Hasmin, Hasmin; Nu ung, Jumia y; Ilyas, Gunawan Ba a
A icle
Religious-based amily managemen and i s impac on
consump ion pa e ns and po e y: A human esou ce and
managemen pe spec i e
Economies
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Hasmin, Hasmin; Nu ung, Jumia y; Ilyas, Gunawan Ba a (2025) : Religious-based
amily managemen and i s impac on consump ion pa e ns and po e y: A human esou ce and
managemen pe spec i e, Economies, ISSN 2227-7099, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 13, Iss. 3, pp. 1-17,
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Published: 7 Ma ch 2025
Ci a ion: Hasmin, H., Nu ung, J., &
Ilyas, G. B. (2025). Religious-Based
Family Managemen and I s Impac on
Consump ion Pa e ns and Po e y: A
Human Resou ce and Managemen
Pe spec i e. Economies,13(3), 70.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
economies13030070
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licenses/by/4.0/).
A icle
Religious-Based Family Managemen and I s Impac on
Consump ion Pa e ns and Po e y: A Human Resou ce and
Managemen Pe spec i e
Hasmin Hasmin 1,* , Jumia y Nu ung 1and Gunawan Ba a Ilyas 2
1G adua e School, Hasanuddin Uni e si y, Makassa 90245, Indonesia; [email p o ec ed]
2Managemen Science, STIE Amkop Makassa , Makassa 90231, Indonesia; [email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : Resea ch Objec i e: This s udy aims o examine he impac o eligious-based
amily managemen (RBFM) on absolu e po e y h ough wo main ac o s: sho - e m
ision and uncon olled consump ion among low-income amilies. Resea ch Me hods and
App oach: This s udy analyzed 172 esponden s (low-income amilies) using a quan i a i e
app oach wi h he Amos S uc u al Equa ion Modeling (SEM) me hod. A ques ionnai e
was he main ins umen in his s udy o six egions in Sou h Sulawesi. Findings and
Resea ch No el y: The indings e eal ha , as an “agen o change”, RBFM has a signi ican
nega i e e ec on sho - e m ision, uncon olled consump ion, and absolu e po e y.
These esul s unde sco e he ole o in eg a ing eligious alues in amily managemen o
cu b excessi e consump ion beha io and s eng hen long- e m inancial planning, he eby
po en ially b eaking he cycle o po e y. The no el y o his esea ch lies in employing
Human Capi al Theo y (HCT) and he Theo y o Planned Beha io (TPB) o elucida e he
ole o eligion in he economic dynamics o amily li e. Resea ch Implica ions: This s udy
p o ides impo an implica ions o po e y alle ia ion policies, pa icula ly in de eloping
alue-based p og ams ha in eg a e eligious p inciples wi h inancial li e acy. Such
in e en ions a e expec ed o enhance inancial managemen p ac ices among low-income
amilies and os e hei economic sus ainabili y.
Keywo ds: eligious-based amily managemen ; sho - e m ision; uncon olled consump-
ion; absolu e po e y; human capi al heo y; heo y o planned beha io ; Indonesia
1. In oduc ion
Po e y, especially absolu e po e y, emains a pe sis en and c i ical issue in de elop-
ing coun ies like Indonesia. While many po e y alle ia ion s a egies ocus on economic
and social in e en ions, he ole o amily dynamics, pa icula ly eligious alues, has
ecei ed limi ed a en ion. This s udy explo es how eligious-based amily managemen
(RBFM) can ac as a guiding o ce—an agen o change— o eshape inancial beha io
among low-income amilies. RBFM is no simply abou eligious p ac ices; i o e s a holis ic
app oach o managing esou ces by emphasizing alues such as pa ience, discipline, and
us in di ine powe . These alues encou age amilies o cu b unnecessa y spending,
p io i ize inancial planning, and adop beha io s ha can help b eak he cycle o po e y.
While many s udies ha e explo ed he ole o eligiosi y in p omo ing well-being
and emo ional esilience, he di ec in luence o eligious alues on inancial beha io and
hei po en ial o alle ia e po e y emain unde explo ed. Add essing his gap, his s udy
in es iga es how eligious-based amily managemen (RBFM) in luences sho - e m ision,
Economies 2025,13, 70 h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/economies13030070
Economies 2025,13, 70 2 o 17
uncon olled consump ion, and absolu e po e y in low-income amilies (Ajzen,2020;Colin
& Weil,2020;Tamsah e al.,2023).
The indings a e expec ed o o e ac ionable insigh s o policymake s, eligious lead-
e s, and communi y o ganiza ions in designing cul u ally oo ed p og ams ha in eg a e
inancial li e acy wi h eligious p inciples. Such p og ams could empowe amilies o
b eak he cycle o po e y h ough disciplined inancial planning and educed impulsi e
spending. Ou goal in his s udy is o demons a e how eligious alues and inancial
li e acy, when in eg a ed, can p o ide a sus ainable app oach o po e y alle ia ion among
low-income amilies.
1.1. Backg ound
Po e y is a complex p oblem in luenced by mul iple ac o s. P e ious s udies high-
ligh he signi icance o eligiosi y and amily s uc u es in economic ou comes, such as
happiness and well-being (Mau icio & Albuque que,2021;Raja i e al.,2020). Howe e ,
esea ch linking eligious-based amily managemen o po e y emains sca ce. While
eligiosi y has been associa ed wi h bo h posi i e ou comes, such as imp o ed emo ional
well-being, and challenges like inc eased inancial s ess, i s di ec in luence on spending
habi s and inancial planning is s ill no well unde s ood (Heiden-Roo es e al.,2019).
Unlike p io s udies ha ocus on mac oeconomic in e en ions, his esea ch p o ides
a no el pe spec i e by examining how amily-le el eligious managemen se es as an
’agen o change’ o inancial beha io s. By in eg a ing Human Capi al Theo y (HCT) and
he Theo y o Planned Beha io (TPB), his s udy explains how eligious alues can guide
amilies owa d be e consump ion p ac ices and inancial esilience (Beh man e al.,2017;
McDe mo e al.,2015).
Sho - e m inancial ocus and impulsi e consump ion a e o en de ining cha ac e is-
ics o low-income households. Families wi h limi ed esou ces end o p io i ize immedia e
needs, lea ing li le oom o sa ings o long- e m planning (Tamsah e al.,2023). This
sho -sigh ed app oach aps amilies in po e y, as esou ces a e quickly deple ed. Al-
hough social inance ins umen s like zaka ha e demons a ed he po en ial o po e y
alle ia ion h ough edis ibu ion (Si ega e al.,2023;Widias u i e al.,2022), he unde ly-
ing mechanisms—how eligious p inciples in luence inancial decision-making—a e s ill
unclea . This s udy aims o ill ha gap by examining how RBFM can guide amilies owa d
be e consump ion habi s and inancial s abili y.
Human Capi al Theo y (HCT) and he Theo y o Planned Beha io (TPB) se e as
he ounda ion o ou in es iga ion. In o de o imp o e economic esul s, especially in
poo na ions, HCT highligh s he impo ance o in es ing in educa ion and skills (Colin &
Weil,2020;Olopade e al.,2019). Howe e , wi hou adequa e inancial managemen , hese
in es men s o en ail o li amilies ou o po e y (Beh man e al.,2017;Colin & Weil,
2020). Meanwhile, he TPB explains how a i udes, amily no ms, and pe cei ed beha io al
con ol shape spending and sa ing beha io s (Ajzen & K uglanski,2019;McDe mo e al.,
2015). By combining hese wo pe spec i es, we aim o p o ide a clea e unde s anding o
how eligious-based alues in luence inancial beha io s.
1.2. Hypo hesis De elopmen
The heo e ical ounda ion o his s udy is buil upon Human Capi al Theo y (HCT)
and he Theo y o Planned Beha io (TPB). HCT emphasizes he ole o in es men s in
educa ion, skills, and alues as c i ical componen s o long- e m economic g ow h and
esilience (Colin & Weil,2020;Olopade e al.,2019). In he con ex o his s udy, eligious
alues embedded wi hin amily managemen (RBFM) se e as non-ma e ial human capi al
ha in luences inancial discipline, long- e m ision, and consump ion beha io s (Beh man
Economies 2025,13, 70 3 o 17
e al.,2017). Families ha adhe e o eligious p inciples a e expec ed o alloca e esou ces
mo e e ec i ely, educing impulsi e spending and achie ing inancial s abili y.
The TPB, on he o he hand, explains how a i udes, no ms, and pe cei ed con ol
shape inancial beha io s (Ajzen & K uglanski,2019). Subjec i e no ms de i ed om
eligious eachings p omo e p uden consump ion and discou age excessi e spending. By
os e ing beha io al con ol and in luencing sho - e m decision-making, he TPB suppo s
he hypo hesis ha eligious alues can educe sho - e m ision and consump ion- ela ed
po e y (Gup a e al.,2023;McDe mo e al.,2015). Based on his heo e ical ounda ion,
he ollowing hypo heses a e p oposed in Table 1.
Table 1. P oposed hypo heses and suppo ing heo ies.
Hypo hesis S a emen Theo e ical Suppo Key Re e ences
H1
Religious-based amily managemen
(RBFM) nega i ely a ec s sho - e m
ision (STV).
Theo y o Planned Beha io (TPB)
(Ajzen,2020;Gup a e al.,2023;
McDe mo e al.,2015)
H2
Religious-based amily managemen
(RBFM) nega i ely a ec s uncon olled
consump ion (UC).
Theo y o Planned Beha io (TPB)
(Ajzen,2020;Gup a e al.,2023;
Huang e al.,2020)
H3
Religious-based amily managemen
(RBFM) nega i ely a ec s absolu e
po e y (AP).
Human Capi al Theo y (HCT) (Beh man e al.,2017;Chen e al.,
2024;Tamsah e al.,2023)
H4 Sho - e m ision (STV) posi i ely
a ec s uncon olled consump ion (UC). Beha io al Economics/TPB (Gup a e al.,2023;Janssens e al.,
2021;Mani e al.,2020)
H5 Sho - e m ision (STV) posi i ely
a ec s absolu e po e y (AP). Beha io al Economics/TPB (Janssens e al.,2021;Mani e al.,
2020;Paul e al.,2022)
H6 Uncon olled consump ion (UC)
posi i ely a ec s absolu e po e y (AP).
Human Capi al Theo y (HCT)
and Consump ion Theo y
(Beh man e al.,2017;Oldekop
e al.,2019;Si ega e al.,2023)
H7
Religious-based amily managemen
(RBFM) indi ec ly educes absolu e
po e y (AP) h ough i s impac on
sho - e m ision (STV) and
uncon olled consump ion (UC).
Human Capi al Theo y (HCT)
and TPB
(Ajzen,2020;Chen e al.,2024;
Colin & Weil,2020)
2. Me hodology
2.1. Sample C i e ia
Six places in Indonesia’s Sou h Sulawesi—Jenepon o Regency, Makassa Ci y, No h
Luwu Regency, Selaya Regency, No h To aja Regency, and Bone Regency—comp ised he
s udy se ing. The high concen a ion o low-income households in hese a eas led o hei
selec ion. The s udy’s a eas a e ypical o Sou h Sulawesi’s main e hnic g oupings, such
as he Bugis, Makassa , and To aja. Tamsah (2011), Hasmin and Ma iah (2015), Tamsah
e al. (2021), and Tamsah and Nu ung (2024) used p io esea ch as a basis o sampling
design. Fo ins ance, Makassa Ci y, as an u ban cen e , illus a es he con as be ween
u ban po e y and limi ed access o social suppo , while u al a eas like No h Luwu and
No h To aja highligh issues such as ag icul u al dependency and limi ed in as uc u e
(Tamsah e al.,2021,2023).
Responden s we e low-income amilies whose ea nings ell below he po e y line
and who p ima ily communica ed in local dialec s. To acili a e da a collec ion and ensu e
accu a e comp ehension o he ques ionnai e, ained ield assis an s we e deployed in each
loca ion. These ield assis an s unde wen a comp ehensi e b ie ing and aining p og am
be o e s a ing da a collec ion. Al hough all low-income amilies in he s udy a eas we e
in i ed o pa icipa e, only 172 amilies comple ed he ques ionnai e wi hin he wo-mon h
da a collec ion pe iod. Thei esponses we e deemed alid and sui able o analysis.
Economies 2025,13, 70 4 o 17
Table 2summa izes he demog aphic de ails o he esponden s, highligh ing hei
socio-economic challenges, such as low educa ional a ainmen , high dependency a ios,
and limi ed daily income. These cha ac e is ics p o ide c i ical con ex o unde s anding
he economic ulne abili ies add essed in his s udy.
Table 2. Responden demog aphics.
Demog aphic I ems F eq. %
Age
1. Be ween 20 and 30 21 12.21
2. Be ween 31 and 40 47 27.33
3. Be ween 41 and 50 104 60.47
Amoun 172 100.00
Educa ion
1. Bachelo 1 0.58
2. Finished high school 12 6.98
3. High school g adua e 29 16.86
4. Elemen a y school 53 30.81
5. Did no inish elemen a y school 32 18.60
6. Ne e wen o school 45 26.16
Amoun 172 100.00
O igin
1. Makassa Ci y 73 42.44
2. Jenepon o Regency 25 14.53
3. Selaya Islands Regency 18 10.47
4. Bone Coun y 20 11.63
5. No h Luwu Regency 19 11.05
6. No h To aja Regency 17 9.88
Amoun 172 100.00
Family Income
1. Mo e han IDR 150,000 pe day 2 1.16
2. IDR 101,000–IDR 150,000 pe day 9 5.23
3. IDR 51,000–IDR 100,000 pe day 47 27.33
4. IDR 20,000–IDR 50,000 pe day 63 36.63
5. Less han IDR 20,000 pe day 51 29.65
Amoun 172 100.00
Numbe o Family
Membe s
1. Mo e han 9 people 0 0.00
2. 7–9 people 17 9.88
3. 4–6 people 90 52.33
4. 1–3 people 65 37.79
Amoun 172 100.00
Table 2summa izes he demog aphic de ails o he 172 esponden s. No ably, 60.47%
o esponden s we e be ween he ages o 41 and 50, and 30.81% o hem had comple ed
p ima y school, while 26.16% had no o mal educa ion. The majo i y o esponses (42.44%)
we e om Makassa , wi h Jenepon o Regency (14.53%) and Selaya Regency (10.47%)
ollowing closely behind. Mos o he esponden s made be ween IDR 20,000 and IDR
50,000 a day (36.63%) o less han IDR 20,000 a day (29.65%). Fi e o six people made up
he g ea majo i y o esponden s’ households (52.33%), ollowed by one o h ee people
Economies 2025,13, 70 5 o 17
(37.79%). The socioeconomic di icul ies encoun e ed by he low-income communi ies his
s udy is aimed a a e highligh ed by his demog aphic p o ile.
2.2. Va iable Measu emen
In his s udy, complica ed models we e analyzed quan i a i ely u ilizing AMOS 24
so wa e and S uc u al Equa ion Modeling (SEM). A 5-poin Like scale, which was
in ended o cap u e he nega i e co ela ions be ween a iables, was used in he s uc u ed
ques ionnai es used o ga he he da a.
1. Religious-based amily managemen (RBFM):
This a iable was measu ed using posi i ely amed s a emen s. Highe sco es
(
1 = s ongly
ag ee) indica ed s onge adhe ence o eligious alues, which we e
hypo hesized o posi i ely in luence amily wel a e. Six indica o s we e ini ially in-
cluded: e o in p aye , awa eness o di ine obse a ion, adhe ence o eligious ules,
belie in di ine powe , pa ience o di ine will, and consis en wo ship. Howe e ,
RBFM6 (“We con inuously p ay and s i e o a be e li e”) was emo ed due o
concep ual edundancy wi h RBFM1 (“We always s i e ea nes ly in p aye ”), as iden-
i ied du ing he pilo es (Ca adus e al.,2020;Tamsah e al.,2023). The emaining
i e indica o s adequa ely cap u e he co e dimensions o RBFM, ensu ing concep ual
cla i y and eliabili y.
2.
Sho - e m ision (STV), uncon olled consump ion (UC), and absolu e po e y (AP):
These a iables we e measu ed using nega i ely amed s a emen s. Highe sco es
(5 = s ongly ag ee) e lec ed wo se economic condi ions.
■
STV indica o s include necessi y-d i en spending, lack o sa ings o ien a ion,
and limi ed inancial planning (Tamsah e al.,2023).
■
UC indica o s include unplanned consump ion, deb -inducing pu chases, and
consump ion d i en by basic desi es (Tamsah e al.,2023).
■
AP indica o s a e based on he Indonesian go e nmen ’s po e y benchma ks,
such as access o quali y heal h se ices, adequa e housing, and sus ainable
na u al esou ces (Tamsah e al.,2023).
This measu emen app oach was ailo ed o cap u e he hypo hesized nega i e co e-
la ions be ween RBFM and he o he a iables. By con as ing posi i e and nega i e scales,
he design e ec i ely highligh s how inc eased adhe ence o eligious alues mi iga es
he ad e se e ec s o sho - e m inancial ocus (STV), impulsi e consump ion (UC), and
po e y (AP) (Beh man e al.,2017;Chen e al.,2024).
Table 3p o ides u he de ails on he ope a ionaliza ion o hese a iables, demon-
s a ing hei alignmen wi h heo e ical cons uc s and empi ical amewo ks.
Table 3. Measu emen o a iables.
Va iable Indica o I em
Religious-based amily managemen
(RBFM)
Emphasizing e o in p aye (RBFM1) We always s i e ea nes ly in p aye .
Awa eness o di ine obse a ion (RBFM2) We eel cons an ly wa ched o e by God in all ou
ac ions.
Adhe ing o eligious ules (RBFM3) We ollow eligious ules wi h discipline.
Belie in di ine powe (RBFM4) We belie e ha God’s powe will help us h ough
e e y p oblem.
Pa ience o di ine will (RBFM5)
We emain pa ien wi h God’s will, e en in di icul
imes.
Emphasizing e o in p aye (RBFM6) We con inuously p ay and s i e o a be e li e.
Economies 2025,13, 70 6 o 17
Table 3. Con .
Va iable Indica o I em
Sho - e m ision (STV)
Necessi y-d i en spending (STV1) I we ha e money, he e a e many needs we wan
o ul ill.
Su i al ocus (STV2) We only hink abou how o mee oday’s needs.
Lack o sa ings o ien a ion (STV3)
We spend oday’s ea nings immedia ely and hink
abou omo ow la e .
Limi ed inancial planning (STV4) We do no plan ou inances o daily needs,
eme gencies, o sa ings.
Resou ce cons ain s (STV5) We eel incapable o managing ou income
p ope ly.
Uncon olled consump ion (UC)
Unplanned consump ion (UC1) We do no ha e a shopping plan; we spend based
on oday’s ea nings.
Essen ial needs consump ion (UC2) We end o ollow he desi es o ou child en o
amily membe s wi hou conside ing ac ual needs.
Basic desi e-d i en consump ion (UC3) I we ha e ex a money, we buy i ems like TVs o
mobile phones, e en i hey a e no u gen .
Social necessi y consump ion (UC4) We ocus mo e on mee ing oday’s needs wi hou
hinking abou omo ow’s necessi ies.
Deb -inducing consump ion (UC5) Some imes we bo ow money o buy some hing
and only epay i when we ha e money.
Absolu e po e y (AP)
Adequa e and quali y ood supply (AP1) We lack adequa e ood and d ink on a daily basis.
Accessible quali y heal h se ices (AP2) We canno a o d heal hca e cos s a communi y
heal h cen e s due o inancial limi a ions.
Accessible quali y educa ion se ices (AP3) We a e unable o send ou child en o senio high
school like o he s can.
A ailable employmen and business
oppo uni ies (AP4)
We s uggle o ind decen jobs ha mee
e e yone’s expec a ions.
Adequa e housing and sani a ion acili ies
(AP5)
We li e in homes wi h inadequa e condi ions and
poo sani a ion.
Reliable access o clean wa e (AP6)
We canno a o d o pu chase o access clean wa e
o daily use.
Secu e land owne ship and con ol (AP7) We do no own land, so we mus li e as enan s o
s ay wi h o he s.
Sus ainable en i onmen al and na u al
esou ce condi ions (AP8)
We lack he capaci y o main ain he en i onmen
and su ounding na u al esou ces.
S ong sense o secu i y (AP9)
We o en eel insecu e due o he absence o heal h
insu ance, sa ings, o p ope housing.
Ac i e communi y pa icipa ion (AP10) We canno ac i ely pa icipa e in go e nmen
p og ams o communi y de elopmen ac i i ies.
Manageable amily dependency a io (AP11)
We ha e many dependen s in ou amily, making i
di icul o manage he household economy.
3. Resul s
3.1. No mali y Tes
To ensu e s able esul s o he no mali y es and model i , da a we e iplica ed
using he boo s ap me hod, yielding a o al o 516 samples (172 amilies
×
3). The Bollen–
S ine boo s ap es e ealed imp o ed model i o 468 samples, while 48 showed poo e
i . No ably, none o he boo s ap samples ma ched he o iginal da ase exac ly. Wi h a
p- alue o 0.10—highe han he s anda d h eshold o 0.05— he da a a e con i med o
mee no mali y assump ions, making hem sui able o u he analysis.
3.2. S a is ical Resul s
Table 4summa izes he alidi y and eliabili y esul s o he ou key a iables:
eligious-based amily managemen (RBFM), sho - e m ision (STV), uncon olled con-
Economies 2025,13, 70 7 o 17
sump ion (UC), and absolu e po e y (AP). All indica o s showed signi ican s anda dized
es ima es (p< 0.01) and C i ical Ra io (CR) alues abo e 1.96, con i ming s ong alidi y
o each i em.
Table 4. S a is ical esul s.
Va iable I em S anda dized
Es ima e
Es ima e S anda d
E o
C i ical
Ra io p-Value
Reliabili y
Cons uc
Reliabili y
A e age
Va iance
Ex ac ed
Religious-based
amily managemen
(RBFM)
Emphasizing e o in
p aye (RBFM1) 0.79 0.85 0.08 10.96 ***
0.99 0.94
Awa eness o di ine
obse a ion (RBFM2) 0.67 1.07 0.12 9.00 ***
Adhe ing o eligious
ules (RBFM3) 0.78 1.00
Belie in di ine powe
(RBFM4) 0.81 0.88 0.08 11.34 ***
Pa ience o di ine will
(RBFM5) 0.85 0.99 0.08 12.06 ***
Emphasizing e o in
p aye (RBFM6) Dele ed i em
Sho - e m ision
(STV)
Necessi y-d i en
spending (STV1) 0.70 1.00
0.95 0.84
Su i al ocus (STV2) 0.79 0.95 0.11 9.09 ***
Lack o sa ings
o ien a ion (STV3) Dele ed i em
Limi ed inancial
planning (STV4) 0.78 1.08 0.12 8.97 ***
Resou ce cons ain s
(STV5) 0.71 0.90 0.11 8.35 ***
Uncon olled
consump ion (UC)
Unplanned
consump ion (UC1) Dele ed i em
0.95 0.90
Essen ial needs
consump ion (UC2) 0.70 1.00
Basic desi e-d i en
consump ion (UC3) 0.79 1.15 0.13 9.20 ***
Social necessi y
consump ion (UC4) 0.71 0.99 0.12 8.38 ***
Deb -inducing
consump ion (UC5) 0.82 1.15 0.12 9.47 ***
Absolu e po e y
(AP)
Adequa e and quali y
ood supply (AP1) Dele ed i em
0.98 0.85
Accessible quali y heal h
se ices (AP2) 0.76 0.91 0.08 11.19 ***
Accessible quali y
educa ion se ices (AP3)
0.81 1.00
A ailable employmen
and business
oppo uni ies (AP4)
Dele ed i em
Adequa e housing and
sani a ion acili ies (AP5)
0.76 0.80 0.07 11.16 ***
Reliable access o clean
wa e (AP6) 0.82 0.94 0.08 12.37 ***
Secu e land owne ship
and con ol (AP7) 0.70 0.85 0.09 9.93 ***
Sus ainable
en i onmen al and
na u al esou ce
condi ions (AP8)
Dele ed i em
S ong sense o secu i y
(AP9) 0.75 0.88 0.08 11.00 ***
Ac i e communi y
pa icipa ion (AP10) 0.74 0.83 0.08 10.75 ***
Manageable amily
dependency a io (AP11)
Dele ed i em
No e: *** (signi ican a le el p< 0.01).
Economies 2025,13, 70 8 o 17
Reliabili y measu es we e equally obus , wi h Cons uc Reliabili y (CR) alues
exceeding 0.95 and A e age Va iance Ex ac ed (AVE) alues abo e 0.84, demons a ing
excellen in e nal consis ency and con e gen alidi y. To e ine he model, low-pe o ming
indica o s we e emo ed, lea ing only he mos eliable ones. This adjus men enhanced
he cla i y and p ecision o he a iable measu emen s.
The model’s o e all i is p esen ed in Table 5. The Absolu e Fi Indices indica e an
accep able model i , wi h a CMIN/d sco e o 1.78 and an RMSEA o 0.07. While he
Chi-Squa e alue (X
2
= 291.33, d = 164) and GFI (0.86) sugges a ma ginal i , hese alues
emain wi hin ole able limi s.
Table 5. Goodness o i .
Model Fi Tes ing Cu o Poin Resul Rema k
1. Absolu e Fi Indices:
Chi-Squa e d = 164; X2= 194.88 291.33 Ma ginal
Signi icance ≥0.05 (Van Laa & B aeken,
2021)0.00 Ma ginal
CMIN/d ≤3.00 (e en <5.00) (Dash &
Paul,2021)1.78 Fi
GFI ≥0.90 (Hai e al.,2010) 0.86 Ma ginal
RMSEA 0.03–0.08 (A buckle,2009) 0.07 Fi
2. Inc emen al Fi Indices:
AGFI ≥0.90 (Hai e al.,2010) 0.82 Ma ginal
TLI ≥0.90 (A buckle,2009) 0.93 Fi
NFI ≥0.90 (Dash & Paul,2021) 0.87 Ma ginal
CFI ≥0.90 (Van Laa & B aeken,
2021)0.94 Fi
3. Pa simony Fi Indices:
PNFI >0.50 (Dash & Paul,2021) 0.75 Fi
PGFI >0.50 (Dash & Paul,2021) 0.67 Fi
The Inc emen al Fi Indices u he s eng hen he model’s c edibili y, wi h TLI (0.93)
and CFI (0.94) e lec ing a s ong i , and AGFI (0.82) e lec ing a mode a e one. The
Pa simonious Fi Indices, such as PNFI (0.75) and PGFI (0.67), highligh he model’s
e iciency in explaining he da a wi h minimal pa ame e s. O e all, he indices demons a e
ha he model e ec i ely ep esen s he da a, despi e some ma ginal sco es.
Figu e 1depic s he ela ionships be ween RBFM, STV, UC, and AP.
■
Religious-based amily managemen signi ican ly educes sho - e m ision (
β=−0.32
),
uncon olled consump ion (β=−0.35), and absolu e po e y (β=−0.57).
■
Sho - e m ision posi i ely in luences uncon olled consump ion (
β
= 0.57) and
absolu e po e y (β= 0.34).
■Uncon olled consump ion also con ibu es posi i ely o absolu e po e y (β= 0.20).
These indings emphasize he oles o sho - e m ision and uncon olled consump ion
as media o s be ween RBFM and absolu e po e y. The model i indices (CMIN/d = 1.78,
RMSEA = 0.07, TLI = 0.93, CFI = 0.94, PNFI = 0.75, PGFI = 0.67) p o ide a comp ehensi e
unde s anding o his ela ionship.
Economies 2025,13, 70 15 o 17
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
Abb e ia ions
The ollowing abb e ia ions a e used in his manusc ip :
RBV Resou ce-Based View
HCT Human Capi al Theo y
TPB Theo y o Planned Beha io
SEM S uc u al Equa ion Modeling
RBFM Religious-Based Family Managemen
STV Sho - e m Vision
UC Uncon olled Consump ion
AP Absolu e Po e y
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