Open Science

Maedche, Alexande e al.
A icle — Published Ve sion
Open Science
Business & In o ma ion Sys ems Enginee ing
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
Sp inge Na u e
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Maedche, Alexande e al. (2024) : Open Science, Business & In o ma ion Sys ems
Enginee ing, ISSN 1867-0202, Sp inge Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Wiesbaden, Vol. 66, Iss. 4,
pp. 517-532,
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s12599-024-00858-7
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DISCUSSION
Open Science
Towa ds G ea e T anspa ency and Openness in Science
Alexande Maedche •Edona Elshan •Ha mu Ho
¨hle •Ch is iane Leh e •
Jan Recke •Ali Sunyae •Benjamin S u m •Oli e We h
Published online: 5 Ma ch 2024
The Au ho (s) 2024
1 In oduc ion
Alexande Maedche
Open Science is a mo emen o g ea e anspa ency
and openness in science, which is inc easingly ha ing an
impac on e e yday scien i ic wo k and li e in all scien i ic
disciplines. Open Science is an umb ella e m ha
‘‘…combines a ious mo emen s and p ac ices aiming o
make mul ilingual scien i ic knowledge openly a ailable,
accessible and eusable o e e yone, o inc ease scien i ic
collabo a ions and sha ing o in o ma ion o he bene i s
o science and socie y, and o open he p ocesses o sci-
en i ic knowledge c ea ion, e alua ion and communica ion
o socie al ac o s beyond he adi ional scien i ic com-
muni y’’ (UNESCO 2021). In his sense, Open Science
ac i i ies a e no limi ed o p o iding open scien i ic
knowledge (e.g., h ough open access, open da a, open
sou ce, open me hodology, open educa ional esou ces,
e c.) using Open Science in as uc u es, bu in addi ion
emphasize accele a ing an open dialogue and open
engagemen wi h socie al ac o s (e.g., h ough ci izen and
pa icipa o y science, inclusion o ma ginalized schola s,
e c.). Figu e 1depic s he spec um o Open Science
ac i i ies along he pilla s p oposed by UNESCO (2021):
The adop ion o Open Science ac i i ies di e s g ea ly
be ween scien i ic disciplines and he e a e many unde -
s andable easons o his, including speci ic disciplina y
p io i ies, es ablished no ms and s anda ds as well as possi-
ble cons ain s (e.g., da a p i acy conside a ions). Open
Science ac i i ies also a e g adually becoming pa o he
e e yday scien i ic wo k and li e o esea che s in he BISE
Communi y. This was also he eason o igge ing wo
Open Science-cen ic ini ia i es wi hin he BISE communi y
in 2022/23: 1) a su ey s udy, and 2) a panel discussion.
Fi s , o be e unde s and he s a us quo o Open Sci-
ence ac i i ies in he BISE communi y a su ey s udy was
ca ied ou in he all 2022. The su ey s udy eplica ed an
exis ing s udy on he opic o Open Science in Economics
and Managemen ca ied ou by he Leibniz In o ma ion
Cen e o Economics (ZBW) in he yea 2019 (Sche p
e al. 2020). O e all, 76 esponses om BISE esea che s
we e collec ed. The s udy esul s con i m ha Open Sci-
ence is conside ed o be a e y impo an opic in he BISE
communi y. Howe e , cu en ly only open access and open
sou ce so wa e seem o play an impo an ole in he daily
li e o BISE esea che s. Thus, he e is a gap be ween he
b oad ange o po en ial Open Science ac i i ies and he
pe o med ac i i ies in he BISE communi y. Mul iple
easons we e aised in he su ey ha hinde consequen ly
ollowing he Open Science app oach. This includes, o
example, a conside able ime e o , high cos s, unclea
legal amewo ks, a lack o incen i es, o limi ed com-
muni y awa eness. Pa icipan s in he su ey also exp essed
A. Maedche (&)A. Sunyae B. S u m
Ka ls uhe Ins i u e o Technology (KIT), Ka ls uhe, Ge many
e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
E. Elshan
V ije Uni e si ei Ams e dam, Ams e dam, The Ne he lands
H. Ho
¨hle
Uni e si y o Mannheim, Mannheim, Ge many
C. Leh e
Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denma k
J. Recke
Uni e si y o Hambu g, Hambu g, Ge many
O. We h
OFFIS e. V. – Ins i u e o In o ma ion Technology, Oldenbu g,
Ge many
123
Bus In Sys Eng 66(4):517–532 (2024)
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s12599-024-00858-7
he need o u he suppo , e.g., dedica ed wo kshops,
communi y-cen ic knowledge ans e pla o ms, e c.
O e all, he esul s o he su ey show ha he e is a need
o ac ion in he BISE communi y wi h ega d o Open
Science.
Second, a panel discussion on he ole o Open Science
in he BISE communi y was o ganized and ca ied ou a
he 18 h In e na ional Con e ence on Wi scha sin o ma ik
(WI 2023) in Pade bo n on 18 Sep embe 2023. A he
e en , he spec um Open Science ac i i ies as well as
selec ed esul s o he su ey s udy we e p esen ed. Sub-
sequen ly, challenges and oppo uni ies o implemen ing
Open Science we e discussed by he panelis s. Di e en
opinions wi h ega d o expec ed Open Science bene i s
such as highe e iciency and quali y, he in ensi ica ion o
collabo a ion, inc eased impac and isibili y as well as
as e knowledge accumula ion and be e knowledge
ans e we e exchanged. Also, in e ms o challenges, he
panelis s ook di e en pe spec i es on possible issues
anging om eluc ance o change, ime and e o , lacking
incen i es, legal issues, cos s, o lack o knowledge.
Wi h his BISE discussion we hope o s imula e a
ui ul deba e and in ensi y an exchange wi hin he BISE
communi y on he inc easingly impo an opic o Open
Science.
2 The Social Dilemma o Open Science: Balancing
Collabo a ion and Compe i ion in Academic
Resea ch
Edona Elshan
The ansi ion o Open Science he alds a p o ound cul-
u al shi , p oposing a eimagining o he academic
landscape wi h a iew o c ea ing a mo e inclusi e and
collabo a i e en i onmen o esea ch (Mancini e al.
2019). This mo emen aims a making scien i ic esea ch
and educa ional esou ces uni e sally accessible and eu-
sable by disman ling he i o y owe s o knowledge ga e-
keeping (F iesike e al. 2015). The ambi ion is clea : by
acili a ing ee and ea lie access o scien i ic p ocesses
and esul s, Open Science endea o s o bols e public us
in scien i ic indings and ca alyze he pace o inno a ion. In
doing so, i aspi es o a u u e whe e scien i ic knowledge is
no jus a commodi y o be consumed bu a sha ed asse
ha can be buil upon collec i ely (Minelli e al. 2018).
Cen al o he e hos o Open Science is he esolu ion o
a pe sis en social dilemma, eminiscen o he ’ agedy o
he commons’ ha Os om (1990) elucida ed. Knowledge,
when conside ed a common p ope y, is a esou ce ha
equi es judicious managemen o p e en i s deple ion by
indi idualis ic pu sui s. The academic sphe e, adi ionally
ma ked by a compe i i e d i e o pe sonal achie emen
and enu e, inds i sel a odds wi h his communal
app oach. Open Science posi s a scena io whe e he indi-
idual’s a ional decision o wi hhold knowledge o pe -
sonal ad ancemen mus be weighed agains he collec i e
ad an age o sha ed in ellec ual capi al. This dilemma
unde pins a signi ican ension in Open Science: he heo-
e ical suppo o a collabo a i e e hos is o en o e shad-
owed by he p ac ical eali ies and incen i es ha p io i ize
indi idual achie emen . Such a pa adox challenges he
communi y o de ise a amewo k ha p omo es sha ing
and openness while also p o ec ing indi idual academic
con ibu ions om being o e looked o exploi ed (Mu phy
e al. 2020).
Thus, Open Science imposes upon schola s a du y ha
ex ends well beyond adi ional academic endea o s. The
Fig. 1 Spec um o Open Science Ac i i ies
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518 A. Maedche e al.: Open Science, Bus In Sys Eng 66(4):517–532 (2024)
esea che ’s ole is expanded o include he me iculous
documen a ion and sha ing o he scien i ic p ocess, om
p elimina y hypo heses o me hodologies, om aw da a o
nega i e esul s. This p ac ice embodies he ideal o
anspa ency, p esen ing he en i e y o he esea ch li e-
cycle o public sc u iny. Howe e , he p ac icali ies o his
app oach a e augh wi h challenges. The p epa a ion o
anspa ency ma e ials is a labo -in ensi e endea o ha , in
he absence o uni e sally accep ed guidelines, can be
bu dened wi h unce ain y (Mancini e al. 2019).
Resea che s g apple wi h ques ions o how much de ail is
su icien , which aspec s o hei wo k migh be o alue o
he communi y, and how o e ec i ely communica e he
complexi ies o hei esea ch o a di e se audience (Rob-
son e al. 2021).
This addi ional labo comes a a cos , bo h in e ms o
ime and esou ces, and he cu en academic ewa d
s uc u es do no adequa ely compensa e o hese in es -
men s. Fu he mo e, he p essu e o main ain high p o-
duc i i y le els adds o he al eady signi ican wo kload o
esea che s, po en ially leading o bu nou and a dilu ion o
esea ch quali y (Banks e al. 2019). The s akes a e pa -
icula ly high o ea ly-ca ee esea che s, who mus
es ablish hei c edibili y in an en i onmen ha may no
ye ully alue he p inciples o Open Science (Cook e al.
2018).
The ambigui y su ounding he expec a ions o ans-
pa ency ma e ials also poses a dilemma: while comp e-
hensi e documen a ion can enhance he ep oducibili y and
in eg i y o esea ch, i also inc eases he isk o in ellec ual
p ope y issues, including misapp op ia ion and misin e -
p e a ion. Resea che s mus na iga e he ine line be ween
sha ing enough o con ibu e o he collec i e knowledge
pool and p o ec ing hei own schola ly in e es s (Igna and
Ay is 2020).
The sys emic issues ha impede he ull ealiza ion o
Open Science a e oo ed in long-s anding academic adi-
ions. The p e ailing me ics o academic success – pub-
lica ion in high-impac jou nals, ci a ion coun s, and he
secu ing o compe i i e g an s – a e o en misaligned wi h
he alues o Open Science. These adi ional ma ke s o
success emphasize sca ci y o e abundance, exclusi i y
o e inclusi i y, and indi idual achie emen o e com-
munal p og ess (Sidle 2014).
The eluc ance o emb ace Open Science is u he
compounded by he app ehension ha sha ing one’s wo k
openly could lead o being scooped by compe i o s o
c i icized o incomple e o p elimina y indings. This ea
is no un ounded, as he na u e o academic p og ession can
o en penalize hose who de ia e om es ablished pa hs o
success. To mi iga e hese sys emic issues, he e is a need
o a undamen al ee alua ion o wha cons i u es aca-
demic excellence. Ins i u ions mus begin o ecognize and
ewa d he con ibu ions o esea che s who a e commi ed
o he p inciples o Open Science. This could include he
de elopmen o al e na i e me ics ha alue anspa ency,
ep oducibili y, and collabo a i e endea o s. Mo eo e ,
unding agencies and academic jou nals mus also play
hei pa by incen i izing Open Science p ac ices h ough
hei policies and equi emen s (Hekle and King 2020).
The ad en o digi al echnologies has been a double-
edged swo d o Open Science (Lie ouw 2010). On one
hand, i has acili a ed he dissemina ion o knowledge a
an unp eceden ed scale, enabling esea che s o sha e hei
indings ins an aneously wi h a global audience h ough
concep ual da a sys ems on he cloud (Bugbee e al. 2020).
Na iga ing he complexi ies o copy igh , da a p i acy, and
digi al igh s managemen has also become an essen ial
skill o he mode n esea che . Fo young schola s, his
means no only mas e ing hei scien i ic expe ise bu also
de eloping p o iciency in digi al communica ion and da a
managemen . The inc eased isibili y a o ded by digi al
pla o ms can also be a double-edged swo d. While i can
lead o g ea e impac and ecogni ion, i also subjec s
esea che s o heigh ened sc u iny and c i icism. This can
be pa icula ly challenging o ea ly-s age esea ch, which
may no ye be ully de eloped o alida ed. The isk o
misin e p e a ion o misuse o open da a is a eal conce n,
equi ing ca e ul conside a ion o how much and in wha
o m in o ma ion is sha ed (Syed and Ka hawalla 2020).
On he o he hand, young schola s, o en mo e adep
wi h digi al echnologies and social media, can le e age he
powe o Open Science o build hei academic p o iles.
Open access publica ions and da a sha ing pla o ms can
ampli y hei esea ch impac , leading o inc eased ci a-
ions, ne wo king oppo uni ies, and po en ial collabo a-
ions. This isibili y can be pa icula ly ad an ageous in
he ea ly s ages o an academic ca ee , when es ablishing a
epu a ion and a esea ch ajec o y is c ucial. Howe e ,
hese oppo uni ies come wi h signi ican esponsibili ies.
Young esea che s mus lea n o balance he openness
equi ed by Open Science wi h he need o p o ec hei
in ellec ual p ope y. They mus also be sa y in managing
hei online p esence, ensu ing ha hei digi al oo p in
e lec s hei p o essional image and esea ch in eg i y.
This balance is no easily achie ed, as he p essu e o
‘‘publish o pe ish’’ pe sis s, e en wi hin he con ex o
Open Science. The challenge o young schola s is o
na iga e hese p essu es while emb acing he p inciples o
openness and collabo a ion ha a e cen al o he Open
Science mo emen (Cudennec e al. 2022).
In gene al, emb acing Open Science equi es a p osocial
s ance, whe e esea che s a e willing o sha e hei wo k o
he collec i e bene i o he scien i ic communi y and he
b oade socie y (Vicen e-Saez and Ma inez-Fuen es
2018). This shi owa ds p osocial beha io is essen ial in
123
A. Maedche e al.: Open Science, Bus In Sys Eng 66(4):517–532 (2024) 519
os e ing us wi hin he academic communi y and
encou aging he collabo a i e spi i ha is he hallma k o
Open Science. Engaging in Open Science p ac ices, such as
da a sha ing and open pee e iew, equi es a belie in he
collec i e ad ancemen o knowledge. I in ol es a com-
mi men o anspa ency and he unde s anding ha science
is a communal endea o ha h i es on he sha ing o ideas
and indings. This commi men , howe e , is no wi hou i s
challenges. Resea che s mus be willing o sha e hei wo k
in he ace o po en ial isks, such as he possibili y o
being scooped o ha ing hei da a misused. They mus also
be open o ecei ing and esponding o eedback om a
much b oade audience han adi ional pee e iew would
en ail. The esolu ion o he social dilemmas inhe en in he
scien i ic communi y elies on he widesp ead adop ion o
such p osocial beha io s. By p io i izing he communal
bene i s o sha ed knowledge o e indi idual gains,
esea che s can con ibu e o a mo e open and collabo a i e
scien i ic ecosys em. This, in u n, can lead o mo e obus
and ep oducible esea ch, os e ing a cul u e o us and
coope a ion (Fo mica and Cu ley 2018).
To ully ha ness he bene i s o Open Science, he aca-
demic communi y mus ansi ion om a cul u e o com-
pe i ion o one o collabo a ion. While compe i ion can
s imula e inno a ion and d i e esea che s o achie e
excellence, i can also lead o edundancy, sec ecy, and an
ine icien use o esou ces. Collabo a ion, on he o he
hand, p omo es he sha ing o ideas, esou ces, and da a,
leading o a mo e e icien and p oduc i e scien i ic p o-
cess. The collabo a i e na u e o Open Science acili a es
he eplica ion and e i ica ion o esea ch, which a e
essen ial o he ad ancemen o science. By wo king
oge he , esea che s can build upon each o he ’s wo k,
leading o a cumula i e p og ession o knowledge. This
collabo a i e app oach is pa icula ly impo an in
add essing complex, in e disciplina y challenges ha no
single esea che o eam can ackle alone. Howe e ,
shi ing o a mo e collabo a i e model equi es no only a
change in indi idual a i udes bu also sys emic e o ms.
Academic ins i u ions, unding agencies, and publishe s
mus c ea e incen i es o collabo a i e beha io s and
ecognize he con ibu ions o all esea che s in ol ed in a
p ojec . This includes de eloping new me ics o e alu-
a ing esea ch impac ha go beyond adi ional measu es
such as ci a ion coun s and jou nal impac ac o s (Kunz
2021).
Open Science is no me ely an abs ac ideal; i is a
p ac ical impe a i e o he ad ancemen o knowledge in
he wen y- i s cen u y. I s p omise o a mo e collabo a-
i e, anspa en , and accessible scien i ic en e p ise has he
po en ial o e olu ionize he way we conduc and com-
munica e esea ch. Howe e , ealizing his p omise
equi es a conce ed e o o o e come he social
dilemmas and sys emic ba ie s ha cu en ly hinde i s ull
implemen a ion.
To na iga e he cul u al shi owa ds Open Science, he
academic communi y mus emb ace bo h indi idual and
collec i e changes. Resea che s mus adop p osocial
beha io s ha p io i ize he communal bene i s o sha ed
knowledge, while ins i u ions mus e o m he academic
ewa d sys em o align wi h he alues o openness and
collabo a ion. By wo king oge he o b idge he gap
be ween he ideal and he eali y o Open Science, we can
c ea e a u u e whe e knowledge is uly a common p op-
e y – a sha ed esou ce ha bene i s all o humani y
(Ramachand an e al. 2020).
3 How he BERD@NFDI Pla o m Fos e s Open
Science
Ha mu Ho
¨hle
As men ioned in he in oduc ion, he Open Science
mo emen aims o make scien i ic knowledge openly
accessible, a ailable, and eusable o scien is s. One o he
ou open science pilla s p oposed by UNESCO (2021)is
he concep o Open Science in as uc u es. The goal o
he BERD@NFDI pla o m ma ches he concep o Open
Science in as uc u es in aiming o manage publicly
a ailable Business, Economic, and Rela ed Da a (BERD).
BERD aims o o e an ex ensi e a ay o se ices and
ools designed o s eamline he sea ch, collec ion, index-
ing, p ocessing, analysis, and p ese a ion o bo h da a and
algo i hms. This comp ehensi e sui e simpli ies scien i ic
da a managemen h oughou he en i e esea ch p ocess. I
p o ides scien is s access o a da a po al, algo i hm col-
lec ions, aining and educa ion o e s, and ools and
guidance se ices o wo king wi h uns uc u ed da a.
Below, he BERD pla o m is discussed in g ea e de ail.
The esea ch domains o business, economics, and o he
social sciences deal wi h he ela ionships among indi id-
uals and o ganiza ions wi hin a socie y. Social science
disciplines ha e been using empi ical me hods o a long
ime o unde s and hese complex sys ems. Howe e ,
uns uc u ed and non-s anda d da a, i.e., new da a ypes
ha ei he do no ha e a p e iously de ined da a model o
a e no o ganized in a p ede ined manne (e.g., image,
ideo, audio, o ex da a), a e on he ise. By 2025, 80% o
he da a p ocessed in economic applica ions will be
a ailable in uns uc u ed o m. Music s eaming se ices,
o ins ance, c ea e an unp eceden ed weal h o da a o
unde s and peoples’ p e e ences o music a by cap u ing
who lis ens o which music, how o en, a which ime, wha
music is sha ed, wha he lis ene s alk abou , wha images
hey pos , and wha hey ha e in common wi h o he
musical lis ene s. In he adi ional empi ical esea ch
123
520 A. Maedche e al.: Open Science, Bus In Sys Eng 66(4):517–532 (2024)

model, howe e , only s uc u ed da a om s anda d sou -
ces we e a ailable o he esea che whe e analy ical
me hods could be di ec ly applied. In con as , such
uns uc u ed and non-s anda d da a a e usually no eady
o di ec use in empi ical models. Hence, a new and
en iched empi ical esea ch model ha accoun s o
uns uc u ed da a and allows o exci ing disco e ies and
social gains h ough he analysis o uns uc u ed da a is
equi ed (see Fig. 2). I is a his poin ha BERD@NFDI
comes in o play.
BERD@NFDI is a pla o m o collec ing, p ocessing,
analyzing, and s o ing da a om business, economics, and
ela ed da a, wi h a pa icula ocus on uns uc u ed (big)
da a such as ideo, image, audio, ex , o sma phone da a.
As such, BERD is pa o he Na ional Resea ch Da a
In as uc u e (NFDI), which seeks o collec and make
da ase s eusable o a ious disciplines in he Ge man
science sys em. The wo k on BERD was launched in he
all o 2021. Since hen, an online pla o m has been c e-
a ed ha acili a es all BERD se ices and enables easy
accessibili y. Fou key po als will se e as c i ical access
poin s o he BERD se ices: he da a po al, he analy ics
po al, he aining and educa ion po al, and he se ices
po al. We subsequen ly desc ibe each o hese po als in
mo e de ail.
Fi s , he BERD da a po al o e s an exclusi e selec ion
o high-quali y uns uc u ed da ase s, such as he You ube
8 M-da ase , he Yelp Business Re iew da a, o Spo i y’s
Million Playlis da ase . These ha e a high esea ch ele-
ance, as p o en by hei pas use in op esea ch publi-
ca ions wi hin he social sciences. Fo each da ase on he
po al, comp ehensi e me ada a a e p o ided, including
au ho in o ma ion, gene al desc ip ions and a iable
explana ions, da ase size, license in o ma ion, and
keywo ds. Use s can also ind p e ious e sions o a
da ase , i any, o eplica e esul s om pas scien i ic
s udies. Finally, BERD also p o ides publica ion in o -
ma ion o each da ase , i.e., he con ex in which he da a
has al eady been used in o he scien i ic s udies. Fu he -
mo e, BERD links a da ase o ailo ed me hods ha one
can use o analysis pu poses, including links and i s -hand
ad ice o quick implemen a ion (see he sec ion on he
analy ics po al). Th ough his, a use can unde s and he
con ex in which a da ase has al eady been used and how i
can be analyzed and p ocessed o achie e op imal alue
and insigh s. In he u u e, hese da ase s will also be
complemen ed by a b oade , less es ic i e collec ion o
da a om a ious sou ces. These build on he da ase s ci ed
in op jou nals (i.e., he cu en ‘‘demand’’ o he use
communi y) and p o ide addi ional da ase s om o he
esou ces on op, which a e no ci ed ye bu ep esen
no el da a se s likely ele an o upcoming esea ch. Nex
o al eady scien i ically published and used da ase s, he
da a po al also includes a secu e da a ma ke place o
con olled da a exchange be ween esea che s and indus y
co po a ions. Use s can submi a esea ch p oposal o a
pa icipa ing o ganiza ion and use he o ganiza ion’s da a
o answe speci ic ques ions wi h unique da ase s una ail-
able elsewhe e. Finally, use s can also upload hei own
da ase s om, e.g., unded esea ch p ojec s and sha e hem
wi h co-au ho s o he co esponding unding ins i u ions.
Like his, he da a po al allows as access o uns uc u ed
da a om pas and ecen scien i ic esea ch as well as
aluable p op ie a y co po a e da a.
Second, he analy ics po al ex ends he da a po al o
make he a ailable da a analyzable, he eby connec ing
uns uc u ed da a o he adi ional empi ical esea ch
model (see Fig. 3). To do so, i in e connec s me hods
Fig. 2 New and en iched model o empi ical esea ch in he social sciences
123
A. Maedche e al.: Open Science, Bus In Sys Eng 66(4):517–532 (2024) 521
(bo h p e-p ocessing and machine lea ning), gene al asks
(e.g., sen imen analysis o opic modeling), and da ase s
om he da a po al. Consequen ly, a use can sea ch o a
speci ic p e-p ocessing me hod (e.g., ela ed o no mal-
iza ion, ea u e ex ac ion, il e ing, and ea u e lea ning
echniques), machine lea ning echnique (e.g., suppo
ec o machines), o ask ela ing o he analysis o
uns uc u ed da a. The esul s will con ain me ada a and
links o all publica ions in op social science jou nals ha
use he sea ched echnique. Al e na i ely, he use can ind
me hod sugges ions o a gi en da ase on he da ase
de ails pages o he da a po al. The analy ics po al will
also enable esea che s o ind ou how he use o a gi en
me hod o ask in op social science jou nal publica ions
has de eloped o e ime. Consequen ly, he po al helps
esea che s in e es ed in uns uc u ed da a lea n how o
analyze i , which da a is sui able o which ask, and which
publica ions using simila me hods o da ase s al eady
exis . In addi ion, he po al includes ea u es o p ocess
digi ized documen s, which is a need speci ically o his-
o ical da a sou ces. P in ed (non-digi ally c ea ed) sou ces
in he social sciences, especially in economics, mus i s be
digi ized using ex ecogni ion me hods o be use ul o
empi ical analyses. I is an essen ial p e-p ocessing s ep o
non-digi al da a sou ces. BERD will, he e o e, p o ide
ools ha help ex ac uns uc u ed ex om digi al images
and elabo a e a s uc u e.
Thi d, he aining and educa ion po al (also labeled as
‘‘BERD Academy’’) is ano he in eg a ed module in
BERD. Unde his name, BERD bundles all educa ional
o e s and p o ides a ange o cou ses, wo kshops, and
o he educa ional ma e ials o p omo e da a li e acy in
gene al and he handling o uns uc u ed da a in pa icula .
As such, i gi es use s a as skill se o use he p o ided
da a and analy ics me hods on BERD o hei esea ch
pu poses. The o e s include in-dep h wo kshops, in o -
ma i e webina s, and mul iple sel -paced da a science and
analy ics lea ning modules. The cou ses a e eely and
openly a ailable, in pe son o online, and add ess a mixed
audience, including beginne s and p o essionals. 2023
o e ings included an in-pe son se ies on s a is ics o he
public good, an in-pe son wo kshop on AI-based me hods
o using ex as da a in he social sciences, online lipped-
class oom cou ses on how o make you esea ch ep o-
ducible, lec u es and alks on FAIR da a and da a p i acy,
as well as e en s like he Da aFEST Ge many o Women in
Da a Science. The es ablished o e s will be con inued and
u he de eloped in he u u e. The wo kshops and cou ses
designed o he a ge g oups o esea che s and da a
s ewa ds will be o e ed egula ly and supplemen ed wi h
cus omized o e s. One ocus will be on a needs-speci ic
cou se on esea ch da a managemen .
Finally, he se ices po al ounds up he BERD pla -
o m by p o iding addi ional esea ch- ela ed se ices and
ools. Fi s , i con ains an op ical cha ac e ecogni ion
(OCR) ecommende se ice. This se ice o e s ecom-
menda ions ega ding au oma ic ansc ip ion, ex ecog-
ni ion, and p e- and pos -p ocessing op ions based on
se e al ques ions. These ou pu s can ul ima ely be used o
planning and execu ing an edi o ial o digi iza ion p ojec ,
ull- ex digi iza ion o speci ic wo ks, se ies o wo ks,
collec ions, o co po a. Second, i also p o ides legal
assis ance conce ning da a- ela ed issues. In pa icula , i
helps use s o unde s and he implica ions o p i acy eg-
ula ions on hei wo k wi h da ase s and da a sha ing wi h
o he s. As such, an in e ac i e Vi ual Assis an (iVA) has,
Fig. 3 Fou key po als unc ion as key access poin s o BERD@NFDI se ices
123
522 A. Maedche e al.: Open Science, Bus In Sys Eng 66(4):517–532 (2024)
o ins ance, been de eloped ha guides he use on whe-
he his o he esea ch da a needs o be GDPR-complian ,
which equi emen s need o be ul illed o law ul da a
p ocessing consen , and whe he he da a p ocessing also
needs o ollow ede al o s a e-based egula ions. Thi d,
he se ices po al also con ains knowledge g aphs o
Ge man company da a based on a ious p o ide s, egis-
e s, and ime ho izons. No ably, he knowledge g aph
includes in o ma ion om analog books ha a e now dig-
i ized o he knowledge g aph c ea ion using OCR. Fo
ins ance, he ‘‘Ak ien u
¨h e Knowledge G aph’’ con ains
s uc u ed (me a) da a o he Ge man-lis ed s ock com-
panies om he Hoppens ed -Ak ien u
¨h e om 1956 o
2018. I has se e al ex e nal iden i ie s so ha use s can
easily ma ch i o exis ing esea ch da ase s. Knowledge
g aphs con aining addi ional in o ma ion om he Ge man
‘‘Reichsanzeige ’’ and he ‘‘Maschinen-Indus ie im Deu -
schen Reich’’ a e cu en ly unde de elopmen . Using he
se ices po al, a use can, he e o e, access addi ional
legal and p e-p ocessing aid while also ob aining access o
as knowledge g aph co po a e in o ma ion. Join ly wi h
he da a, analy ics, and aining esou ces on he pla o m,
BERD use s hus expe ience as oppo uni ies o wo k
wi h pa icula ly big and uns uc u ed da a in he social
sciences.
In sum, he BERD ini ia i e p o ides an Open Science
in as uc u e, and each o i s ou po als is in line wi h he
goals o Open Science, as p oposed by UNESCO (2021).
BISE eade s and scien is s will ha e access o da a,
algo i hm collec ions, and accessible esea ch acili ies.
4 Engaging Socie al Ac o s in BISE Resea ch: F om
Da a Sou ce o Ac i e Collabo a o
Ch is iane Leh e
The Open Science mo emen aims o b ing science
close o socie y by p omo ing accessibili y, anspa ency,
and inclusi i y in scien i ic esea ch o he bene i o sci-
ence and socie y UNESCO (2021). A i s co e, i seeks o
democ a ize scien i ic knowledge by making esea ch
esul s openly accessible while os e ing inclusion, equali y
and sus ainabili y in he p oduc ion o knowledge i sel .
Discussions abou Open Science o en ocus on he aspec
o open scien i ic knowledge, including open access o
scien i ic publica ions and esea ch da a. While hese a e
undoub edly impo an aspec s and igh ly discussed, I
would like o ocus on he po en ial and challenges o open
engagemen o socie al ac o s in he p ocess o knowledge
c ea ion, which has ecei ed less a en ion so a .
The open engagemen o socie al ac o s is one o
UNESCO’s key pilla s o Open Science and in ol es
ex ending collabo a ion beyond he adi ional scien i ic
communi y by in i ing di e se s akeholde s o ac i ely
pa icipa e in he c ea ion o knowledge UNESCO (2021).
This inclusion aims o make he scien i ic p ocess mo e
accessible o a b oade socie y and o os e a close con-
nec ion be ween esea ch and socie al needs. Va ious new
o ms o esea ch collabo a ion such as ci izen science,
li ing labs, communi y-based pa icipa o y esea ch, o
c owdsou cing a e key mechanisms wi hin his pa adigm
UNESCO (2023). These collabo a ions a e ini ia ed and
d i en by esea che s, policy make s, o ep esen ‘‘bo om-
up’’ ini ia i es o local communi ies. O e all, he concep
o open engagemen ep esen s a pa adigm shi in which
socie al ac o s a e no p ima ily seen as a sou ce o da a,
bu as ac i e collabo a o s in he esea ch p ocess.
In my iew, he BISE communi y, wi h i s DNA o
inhe en ly c ossing adi ional scien i ic bounda ies, is well
posi ioned o eap he bene i s o open engagemen . BISE
esea che s adi ionally wo k ac i ely wi h socie al ac o s
such as o ganiza ions, en ep eneu s and ci izens who
con ibu e di e en pe spec i es, expe iences, and expe -
ise. In his way, BISE esea ch ends o be closely aligned
wi h socie al conce ns and di ec ed owa ds p o iding
echnology- ela ed solu ions o ele an socie al p oblems.
To u he e lec on he oppo uni ies and challenges o
open engagemen in BISE esea ch, I d aw on my i s -
hand expe ience in he EU- unded p ojec ‘‘Digi al Heal h
in he Ci cula Economy’’ (DiCE 2023), which se es as an
illus a i e case. The aim o he ongoing p ojec is o
de elop a ci cula business model o digi al heal h p od-
uc s like wea ables and sma pill boxes. The p ojec
in ol es 20 pa ne s om indus y and academia ac oss
Eu ope. Pa o he p ojec aims o de elop nudging
s a egies o suppo e e se logis ics and maximize he
e u n a es o digi al heal h de ices. Wha se s his p ojec
apa is i s emphasis on ac i ely engaging end use s –
ci izens/pa ien s and heal hca e p o essionals – h oughou
he en i e nudge de elopmen p ocess. Th ough a li ing lab
ecosys em ac oss Eu ope, ci izens and p o essionals pa -
icipa ed in a use -cen e ed design p ocess. To accoun o
cul u al and egional di e ences, s akeholde s om h ee
egional clus e s in Eu ope (i.e., Slo enia, Spain, and
Belgium) pa icipa ed in co-c ea ion sessions. The close
and ac i e engagemen o ele an socie al ac o s was
acili a ed h ough li ing labs which ha e es ablished
ela ionships wi h local communi ies and o e an ideal
en i onmen o co-c ea ion and eal-wo ld es ing.
The open engagemen app oach in he DiCE p ojec no
only allowed us o gain a comp ehensi e unde s anding o
heal h and sus ainabili y challenges in di e en con ex s.
Mo e impo an ly, i allowed us ap in o he collec i e
wisdom, c ea i i y and expe ise o local communi ies and
heal hca e p o essionals. This helped us o ensu e ha he
de eloped e e se logis ics solu ions align wi h he ac ual
123
A. Maedche e al.: Open Science, Bus In Sys Eng 66(4):517–532 (2024) 523
needs and con ex s o he pa icipan s. By in ol ing di e se
end use s in he de elopmen phase and la e pilo es ing,
DiCE aises public awa eness o sus ainabili y issues
ela ed o digi al heal h and ensu es ha he esea ch ou -
comes mee socie al needs and p e e ences. This app oach
has he po en ial o os e a sense o owne ship and
empowe men among pa icipan s, inc ease science li e acy
as well as us in science as a whole.
Howe e , e ec i e public engagemen was no wi hou
i s challenges. Engaging ci izens and p o essionals in he
esea ch p ocess demanded ime, e o , and esou ces. Co-
c ea ion and pa icipa o y wo kshops equi ed ex ensi e
coo dina ion, p epa a ion, and ongoing acili a ion, which
is esou ce in ensi e. In he DiCE p ojec , his was o e -
come by elying on he es ablished in as uc u e and
expe ise o li ing labs. In addi ion, i was a challenge o
ensu e equi able in ol emen o all ele an s akeholde s.
Ce ain g oups, in ou case sick people, hei ela i es as
well as heal hca e p o essionals, usually ha e limi ed
esou ces o ime, a ec ing hei abili y o ac i ely pa -
icipa e. Finally, b idging he gap in expe ise and language
be ween esea che s and non-academic pa icipan s can be
di icul . Thus, emphasis needs o be placed on clea
communica ion o echnical concep s wi hou aliena ing
s akeholde s om di e en backg ounds.
Based on my expe ience, I belie e ha ac i ely
in ol ing socie al s akeholde s in he esea ch p ocess has
he po en ial o u he inc ease he ele ance and impac o
BISE esea ch in sol ing eal-wo ld p oblems. Mo eo e ,
emb acing di e se and new pe spec i es can os e inno-
a ion. A he same ime, ac i e pa icipa ion in esea ch
p ojec s can empowe socie al ac o s h ough knowledge
sha ing and lea ning as well as access o scien i ic insigh s
and me hods.
Al hough he bene i s o open engagemen a e com-
pelling, implemen ing i in p ac ice is no wi hou i s
challenges, as men ioned abo e. F om a esea che ’s pe -
spec i e, se e al ques ions a ise abou he p ac icali y o
open engagemen ini ia i es wi hin he cu en academic
amewo k. The complexi y o engaging socie al s ake-
holde s equi es signi ican ime, esou ces and e ec i e
communica ion s a egies, which may di e esou ces
om co e esea ch ac i i ies i done wi hou a suppo
in as uc u e. Closely collabo a ing wi h ci izens du ing
he esea ch p ocess aises ques ions like: How can we
mo i a e and sus ain ci izen pa icipa ion in wha a e
usually leng hy esea ch p ocesses? How can we ensu e
equal pa icipa ion o all social g oups (especially
ma ginalized g oups o people wi h limi ed esou ces)?
Ano he challenge when wo king wi h non-expe s is o
ensu e a high le el o quali y in he esea ch p ocess, which
is a p ima y conce n o academic wo k. Thus, o wha
ex end should we and how can we os e he necessa y
skills in un ained pa icipan s when hey a e in ol ed in
collec ing o e en analyzing da a? In addi ion, cu en
ins i u ional s uc u es and incen i e schemes do no sup-
po o ecognize he alue o open engagemen . Assess-
men measu es a e o en inadequa e o e alua e and
ecognize he immense e o s in es ed in communi y
engagemen . Gi en he esou ce-in ense na u e o con-
duc ing open engagemen , his in u n can nega i ely
impac he ca ee de elopmen and unding oppo uni ies
o indi idual esea che s.
O e all, gi en he signi icance o digi al echnologies o
all ac o s in oday’s socie y, I ad oca e o he BISE
communi y o build on i s adi ion and s i e o collab-
o a i e and inclusi e p ac ices in c ea ing knowledge abou
and designing in o ma ion echnologies. This en ails
ac i ely engaging socie al ac o s in a ious capaci ies,
om shaping esea ch agendas o pa icipa o y in ol e-
men in design-o ien ed and po en ially e en empi ical
esea ch ini ia i es. Howe e , inc easing he adop ion o
open engagemen p ac ices in he BISE communi y will
equi e mo e han jus educa ion and a change in mindse o
indi idual esea che s. Echoing he UNESCO Recom-
menda ion on Open Science, ins i u ional suppo and
dedica ed unding is needed o enable esea che s o
acili a e public engagemen and coo dina e wi h commu-
ni y o ganiza ions, indus y pa ne s and policy make s. In
addi ion, comp ehensi e e alua ion me ics ha acknowl-
edge and ewa d socie al impac and engagemen a e
essen ial.
5 Open Science Is G ea – Fo Some P ojec s, Some
Me hods, Some imes
Jan Recke
Open Science is he e o s ay – and so i should. Adop-
ion o open science p inciples such as p e egis a ion, da a
sha ing, and decoupling o publica ion and e iew p o-
cesses p o ide se e al bene i s o he scien i ic en e p ise
(e.g., Chambe s 2019; Sode be g e al. 2021). I shields
agains ques ionable esea ch p ac ices, p omo es openness
and inclusi eness, p o ec s agains publica ion bias, and
acili a es hones epo ing. Indeed, he ques ion should no
be whe he o adop Open Science in business and in o -
ma ion sys ems enginee ing. I should be abou how o
make Open Science wo k in ou ield.
This is easie said han done e en hough e o s ha e
been and a e being made. The Business & In o ma ion
Sys ems Enginee ing jou nal has al eady adop ed Open
Science p ac ices such as p e- egis a ion in o hei
e iewing and publishing models (Weinha d e al. 2019).
The MIS Qua e ly has launched a anspa ency policy ha
ollows he Open Science spi i (Bu on-Jones e al. 2021)
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