Condé, Lansiné; Münch, Ch is ophe
A icle — Published Ve sion
Resilien by Design: Explo ing he Social Abili ies and
Ac o ‐Ne wo k Roles o A i icial In elligence in Supply
Chain Managemen
Jou nal o Business Logis ics
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Condé, Lansiné; Münch, Ch is ophe (2025) : Resilien by Design: Explo ing he
Social Abili ies and Ac o ‐Ne wo k Roles o A i icial In elligence in Supply Chain Managemen ,
Jou nal o Business Logis ics, ISSN 2158-1592, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, Vol. 46, Iss. 4,
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1 o 27
Jou nal o Business Logis ics, 2025; 46:e70032
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/jbl.70032
Jou nal o Business Logis ics
ORIGINAL ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
Resilien by Design: Explo ing he Social Abili ies and
Ac o - Ne wo k Roles o A i icial In elligence in Supply
Chain Managemen
LansinéCondé | Ch is ophe Münch
F ied ich- Alexande - Uni e si ä E langen- Nü nbe g, Nu embe g,Ge many
Co espondence: Lansiné Condé (lansine.conde@ au.de)
Recei ed: 21 No embe 2024 | Re ised: 20 May 2025 | Accep ed: 30 June 2025
Funding: The au ho s ecei ed no speci ic unding o his wo k.
Keywo ds: ac o –ne wo k heo y| a i icial in elligence| au onomous ac o | social abili ies| supply chain esilience
ABSTRACT
Despi e i s subs an ial po en ial o enhance supply chain esilience (SCRes), a i icial in elligence (AI) emains unde explo ed
as an au onomous en i y wi hin supply chains (SCs), pa icula ly in e ms o i s social capabili ies and in e ac ions wi hin soci-
o echnical sys ems. Cu en li e a u e has ye o add ess how AI can ans o m SC collabo a ion and ne wo k s abili y om a
o wa d- looking pe spec i e, c ea ing a c i ical esea ch gap. This s udy aims o add ess his gap by examining he social abili ies
in oduced by AI and hei implica ions o SCRes. The explo a o y esea ch design o his s udy is g ounded in he ac o - ne wo k
heo y and he Gioia me hod and includes 23 semi- s uc u ed in e iews wi h expe s. The indings e eal ha AI ac i ely in lu-
ences decision- making p ocesses, powe dynamics, and us among SC ac o s. By in e ac ing wi h bo h human and non- human
ac o s, AI eme ges as a c i ical ool o ede ining collabo a ion and ne wo k s abili y. While AI- d i en SCs can enhance o gan-
iza ions' e iciency and adap abili y, hey also in oduce challenges, including e hical conside a ions, esponsibili y alloca ion,
and unin ended consequences o algo i hmic decision- making. This s udy con ibu es o he discou se on he embeddedness
o AI in SCs by o e ing heo e ical insigh s in o i s socio echnical in eg a ion and manage ial implica ions o i s go e nance.
Unde s anding AI as an ac i e ool is c ucial o designing esilien and u u e- p oo SCs. The indings emphasize he need o
o ganiza ions o de elop s a egies ha balance he bene i s and isks o AI, ensu ing i s esponsible and e ec i e deploymen
ac oss SC ne wo ks.
1 | In oduc ion
Th oughou he 21s cen u y, dis up i e digi al echnologies
such as he In e ne o Things, big da a, blockchain, and a i i-
cial in elligence (AI) ha e eme ged and gained signi ican a en-
ion as ools o enhance e iciency and pe o mance in logis ics
and supply chain (SC) managemen (Wang e al. 2025). Min
e al.(2019) highligh he po en ial o hese echnologies o op i-
mize economic and en i onmen al pe o mance by suppo ing
s a egic decision- making o imp o e o ganiza ions' long- e m
esponsi eness (Richey e al.2022).
Despi e hese echnological ad ancemen s, many o ganiza-
ions con inue o ace a knowledge gap ega ding dis up i e
echnologies, pa icula ly AI (Bi ks ed e al.2023; Ma in and
Pa ma 2022), which has only ecen ly ga ne ed signi ican a -
en ion. While la ge co po a ions ha e begun o explo e AI's
po en ial, i s adop ion in small and medium- sized en e p ises
This is an open access a icle unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License, which pe mi s use, dis ibu ion and ep oduc ion in any medium,
p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
© 2025 The Au ho (s). Jou nal o Business Logis ics published by Wiley Pe iodicals LLC.
2 o 27 Jou nal o Business Logis ics, 2025
emains sca ce (Benbya e al.2020). This knowledge de ici has
led o a lack o mo i a ion and limi ed in es men om man-
agemen , hinde ing he b oade adop ion o AI o enhance esil-
ience in logis ics and SC managemen (Klumpp and Zijm2019)
despi e i s ecognized po en ial o posi i ely impac he indus y
(Sande s e al.2019).
Recen SC dis up ions—such as he COVID- 19 pandemic,
blockages in c i ical shipping lanes, and geopoli ical e en s
like Russia's in asion o Uk aine—unde sco e he u gen need
o mo e esilien SCs (Pujawan and Bah2022; Swanson and
Suzuki2020; Wieland2021). Due o he s ong global in eg a ion
o SCs, deglobaliza ion and associa ed isk- mi iga ion s a egies
emain economically un easible (A inasi e al.2023). AI holds
signi ican po en ial o mi iga e SC isks and enhance esilience;
howe e , esea ch on i s speci ic applica ions and implemen a-
ions emains limi ed. Much o he li e a u e ocuses on pas and
cu en e o s, wi h a no iceable lack o o wa d- looking pe -
spec i es (Zamani e al.2023).
Despi e he heo e ical po en ial o AI o enhance SC esilience
(SCRes; Belhadi e al.2022; Gup a e al.2024; Modgil, Gup a,
e al.2022; Modgil, Singh, e al.2022; Naz e al.2022; Riahi
e al.2021; Zamani e al.2023), ac ual implemen a ion a es e-
main modes (Bui T ong and Bui Thi Kim2020; Dei a Ganesh
and Kalpana 2022; Riahi e al. 2021), and o ganiza ions ace
challenges in deploying AI- enabled SCs. AI is a ela i ely opaque
concep o some o hese o ganiza ions, which pe cei e i as a
black box ha en ails ope a ional complexi ies (F anzoni2023;
Schlögl e al.2019). To add ess his issue, ecen academic li -
e a u e has explo ed AI om a ious pe spec i es and ac oss
di e se domains, o e ing s a egic guidance o e ec i e AI
in eg a ion wi hin SCs o os e esilience (Bech sis e al.2022;
Dey e al.2024; Moosa i e al.2022; Thü e e al.2020; Zamani
e al.2023). To d i e o wa d- looking SC s a egies, i is essen ial
o make AI mo e accessible and easie o unde s and. This p o-
cess begins wi h enhancing s akeholde amilia i y wi h AI and
a icula ing he ans o ma i e bene i s o his dis up i e ech-
nology (Hangl e al.2022; Hasija and Espe 2022).
The posi i e ela ionship be ween AI u iliza ion in SC man-
agemen and pe o mance ou comes has been well es ablished
(Dash e al. 2019; Hallikas e al. 2021; Mohsen 2023; Riahi
e al. 2021). P io esea ch has highligh ed oppo uni ies o
AI o ac as a suppo mechanism in logis ics and SC manage-
men . This includes asks such as demand o ecas ing, in en-
o y managemen , logis ics op imiza ion, and isk assessmen
(A wani e al. 2022; B in up 2020; Dash e al. 2019; Riahi
e al.2021; R. Sha ma, Shishodia, e al.2022), as well as enhanc-
ing decision- making p ocesses (Ni anjan e al.2021), acili a ing
eal- ime moni o ing, and accele a ing inno a ion cycles (Dash
e al.2019). Baldea e al.(2025) p opose an al e na i e esea ch
app oach o ex end his pe spec i e by adop ing an au oma ion-
based amewo k o au onomous SC beha io suppo ed by
AI. The po en ial applica ions o his amewo k include op i-
mized da a- d i en decision- making, eal- ime access o ele an
in o ma ion, and enhanced isk mi iga ion h oughou he SC
(Cala ayud e al.2019; Xu, Mak, Mina ico a, e al.2024; Xu,
Mak, P oselko , e al.2024). Howe e , he widesp ead imple-
men a ion o hese applica ions may be hinde ed by se e al
challenges, including limi ed us in he echnology, insu i-
cien in as uc u e, a sho age o skilled p o essionals, and he
absence o a well- de ined social dimension wi hin AI sys ems
(Ka and Kushwaha2023; Ka e al.2021). To suppo he e ec-
i e and sus ainable in eg a ion o AI in o SC managemen , he
social dimensions in oduced by his dis up i e echnology mus
be analyzed o an icipa e and assess i s po en ial impac s on he
su ounding en i onmen (Khaku el e al.2018; Rakowski and
Kowaliko á2024).
This s udy con ibu es o he li e a u e by add essing he e-
sea ch gap ega ding he au onomous ole o AI in enhancing
SCRes, speci ically examining he ex en o which AI can use
social abili ies o bols e SC obus ness. Addi ionally, he s udy
aims o p o ide o ganiza ions wi h an in o med ou look on an-
icipa ed changes associa ed wi h AI implemen a ion ac oss
SC p ocesses, including shi s in ope a ional dynamics, in e -
dependencies among s akeholde s, and o e all pe o mance
ou comes. I aims o suppo o ganiza ions' decision- making
p ocesses ega ding he easibili y and po en ial e u n on AI
adop ion. Speci ically, his s udy in es iga es he ollowing e-
sea ch ques ion:
Wha social capabili ies can AI in oduce o enhance
SCRes?
An explo a o y me hodology was adop ed o add ess his e-
sea ch ques ion. Semi- s uc u ed in e iews we e conduc ed
wi h 23 expe s specializing in SC managemen and AI. The
ac o - ne wo k heo y (ANT; Callon and La ou 1981), suppo ed
by he Gioia me hod (GM; Gioia e al.2013), was employed o
sys ema ically examine he po en ial applica ions o AI wi hin
he SC.
The applica ion o ANT as a heo e ical ounda ion o ana-
lyzing echnological implemen a ion in co po a e con ex s
has been alida ed ac oss nume ous s udies and ields (Hald
and Sp ing2023). Fo example, i has suppo ed he inclusion
o in o ma ion echnology (IT) adop ion in heal hca e se ings
(C esswell e al.2010; G eenhalgh and S ones2010), IT- enabled
sus ainabili y ini ia i es (Beng sson and Åge alk2011; Yu ui
e al.2021), geog aphic in o ma ion sys ems in local adminis-
a ion (Walsham and Sahay 1999), inancial echnology de-
elopmen s (Lee e al.2015; Shim and Shin2016), sma ci y
amewo ks (Söde s öm e al.2014), and u u e- o ien ed inno-
a ions in ag icul u e (Be he e al.2018).
This s udy o e s a dual con ibu ion o academic esea ch.
Fi s , i builds on p io esea ch on AI- d i en esilience by ex-
amining he ole o AI wi hin SCs, speci ically ocusing on six
social dimensions in oduced by AI du ing implemen a ion. I
b idges he exis ing esea ch gap by p esen ing an explo a o y
app oach o assessing he po en ial applica ions o AI ac oss SC
unc ions. Second, he s udy employs ANT as a me hodological
amewo k o in es iga e he dynamic ela ionship be ween AI
and i s o ganiza ional en i onmen . This heo e ical lens builds
on he exis ing li e a u e (e.g., Gams e al.2019; Ho i z2017) by
examining human- echnology in e ac ions and he in eg a ion
o AI sys ems wi hin b oade en i onmen al con ex s. This ap-
p oach is used o add ess he challenges commonly encoun e ed
3 o 27
by manage s in AI implemen a ion, unde sco ing he bene i s o
AI o enhancing SCRes (Die zmann and Duan2022; Sha ma,
Lu h a, e al.2022).
2 | Theo e ical Backg ound
2.1 | Supply Chain Resilience
The li e a u e on SCRes da es back o he ea ly 2000s
(Blackhu s e al. 2011; Bode e al. 2011; Jü ne and
Maklan 2011; Pe i e al. 2010; Rice and Cania o 2003;
She i2007). Subsequen esea ch has expanded on his oun-
da ional unde s anding by inco po a ing concep s such as
agili y, collabo a ion, and adap abili y (Ambulka e al.2015;
Chowdhu y and Quaddus 2017; Melnyk e al. 2014; Sa a i
e al.2024; Schol en and Schilde 2015; Uma and Wilson2024;
Zhao e al.2024).
SCs should be designed o exhibi low suscep ibili y o dis up-
ions and eco e quickly and cos - e ec i ely. A lack o esil-
ience in SCs can lead o signi ican inancial losses, diminished
s akeholde con idence, and imbalances be ween supply and
demand, ul ima ely des abilizing p oduc ion p ocesses (Gup a
e al.2021; I ano e al.2016; Pa lo e al.2019; Pe i e al.2019;
Yoon e al. 2020). All SC dis up ions sha e ce ain common
cha ac e is ics: hey a ise om speci ic inciden s, necessi a e
a apid e u n o he ini ial s a e, and occu wi hin a de ined
obse a ion pe iod (Wieland and Du ach2021). I ano (2021a,
2021b) dis inguishes be ween design o e iciency and design
o esilience. The o me app oach emphasizes ha SCs should
p io i ize esponsi eness and e iciency, aiming o maximize
p o i and minimize was e h ough op imal esou ce u iliza ion.
In con as , he la e app oach emphasizes he impo ance o
esilien SCs ha can e ec i ely mi iga e unexpec ed and sub-
s an ial dis up ions, enabling a apid e u n o he ini ial s a e
o , ideally, an imp o ed s a e.
The li e a u e iden i ies ou dis inc phases o SCRes: eadi-
ness, esponse, eco e y, and g ow h s a egies (Hohens ein
e al.2015). The eadiness phase in ol es p epa ing o dis up i e
e en s, p ima ily by iden i ying and moni o ing changes wi hin
o ganiza ional bounda ies (Fahimnia and Jabba zadeh 2016;
Mai lis and Sonenshein2010). The esponse phase ocuses on ex-
ecu ing p ees ablished s a egies o mi iga e dis up ions (S one
and Rahimi a d 2018). The eco e y phase includes e o s
o ei he ec i y losses and e u n o a business- as- usual s a e
(B andon- Jones e al.2014) o achie e he quickes possible an-
si ion o a desi ed u u e s a e (Fahimnia and Jabba zadeh2016;
I ano 2021a, 2021b). The inal phase, g ow h s a egies, in-
ol es he implemen a ion, adop ion, and e inemen o lessons
lea ned by o ganiza ions o enhance p epa edness o u u e
dis up ions (Dennehy e al.2021; Hohens ein e al.2015; Yan
e al.2023).
2.2 | A i icial In elligence and Supply Chain
Resilience in Supply Chain Managemen
The e m AI was i s in oduced by McCa hy e al. (1955)
du ing he Da mou h Summe Resea ch P ojec . They
en isioned machines capable o using language and sol ing
p oblems adi ionally associa ed wi h human in elligence
(McCa hy e al.1955). Haenlein and Kaplan(2019) de ine AI
as he abili y o a sys em o acqui e knowledge by analyzing
da a om he ex e nal en i onmen and applying i o achie e
speci ic goals and asks. Ma in Minsky, ounde o he MIT
A i icial In elligence Lab, has desc ibed AI as “ he science o
making machines do hings ha would equi e in elligence i
done by men” (Minsky1968, ). These de ini ions encapsula e
he co e aspec s o AI ound in many o he de ini ions in he
li e a u e (e.g., Ba edo A ie a e al.2020; Leake2001; Samoili
e al.2020; Wang2019) and will guide he discussion o AI in
his pape . No ably, he e is no uni e sally ag eed- upon de ini-
ion o AI ye (Legg and Hu e 2007; Nilsson2009).
Fo he pu pose o his s udy, he axonomy o AI is adop ed
om Pou nade e al.(2021), who ca ego ize AI in o h ee key
domains: sensing and in e ac ing (i.e., ision, speech ecogni-
ion, and na u al language p ocessing), lea ning (i.e., machine
lea ning), and decision- making (i.e., simula ion and modeling,
op imiza ion, and planning and scheduling). This axonomy
aligns wi h he widely accep ed de ini ion o AI p oposed by
Kaplan and Haenlein(2019).
The speci ic applica ion o AI in SC managemen , pa icula ly in
enhancing SCRes, emains an unde explo ed a ea o esea ch.
This esea ch gap is inc easingly highligh ed in he li e a u e,
wi h se e al au ho s calling o conc e e insigh s in o he ole
o AI in s eng hening esilience (Ak e e al.2022; Ba yannis
e al.2019; Kassa e al.2023; Pou nade e al.2021; Rod íguez-
Espíndola e al.2020).
P io esea ch unde sco es he ans o ma i e ole o AI- d i en
echnologies, such as machine lea ning and p edic i e analy ics,
in imp o ing he accu acy o o ecas ing demand, op imizing
in en o y managemen , and enhancing eal- ime SC isibili y
(Choi e al.2018; Riad e al.2024). These ad ancemen s enable
o ganiza ions o an icipa e, mi iga e, and eco e om dis up-
ions wi h inc eased e iciency (Modgil, Singh, e al. 2022).
Fu he , AI has been used o os e anspa ency, acili a e ai-
lo ed solu ions, and e ine p ocu emen s a egies o minimize
he impac o SC dis u bances (Singh e al.2024).
In ecen yea s, applica ions in SC managemen ha e inc eas-
ingly ansi ioned om au oma ed sys ems o ully au ono-
mous sys ems (Baldea e al.2025), e lec ing ad ancemen s in
AI- d i en decision- making and ope a ional capabili ies (Xu
e al.2021). Va ious e ms ha e been used o desc ibe indepen-
den ope a ing sys ems wi hin SCs, including “agen s” (Boyko
e al.2017; Cao e al.2009; Ch. Meye 2008), “au onomous SCs”
(Xu, Mak, Mina ico a, e al. 2024), and “sel - hinking SCs”
(Cala ayud e al.2019). Despi e di e ences in e minology, hese
concep s con e ge on he idea o in elligen echnologies (e.g.,
AI) ha ope a e au onomously wi hin dynamic en i onmen s
(e.g., SCs) o achie e speci ic objec i es (e.g., SCRes).
Au onomy has become inc easingly signi ican due o he
widesp ead adop ion o In e ne o Things echnologies
(Kuma e al.2023; Madushanki e al.2019; Tu2018). Ni sche
e al.(2023) explain ha while au oma ion and au onomy sha e
he undamen al cha ac e is ic o execu ing p ocesses wi hou
4 o 27 Jou nal o Business Logis ics, 2025
di ec human in e en ion, hey di e undamen ally in hei
ope a ional pa adigms. The au ho s discuss how au oma ed
sys ems ollow p ede ined ules es ablished by human p o-
g amme s, whe eas au onomous sys ems exhibi he abili y o
ac independen ly, adap o no el si ua ions, and de ia e om
hei o iginal p og amming when necessa y (Woold idge2002;
Woold idge and Jennings1995). This adap i e capabili y g an s
au onomous sys ems g ea e lexibili y and sel - managemen
po en ial han au oma ed sys ems.
To es ablish a uni ied heo e ical ounda ion, his s udy employs
he e m “ac o ” o encapsula e hese a ious concep s o au on-
omy. Ac o - based models a e widely u ilized in domains such
as inancial echnology (Pal e al.2023) and da a mining (Cao
e al.2009) o enhance e iciency and suppo decision- making
p ocesses. Such sys ems a e pa icula ly e ec i e a managing
complex, dis ibu ed s uc u es unde condi ions o unce ain y
(Boyko e al.2017). They o en in eg a e AI, machine lea ning,
and big da a analy ics o op imize pe o mance. Cu en e-
sea ch con inues o e ine ac o - based model in elligence, im-
p o e he abili y o hese models o in e p e use needs, and
enhance hei capaci y o social in e ac ion (Pal e al.2023).
Al hough AI has adi ionally been examined om an au ono-
mous and echnical s andpoin , e e y echnical sys em inhe -
en ly possesses a social dimension (Channell and Vol i 1991;
Gie yn e al.1994). This social aspec emains unde explo ed
in he li e a u e on au onomous SCs. This s udy examines AI
om a social pe spec i e, emphasizing i s in eg a ion in o ex-
is ing ne wo ks as an independen ac o ha can enhance bo h
socie al impac and unc ionali y. ANT p o ides a heo e ical
amewo k o analyzing he in e ac ions be ween human and
non- human ac o s. A de ailed discussion o his app oach is p e-
sen ed in Sec ion2.3.
2.3 | O e iew o he Ac o - Ne wo k Theo y
O ganiza ions a e in ica e sys ems ha equi e he alignmen
and engagemen o all s akeholde s o ensu e he success ul im-
plemen a ion o new echnologies (Galli an2001; Luo e al.2006;
Ma eos- Ga cia2018). This s udy applies ANT as a heo e ical
amewo k o examine he mul i ace ed in e ac ions be ween
human and non- human ac o s h oughou he echnology im-
plemen a ion p ocess (La ou 2005; Law and Hassa d 1999).
G ounded in a adical ex ension o he social cons uc i is ap-
p oach ypically used wi hin science and echnology s udies,
ANT emphasizes he in luence o non- human ac o s in shaping
social p ocesses while challenging con en ional dis inc ions be-
ween na u e and socie y (C esswell e al.2010). Highligh ing
he dis ibu ed na u e o agency, i asse s ha bo h human and
non- human en i ies ope a e wi hin in e connec ed ne wo ks
(Callon1990).
ANT unc ions as bo h a heo e ical amewo k and a me hod-
ological ool and is buil upon h ee co e p inciples (Callon1984;
Callon and La ou 1981, 1992). The i s p inciple is agnos icism.
ANT encou ages he adop ion o a neu al s ance owa d socio-
logical ques ions abou he ac o s in ol ed. I a oids a o ing
any one pe spec i e o e ano he o excluding po en ial in e -
p e a ions. Obse e s a e ad ised o e ain om ixing ac o s'
iden i ies un il hose iden i ies a e cla i ied de ini i ely wi hin
he ne wo k. The second p inciple, ee associa ion, calls o ob-
se e s o a oid imposing p ede ined ca ego ies o assump ions
abou he ypes and oles o ac o s. This allows o a lexible
analysis ee om adi ional dis inc ions be ween na u al and
social phenomena. The hi d p inciple, gene alized symme y,
equi es he use o uni o m language o desc ibing and analyz-
ing all p ocesses, whe he na u al, social, o echnical. This en-
su es consis ency in he analysis o each ype o ac o o p ocess
wi hin he ne wo k. Toge he , hese h ee p inciples call o a e-
de ini ion o heo e ical e minology, which is u he discussed
in he ollowing pa ag aphs.
2.3.1 | Ac o s
ANT adop s a b oad de ini ion o he e m “ac o ,” ex ending
i beyond human en i ies. While any en i y can be conside ed
an ac o , ANT acknowledges ha no all ac o s possess he
same capaci y o ac (Callon and La ou 1992). Consequen ly,
his amewo k nei he ele a es non- human en i ies (e.g., ob-
jec s, plan s, animals) o he same s a us as humans no e-
duces humans o he le el o non- human en i ies (Callon and
La ou 1992; La ou 1999). Ins ead, i challenges he an h opo-
cen ic assump ion ha humans a e he sole ini ia o s o ac ion
and highligh s he ac i e ole ha non- human en i ies play in
shaping ou comes. Wi hin he ANT amewo k, ac ion is no he
p oduc o a single agen bu he esul o in e ac ions among
mul iple en i ies.
In he ANT amewo k, an ac o is de ined as an en i y d i en
o ac by nume ous o he s (La ou 2005). This pe spec i e
highligh s ha an ac o 's abili y o ac is con ingen upon he
in ol emen o o he en i ies, which may cons ain, s uc u e,
in luence, o modi y one ano he ; no single ac o unc ions as
he sole cause o au onomous subjec o an ac ion.
Ra he han ca ego izing en i ies in o na u al, echnical, o so-
cial domains, he ANT amewo k ea s all a iables as ac o s,
adhe ing o he p inciples o agnos icism, ee associa ion, and
gene alized symme y. Since ANT does no p esc ibe guidelines
ega ding he numbe , iden i y, o con igu a ion o ac o s, he
ela ionships be ween ac o s mus be de i ed by analyzing ele-
an li e a u e, empi ical desc ip ions, o case epo s.
La ou (2005) also in oduces a dis inc ion be ween ac o s and
ac an s. Ac o s a e p o agonis s explici ly de ined by he e-
sea che h ough desc ip i e igu a ion and possess speci ic
cha ac e is ics, such as iden i y, o m, and consis ency. In con-
as , ac an s a e simple , p e igu ed en i ies de ined by hei
capaci y o ac , o en excluding ine en i ies as unin e es ing.
The au ho ejec s bo h objec i ism and pu ely subjec i e in-
e p e a i e app oaches, ins ead ad oca ing o an analysis ha
cap u es he complexi y o ac an s, which include bo h human
and non- human en i ies. This e minological dis inc ion sug-
ges s ha he same en i y may be desc ibed di e en ly in a y-
ing con ex s, esul ing in di e gen in e p e a ions o i s ole as
an ac o . This nuanced app oach o de ining ac o s and ac an s
unde sco es he ANT amewo k's emphasis on cap u ing he
complexi y and plu ali y o in e ac ions wi hin a ne wo k, es-
chewing igid hie a chies o p ede e mined classi ica ions.
5 o 27
2.3.2 | Ne wo ks
Ac o s in he ANT amewo k do no unc ion au onomously
bu ope a e wi hin ac o - ne wo ks, which consis o in e con-
nec ed ac o s. In his con ex , he e m “ne wo k” is a heo e -
ical cons uc ep esen ing he di e se linkages, connec ions,
and ela ionships among ac o s. ANT employs a dis inc de i-
ni ion o ne wo ks ha di e ges om adi ional in e p e a-
ions. La ou (2005) and Callon(1990) c i ique h ee adi ional
de ini ions, a guing ha ne wo ks a e no (a) me ely echnical
connec ions (e.g., wi es, ails, ubes); (b) pu ely in a- social
ela ionships; o (c) pos mode n me apho s o socio echnical
ela ionships.
Ins ead, ANT de ines ne wo ks as dynamic assemblages o
human and non- human en i ies ha eme ge h ough in e ac-
ions. These in e ac ions de ine he compe encies, cha ac e -
is ics, unc ions, and oles o all pa icipan s. Thus, ne wo k
o ma ion in ol es wo in e ela ed analy ical p ocesses: (a) he
c ea ion o modi ica ion o connec ions be ween ac o s and (b)
he o ma ion o econ igu a ion o he ac o s hemsel es. This
in e play unde sco es he mu ual dependency be ween ac o s
and ne wo ks. Ac o s a e no independen o ne wo ks, no do
hey hold inhe en p ecedence o e hem. Ra he han possess-
ing ixed cha ac e is ics, in insic quali ies, o au onomous ca-
pabili ies, ac o s de i e hei iden i ies and ac ions om hei
ela ionships wi h o he ac o s. As Law(2008) no es, wi hou
ne wo ks, ac o s lack bo h iden i y and he po en ial o ac ion.
Con e sely, ne wo ks canno exis wi hou ac o s, as hei pu -
pose is o e eal and alloca e po en ial o ac ions o speci ic
ac o s. Wi hin he ANT amewo k, e e y ac o is also an ac o -
ne wo k, and e e y ne wo k can unc ion as an ac o wi hin
o he ne wo ks.
The concep o ansla ion can be used o desc ibe he p ocess
o ne wo k o ma ion in ANT. Th ough he p ocess o ansla-
ion, he iden i ies, p og ams, and compe encies o ac o s a e
nego ia ed, ans o med, and assigned (Callon1980; Law2008).
Callon (1984) iden i ies ou key in e dependen s eps in he
ansla ion p ocess: (a) “p oblema iza ion”, whe e he esea che
iden i ies he p oblem and de ines he po en ially a ec ed ac-
o s (206); (b) “in e essemen ”, whe e a ious s a egies a e
employed o align he ac o s' in e es s wi h he p oblem and
p oposed solu ions (207); (c) “en olmen ”, whe e ac o s decide
whe he o accep he p oposed oles and ins uc ions o ac ion
(211), wi h e o s being ocused on inc easing ac o accep ance
and minimizing esis ance; and (d) “mobiliza ion”, which in-
ol es ac o s' ag eemen and ole accep ance i ansla ion is
success ul, culmina ing in a s able ne wo k ha de ines he
iden i ies, capabili ies, and oles o he ac o s in a binding man-
ne (216). Howe e , his s abili y is no pe manen and can be
dissol ed o econ igu ed a any ime in esponse o new in e -
ac ion o dis up ions.
2.4 | ANT in Technological Resea ch
Technology occupies a pi o al ole in ANT due o i s po en ial
o eo ien he amewo k h ough analysis o p ac ical en-
gagemen . ANT ede ines echnology as an ac o wi h dis inc
capaci ies o ac ion a he han as a ool wielded by humans
(Callon 1980). A undamen al assump ion o he ANT ame-
wo k is ha echnological ools ac in conjunc ion wi h o he
ac o s, bo h human and non- human. Thus, ac ions wi hin an
ac o - ne wo k a e no con ined o speci ic loca ions bu a e dis-
ibu ed, displaced, and o en disloca ed (La ou 2005).
The agency o echnology wi hin ne wo ks is o en o e looked,
as i ends o become in isible when ope a ing smoo hly. The
ANT amewo k desc ibes his p ocess o s abilizing, ixing, and
in eg a ing echnology in o ou ine p ac ices as black boxing. A
black box is concep ualized as an en i y ha is assigned explici
ole speci ica ions and p ede ined p ocesses, encompassing all
elemen s ha ha e become objec s o indi e ence due o hei
success ul in eg a ion. The mo e elemen s—such as objec s,
me hodologies, o concep ual amewo ks— ha a e consoli-
da ed wi hin a black box, he g ea e i s u ili y as a ounda ion
o u he de elopmen (Callon and La ou 1981). Howe e ,
black boxes a e no immu able; hei oles and unc ions can
change, and echnological ools can ail o b eak. The p ocess
o black boxing es ablishes a binding ela ionship among ac o s,
he eby s abilizing hese connec ions and acili a ing ansla-
ion. By closing black boxes, ne wo ks achie e a deg ee o con-
sis ency, esul ing in he mechaniza ion—i.e., he s abiliza ion
and ins i u ionaliza ion—o he ne wo k (Callon 1990). This
mechaniza ion enhances he p edic abili y and calculabili y o
in e ac ions wi hin he ne wo k, s eng hening i s o e all esil-
ience and cohe ence (Callon1990).
3 | Resea ch Me hodology
3.1 | Ra ionale o he Explo a o y
Resea ch Design
Gi en he nascen na u e o AI in le e aging SCRes, he ela-
i ely unde explo ed esea ch domain, and he limi ed numbe
o expe s wi h knowledge o bo h SC managemen and AI, his
s udy adop s a quali a i e, explo a o y esea ch design (Hlady-
Rispal and Jouison- La i e2014). The me hodological app oach
is based on he GM, p oposed by Gioia e al. (2013), which
ex ends g ounded heo y and is pa icula ly well- sui ed o
induc i e esea ch. GM p o ides a sys ema ic amewo k o de-
eloping new concep s while ensu ing me hodological igo and
p ese ing he c ea i e po en ial inhe en in quali a i e inqui y.
I s mul i- s ep s uc u e suppo s anspa en da a collec ion and
analysis while acili a ing heo e ical de elopmen , making i
well- aligned wi h he objec i es o his s udy.
This me hodological app oach has been p e iously applied
in esea ch on AI and SCRes (e.g., Aa land 2024; Koponen
e al.2023; Musick e al.2021; Russo2024) and o e s a ame-
wo k ha b idges mac o- and mic o- analyses ( on Soes 2023).
Howe e , ou sys ema ic e iew o Scopus, Google Schola , and
ScienceDi ec e eals he lack o s udies examining he appli-
ca ion o AI o enhance SCRes, pa icula ly wi hin he GM and
ANT amewo ks.
Da a o his s udy we e p ima ily collec ed h ough semi-
s uc u ed expe in e iews. This me hod p o ides a s uc-
u ed ye lexible amewo k ha enables deepe explo a ion
o c i ical a eas o inqui y h ough ollow- up and cla i ica ion
6 o 27 Jou nal o Business Logis ics, 2025
ques ions as needed (Adams 2015). To ensu e igo in da a
collec ion and analysis, he in e iews we e de eloped and
conduc ed in acco dance wi h es ablished guidelines (Kallio
e al.2016), while in eg a ing an analy ical amewo k based
on he GM (Gioia e al.2013). This me hodological alignmen
ensu ed a sys ema ic and i e a i e esea ch p ocess, acili-
a ing he iden i ica ion o meaning ul insigh s while main-
aining anspa ency and eliabili y. The esea ch design also
allowed o a ocused examina ion o key hemes while e-
maining lexible enough o p io i ize a eas equi ing u he
dep h (Yin2009).
3.2 | P epa a ion Phase and Da a Collec ion
This s udy employed a sys ema ic app oach o ensu e he p ecise
sampling and collec ion o da a ele an o he esea ch ocus
(Eisenha d and G aebne 2007), as illus a ed in Figu e 1. I
adhe ed o a sys ema ic app oach ollowing he me hodological
amewo k p oposed by Kallio e al.(2016), who delinea e a mul i-
s ep p ocess o de eloping guidelines o he semi- s uc u ed
in e iews. The p ocess began wi h he iden i ica ion o p e eq-
uisi es o ensu e he me hodological app op ia eness o he in-
e iews. The second phase ocused on acqui ing he equisi e
expe ise o conduc in e iews wi h subjec - ma e expe s. This
was achie ed h ough consul a ions wi h expe s in he ield and
an ex ensi e e iew o ele an li e a u e. Building on his oun-
da ion, he hi d phase in ol ed de eloping a well- s uc u ed and
clea ly o mula ed in e iew guide designed o elici comp ehen-
si e and insigh ul esponses om expe s. The de elopmen o
he in e iew ques ions d ew on open- ended o ma s commonly
used in he li e a u e. Flexibili y in he sequence o ques ions was
main ained o allow in e iewe s o adap o he na u al low o
con e sa ion while ensu ing cohe ence h oughou he in e -
iew p ocess. The ou h phase comp ised wo pilo es s o he
in e iew guide o assess i s cla i y and comp ehensibili y om
an ex e nal pe spec i e. Based on eedback, adjus men s we e
made o wo ques ions o imp o e hei ph asing and p ecision
and educe ambigui y.
Expe selec ion was guided by clea ly de ined c i e ia.
Pa icipan s we e equi ed o hold leade ship oles in SC
FIGURE 1 | Visualiza ion o he esea ch me hodology p ocedu e.
7 o 27
ope a ions o ela ed ields and possess ex ensi e knowledge
o AI applica ions in he con ex o SC managemen . A mini-
mum o i e yea s o senio i y, ei he in esea ch o indus y,
was also a p e equisi e. To ensu e a consis en egional pe -
spec i e and minimize po en ial biases a ising om egional
di e ences in echnological ma u i y, cul u al ac o s, o eco-
nomic condi ions, only expe s om Eu ope we e in e iewed
(Richey e al.2016).
A o al o 190 po en ial expe s we e con ac ed ia LinkedIn,
yielding 41 esponses (21.6%) and esul ing in 23 comple ed in-
e iews (12.1%) conduc ed be ween July and Sep embe 2024.
In e iews con inued un il heo e ical sa u a ion was eached,
implying ha no new signi ican insigh s eme ged om addi-
ional in e iews (Co bin and S auss1990). Table1 p esen s an
o e iew o he in e iewees, including hei p o essional back-
g ounds and expe ience le els.
The in e iew guideline was o ganized in o wo sec ions. The
i s sec ion ocused on gene al backg ound in o ma ion, such
as he pa icipan s' p o essional oles and a sel - assessmen o
hei expe ise in AI. The second sec ion explo ed AI implemen-
a ion in SCs, including pe cei ed challenges, ba ie s, and c i-
sis managemen s a egies. The guideline was i e a i ely e ined
based on eedback om wo pilo in e iews, leading o adjus -
men s in ques ion ph asing o enhance cla i y and p ecision.
TABLE 1 | O e iew o he in e iewees.
Expe Academic deg eeaCu en ole Func ion
Yea s o
expe ience
Knowledge
o AIb
E01 Mas e 's deg ee Consul an , Supply Chain Ex e nal consul an 20 7
E02 Mas e 's deg ee Head o Pu chasing Head o depa men 19 7
E03 MBA CEO —19 8
E04 N/A Head o Cus ome
O de Managemen
Head o depa men 27 8.5
E05 Bachelo 's deg ee Head o P ocu emen
and Logis ics
Head o depa men 19 6.5
E06 Mas e 's deg ee Managing Di ec o Da a scien is 20 10
E07 Mas e 's deg ee Senio Consul an Ex e nal consul an 6 7
E08 Ph.D. Expe Supply Chain Inno a ion In e nal consul an 8 7
E09 Ph.D. Business Analy ics and
Op imiza ion Consul an
Ex e nal consul an 25 10
E10 Ph.D. Business Uni Manage Da a scien is 21 6.5
E11 Mas e 's deg ee Consul an , AI & Supply Chain Ex e nal consul an 24 9
E12 Mas e 's deg ee CEO —22 8.5
E13 Ph.D. P o esso Supply Chain
Managemen
—21 7.5
E14 Ph.D. Business De elopmen Manage Sales 24 7
E15 App en iceship Head o Pu chasing Head o depa men 14 6.5
E16 Mas e 's deg ee Managing Di ec o P ojec manage 29 6.5
E17 Mas e 's deg ee Di ec o , Logis ics S a egy
and T ans o ma ion
Head o depa men 28 8
E18 Ph.D. Head o Pu chasing Head o depa men 26 3.5
E19 Ph.D. G oup Leade , Da a Science Head o depa men 86.5
E20 Mas e 's deg ee Di ec o , Inno a ion,
Digi aliza ion, & AI
Resea ch and
de elopmen
24 5
E21 Ph.D. Head o Sales Head o depa men 16 8.5
E22 App en iceship Consul an , P ocu emen S a egy Ex e nal consul an 38 8
E23 Ph.D. Cus ome Success Lead P oduc ion p ocess 11 5
aMas e 's deg ee includes he Ge man uni e si y deg ees “Diplom- Ingenieu ” and “Diplom- Be iebswi .”
bThe scale anged om 1 (basic knowledge only) o 10 (expe ). The ca ego y was based on he subjec i e pe cep ion o he in e iewee. I he answe ell be ween wo
numbe s, a hal - s ep was used.
8 o 27 Jou nal o Business Logis ics, 2025
A o al o 1016 min o in e iew da a we e eco ded, wi h an
a e age in e iew du a ion o 44 min, esul ing in 380 pages
o ansc ip ion. One in e iew was conduc ed ia elephone,
while he emaining 22 we e held on Zoom o Mic oso
Teams. All in e iews we e audio- eco ded and ansc ibed
e ba im o ensu e da a in eg i y and accu acy. Pa icipan s
we e assu ed comple e anonymi y h oughou he esea ch
p ocess.
3.3 | Da a Analysis
Da a analysis ollowed a s uc u ed coding p ocess inspi ed
by he GM (Gioia e al.2013) and quali a i e con en analysis,
suppo ed by he MAXQDA so wa e. In he i s phase, i s -
o de concep s we e iden i ied di ec ly om he da a (Van
Maanen1998). Each esponse was ini ially ea ed as a dis inc
ca ego y, p ese ing he esponden s' o iginal language o en-
su e empi ical g ounding. This p ocess was independen ly con-
duc ed by wo esea che s, who hen collabo a i ely e ined
he coding scheme h ough discussion and i e a i e adjus -
men s un il consensus was eached (Be h Ha y e al. 2005).
Gi en he emphasis on in e p e a i e alignmen a he han
s a is ical ag eemen , in e - code eliabili y was no quan i ied
(Saldana2015), which is a common p ac ice in quali a i e s ud-
ies (e.g., Münch e al.2022; Pauli e al.2025).
In he second phase, he i s - o de concep s we e consolida ed
in o second- o de hemes by abs ac ing and syn hesizing key
insigh s. The esea che s adop ed he pe spec i e o knowl-
edgeable agen s, linking expe s a emen s wi h heo e ical
cons uc s and b oade concep ual amewo ks. This i e a i e
app oach in ol ed con inuous in e ac ion be ween he empi i-
cal da a and ele an li e a u e o ensu e ha eme ging hemes
we e heo e ically in o med. Theo e ical sampling was applied
o cons an ly e ine ca ego ies and concep s as new da a became
a ailable (Glase and S auss1970).
Once es ablished, he second- o de hemes we e u he agg e-
ga ed in o highe - le el dimensions— e e ed o in his s udy as
social abili ies—which summa ize he key heo e ical insigh s
de i ed om he da a (Gioia e al.2013). Tables2 and 3 p esen
exempla y esul s o he da a analysis p ocess, including i s -
o de concep s, second- o de hemes, and agg ega e dimensions.
The inal phase o analysis in ol ed he cons uc ion o a da a
s uc u e o isually map he ans o ma ion o aw in e iew
da a in o abs ac heo e ical dimensions. This s uc u ed isu-
aliza ion enhanced he anspa ency and igo o he analy ic
p ocess (P a 2008; T acy 2010). Concep ual diag ams we e
de eloped o illus a e he ela ionships among ca ego ies using
boxes and a ows, which acili a ed an in ui i e unde s anding
o he indings (Nag e al.2007).
To enhance he c edibili y o he indings, da a iangula-
ion was pe o med by in eg a ing mul iple sou ces and e -
i ica ion me hods. All expe s we e asked a consis en se o
ques ions, aligning wi h he p inciples o synch onic p ima y
da a sou ce iangula ion (Pauwels and Ma hyssens 2004).
Addi ionally, seconda y da a—including indus y epo s,
company eco ds, and a chi al documen s—we e analyzed
o c oss- alida e he insigh s de i ed om he in e iews
(Denzin 2017). This app oach ensu ed ha he iden i ied
TABLE 2 | Exempla y esul s o da a analysis.
In e iew exce p Fi s - o de concep s ID o he concep
“And you jus ha e o ha e he igh people, he igh employees, who, le 's
say, us he whole hing o s a wi h, who a e open o new ideas, and
who say, ‘Okay, we'll es he whole hing and see wha comes o i ’” (E16)
Open- mindedness c2
“Tha is one o hose basic a i udes. I don' hink i has much o do wi h
age bu simply wi h he ques ion: Am I open- minded and open o hings o
no ? And I wouldn' see ha in demog aphic o age e ms, bu simply as a
pe sonal a i ude” (E10)
“Bu i is a ac ha openness is no a ques ion o age. No, i isn' . And i is
mo e a ques ion o wha you ha e expe ienced […]. And hen i is he case
ha you can e y quickly enjoy edisco e ing hings o you sel ” (E14)
“Cap u ing he ex s, eeding hem back, analyzing hem in e ms o
con en , applying machine lea ning, u ilizing da a om o he sou ces,
hen econnec ing hem, and inally deli e ing he esul s on ime” (E12)
In eg a ion in o/exchange
wi h exis ing sys ems
c38
“I would say, p ima ily, in eg a ion. […]. All he ope a ional p ocesses,
meaning planning wi hin he supply chain, a e embedded in hese
sys ems, and hen planning has o somehow in eg a e wi h hem, pulling
and eeding da a back in o he sys em” (E11)
“I de ini ely needs o be in eg a ed in o he exis ing sys em landscape.
I canno be a s andalone solu ion. E e y hing I gene a e om my e-
p ocu emen , om he SRM ool, o om any o he sys em mus be
accessible h ough he ool, ega dless o he pu pose behind i . Bu
undamen ally, i should be open o impo ing da a ia in e aces” (E05)
15 o 27
The social abili y o neu ali y di ec ly in luences ision, pa -
icula ly by mi iga ing siloed hinking ac oss depa men s and
p omo ing a holis ic, da a- d i en iew o he SC. This b oad pe -
spec i e suppo s me hodological igo and enhances lexibili y
wi hin he SC while minimizing bias, he eby enabling mo e
agile esponses o e ol ing challenges. Addi ionally, a neu al
s ance enhances sys em eliabili y by os e ing independen
decision- making, which ensu es consis ency and objec i i y.
The abili y o ision equi es a undamen al deg ee o lexibili y
o accommoda e po en ial u u e de elopmen s. E ec i e sce-
na io planning depends on he capaci y o AI o in eg a e and
espond o new in o ma ion in eal ime. The e o e, long- e m
adap abili y equi es con inuous knowledge acquisi ion and
skill enhancemen . Ad anced AI acili a es his by enabling
he de elopmen o s a egic al e na i es and e ining hem in
esponse o changing condi ions. Th ough p edic i e decision-
making, AI can p eemp i ely iden i y po en ial isks, allowing
he sys em o p epa e acco dingly and implemen p oac i e
measu es o coun e hem. This app oach s eng hens us in
he sys em and enhances i s o e all eliabili y.
Howe e , he in e play be ween he social skills o lexibili y
and eliabili y has inhe en cons ain s. While apid espon-
si eness is an essen ial skill o AI, i mus align wi h com-
pliance s anda ds and main ain app op ia e communica i e
in eg i y o sa egua d he sys em's c edibili y. Fu he , lexi-
bili y is in insically linked wi h adap abili y, as con inuous
sys em e olu ion and i e a i e knowledge exchange a e nec-
essa y o sus ain he SC's esponsi eness o en i onmen al
luc ua ions.
Con e sely, adap abili y ein o ces lexibili y because an AI-
d i en sys em ha is capable o con inuous lea ning and eal-
ime da a in eg a ion is inhe en ly be e equipped o na iga e
complex and unp edic able scena ios han o he sys ems. The
sys em's high le el o in elligence acili a es he e icien acquisi-
ion and e alua ion o in o ma ion, as well as e ec i e esponses
o no el si ua ions.
F om a eliabili y pe spec i e, newly assimila ed in o ma ion
and subsequen sys em adjus men s mus consis en ly ad-
he e o es ablished egula o y and ope a ional amewo ks.
S abili y and us mus emain uncomp omised e en amid
con inuous change. Ul ima ely, a eliable AI sys em is one
ha mee s ini ial use expec a ions and is g ounded in us
and egula o y compliance. Neu al decision- making is pa -
amoun , as a sys em de oid o in e nal biases and co po a e
con lic s enhances i s c edibili y. Reliabili y is u he ein-
o ced h ough p edic i e planning, which includes iden i y-
ing po en ial ulne abili ies o he sys em and implemen ing
p oac i e measu es. The symbio ic ela ionship be ween lex-
ibili y, adap abili y, and eliabili y enables swi and e ec i e
esponses o changing ci cums ances while p ese ing con i-
dence in he sys em's in eg i y.
5 | Discussion and Conclusions
O ganiza ions o en pe cei e he in eg a ion o au onomous
sys ems in o SC ope a ions as a complex challenge. This is
p ima ily due o he limi ed esea ch on social implica ions,
wi h a en ion ypically ocused on echnical implemen a ion.
This s udy add esses his gap by examining he po en ial o AI
in SCs om a social pe spec i e, wi h a speci ic ocus on i s ole
in enhancing esilience and capaci y o independen ope a ion.
Based on an explo a o y esea ch design, his s udy uses semi-
s uc u ed in e iews wi h 23 subjec - ma e expe s specializ-
ing in SC managemen and AI. This quali a i e me hodological
app oach enabled an in- dep h explo a ion o he esea ch gap,
allowing o a nuanced unde s anding o AI's ole h ough com-
p ehensi e ye lexible discussions ha inco po a ed indi idual
insigh s and expe ise.
The analysis is g ounded in ANT, which p o ides a obus
amewo k o analyzing he dynamic in e ac ions be ween
echnology and i s ope a ional en i onmen . ANT acili a es an
examina ion o he in e connec ed and ecip ocal oles o bo h
in e nal and ex e nal componen s o an SC. Wi hin his ame-
wo k, AI is concep ualized as an in eg a ed and au onomous
ac o capable o eshaping o ganiza ional ne wo ks. This he-
o e ical pe spec i e unde sco es AI's sys emic in luence when
embedded as a unc ional ac o wi hin co po a e s uc u es, e-
in o cing i s po en ial o enhance SCRes.
5.1 | Theo e ical Con ibu ions
The con ibu ions o his s udy o he academic discou se on
he applica ion o AI in SC managemen a e wo old. The i s
con ibu ion is he iden i ica ion o six social abili ies inhe en
o AI ha eme ge when i is in eg a ed in o an es ablished ne -
wo k, such as an SC. These abili ies we e de i ed om expe
insigh s and mapped agains he ou phases adi ionally asso-
cia ed wi h SCRes— eadiness, esponse, eco e y, and g ow h.
The indings e eal a signi ican alignmen be ween he iden-
i ied a ibu es o AI and hese phases. Speci ically, he abili y
e e ed o as ision in ou s udy co esponds o he eadiness
phase, while lexibili y and adap abili y align wi h he esponse
and g ow h phases, espec i ely. Figu e3 illus a es his align-
men by compa ing he es ablished phases o esilien SCs
(Hohens ein e al.2015) wi h he six social abili ies iden i ied in
his s udy as pi o al o enhancing SCRes.
The i s abili y, ision, e lec s AI's o wa d- looking capaci y.
While his does no imply ha AI can p edic he u u e wi h
absolu e p ecision, i does enable he iden i ica ion o he mos
p obable scena ios and he p epa a ion o mul iple con ingen-
cies in ad ance. This p oac i e app oach aligns wi h p io e-
sea ch on o esigh in SC managemen (Dubey e al. 2021;
G uchmann e al.2024). By an icipa ing a ange o possibili ies,
AI signi ican ly educes esponse imes o un o eseen dis up-
ions, he eby enhancing SCRes. E en when AI ope a es in a
suppo ing capaci y a he han as a ully au onomous ac o , i s
p edic i e capabili ies equip SC manage s wi h a spec um o
decision- making op ions, ul ima ely bols e ing hei abili y o
e ec i ely add ess unexpec ed challenges.
The second abili y iden i ied in his s udy, lexibili y, closely co -
esponds o he esponse phase o SCRes, as equen ly empha-
sized in he li e a u e. This abili y unde sco es he c i ical need
o swi and e ec i e eac ions o un o eseen e en s based on
16 o 27 Jou nal o Business Logis ics, 2025
he mos up- o- da e in o ma ion a ailable (Gaudenzi e al.2023).
AI plays a key ole in achie ing his esponsi eness and op imal
lexibili y, su passing adi ional decision- suppo sys ems in
e ms o bo h p ocessing powe and speed. Fo ins ance, du ing
he COVID- 19 pandemic, AI was ins umen al in coo dina ing
s akeholde s, enhancing eal- ime in o ma ion p ocessing, and
enabling he apid econ igu a ion o dis ibu ion channels de-
spi e ma e ial sho ages and logis ical delays (Guida e al.2023;
Modgil, Gup a, e al.2022; Modgil, Singh, e al.2022). This case
unde sco es he i al ole o AI in suppo ing SCRes by enabling
eal- ime decision- making and e ec i e c isis esponse.
Thi d, he adap abili y skill unde sco es AI's abili y o engage
in con inuous lea ning h ough ongoing in o ma ion exchange,
aligning wi h Bha acha ya's(2021) indings. This concep es-
ona es wi h Megginson's (Megginson 1963) in e p e a ion o
Cha les Da win's O igin o Species:
[…] i is no he mos in ellec ual o he species ha
su i es; i is no he s onges ha su i es; bu
he species ha su i es is he one ha is able bes
o adap and adjus o he changing en i onmen in
which i inds i sel .
(4)
Fo AI o e ec i ely adap o e ol ing ex e nal condi ions, i
mus cons an ly assimila e new da a and emain egula ly up-
da ed wi h cu en in o ma ion. These con inual upda es ein-
o ce he ounda ional s uc u e o AI sys ems and enable he
gene a ion o inc easingly ailo ed and e ec i e solu ions. The
majo i y o expe s in e iewed in his s udy highligh ed he
c i ical impo ance o his con inuous eedback loop, no ing ha
AI's adap abili y signi ican ly enhances o ganiza ional capa-
bili ies by lea ning om ex e nal condi ions, educing sys em
complexi y, and s eng hening esilience. These indings a e
consis en wi h hose o Belhadi e al.(2022), who emphasize
he ans o ma i e po en ial o AI adap abili y in p omo ing o -
ganiza ional obus ness and agili y.
Building on his ounda ion, his s udy ex ends he li e a u e by
in oducing he addi ional abili ies o ine i abili y, neu ali y,
and eliabili y, o e ing no el pe spec i es on he applica ion o
AI wi hin SCs. The abili y o eliabili y, in pa icula , ocuses
on he in e ac ion be ween AI and in e nal co po a e sys ems,
as well as i s compliance wi h b oade legal amewo ks. A
majo de elopmen in his a ea occu ed in July 2024, when
he Eu opean Union adop ed he i s ansna ional AI legis-
la i e package (Regula ion (EU) 2024/1689 o he Eu opean
Pa liamen and o he Council2024). This legisla ion in oduces
a isk- based app oach o AI go e nance and manda es ans-
pa ency measu es, such as he explici labeling o AI- gene a ed
con en (Gasse 2023). While he EU has aken he lead in AI
egula ion, many coun ies s ill lack comp ehensi e legal ame-
wo ks (So inska2024). Howe e , globally ha monized legisla-
ion is essen ial o mi iga e he isks o AI misuse, as agmen ed
go e nance may lead o ope a ional and secu i y challenges
(Robles Ca illo2020). Al hough he G7 coun ies ha e ag eed
upon a sha ed code o conduc o AI go e nance, comp ehensi e
in e na ional legisla ion emains in de elopmen (O ganisa ion
o Economic Co- ope a ion and De elopmen 2024). In he ab-
sence o such egula ion, AI sys ems emain ulne able o isks
such as secu i y b eaches, cybe a acks, and unsa e ope a ional
beha io s (Jazai y e al.2024; Puşcã2020).
The iden i ied skill o eliabili y also in ol es he seamless
in eg a ion o AI in o an o ganiza ion's exis ing IT in as uc-
u e, a c i ical ac o ha in luences AI's impac on o gani-
za ional pe o mance (Themis ocleous e al.2001). While he
in eg a ion o AI o e s signi ican po en ial bene i s, i also
equi es ca e ul a en ion o bo h echnical and economic con-
side a ions, including compliance wi h legal and ju isdic ional
FIGURE 3 | Compa ison o he ou phases o SCRes, based on Hohens ein e al.(2015), and he social abili ies iden i ied in his s udy.
17 o 27
amewo ks. By adhe ing o obus legal amewo ks, o gani-
za ions can minimize he isk o dis up ions caused by non-
compliance, he eby s eng hening he esilience o hei SCs.
This abili y unde sco es he impo ance o eliable in eg a ion
and legal sa egua ds as p e equisi es o AI's sus ainable and
e ec i e con ibu ion o SCRes (Abousabe and Abdalla2023).
The abili y o neu ali y e lec s he absence o human sensi-
i i ies in AI- d i en decision- making. Unlike human ac o s,
AI sys ems ope a e independen ly o in e pe sonal dynamics
o depa men al biases, main aining a consis en ocus on he
o e a ching goal o achie ing a esilien SC. G oup- based de-
cisions a e o en mo e impa ial han hose made indi idually
(Keck e al.2012). In his con ex , AI- d i en decisions can be
concep ualized as an indi idual g oup decision, gi en AI's
capaci y o e alua e in o ma ion ac oss mul iple SC domains
om a holis ic pe spec i e. Recen esea ch aises conce ns
abou AI no being en i ely neu al in decision- making and
possibly pe pe ua ing disc imina o y ou comes o exis ing bi-
ases; howe e , such issues gene ally a ise when AI algo i hms
a e ained on biased da a (S inson2022). This limi a ion is
less ele an in SC applica ions, as he da a used a e ypically
speci ic, objec i e, and ope a ionally ocused, minimizing he
po en ial o bias.
The abili y o ine i abili y unde sco es he una oidable ne-
cessi y o in eg a ing AI in o SC ope a ions. As men ioned by
mul iple in e iewees, success ul implemen a ion equi es
subs an ial educa ional e o s. These e o s ensu e ha man-
age s and decision- make s a e in o med and equipped o ad-
oca e o AI in eg a ion, while also p epa ing employees and
end use s o unde s and i s capabili ies and limi a ions. The
absence o such educa ional ini ia i es could hinde he adop-
ion o AI and educe o ganiza ional eadiness. Acco ding
o he expe s, o ganiza ions ha ail o comp ehensi ely in-
co po a e AI in o hei SCs may isk alling behind compe -
i o s, hus ein o cing he impe a i e o his echnological
ansi ion.
The second con ibu ion o his s udy o he li e a u e lies in
i s concep ualiza ion o AI as an au onomous ac o wi hin he
SC. D awing upon ANT as he guiding heo e ical amewo k,
his s udy highligh s AI's abili y o ac and in luence ne wo k
dynamics. Building on he six social abili ies o AI iden i ied
in his esea ch, i is e iden ha AI can be unde s ood as an
au onomous ac o (Cala ayud e al.2019; Xu, Mak, Mina ico a,
e al.2024; Xu, Mak, P oselko , e al.2024) ha in eg a es social
abili ies in o he su ounding ne wo k. This in eg a ion unde -
sco es AI's abili y o ope a e independen ly, adap ing i s unc-
ions o speci ic ope a ional needs wi hin an o ganiza ion.
Al hough AI is concep ualized as an independen ac o , i si-
mul aneously assumes mul iple oles by unc ioning as an ac o ,
p o agonis , and ac an wi hin he SC ecosys em. Howe e , in
con as o La ou 's (2005) o iginal concep ion o ac o s, AI
lacks a angible physical o m, a s able iden i y, o consis en
a ibu es, challenging adi ional de ini ions o agency. This
pe spec i e ex ends beyond adi ional unde s anding and em-
phasizes he in e pe sonal dynamics be ween AI and human
coun e pa s, aising he key ques ion: To wha ex en will hu-
mans adap o AI as an inc easingly amilia p esence in hei
daily p o essional en i onmen s? As La ou (1992, 254) ob-
se es, “I is oo ull o humans o look like he echnology o
old, bu i is oo ull o nonhumans o look like he social heo y
o he pas .” This s a emen con eys he iew ha humans and
nonhumans ope a e as in e connec ed ac o s wi hin a ne wo k,
ejec ing a s ic dis inc ion be ween en i ies such as echnology
and humans.
The inc easing in eg a ion o AI as an ac o wi hin SCs neces-
si a es a ge ed e o s in educa ion and echnological aining
(B ockhaus e al. 2023) o p epa e indi iduals o seamless
collabo a ion. Add essing conce ns such as job displacemen
(C opley e al. 2022; McClu e 2018) and he opaci y o AI-
d i en decision- making p ocesses (e.g., black box sys ems) is
essen ial (Ajunwa2020). P io esea ch demons a es ha so-
cial a ibu es a e o en asc ibed o echnological sys ems (Nass
e al.1994; Takeuchi and Nai o1995), a phenomenon equally
applicable o AI (Nass e al.1994). As No man(1994, 71) s a es,
i is impo an o unde s and ha “once unleashed, echnolo-
gies do no disappea ,” a s a emen ea i med by con empo a y
esea ch (Jöhnk e al.2021; Nokelainen e al.2012). This ob-
se a ion indica es ha dis up i e echnologies pe sis beyond
hei ini ial b eak h ough, as hey a e p og essi ely in eg a ed
in o socie y by an inc easing numbe o use s. This a gumen
unde sco es he need o p oac i e p epa a ion o ensu e ha AI
is pe cei ed as an accessible and in eg a ed elemen o human–
machine in e ac ion a he han a dis up i e o ce.
As Klien e al.(2004) no e, collabo a ion be ween humans and
AI p esen s challenges, ye many o hese obs acles can be mi -
iga ed by educing human media ion and enabling di ec com-
munica ion be ween AI sys ems. Ope a ional e iciency wi hin
SCs can be signi ican ly imp o ed by minimizing he need o
AI o in e p e human in en ions (Abbass2019). The indings
o his s udy sugges ha AI should assume a g ea e sha e o
decision- making and ope a ional asks wi hin SCs, he eby
s eamlining p ocesses and educing e o s a he human– ech-
nology in e ace. Wi hin he ANT pe spec i e, AI is no only an
ac o bu also a ne wo k. By decons uc ing AI and analyzing
he ne wo k o ela ionships su ounding i s implemen a ion, i
eme ges as a complex, hyb id associa ion ha encompasses and
in eg a es na u al, echnical, and human elemen s wi hin spe-
ci ic applica ions. Each implemen a ion o AI equi es ho ough
in es iga ion o ully unde s and i s impac on SC pe o mance.
In addi ion o ac ing as an au onomous ac o wi hin he b oade
heo e ical amewo k, AI also ope a es as pa o an e ol ing,
in e connec ed ne wo k shaped by bo h in e nal and ex e nal
in luences. The dual concep ualiza ion o AI as bo h an inde-
penden agen and an in eg a ed ne wo k illus a es i s p o ound
and mul i ace ed impac on mode n SC managemen .
The second ounda ional concep o ou heo y is he no ion
o he ne wo k. Based on he iden i ied abili y o eliabili y—
which encompasses a ibu es such as sys em us , compli-
ance wi h su ounding sys ems, and e ique e—we p opose
ha AI can be concep ualized no only as an indi idual ac o
bu also as a ne wo k wi hin he SC. Speci ically, AI can be
concep ualized as an au onomous ne wo k comp ising social
abili ies, so wa e, ha dwa e, IT in as uc u e, en e p ise e-
sou ce planning sys ems, and o he in e connec ed elemen s.
18 o 27 Jou nal o Business Logis ics, 2025
Toge he , hese componen s o m a sel - con ained mic ocosm
in which a ious indi idual ac o s collabo a e owa d he
o e a ching goal o c ea ing and sus aining a s able ne wo k
(Could y2008). As demons a ed in Sec ion4.7 o his pape ,
all iden i ied social abili ies and hei in e dependencies con-
ibu e o maximizing eliabili y. These con ibu ions os e
he o ma ion o a s able ne wo k, c ea ing a sel - ein o cing
cycle ha ul ima ely esul s in a con inuously sel - op imizing
ne wo k.
In he co po a e con ex , his AI ne wo k unc ions as one
ac o among many wi hin a b oade o ganiza ional ecosys-
em. This pe spec i e aligns wi h he iew ha human and
non- human ac o s should be ea ed as equally signi ican .
To ensu e he s abili y o his ac o - ne wo k, bo h human
and non- human agen s should ecei e equi able de elopmen
oppo uni ies and inancial in es men s. Fu he , bo h mus
be in eg a ed in o he s a egic objec i es o he o ganiza ion
(Sama ghandi e al.2023).
5.2 | P ac ical Implica ions
This s udy in oduces six social abili ies AI b ings o SCs, which
enhance SCRes when ex ensi ely implemen ed. The p oposed
amewo k in eg a es a ious a eas in which o ganiza ions
mus de elop capabili ies o e ec i ely s eng hen SCRes. I
p o ides manage s wi h a s uc u ed app oach o assess hei
SC ope a ions and depa men s, acili a ing p epa a ion o up-
coming digi al ans o ma ions. By iden i ying gaps o unde de-
eloped capabili ies, hese o ganiza ions can s a egically build
he compe encies necessa y o e ec i e AI in eg a ion ac oss
all ele an a eas o he SC.
An ANT pe spec i e is used in his s udy o emphasize he im-
po ance o add essing social ac o s in andem wi h echno-
logical ad ancemen s when implemen ing AI in SCs. Gi en he
widesp ead unce ain y and app ehension su ounding AI, he
s udy highligh s he necessi y o manage s and use s o deeply
engage wi h his dis up i e echnology. I is essen ial ha in-
di iduals a e p o ided wi h he ime and esou ces o ully
comp ehend and in eg a e AI in o hei wo k lows, a he han
me ely ea ing i as an add- on o hei exis ing esponsibili ies.
Such in ensi e engagemen is c ucial o os e e ec i e collab-
o a ion be ween AI sys ems and human wo ke s, he eby op i-
mizing pe o mance wi hin he o ganiza ion. Fu he , he s udy
explo es he in e dependencies among he six social AI abili ies
o unde sco e hei in e connec edness and he holis ic na u e
o AI's con ibu ion o SCRes.
The indings o he s udy demons a e he ad an ages o AI as
an au onomous ac o and examine he ex en o which i can s a-
bilize SCs. Ul ima ely, he deg ee o au onomy g an ed o AI is
de e mined by he use , who may ini ially es ic i s decision-
making au ho i y. As AI demons a es i s e ec i eness, i can be
en us ed wi h inc easing au onomy, po en ially achie ing ull
independence in execu ing SC p ocesses. The success ul imple-
men a ion o AI wi hin an o ganiza ion in eg a es he six iden i-
ied abili ies in o he SC, enabling manage s o add ess he black
box concep in oduced by Callon and La ou (1981) and ul i-
ma ely enhance he esilience o he o ganiza ional SC ne wo k.
This amewo k se s he s age o a new e a o SC digi aliza ion
in which AI plays a pi o al ole in ensu ing ope a ional s abili y
and esilience.
5.3 | Fu u e Resea ch Di ec ions
Building on he indings o his s udy, se e al a enues o u u e
esea ch can be pu sued o u he ad ance he unde s anding
and applica ion o AI in SC managemen , pa icula ly in he
con ex o SCRes. A c ucial a ea o explo a ion is he con ex ual
adap a ion and scalabili y o AI in eg a ion ac oss a ying o ga-
niza ional sizes and sec o s. While ou esea ch acknowledges
he uni e sal applicabili y o AI, i emains essen ial o in es i-
ga e whe he a ia ions exis in i s e ec i eness o he necessa y
abili ies ac oss di e en scales o en e p ises, om sole p op i-
e o ships o la ge mul ina ional co po a ions. Fu u e esea ch
could examine cons uc s such as digi al ma u i y and esou ce
a ailabili y o be e ailo AI solu ions o small and medium-
sized en e p ises.
Addi ionally, longi udinal s udies ocusing on he empo al
e olu ion o AI's social abili ies and hei impac on SCRes
could yield aluable insigh s. Unde s anding how hese capa-
bili ies de elop and ma u e o e ime, and whe he all abili-
ies need o be concu en ly ac i a ed o can be s agge ed,
may e ine implemen a ion s a egies ac oss di e en s ages o
SC g ow h. Conside ing he dynamic na u e o AI, explo ing
scena ios whe e i s p edic i e, lexible, and adap i e skills a e
nu u ed inc emen ally could op imize esilience e o s.
Fu he explo a ion o AI's ole wi hin speci ic SC sec o s may
o e nuanced con ibu ions. Case s udies embedded wi hin indi-
idual segmen s, such as p ocu emen , dis ibu ion, o logis ics,
could elucida e sec o - speci ic bene i s and challenges. Such de-
ailed analyses could enhance gene alizabili y and lead o special-
ized s a egies op imized o pa icula ope a ional con ex s.
Ano he p omising di ec ion lies in in eg a ing ANT wi h o he
heo e ical amewo ks o en ich he unde s anding o AI's ole
as bo h an ac o and a ne wo k. Inco po a ing heo ies ha
add ess socio echnical in e ac ions o o ganiza ional beha io
could p o ide a mo e comp ehensi e lens o e alua ing AI's
in eg a ion in o SC ecosys ems. This in e disciplina y app oach
may cla i y AI's ne wo k in e ac ions and ampli y i s s a egic
impac .
Finally, quan i a i e assessmen s o he in e dependencies
among he iden i ied social abili ies o AI could es ablish
a obus amewo k o unde s anding hei in e ac ions.
Ma hema ical models o simula ions may o e objec i e in-
sigh s in o he syne gis ic e ec s o hese abili ies on SCRes,
po en ially leading o mo e p ecise and p edic i e s a egies o
AI implemen a ion.
5.4 | Limi a ions o he S udy
This s udy's limi a ions la gely pe ain o i s scope and me h-
odological app oach, which cons ain an exhaus i e analysis o
AI's ole and po en ial wi hin SC ecosys ems. Fi s , ou inqui y
19 o 27
does no del e in o he di e en ial impac o AI ac oss di e se
o ganiza ional scales. Al hough AI's uni e sal po en ial is ec-
ognized, i s p ac ical implemen a ion may no be uni o mly ad-
an ageous o all en e p ises, pa icula ly when accoun ing o
dispa i ies in esou ce a ailabili y and digi al ma u i y. Fu u e
empi ical wo k should segmen en e p ises by size o explo e
AI's di e en ial bene i s and cons ain s.
Second, he esea ch does no add ess he empo al dynamics
o AI's social abili ies comp ehensi ely. While hese abili ies a e
pi o al o SCRes, he s udy lacks a empo al lens o obse e hei
e olu ion o he sequen ial ac i a ion equi ed o op imal ou -
comes. This gap necessi a es longi udinal esea ch o ch onicle
he de elopmen ajec o y o AI capabili ies and hei sus ained
impac on esilience.
Thi d, he s udy adop s ANT wi hou concu en heo e ical
amewo ks ha migh o e complemen a y insigh s in o AI's
ac o –ne wo k oles and in e ac ions. Despi e ANT's ini ial ap-
plica ion as a heo e ical backd op, i s limi a ions, such as ague
ac o de ini ions, call o in eg a i e app oaches wi h o he he-
o ies o o i y in e p e a ions and analyses o AI's ole as bo h
an ac o and a ne wo k wi hin SC con ex s.
Finally, he subjec i e ep esen a ion o he in e dependencies
among AI's social abili ies in oduces ano he limi a ion. The
quali a i e assessmen s a e g ounded in expe in e iews and
au ho pe spec i es, which may lack ma hema ical p ecision.
Inco po a ing quan i a i e me hods o explo e hese ela ion-
ships sys ema ically could p o ide objec i i y and a deepe
unde s anding, o e ing mo e s uc u ed s a egies o imple-
men ing AI o enhance SCRes.
5.5 | Concluding Rema ks
The inc easing in eg a ion o AI in o SC managemen p esen s
bo h oppo uni ies and challenges, necessi a ing a deepe un-
de s anding o i s ole wi hin es ablished ne wo ks. This s udy
add esses a esea ch gap by iden i ying six social abili ies inhe -
en o AI and analyzing AI's agency wi hin he SC h ough he
lens o ANT. These con ibu ions p o ide a nuanced pe spec i e
o AI's impac on SCRes and i s unc ion as an au onomous ac o
in dynamic SCs. F om a heo e ical s andpoin , he indings o
his s udy con ibu e o he ongoing discou se on digi al ans-
o ma ion in SC managemen by e aming AI no me ely as a
echnological ool bu as an ac i e pa icipan shaping SCs. By
aligning he iden i ied AI abili ies wi h he phases o esilien
SCs— eadiness, esponse, eco e y, and g ow h— his s udy o -
e s a no el amewo k ha con ex ualizes AI's ole wi hin es-
ablished esilience pa adigms.
The concep ualiza ion o AI as an ac o , a he han a passi e
enable , ad ances heo e ical unde s andings o human–ma-
chine collabo a ion, highligh ing he necessi y o conside ing
AI's decision- making capabili ies, adap abili y, and sys emic in-
e ac ions when in eg a ing hese ools in o SCs. The applica ion
o he ANT amewo k o AI in SCs ex ends exis ing esea ch
on socio echnical ansi ions by ecognizing AI as bo h an indi-
idual ac o and a ne wo k en i y. This dual concep ualiza ion
emphasizes AI's ans o ma i e po en ial o eshape SC s uc-
u es and ope a ional p ocesses. By acknowledging AI's social
abili ies—ine i abili y, neu ali y, lexibili y, ision, adap abil-
i y, and eliabili y— his s udy unde sco es he impo ance
o go e nance mechanisms, e hical conside a ions, and eg-
ula o y amewo ks o ensu e AI's e ec i e and sus ainable
in eg a ion in o SCs. Finally, his esea ch o e s di ec ion o
u u e inqui ies in o he e ol ing ela ionship be ween AI and
SC managemen , ad oca ing o a holis ic pe spec i e ha in-
eg a es echnological capabili ies wi h o ganiza ional s a egy
and human–AI in e ac ion. As AI con inues o pe mea e SCs,
de eloping a deepe unde s anding o i s agency and ne wo ked
in luence will be essen ial o designing esilien , adap i e, and
e hically sound SCs.
Acknowledgmen s
Open Access unding enabled and o ganized by P ojek DEAL.
Con lic s o In e es
The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es .
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