess o CO2 injec ion, pos injec ion a e, and subseabed dis-
posal easibili y unde di e en geological and ope a ional condi ions ha e no
Figu e 10.1 Geological s o age o CO2 (Sou ce: OSPAR Commission, Quali y
S a us Repo 2010, h ps:// qs 2 010.ospa .o g/ en/ index.h ml).
Ca bon Cap u e, T anspo , and S o age P ojec s in No wegian Seabed 229
been well s udied. Teng and Zhang (2018) ind ha , in a deep- sea se ing, CO2
seques a ion in in ac ma ine sedimen s is gene ally sa e and pe manen . A
he same ime, CCS en ails se e al haza ds (loss o con ainmen o ca bon
dioxide, explosi e decomp ession, cold, oxic scale, igni ion, e c.) ha need o
be conside ed (Wilday e al., 2011).
Typically, CO2 can be s o ed in deple ed oil and gas ields because hese
ese oi s ha e sui able sealing caps, po osi y, pe meabili y, e c., as shown by
hei abili y o s o e oil and gas o a long ime be o e disco e y and de el-
opmen . Enhanced oil eco e y (EOR) uses CO2 as a displacemen agen o
p oduce oil ha canno be p oduced by na u al ield p essu e o wa e looding.
Depending on he ese oi , oil p ope ies, and exis ing in as uc u e, his
may make CO2 s o age mo e economical. EOR echnologies a e ma u e, and
many comme cial p ojec s ha e been comple ed. Howe e , due o ma ginal
economics, almos all o hese use low- cos , na u ally occu ing CO2 ( ha is,
CO2 ha was p e iously unde g ound), wi h only a ew using an h opogenic
sou ces o CO2 (Zheng e al., 2020).
The di e ence be ween CCS and CCTS is he addi ion o anspo a ion
o CO2 o he supply chain ope a ions. While p e iously only locally p oduced
CO2 was cap u ed and s o ed, he inclusion o anspo a ion b ings he pos-
sibili y o ansbounda y shipmen o CO2. A e CO2 cap u e, he cap u ed
gas is pu i ied and comp essed (usually o a supe c i ical s a e) o gene a e a
anspo able s eam o concen a ed gas. In he Uni ed S a es, pipelines a e
he mos equen echnique o deli e ing ca bon dioxide. CO2 can also be
anspo ed wo ldwide by ship. Ma ine anke s anspo lique ied na u al
gas and lique ied pe oleum gases like p opane and bu ane globally. Some
ma ine anke s anspo CO2, al hough demand is low. No la ge- scale CO2
anspo sys em ia essels (millions o me ic ons pe yea , e.g.) is unning.
Howe e , he Eu opean Union has p oposed implemen ing jus such an idea.
Hence, ma ine anke p ices o CO2 shipping a e unce ain as i s ands (US
Cong essional Resea ch Se ice, 2022).
Mos oad maps ha add ess keeping global wa ming below 2°C include
CCS. Acco ding o he In e na ional Ene gy Agency (IEA), CCS alone could
educe global CO2 emissions by nea ly 19% by 2050 (IEA, 2022). Mo eo e ,
he IEA o ecas s ha 100 CCS p ojec s will be equi ed by 2020 and mo e
han 3,000 by 2050 i CCS is o comple ely con ibu e o he leas expensi e
echnology po olio o CO2 mi iga ion. As ea ly as he 2009 IEA publica ion,
Technology Roadmap: Ca bon Cap u e and S o age, i was ecommended ha
in e na ional legal ba ie s o global CCS deploymen be emo ed by 2012,
including he ban on ansbounda y CO2 ans e unde he London P o ocol
(IEA, 2011). I ook abou en yea s o emo e hese legal obs acles, which was
only done in 2019, wi h an amendmen o he London P o ocol. The la es
2022 In e go e nmen al Panel on Clima e Change (IPCC) epo , “Mi iga ion
o Clima e Change”, s a es ha geological CO2 s o age capaci y is es ima ed
o be 1,000 giga onnes, which is g ea e han he CO2 s o age needed un il
2100 o limi global wa ming o 1.5°C. Global a es o CCS deploymen a e
230 An onina Ts e ko a and Alexand a Middle on
now subs an ially below hose in simula ed pa hs ha limi global wa ming
o 1.5°C o 2°C. Acco ding o he IPCC, hese hu dles could be educed by
enabling ac o s such as go e nmen al ins umen s, inc eased public suppo ,
and echnical inno a ion (IPCC, 2022). Mo eo e , coun ies a e in eg a ing
clima e change measu es in o na ional policies, s a egies and planning, as pa
o adhe ence o he UN Sus ainable De elopmen Goals.
The Global CCS Ins i u e main ains a da abase o all ac i e and planned
CCS acili ies. In 2022, he e we e 29 ully ope a ional CCS acili ies wo ldwide
(GCCI, 2022). The i s acili ies ha a e going o be in ol ed in he anspo -
a ion aspec o CCTS a e he No wegian ones, ha is, No he n Ligh s as
pa o he Longship p ojec and he u u e Pola is p ojec in he Ba en s Sea.
Ins i u ional D i e s as P e equisi es o CCS and CCTS
P ojec s O igina ion
London P o ocol
Fo many yea s, indus ial pollu an s, including adioac i e was e, we e dumped
in he oceans. In he 1970s, he p ac ice became go e ned by an in e na ional
ea y wi h he pu pose o s anda dizing p ocedu es and p ohibi ing ac ions
ha could cause ma ine con amina ion (Sjoeblom and Linsley, 1994). The
in e na ional ea y, he “Con en ion on he P e en ion o Ma ine Pollu ion
by Dumping o Was es and O he Ma e 1972” o he “London Con en ion”,
has been in e ec since 1975. I s goal is o imp o e e ec i e con ol o all
ma ine pollu ion sou ces and a oid pollu ion om was e dumping. Howe e ,
he London P o ocol o 1996, which aimed o p o ec he ma ine en i onmen
mo e e ec i ely and p e en was e disposal in o he ocean, was mode nized
and inally eplaced he Con en ion. The London P o ocol exp essly p ohibi ed
incine a ion a sea and he expo o was es and o he ma e s o he pu -
pose o ocean dumping. Dumping is o bidden unde he P o ocol, excep o
speci ied was e o o he i ems men ioned in Annex I, which include d edging
ma e ial, ish was e, and ine , ino ganic geological ma e ial.
In 2006, he Uni ed Kingdom, No way, and o he s p oposed amendmen s
o Annex I o he London P o ocol o add CO2 s eams om ca bon cap-
u e p ocesses o s o age o he lis o was es o o he ma e ha may be
conside ed o dumping and hus o egula e “ca bon- dioxide s eams om
CO2 cap u e p ocesses o seques a ion” (London P o ocol, 2006). Thus, since
2006, he London P o ocol has egula ed he injec ion o CO2 was e s eams
in o subseabed geological o ma ions o pe manen isola ion and sa e ca bon
dioxide (CO2) s o age benea h he seabed.
Hence, ini ially, no expo and anspo o CO2 was allowed. Then, he
Ne he lands and No way p oposed a esolu ion a he P o ocol’s Oc obe 2019
mee ing. A Resolu ion au ho izing he in e im applica ion o an amendmen
o A icle 6 o he P o ocol o allow CO2 expo o subseabed s o age was
Ca bon Cap u e, T anspo , and S o age P ojec s in No wegian Seabed 231
adop ed be ween con ac ing pa ies. This emo ed he las signi ican in e -
na ional legal impedimen o ca bon cap u e and s o age (CCS), enabling CO2
o be expo ed globally o o sho e s o age (Dixon and Bi chenough, 2021).
Pa ies would hen be able o “p o isionally apply” he 2009 amendmen ,
allowing “c oss- bo de anspo o CO2 o geological s o age wi hou
b eaching in e na ional commi men s” (Dixon and Bi chenough, 2021). I
should be no ed ha he obse e om G eenpeace In e na ional and he
obse e om he Ad iso y Commi ee on he P o ec ion o he Sea (ACOPS)
bo h aised conce ns o e he p o ocol amendmen (IEAGHG, 2021). On i s
websi e, ACOPS men ions ha
his esolu ion was amed as a necessa y emo al o a ba ie o CO2 emo al
which has been highligh ed by he IPCC (In e go e nmen al Panel on Clima e
Change) as one o he necessa y solu ions.
(ACOPS, 2022)
The Chai o he London P o ocol u he emphasized he necessi y o a ocus
on CO2 sou ce educ ion and con ol, as well as he sha ing o in o ma ion on
p ojec s and ag eemen s esul ing om he p o isional applica ion. Coun ies
ha in end o expo o impo CO2 o s o age a e now equi ed o in o m
he In e na ional Ma i ime O ganiza ion o any ag eemen s o a angemen s.
OSPAR Commission
OSPAR (named because o he o iginal Oslo and Pa is Con en ions) is he
mechanism by which 15 go e nmen s1 and he EU coope a e o p o ec he
ma ine en i onmen o he No h- Eas A lan ic. Following i s s udy on ocean
acidi ica ion in 2006, he OSPAR Commission amended he Con en ion’s
Annexes o allow ca bon dioxide s o age in geological o ma ions benea h he
seabed. Acco ding o OSPAR, cap u ing CO2 a he sou ce and s o ing i in
subsea geological o ma ions could aid in he long- e m mi iga ion o clima e
change. The ul ima e pu pose o CO2 s o age is o ensu e long- e m con ain-
men in geological o ma ions while minimizing subs an ial ad e se e ec s on
he ma ine en i onmen , human heal h, and o he legi ima e use s o he ma i-
ime a ea. The e o e, OSPAR has app o ed a decision (OSPAR Decision 2007/
02) o ensu e he sa e s o age o CO2 s eams in geological o ma ions, as well
as isk assessmen and managemen guidelines o CO2 s eam s o age in geo-
logical o ma ions (OSPAR Ag eemen 2007– 12). In addi ion, o sho e oil and
gas in as uc u e, such as wells and pipelines, exis s in he OSPAR ma i ime
a ea and could be adap ed o CO2 anspo and s o age. A he momen , he
only unc ioning CCS p ojec s in he OSPAR Ma i ime A ea a e in No way’s
Sleipne and Snøh i . Sleipne s a ed ope a ions in 1996 and Snøh i in 2008.
Bo h p ojec s include sepa a ing and cap u ing CO2 om p oduced na u al
gas, and bo h injec CO2 in o saline o ma ions (Bankes, 2020).

232 An onina Ts e ko a and Alexand a Middle on
So, he London P o ocol o 1996 and he amendmen s in he OSPAR
Con en ion ma ked signi ican legal changes, which in u n made he implemen-
a ion and p omo ion o CCS and CCTS p ojec s possible and ully legi ima e.
EU Legal S a egies owa d Clima e Adap a ion
Eu opean G een Deal
F om a legisla i e iewpoin , in 2009, he EU in oduced Di ec i e 2009/ 31/
EC on he geological s o age o CO2 (so- called CCS Di ec i e), which c ea ed
he legal basis o he geological s o age o CO2 o add ess clima e change.
The Commission wo ks closely wi h Membe S a e au ho i ies o implemen
he CCS Di ec i e, enabling exchanges, p oducing guidance ma e ials, and
adop ing Commission Opinions on d a s o age licenses.
In 2019, he Eu opean G een Deal in oduced a package o measu es an-
ging om educing g eenhouse gas emissions o in es ing in cu ing- edge
esea ch and inno a ion o p ese ing Eu ope’s na u al en i onmen . Clima e
and esou ce on - unne s a e needed in he EU indus y o de elop he i s
comme cial implemen a ions o b eak h ough echnology in majo indus ial
sec o s by 2030. P io i y a eas include clean hyd ogen, uel cells, and o he
al e na i e uels, ene gy s o age, and ca bon cap u e, s o age, and u iliza ion
(Communica ion om he Commission, 2019).
The EU G een Deal includes he ollowing pa s: Eu opean Clima e Law;
Eu opean Clima e Pac , o engage ci izens and all pa s o socie y in clima e
ac ion; 2030 Clima e Ta ge , o u he educe ne g eenhouse gas emissions by
a leas 55% by 2030; and he New EU S a egy on Clima e Adap a ion, o help
make he EU mo e esilien . Eu opean Clima e Law s a es ha
solu ions ha a e based on ca bon cap u e and s o age (CCS) and ca bon
cap u e and use (CCU) echnologies can play a ole in deca boniza ion, espe-
cially o he mi iga ion o p ocess emissions in indus y, o he Membe
S a es ha choose his echnology.
(Eu opean Clima e Law, 2021)
The EU 2030 Clima e Ta ge Plan se s a mo e ambi ious and cos - e ec i e
pa h o achie ing clima e neu ali y by 2050. CCS is iewed as an essen ial pa
o he Clima e Ta ge plan.
In o de o u he educe emissions om indus y in line wi h he highe cli-
ma e a ge o 2030, majo changes need o be made in he way indus y
consumes ene gy and p oduces i s p oduc s no ably ia inc eased ma e ial and
ene gy e iciency, g ea e ma e ial eci cula ion, new p oduc ion p ocesses and
ca bon cap u e echnologies.
(Clima e Ta ge Plan, 2020)
Ca bon Cap u e, T anspo , and S o age P ojec s in No wegian Seabed 233
The New EU S a egy on Clima e Adap a ion 2021 iews ha “in coas al
and ma ine a eas, na u e- based solu ions will enhance coas al de ense and
educe isk o algal blooms. Simul aneously, hey will p o ide bene i s such
as ca bon seques a ion, ou ism oppo uni ies, and biodi e si y conse -
a ion and es o a ion” (The New EU S a egy on Adap a ion o Clima e
Change, 2021). The EU will seek mu ually bene icial alliances and ensu e
an in e na ional le el playing ield ega ding new sus ainable echnologies,
such as enewable hyd ogen, ad anced sola and wind, ba e ies, and ca bon
cap u e, as well as c i ical aw ma e ials o hese echnologies, such as a e
ea hs. The EU’s posi ion as he wo ld’s la ges ading block p o ides signi i-
can oppo uni ies in his espec (S epping up Eu ope’s 2030 clima e ambi-
ion, 2020). As seen om hese ini ia i es, he EU suppo s CCS h ough he
Eu opean G een Deal (2019) legisla ion package and iews i as pa o a
clima e change solu ion.
Role o he EU Taxonomy
EU axonomy, in oduced in 2020, ep esen s a classi ica ion sys em ha
includes economically sus ainable ac i i ies (EU Taxonomy, 2020). I migh
help he EU inc ease sus ainable in es men and achie e he EU G een deal.
The EU axonomy de ines sus ainable economic ac i i ies o en e p ises,
in es o s, and egula o s. Unde he Taxonomy Regula ion, he Commission
was equi ed o de ine echnical sc eening c i e ia o each en i onmen al
objec i e by delega ed ac s, in o de o gene a e he ac ual lis o en i onmen-
ally sus ainable ac i i ies. needed. No ably, CCTS is included in he di ec o y
o ac i i ies ha a e lis ed unde clima e adap a ion and clima e mi iga ion
objec i es; see Table 10.1 (Commission Delega ed Regula ion (EU) 2021/
2139 2021).
T ansla ing CCTS Technologies in o Ac ions and
Objec s: Longship P ojec in No way
No way has ambi ious goals ega ding he Pa is Ag eemen , ha is, No way’s
Na ionally De e mined Con ibu ion unde he Pa is Ag eemen is o educe
emissions by a leas 40%, compa ed o 1990 le els, by 2030. No way will
coope a e wi h Iceland and he EU o ul ill hei espec i e emission educ-
ion a ge s unde he Pa is Ag eemen (Meld. S . 13 (2020– 2021). No way
has es ablished policies and s a egies o minimize o elimina e g eenhouse gas
emissions. The pollu e - pays idea unde pins No wegian clima e policy. CO2
axes on mine al oil and pe ol we e imposed in 1991 o cos - e icien ly con ol
g eenhouse gas emissions, and, in 2010, CO2 a i s we e imposed on na u al
gas and lique ied pe oleum gas (Meld. S . 13 (2020– 2021).
234 An onina Ts e ko a and Alexand a Middle on
No way became a o e unne in e ms o CCS echnology when i
commissioned he wo ld’s i s o sho e CCS p ojec , “Sleipne ”, in 1996. Mo e
han a million onnes o CO2 ha e been s o ed in he U si a o ma ion below
“Sleipne ” e e y yea since hen. In he “Snøh i ” CCS p ojec , CO2 has been
sepa a ed om aw na u al gas a he onsho e liquei ied na u al gas (LNG)
plan a Melkøya and anspo ed and s o ed o sho e, since 2008. Analysis
o legal amewo k de elopmen o CCTS demons a es ha No way led
he change o allowing he ansbounda y shipmen o CO2. The No wegian
Pa liamen au ho ized he Longship cap u e, anspo , and s o age o CO2
Table 10.1 Role o EU axonomy in CCTS (compiled by he au ho s)
Ac i i y Subs an ial con ibu ion c i e ia
T anspo
o CO2
1. The CO2 anspo ed om he ins alla ion whe e cap u ed o
he injec ion poin does no lead o CO2 leakages abo e 0.5 %
o he mass o CO2 anspo ed.
2. The CO2 is deli e ed o a pe manen CO2 s o age si e ha
mee s he c i e ia o unde g ound geological s o age o CO2
se ou in Sec ion 5.12 o his Annex o o o he anspo
modali ies which lead o a pe manen CO2 s o age si e ha
mee hose c i e ia.
3. App op ia e leak de ec ion sys ems a e applied and a
moni o ing plan is in place, wi h he epo e i ied by an
independen hi d pa y.
4. The ac i i y may include he ins alla ion o asse s ha
inc ease lexibili y and imp o e he managemen o an
exis ing ne wo k.
Unde g ound
pe manen
geological
s o age
o CO2
1. Cha ac e iza ion and assessmen o he po en ial s o age
complex and su ounding a ea, o explo a ion wi hin he
meaning o A icle 3, poin (8), o Di ec i e 2009/ 31/ EC o
he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council (224), is ca ied
ou in o de o es ablish whe he he geological o ma ion is
sui able o use as a CO2 s o age si e.
2. Fo ope a ion o unde g ound geological CO2 s o age si es,
including closu e and pos - closu e obliga ions: app op ia e
leakage de ec ion sys ems a e implemen ed o p e en elease
du ing ope a ion; a moni o ing plan o he injec ion acili ies,
he s o age complex, and, whe e applicable, he su ounding
en i onmen , is in place, wi h he egula epo s checked by
he compe en na ional au ho i y.
3. Fo he explo a ion and ope a ion o s o age si es wi hin
he Union, he ac i i y complies wi h Di ec i e 2009/ 31/ EC.
Fo he explo a ion and ope a ion o s o age si es in hi d
coun ies, he ac i i y complies wi h ISO 27914:2017(225) o
geological s o age o CO2.
Ca bon Cap u e, T anspo , and S o age P ojec s in No wegian Seabed 235
p ojec in he s a e budge o 2021. The p ojec will cos NOK 25.1 billion,
which is app oxima ely $2.49 billion (www. egj e in gen.no). The No wegian
go e nmen app o ed a decision o co e app oxima ely wo- hi ds, and he
indus y will co e app oxima ely one- hi d o he cos s in he p ojec ’s i s
phase. Pa o he Longship p ojec is he No he n Ligh s CCTS p ojec which
has been suppo ed by he No wegian go e nmen wi h NOK 14.2 billion,
which equals $1.63 billion (www. egj e in gen.no). Ac ually, an essen ial p emise
o he s a e is he indus ial pa ne s’ sel - in e es in CCS p ojec s. Howe e , as
highligh ed by one o ou esponden s, he e a e se e al ba ie s o comme cial
CCS in es men s:
Business companies don’ ha e a endency o in es in echnology wi h unce -
ain u u e ma ke po en ial. And policymake s canno commi o a ech-
nology hey do no know. We can say i can be a so o deadlock o u u e
de elopmen .
I is also wo h emphasizing ha one o he p ima y p ojec goals de ined by
he go e nmen is o demons a e ha ull- scale CCS is easible and sa e, and
o educe he cos o u u e CCS p ojec s h ough lea ning cu e e ec s and
economies o scale (Killingland e al., 2020). As a esul o his, sen imen
o in es men by business companies should inc ease. As a ep esen a i e o
No he n Ligh s s a ed:
The e a e a lo o challenges i s ela ed o he ac ha his is s ill a new con-
cep . We some imes eel like es pilo s because we de elop new con ac s and
new ships and ha e o deal wi h a ma ke ha doesn’ exis . The e is li le o
no ope a ional expe ience in his a ea...uh, he e is a lo o isk managemen
ha needs o be done... The cos ocus and s uc u e a e some hing ha we
need o pay a en ion o because CCS in Eu ope will only be success ul i we
manage o keep he cos s down.
Longship in ol es cap u ing CO2 om indus ial sou ces in he Oslo Fjo d
egion (cemen and was e- o- ene gy) and anspo ing liquid CO2 om hese
indus ial cap u e acili ies o an onsho e e minal on he wes coas o No way.
The CO2 will hen be ans e ed by pipeline o an o sho e s o age acili y in
he No h Sea o pe manen s o age. No he n Ligh s is esponsible o he
p ojec ’s shipping and s o age equi emen s (see Figu e 10.2).
As pa o Longship, he No wegian go e nmen ’s la ge- scale CCS ini ia-
i e, No he n Ligh s is esponsible o building and ope a ing CO2 anspo -
a ion and s o age acili ies accessible o hi d pa ies. I will be he wo ld’s i s
open- sou ce, c oss- bo de CO2 ansi and s o age in as uc u e ne wo k,
and i will allow businesses ac oss Eu ope o s o e hei CO2 unde g ound.
Hal way h ough 2024, he i s phase o he p ojec will be inished, wi h a
capaci y o up o 1.5 million onnes o CO2 pe yea (No he n Ligh s, 2021).
242 An onina Ts e ko a and Alexand a Middle on
CCTS p ojec s is pa amoun . Acco ding o A icle 195 o UNCLOS, “Du y
no o ans e damage o haza ds o ans o m one ype o pollu ion in o
ano he ”, in o de o p e en , educe, and con ol pollu ion o he ma ine
en i onmen , S a es shall ac in such a way as no o ans e , di ec ly o indi -
ec ly, damage o haza ds om one a ea o ano he o ans o m one ype o
pollu ion in o ano he (UNCLOS, 1982). A icle 196 o UNCLOS conce ns
he use o new echnologies and he in oduc ion o new species; in he con ex
o he adop ion o new echnology and ansbounda y shipping o CO2, i
becomes inc easingly impo an o adhe e o his a icle, whe eby
S a es shall ake all measu es necessa y o p e en , educe and con ol pollu ion
o he ma ine en i onmen esul ing om he use o echnologies unde hei
ju isdic ion o con ol, o he in en ional o acciden al in oduc ion o species,
alien o new, o a pa icula pa o he ma ine en i onmen , which may cause
signi ican and ha m ul changes he e o.
This indica es ha egula o y mechanisms and p essu e om he EU a e
ocusing on he de elopmen o so- called g een echnologies. In con as ,
UNCLOS cau ions ha such mega- indus ial p ojec s can ha e unexpec ed
ad e se e ec s on he en i onmen . These CCTS p ojec s can be e y dan-
ge ous o he en i onmen and equi e gua an eed, eliable echnologies o
sa e and cos - e ec i e CO2 supply chain ope a ions. The e o e, his inding is
consis en wi h he indings o Ts e ko a and Gammelgaa d’s (2018) s udy
ha ins i u ional mechanisms and ac o s may play a ole in how supply chain
s a egies e ol e and ha such s a egies a e no (only) objec i e, a ional
p ocesses o goal- se ing and ac i i y planning.
The need o long- dis ance anspo a ion and he lack o exis ing in a-
s uc u e, e.g., CO2 s o age acili ies, mean signi ican in es men s and la ge
cos s. The decision o c ea e a ca bon ma ke by inc easing he p ice o CO2
emissions is wo old. On he one hand, his c ea es inancial gua an ee incen i es
by in ol ing a la ge numbe o indus y s akeholde s. On he o he hand, i can
appea ha his does no s imula e CO2 emi e s o educe CO2 emissions by
se ing en i onmen ally iendly de ices, e.g., dis illa o y il e s. The e is also
a g owing conce n among decision- make s and s a egis s abou he nega i e
en i onmen al and social e ec s o he as - paced indus ial g ow h o CCTS
p ojec s. The nega i e en i onmen al and social aspec s a e o e looked in he
na a i e ha p omo es he bene i s o CCTS. In 2022, o e 500 o ganiza ions
ac oss he Uni ed S a es and Canada exp essed g a e conce ns ega ding
he U.S. and Canadian go e nmen s’ suppo o CO2 ca bon cap u e and
s o age and ca bon cap u e and seques a ion due o i s nega i e impac on
coas al communi ies, Indigenous Peoples, and he di e ing o unding om
ansi ioning o enewable ene gy solu ions (CIEL, 2022).
Fu he , i emains unclea whe he such apid implemen a ion o CCTS is
mo e likely o be accep ed o ejec ed by socie y in he u u e. Gi en he wide ange
o echnological op ions and he esul ing socie al implica ions, he phenomenon

Ca bon Cap u e, T anspo , and S o age P ojec s in No wegian Seabed 243
o such sus ainable ini ia i es also appea s o be non- i ial. Mo eo e , a me h-
odological concep o analyzing CO2 leakage and sa e y in he case o po en ial
acciden s is s ill lacking, e en hough he p ojec owne s ha e as expe ience,
and some scien i ic esea ch p o ides a s a ing backg ound. This ep esen s a
di e ence om he deba e in pe cep ions o he socie al bene i s o CCTS. We
suppose ha he popula ion may expec sa egua ding o e en inc easing eco-
nomic pe o mance in hei local en i onmen wi h he use o CCTS. I is wo h
adding ha p e ious esea ch indings illus a e ha socie al bene i s ha e ei he
he same o sligh ly highe explana o y powe o CCS accep ance han socie al
isks (K aeusel and Mös , 2012). In ligh o his, he s udy also con ibu es o he
li e a u e on how ins i u ional d i e s and poli ical ambi ions in luence public
alue- c ea ion o esiden s in esponse o social needs (see Ts e ko a, 2021b).
Whe he his is also alid o he implemen a ion and subsequen applica ion o
CCTS in he A c ic Ocean emains o be in es iga ed.
No e
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DOI: 10.4324/9781003218043-11
11 Dynamics and Cons ain s
in A c ic Rou es
E idence om he Russian and Canadian
Shipping
F édé ic Lasse e
Geog aphy Depa men , La al Uni e si y, Québec Ci y, Canada
In oduc ion
Clima e change does impac sea ice, wi h a signi ican educ ion in i s ex en
and hickness. Clima e change hus would appea o acili a e na iga ion,
wi hou howe e making i easie , and indeed has con ibu ed o he expan-
sion o a ic in he A c ic, wi h a i e old inc ease since 2000. Howe e , he e
is a disc epancy be ween expec a ions ha he mel ing o sea ice igge ed and
ac ual le els o shipping, especially ega ding ansi olumes. This can be
accoun ed o by he ac ha d i e s o shipping in he A c ic a e linked o
he de elopmen o na u al esou ce ex ac ion and he pe cep ion ha A c ic
shipping ma ke s may no eadily i in o global s a egies adop ed by shipping
companies. The de elopmen o A c ic shipping does no boil down o he
mel ing o sea ice: companies mus ake in o accoun logis ical and ma ke
cons ain s when ying o de elop sus ainable ac i i ies.
Besides ansi and esou ce ex ac ion, a hi d engine o g ow h, commu-
ni y esupply, is indeed expanding, bu so a companies ha e inc eased essel
size a he han he numbe o oyages. In o he wo ds, po en ial economic
d i e s o A c ic shipping, ex ac ion, and ansi , a e ela ed o he inse ion
o he egion in o globalized ma ke s and solu ions shipping companies. I
is no ably his e y inse ion o A c ic shipping in he global economy ha
highligh s he issue o i s sus ainabili y, which is inc easingly deba ed in he
ame o he de ini ion o clima e change mi iga ion s a egies (Toscano and
Mu ena, 2019). Sus ainabili y ce ainly goes well beyond g eenhouse gas educ-
ion bu also includes he managemen o en i onmen al and social impac s o
hei ac i i ies along he supply chain. Companies and go e nmen s a e awa e
o he need o igh ly con ol hese impac s, especially in agile ecosys ems like
he A c ic. This need is in oked no ably by Canada o jus i y he enac men
o se e e egula ions aming na iga ion in he Canadian A c ic despi e he
en o cemen o he Pola Code since 2017. Tigh egula ions a e also eadily
accep ed by mos shipping companies as a necessi y o p o ec he en i onmen
and ake in o accoun conce ns oiced by A c ic communi ies, al hough hey
may also be pe cei ed as a ba ie o en y in o he A c ic ma ke by ou side s
Dynamics and Cons ain s in A c ic Rou es 249
(Pic e al., 2021). Howe e , gi en he di icul ope a ional cons ain s, he ques
o sus ainabili y in A c ic logis ics emains a challenge o shipping companies.
The e mus be high enough ma gins o a o d adop ing cos ly solu ions, such as
cons uc ing high ice- class essels wi h a high deg ee o win e iza ion o ans-
po A c ic commodi ies. The e o e, only e y p o i able businesses can a o d
isk mi iga ion and sus ainabili y measu es (Gunna son and Lasse e, 2023).
Thus, his chap e endea o s o p o ide deepe insigh s in o A c ic shipping along
he Canadian and Russian coas s, hei cons ain s, challenges, and dimensions,
including in e ms o logis ics ope a ions and sus ainabili y goals.
This chap e elied on se e al sou ces o in o ma ion. Clima e change da a
is mainly d awn om analyses p o ided by he Na ional Snow and Ice Da a
Cen e (NSIDC). T a ic s a is ics we e compiled and o ma ed by he au ho
based on da ase s p o ided by he Cen e o High No h Logis ics (CHNL)
o Russian a ic; and o Canadian a ic, by No dREG, he Canadian
Coas Gua d di ision esponsible o he supe ision o ma ine a ic in he
Canadian A c ic, and Xpe Solu ions Technologiques Inc. S a is ics we e
comple ed by se e al in e iews wi h companies’ o ice s, epo s and p ess
eleases, as well as pape s om he p o essional li e a u e.
The e a e a ious de ini ions o he A c ic, whe he clima ic (July 10°C iso-
he m o pe ma os zone), as onomical (A c ic Ci cle), o biological ( ee line).
All hese de ini ions shape di e en zones. Fo he pu pose o his esea ch, he
Canadian A c ic encompasses Nuna u , he No hwes Te i o ies, he no h
slope o he Rockies in Yukon, and he sho es o Hudson Bay.
This chap e is o ganized as ollows. The nex sec ion depic s A c ic ou es
and hei na igabili y in he con ex o clima e change, as well as an in oduc-
ion o a ic and he egional ma ke s. The chap e hen pic u es he pos-
sible ad en o ansshipmen hubs and analyses logis ical cons ain s and
adap a i e measu es in he Canadian A c ic.
A c ic Rou es and Na igabili y unde Clima e Change
Since 1979, he minimum yea ly ex en o sea ice in he A c ic has dec eased by
abou 55%, om 7.2 million km2 o 3.41 million km2 in 2012 and 4.67 million
km2 in 2022 (NSIDC, 2022a; 2022b). Sea ice is also displaying a signi ican
decline in age and hickness. In Ma ch 1985, ice mo e han ou yea s old
ep esen ed 33% o A c ic sea ice; he sha e d opped o 4.4% in Ma ch 2020
(Pe o ich e al., 2020). In 1980, he ice a e aged 3.64 me e s in hickness, while
he igu e d opped o abou 2 me e s in 2018 (Kwok, 2018). This gene al end
owa d a hinne and less ex ensi e A c ic sea ice makes na iga ion easible
wi h ice- classed essels and has o en been he alded as he beginning o a as
expansion o A c ic shipping, especially ansi shipping (Bo ge son, 2008).
The eali y o A c ic sea ice, howe e , needs o be nuanced. Signi ican
a ia ions can be obse ed ega ding he minimum sea ice ex en . Se e al
conclusions can be in e ed om he non- linea e olu ion o he Sep embe
250 F édé ic Lasse e
minimal sea ice ex en . Indeed, he ex en o A c ic sea ice a i s minimum
is dec easing, and his end is accele a ing since he slope o he eg ession
lines is mo e p onounced o ecen pe iods. Second, a signi ican yea - o-
yea a ia ion is appa en : despi e he gene al declining end, he e a e yea s
wi h mo e ice han he p e ious yea s, which makes he yea - on- yea change
unp edic able.
The spa ial dis ibu ion o he Sep embe minimal sea ice (Figu e 11.1)
e eales wo ac s: i s , he Sibe ian coas is much mo e ice- ee han he
Canadian a chipelago, p o iding longe pe iods o ela i ely ice- ee shipping
ou es; and second, despi e he gene al end owa d a sh inking sea ice co e ,
signi ican in e annual a iabili y in sea ice dis ibu ion emains, wi h some
a eas being open wa e s some yea s, bu no o he s.
This spa ial in e annual a iabili y in sea- ice ex en and in he calenda o
he mel ing (in sp ing) and o ma ion o sea ice (in all) implies makes logis-
ical planning di icul despi e he long- e m educed sea ice end (Blacquiè e,
2018; Do ais, 2021; Paquin, 2018). Scheduled sea se ice is decided se e al
mon hs ahead o he shipping season bu he openness o sea lanes can only
be assessed in p obabilis ic e ms, an elemen line shipping companies ea as
hey sell jus - in- ime se ices (Lasse e e al., 2016). Va iabili y o na igabili y
in Canadian A c ic A chipelago s ai s, along which he se e al channels o he
No hwes Passage (NWP) un old, is ypically mo e p onounced han in he
No he n Sea Rou e (NSR) and he No heas Passage (Wagne e al., 2020).
The NSR is he sec ion o he No heas Passage be ween he Ka a Ga e and
he Be ing S ai (see Figu es 11.2 and 11.3) – an impo an elemen inasmuch
as Russian a ic s a is ics a e o en calcula ed o he NSR and hus display
mo emen s p esen ed as ansi bu ha ac ually end o depa om Russian
A c ic po s like Mu mansk o A khangelsk.
Ice dynamics emain complex despi e he end owa d mel ing. Thinne
and less concen a ed ice is mo e mobile and mo e suscep ible o he e ec s o
winds and cu en s, inc easing mobili y- induced a iabili y. S ai s ice- ee a
a ce ain day can he e o e be comple ely ice- clogged a week la e (Blacquiè e,
2018; Paquin, 2018). Besides, in he shoulde seasons (sp ing and all), when
a comple e ice- co e has no o med ye , ice shee s mo ing in con lic ing
di ec ions may o m compac ice p essu e idges ha may each up o 10 me e s
high, mos o i subme ged. P essu e idges a e accumula ion o ice o ced up
by colliding sea ice loes, d i en by cu en s o wind (Leppä an a, 2011). As ice
shee s a e hinning, he heigh o such p essu e idges is educed (Wadhams,
2012); howe e , scien is s poin ou ha p essu e idges a e likely o occu
mo e o en in he A c ic because o he inc eased ice mobili y o hinne sea
ice (Kwok e al., 2013). As p essu e idges a e o g ea conce n o ma ine s in
he a ea, hei inc eased equency will p esen new challenges o na iga ion.
Ridges esul ing om ice de o ma ion a e majo ba ie s and ba ely passable,
e en wi h s ong iceb eake s (Bou bonnais and Lasse e, 2015).
I hus emains po en ially di icul o na iga e A c ic wa e s, especially
in shoulde seasons. Fo ins ance, se e al ca go essels expe ienced his
Dynamics and Cons ain s in A c ic Rou es 251
Figu e 11.1 Ex ension o A c ic sea ice a i s summe minimum, 2010, 2016, 2018, and 2022 (Sou ce: adap ed by he au ho
om NSIDC (2022a; 2022b), wi h pe mission).
newgen pd
258 F édé ic Lasse e
Be ing Seas, as well as passenge a ic, do no appea in hese s a is ics (25
oyages o ishing in 2021 and 1 oyage o passenge ’s essels).
T ansi a ic is mo e signi ican along he NSR han along he NWP.
Howe e , bo h in e ms o oyages and onnage, ansi ep esen s a small
sha e o o al a ic along he NSR, despi e he ecen inc ease in ansi
oyages and onnage since 2018, wi h ansi onnage inc easing o 1.2 M in
2020 and 2 M in 2021 (see Table 11.4). In ansi a ic, ca go essels a e
mo e di e si ied han in he NWP; be ween 2010 and 2014, anke s domina ed
ansi s, wi h gene al ca go essels domina ing since 2015. Bulke s we e a sig-
ni ican sha e o essels in 2012, 2013, and again in 2020 and 2021. As a
as onnage is conce ned, bulke s ep esen ed he la ges componen o ansi
in 2020, wi h 1.004 M o i on o e shipped om Mu mansk (78.4%) being
la gely esponsible o he apid expansion o ansi ha yea . In 2019, c ude
oil ep esen ed 43.3% o ansi ing ca go and i on o e 21.5%. I is no ewo hy
ha hese shipmen s o i on o e om Mu mansk ep esen ansi om an
A c ic po and hus can be conside ed A c ic des ina ional a ic, a des in-
a ion me hodological poin discussed abo e.
T ansi a ic along he NSR was ini ially e y modes . I expanded o a
high o 71 oyages in 2012, collapsed o 18 in 2014, and eco e ed g adually
o 37 in 2019 and 74 in 2021. I may be ha he inc ease will be an ongoing
p ocess, bu ha does no hide he ac ha ansi a ic emains modes ,
especially when compa ed o des ina ional a ic along he NSR, and when
compa ed o ansi a ic along majo s ai s o canals like Malacca, Suez,
o Panama (Lasse e and Tê u, 2020a). This ansi le el is clea ly ou o s ep,
wi h media o ecas s announcing he ad en o hea y a ic along A c ic
ou es (Lasse e e al., 2016). T ansi howe e appea s o ha e expe ienced a
se e e decline in 2022, wi h e y ew in e na ional ansi s. T ansi a ic seems
o ha e collapsed ollowing he Wes e n and Japanese sanc ions, since e en he
Chinese company COSCO, which had pe o med se en ansi s in 2019, 14 in
2020, and 14 in 2021, seems, acco ding o he a ailable da a, o ha e p o ided
only wo in 2022. Con a y o news om ce ain specialized media, he e we e
a ew ansi s ca ied ou by o eign companies in 2022 (a leas ou ou o i e
iden i ied ansi s), bu much less han in 2021 (75 ou o 85 ansi s) o 2020
(42 ou o 64 ansi s). Could Russian shipping companies ha e aken o e and
p o ided a signi ican numbe o ansi s in he summe o 2022? I is di icul
o say, and his implies ha hey would ha e been able o edeploy essels o
quickly ake o e he ansi s planned by o eign companies. In he sho e m,
i is assumed ha ansi a ic along he NSR will con ac signi ican ly.
Compa a i e Analysis: The Ad en o T ansshipmen Hubs
as a New Business Model?
In Canadian and Russian A c ic a ic, he e is a de ini e end owa d expan-
sion, bu wi h di e en ia ed his o ies and composi ions. T ansi numbe s ac oss

Dynamics and Cons ain s in A c ic Rou es 259
Table 11.4 T ansi a ic along he NSR, 2006– 2021
2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Iceb eake – – 2 3 2 2 1 2 – 1 – 2 –
Go e nmen ship – – 1 0 1 1 3 1 – – – –
C uise – 1 1 0 1 3 1 1 – – – 1 1
Tug, supply essel 1 4 4 5 1 1 4 4 1 2 – 5 –
Ca go ship 2 6 31 38 64 24 15 11 24 23 32 51 84
O which:
Bulk 2 – 5 10 16 1 – – – 2 3 16 28
Tanke – 3 17 27 33 14 2 – 5 3 9 7 8
Gene al ca go – – 2 – 14 8 4 9 11 12 14 26 36
Con aine – – 1 – – – – – – 1 1 2 1
Ree e – 6 1 1 – 4 2 3 2 5 – 3
Hea y li 2 – – – 1 1 – 5 3 – – 8
Resea ch 2 2 0 2 0 0 – – – 2 –
Fishing – – – – 1 – – 2 1 3 5
To al o icial
ansi s
3 13 41 46 71 31 18 19 27 27 37 64 85
Volume
anspo ed,
million me ic
ons
0.11 0.82 1.26 1.18 0.27 0.04 0.21 0.19 0.490 0.697 1.281 2.027
To al olume
handled in he
NSR, million
me ic ons
2.219 2.085 3.225 3.75 3.914 3.98 5.432 7.265 10.73 20.18 31.53 32.97 34.85
Sou ce: CHNL da a, compiled and adap ed by he au ho , h ps:// a c ic- lio.com/ and pe sonal communica ions om CHNL.
newgen pd
260 F édé ic Lasse e
he No hwes Passage we e highe a he beginning o he pe iod, expe ienced
g ow h un il 2012, wi nessed a mode a e decline, expanded again un il 2017,
hen collapsed in 2018, only o eco e in 2019 and hen collapse because o
he ban on c uise and pleasu e c a ansi s. T ansi in he NWP was la gely
composed o pleasu e boa s as opposed o be ween ze o and wo comme cial
essels. This may be abou o change: h ee ansi s we e made by ca go essels
in 2019, i e in 2020, 3 in 2021, and se en in 2022. Vessels om he Du ch
shipping company Royal Wagenbo g accoun ed o wo o he ansi s in 2019,
all i e in 2020, all h ee in 2021, and se en in 2022. The company openly
ad e ises he oyages, hin ing i may a emp o de elop his ma ke in he
u u e (Wagenbo g, 2019). As a as ca go essels a e conce ned, anke s and
bulke s we e p e alen among he ew ansi s be o e 2017; now gene al ca go
essels domina e. I is in e es ing o no e ha he expansion o mining in he
Canadian A c ic does no suppo ansi expansion, despi e he ac o e is a
imes deli e ed o China. In 2014, a Fedna essel ansi ed he NWP o deli e
nickel o e o China om he Raglan mine; howe e , in 2018 ( wo ansi s),
in 2019 (one ansi ) and again in 2021 (one ansi ), shipmen s o i on o e
om he Ma y Ri e mine o China ansi ed ac oss he NSR (S aalesen, 2019,
2021b). In 2013, he Ba inland CEO made i clea ha he company would
no use he NWP o ansi o Asia (Waldie, 2013); he company somewha
so ened i s s ance in 2019, bu appa en ly has ye o use wha i conside s an
“al e na i e shipping ou e” (Anselmi, 2019).
I is appa en ha he main d i e o he expansion o shipping in bo h
he NWP and he NSR is na u al esou ces exploi a ion, including mining,
oil and gas, and ishing o a lesse ex en , in Ba in Bay in Canada and he
Ba en s Sea in Russia. Resou ce ex ac ion elies on bigge ships ha accoun
o a apid inc ease in anspo ed onnage, especially along he NSR whe e
esou ce ex ac ion is mo e ac i e han in A c ic Canada (Lasse e and Pic,
2021). P esen ly he e is mo e ac i i y in he oil and gas sec o along he
NSR, whe eas mining is he leading ex ac i e sec o in he Canadian A c ic –
he e has been no mo e oil and gas explo a ion since 2016 ollowing a mo a-
o ium om he ede al go e nmen (Go e nmen o Canada, 2019; 2021).
Communi y esupply in Canadian wa e s also expe ienced sus ained g ow h,
wi h a empo a y dip in 2020 due o he COVID- 19 pandemic.
Al hough a ic has expe ienced eal g ow h bo h in he Canadian and
he Russian A c ic, and in bo h egions ansi a ic emains a sho o
pas expec a ions. The composi ion o ansi a ic di e s along he NSR
and he NWP. Comme cial ca go ships ep esen he la ges sha e o ansi
a ic along he NSR, whe eas ansi along he NWP is la gely composed o
pleasu e boa s, wi h comme cial essels comp ising be ween ze o and wo uni s
un il 2019. One elemen ha explains his weak in e es in ansi a ic along
he NWP is a highe ice concen a ion in summe (NASA, 2021), he absence
o p omo ion o he NWP as opposed o a e y p oac i e s ance in Russia, and
a highe le el o equipmen and in as uc u e along he NSR, including po s
Dynamics and Cons ain s in A c ic Rou es 261
ha could ha bo a damaged ship (Lasse e e al., 2016). Iceb eake suppo
also a ies g ea ly, wi h Canada ha ing only nine A c ic- capable iceb eake s as
opposed o Russia’s i e nuclea and 37 diesel iceb eake s.
This compa ison be ween o al and ansi a ic also unde lines he ac
ha des ina ional a ic (ships going o he A c ic, s opping he e o pe o m
an economic ask and hen sailing back) emains he d i ing o ce in A c ic
shipping along he NSR, bu all he mo e so in he NWP whe e comme cial
ansi was un il ecen ly e y low and s ill is limi ed. This des ina ion a ic
is ueled by he se icing o local communi ies. Howe e , a ic is g owing
signi ican ly due o he expanding explo a ion o and exploi a ion o na u al
esou ces, including mining, oil and gas, and ishing. Na u al esou ces ex ac-
ion is by a he s onges d i e in A c ic shipping, whe he in he Russian
A c ic, o he Canadian A c ic wi h mining only since oil explo a ion is hal ed
in because o he mo a o ium decided in 2016.
While some na u al esou ce disco e ies a e p omising in Alaska, Canada,
and Russia, he la ge- scale de elopmen and ope a ion o hese p ojec s emain
unce ain in No h Ame ica, whe eas Sibe ian p ojec s a e bene i ing om he
Russian go e nmen ’s willingness o push o he expansion o ex ac ion o
esou ces. These en u es emain isky, since ope a ing cos s a e high, bu also
because he indus y emains e y sensi i e o wo ld p ices (Lasse e, 2021).
The high ola ili y ha ma ked 2020, be ween he pandemic and p ice wa s,
has had a de ini e impac on cu en p ojec s, and i emains o be seen wha
he impac will be in he long e m. Ne e heless, he mode a e bu ongoing
expansion o ca go ansi a ic and he s ong expansion o des ina ion
a ic ueled by esou ce ex ac ion a es o he in luence o he ongoing glo-
baliza ion o he A c ic, and A c ic economic expansion ha is la gely ueled
by ma ke s om ou side he egion.
The Russian go e nmen is awa e o he eluc ance o shipping companies
o de elop ansi a ic along he NSR, le alone he NWP. Sho e ou es
a e p o ing o be a poo incen i e when conside ing he cons ain s o A c ic
shipping. In o de o a ac he in e es o o wa de s, a new business model
is g adually eme ging, based on a p oposed syne gy o egula shipping ou es
wi h open- wa e (OW) essels wi h A c ic ansshipmen hubs and high- ice
class shu le essels ha could o e yea - ound se ice. Ad oca es o ans-
shipmen hubs a e ying o a ac a ic, no h ough he ansi o medium
ice- class essels, bu h ough he cons uc ion o ansshipmen hubs: OW
essels o load ca go in hese hubs, hen dedica ed shu le essels ca y i o
ano he A c ic ga e whe e ca go is loaded on o ano he OW essel. The ad an-
age o his business model es s in he possibili y o shipping companies
o bene i om a yea a ound se ice and hus egula se ice pe mi ing, in
heo y, jus - in- ime deli e y wi hou ha ing o in es in cos ly high- ice class
ships. This model implies he cons uc ion o se s o po hubs, one a each
en ance o he A c ic ou es, and elies on he ad an age o sho e ou es
ou weighing he need o wo ansshipmen s.
262 F édé ic Lasse e
As i became appa en shipping companies we e poo ly in e es ed in A c ic
ansi , ansshipmen hub p ojec s ha e blossomed in ecen yea s ac oss he
A c ic, wi h p oposed si es in Iceland (Finna jo d), No way (Ki kenes), Russia
(Mu mansk, A khangelsk, and Indiga on he A lan ic and Vladi os ok,
Za ubino, and Pe opa lo sk on he Paci ic), Japan (Tomakomai), Sou h Ko ea
(Busan), Alaska (Nome), Maine (Po land), G eenland (Nuuk), F ance (S -
Pie e, sou h o New oundland), and Canada (Hali ax, S An hony, Chu chill,
Iqalui , Nanisi ik, and Qikiq a juaq) (Cy , 2021). I is unlikely, gi en he
equi ed in es men s in po in as uc u e and shu le essels, ha all hese
p ojec ed A c ic hubs will e e be buil . Some p ojec s appea o be ahead in
he de eloping compe i ion be ween all hese p ojec s, wi h he suppo o
local and na ional au ho i ies. O he p ojec s ha e had se backs, like Ki kenes,
which su e ed a majo blow when he p ojec ed ailway be ween Ki kenes
and Ro aniemi ha would ha e connec ed he po wi h he Eu opean ailway
ne wo k was blocked by he Lapland Regional Council (Nilsen, 2021a).
Se e al o he p ojec s ha e no e en ecei ed he o mal app o al o egional
au ho i ies.
In his s uggle o es ablish A c ic ansshipmen hubs, Russia de ini ely
appea s o ha e he lead. I has al eady expe imen ed wi h ansshipmen
o oil and gas in Mu mansk (Lasse e and Tê u, 2020a). The Russian go -
e nmen seems willing o se up and subsidize a dedica ed con aine shu le
company be ween Mu mansk and Kamcha ka, e y likely Pe opa lo sk o
Vladi os ok. I may e en subsidize di ec ly o eign shipping companies ha
op o use his new shu le se ice along a planned No he n Sea T anspo
Co ido (S aalesen, 2021c). Fu he , cons uc ion o he expansion o he
po o Mu mansk in unde way, wi h he La na e minal being dedica ed o
he planned expansion o coal expo s as well as con aine s (Nilsen, 2021b).
Wi h A c ic po s al eady in place acing he A lan ic and he Paci ic, and
wi h he Russian go e nmen ’s willingness o se up he shu le company,
he e may be li le oom o hub p ojec s along he NWP, which al eady
su e s om a highe ice concen a ion. The po o Iqalui , which was se o
begin ope a ions a he end o 2022, is me ely a wha wi h li le equipmen
(Lasse e, 2022). The idea o building a po in Qikiq a juaq s emmed om
he desi e o suppo he ishing indus y (Qikiq aaluk Co po a ion, nd), bu
also om he ision o de eloping a “li le Singapo e o he A c ic” wi h he
help o “Chinese in es o s” (Ze ehi, 2016) whose iden i y emains elusi e
(Blacquiè e, 2021). This p ojec is epo edly s alled, especially as Chinese
in es o s may no be welcome anymo e in he con ex o ense Sino- Canadian
ela ions. Sena o Pa e son ecen ly included he Qikiq a juaq po in his
budge ecommenda ions o Nuna u ’s de elopmen , bu he Canadian ed-
e al go e nmen does no seem o ha e ollowed sui (Ri cho , 2021). Hali ax
may be be e posi ioned as i boas s unc ioning in as uc u e and a solid
epu a ion, bu he A c ic hub p ojec seems p elimina y, as is he case o S
An hony in New oundland (Cy , 2021).
Dynamics and Cons ain s in A c ic Rou es 263
A c ic Shipping Companies Adap ed o S uc u al and
Regional Cons ain s
This compa a i e analysis o A c ic shipping, p esen ed in he sec ion abo e,
e lec s he e ec o cons ain s on he de elopmen ha do no me ely boil
down o ice. Companies al eady in ol ed in A c ic shipping ha e adap ed o
he na iga ion challenges imposed by ice and A c ic clima e, and so ha e he
ew ha ecen ly en e ed he ma ke . Despi e clima e change, ice will always
o m in win e , empe a u es will dip o – 40°C wi h blizza ds and he pola
nigh will p e ail o se e al mon hs (Lasse e, 2021). Na iga ion challenges a e
cons ain s ha c ew expe ience, equipmen , ice- classed essels, and azipods on
double- ac ion essels can o e come, as a es ed o by LNG ca ie s exploi ed
by So com lo o ins ance, o bulk ca ie s un by Fedna ha can na iga e
in A c ic wa e s o mos o he yea . Double- ac ion ships a e essels ha can
na iga e in open wa e o ligh ice bow ahead, bu ha can also mo e s e n
i s hanks o o ien able p opelle s on azipods, wi h a p o iled s e n ha c ush
he ice (like an iceb eake , elying on i s weigh ) and hanks o he u bulence
o he p opelle s ha b eak hick ice (Niini, 2006). Risks emain high, and
his is why insu ance companies demand highe p emium and, abo e all, o en
e use o insu e shipping companies ha ha e no expe ience in A c ic shipping,
he eby ac ing as ba ie s o en y in o he ma ke (Sa abezoles e al., 2016).
Beyond hese na u al, physical cons ain s a e s uc u al and ma ke
cons ain s ha limi business op ions o shipping companies. Ro- Ro essels
and especially con aine essels, o ins ance, a e usually exploi ed in a line
mode: hey mus espec schedules published se e al mon hs ahead and mus
i in o he jus - in- ime indus ial mode now adop ed by mos manu ac u e s.
Howe e , jus - in- ime p o es complica ed o en o ce gi en he ecu ing a i-
abili y in sea- ice ex ension and calenda o mel and e eeze: i is, as exposed
abo e, di icul o easonably assume na igable channels will be su icien ly ice-
ee six mon hs ahead. Two su eys unde lined he lack o in e es among he
line shipping sec o o A c ic shipping (Lasse e and Pelle ie , 2011; Lasse e
e al., 2016).
Ano he cons ain o he line sec o is he absence o in e media e po s
o load and unload ca go, wi h a iew o imp o ing he load ac o . The e
a e ew la ge po s in he A c ic ha can accommoda e con aine essels.
G eenland illages can ha bo small con aine essels be ween 480 and 2134
TEUs om he Royal A c ic Line (Royal A c ic Line, 2022). Mos A c ic
No wegian o Russian communi ies a e equipped wi h one wha ha can
ha bo medium- sized essels (Mu mansk, A khangelsk, and Dudinka being
excep ions), bu hey o en lack anspo a ion sys ems ha could p o ide
hem wi h a hin e land (Fau y e al., 2019). In Canada, illages ha e no
wha es and supply is pe o med by gene al ca go ships (see below). The con-
sequence o his lack o po in as uc u e and land o i e connec ion o a
hin e land is ha he e a e ew po s ha could p o ide shipping companies

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