Religious-based family management and its impact on consumption patterns and poverty: A human resource and management perspective

Hasmin, Hasmin; Nurung, Jumiaty; Ilyas, Gunawan Bata Article Religious-based family management and its impact on consumption patterns and poverty: A human resource and management perspective Economies Provided in Cooperation with: MDPI – Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, Basel Suggested Citation: Hasmin, Hasmin; Nurung, Jumiaty; Ilyas, Gunawan Bata (2025) : Religious-based family management and its impact on consumption patterns and poverty: A human resource and management perspective, Economies, ISSN 2227-7099, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 13, Iss. 3, pp. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13030070 This Version is available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/329350 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. 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If the documents have been made available under an Open Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Academic Editor: Sanzidur Rahman Received: 28 December 2024 Revised: 11 February 2025 Accepted: 3 March 2025 Published: 7 March 2025 Citation: Hasmin, H., Nurung, J., & Ilyas, G. B. (2025). Religious-Based Family Management and Its Impact on Consumption Patterns and Poverty: A Human Resource and Management Perspective. Economies,13(3), 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/ economies13030070 Copyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/). Article Religious-Based Family Management and Its Impact on Consumption Patterns and Poverty: A Human Resource and Management Perspective Hasmin Hasmin 1,* , Jumiaty Nurung 1and Gunawan Bata Ilyas 2 1Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia; [email protected] 2Management Science, STIE Amkop Makassar, Makassar 90231, Indonesia; [email protected] *Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Research Objective: This study aims to examine the impact of religious-based family management (RBFM) on absolute poverty through two main factors: short-term vision and uncontrolled consumption among low-income families. Research Methods and Approach: This study analyzed 172 respondents (low-income families) using a quantitative approach with the Amos Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method. A questionnaire was the main instrument in this study of six regions in South Sulawesi. Findings and Research Novelty: The findings reveal that, as an “agent of change”, RBFM has a significant negative effect on short-term vision, uncontrolled consumption, and absolute poverty. These results underscore the role of integrating religious values in family management to curb excessive consumption behavior and strengthen long-term financial planning, thereby potentially breaking the cycle of poverty. The novelty of this research lies in employing Human Capital Theory (HCT) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to elucidate the role of religion in the economic dynamics of family life. Research Implications: This study provides important implications for poverty alleviation policies, particularly in developing value-based programs that integrate religious principles with financial literacy. Such interventions are expected to enhance financial management practices among low-income families and foster their economic sustainability. Keywords: religious-based family management; short-term vision; uncontrolled consumption; absolute poverty; human capital theory; theory of planned behavior; Indonesia 1. Introduction Poverty, especially absolute poverty, remains a persistent and critical issue in developing countries like Indonesia. While many poverty alleviation strategies focus on economic and social interventions, the role of family dynamics, particularly religious values, has received limited attention. This study explores how religious-based family management (RBFM) can act as a guiding force—an agent of change—to reshape financial behavior among low-income families. RBFM is not simply about religious practices; it offers a holistic approach to managing resources by emphasizing values such as patience, discipline, and trust in divine power. These values encourage families to curb unnecessary spending, prioritize financial planning, and adopt behaviors that can help break the cycle of poverty. While many studies have explored the role of religiosity in promoting well-being and emotional resilience, the direct influence of religious values on financial behavior and their potential to alleviate poverty remain underexplored. Addressing this gap, this study investigates how religious-based family management (RBFM) influences short-term vision, Economies 2025,13, 70 https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13030070 Economies 2025,13, 70 2 of 17 uncontrolled consumption, and absolute poverty in low-income families (Ajzen,2020;Colin & Weil,2020;Tamsah et al.,2023). The findings are expected to offer actionable insights for policymakers, religious leaders, and community organizations in designing culturally rooted programs that integrate financial literacy with religious principles. Such programs could empower families to break the cycle of poverty through disciplined financial planning and reduced impulsive spending. Our goal in this study is to demonstrate how religious values and financial literacy, when integrated, can provide a sustainable approach to poverty alleviation among low-income families. 1.1. Background Poverty is a complex problem influenced by multiple factors. Previous studies highlight the significance of religiosity and family structures in economic outcomes, such as happiness and well-being (Mauricio & Albuquerque,2021;Rajafi et al.,2020). However, research linking religious-based family management to poverty remains scarce. While religiosity has been associated with both positive outcomes, such as improved emotional well-being, and challenges like increased financial stress, its direct influence on spending habits and financial planning is still not well understood (Heiden-Rootes et al.,2019). Unlike prior studies that focus on macroeconomic interventions, this research provides a novel perspective by examining how family-level religious management serves as an ’agent of change’ for financial behaviors. By integrating Human Capital Theory (HCT) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study explains how religious values can guide families toward better consumption practices and financial resilience (Behrman et al.,2017; McDermott et al.,2015). Short-term financial focus and impulsive consumption are often defining characteristics of low-income households. Families with limited resources tend to prioritize immediate needs, leaving little room for savings or long-term planning (Tamsah et al.,2023). This short-sighted approach traps families in poverty, as resources are quickly depleted. Although social finance instruments like zakat have demonstrated the potential for poverty alleviation through redistribution (Siregar et al.,2023;Widiastuti et al.,2022), the underlying mechanisms—how religious principles influence financial decision-making—are still unclear. This study aims to fill that gap by examining how RBFM can guide families toward better consumption habits and financial stability. Human Capital Theory (HCT) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) serve as the foundation for our investigation. In order to improve economic results, especially in poor nations, HCT highlights the importance of investing in education and skills (Colin & Weil,2020;Olopade et al.,2019). However, without adequate financial management, these investments often fail to lift families out of poverty (Behrman et al.,2017;Colin & Weil, 2020). Meanwhile, the TPB explains how attitudes, family norms, and perceived behavioral control shape spending and saving behaviors (Ajzen & Kruglanski,2019;McDermott et al., 2015). By combining these two perspectives, we aim to provide a clearer understanding of how religious-based values influence financial behaviors. 1.2. Hypothesis Development The theoretical foundation for this study is built upon Human Capital Theory (HCT) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). HCT emphasizes the role of investments in education, skills, and values as critical components for long-term economic growth and resilience (Colin & Weil,2020;Olopade et al.,2019). In the context of this study, religious values embedded within family management (RBFM) serve as non-material human capital that influences financial discipline, long-term vision, and consumption behaviors (Behrman Economies 2025,13, 70 3 of 17 et al.,2017). Families that adhere to religious principles are expected to allocate resources more effectively, reducing impulsive spending and achieving financial stability. The TPB, on the other hand, explains how attitudes, norms, and perceived control shape financial behaviors (Ajzen & Kruglanski,2019). Subjective norms derived from religious teachings promote prudent consumption and discourage excessive spending. By fostering behavioral control and influencing short-term decision-making, the TPB supports the hypothesis that religious values can reduce short-term vision and consumption-related poverty (Gupta et al.,2023;McDermott et al.,2015). Based on this theoretical foundation, the following hypotheses are proposed in Table 1. Table 1. Proposed hypotheses and supporting theories. Hypothesis Statement Theoretical Support Key References H1 Religious-based family management (RBFM) negatively affects short-term vision (STV). Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen,2020;Gupta et al.,2023; McDermott et al.,2015) H2 Religious-based family management (RBFM) negatively affects uncontrolled consumption (UC). Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen,2020;Gupta et al.,2023; Huang et al.,2020) H3 Religious-based family management (RBFM) negatively affects absolute poverty (AP). Human Capital Theory (HCT) (Behrman et al.,2017;Chen et al., 2024;Tamsah et al.,2023) H4 Short-term vision (STV) positively affects uncontrolled consumption (UC). Behavioral Economics/TPB (Gupta et al.,2023;Janssens et al., 2021;Mani et al.,2020) H5 Short-term vision (STV) positively affects absolute poverty (AP). Behavioral Economics/TPB (Janssens et al.,2021;Mani et al., 2020;Paul et al.,2022) H6 Uncontrolled consumption (UC) positively affects absolute poverty (AP). Human Capital Theory (HCT) and Consumption Theory (Behrman et al.,2017;Oldekop et al.,2019;Siregar et al.,2023) H7 Religious-based family management (RBFM) indirectly reduces absolute poverty (AP) through its impact on short-term vision (STV) and uncontrolled consumption (UC). Human Capital Theory (HCT) and TPB (Ajzen,2020;Chen et al.,2024; Colin & Weil,2020) 2. Methodology 2.1. Sample Criteria Six places in Indonesia’s South Sulawesi—Jeneponto Regency, Makassar City, North Luwu Regency, Selayar Regency, North Toraja Regency, and Bone Regency—comprised the study setting. The high concentration of low-income households in these areas led to their selection. The study’s areas are typical of South Sulawesi’s main ethnic groupings, such as the Bugis, Makassar, and Toraja. Tamsah (2011), Hasmin and Mariah (2015), Tamsah et al. (2021), and Tamsah and Nurung (2024) used prior research as a basis for sampling design. For instance, Makassar City, as an urban center, illustrates the contrast between urban poverty and limited access to social support, while rural areas like North Luwu and North Toraja highlight issues such as agricultural dependency and limited infrastructure (Tamsah et al.,2021,2023). Respondents were low-income families whose earnings fell below the poverty line and who primarily communicated in local dialects. To facilitate data collection and ensure accurate comprehension of the questionnaire, trained field assistants were deployed in each location. These field assistants underwent a comprehensive briefing and training program before starting data collection. Although all low-income families in the study areas were invited to participate, only 172 families completed the questionnaire within the two-month data collection period. Their responses were deemed valid and suitable for analysis. Economies 2025,13, 70 4 of 17 Table 2summarizes the demographic details of the respondents, highlighting their socio-economic challenges, such as low educational attainment, high dependency ratios, and limited daily income. These characteristics provide critical context for understanding the economic vulnerabilities addressed in this study. Table 2. Respondent demographics. Demographic Items Freq. % Age 1. Between 20 and 30 21 12.21 2. Between 31 and 40 47 27.33 3. Between 41 and 50 104 60.47 Amount 172 100.00 Education 1. Bachelor 1 0.58 2. Finished high school 12 6.98 3. High school graduate 29 16.86 4. Elementary school 53 30.81 5. Did not finish elementary school 32 18.60 6. Never went to school 45 26.16 Amount 172 100.00 Origin 1. Makassar City 73 42.44 2. Jeneponto Regency 25 14.53 3. Selayar Islands Regency 18 10.47 4. Bone County 20 11.63 5. North Luwu Regency 19 11.05 6. North Toraja Regency 17 9.88 Amount 172 100.00 Family Income 1. More than IDR 150,000 per day 2 1.16 2. IDR 101,000–IDR 150,000 per day 9 5.23 3. IDR 51,000–IDR 100,000 per day 47 27.33 4. IDR 20,000–IDR 50,000 per day 63 36.63 5. Less than IDR 20,000 per day 51 29.65 Amount 172 100.00 Number of Family Members 1. More than 9 people 0 0.00 2. 7–9 people 17 9.88 3. 4–6 people 90 52.33 4. 1–3 people 65 37.79 Amount 172 100.00 Table 2summarizes the demographic details of the 172 respondents. Notably, 60.47% of respondents were between the ages of 41 and 50, and 30.81% of them had completed primary school, while 26.16% had no formal education. The majority of responses (42.44%) were from Makassar, with Jeneponto Regency (14.53%) and Selayar Regency (10.47%) following closely behind. Most of the respondents made between IDR 20,000 and IDR 50,000 a day (36.63%) or less than IDR 20,000 a day (29.65%). Five to six people made up the great majority of respondents’ households (52.33%), followed by one to three people Economies 2025,13, 70 5 of 17 (37.79%). The socioeconomic difficulties encountered by the low-income communities this study is aimed at are highlighted by this demographic profile. 2.2. Variable Measurement In this study, complicated models were analyzed quantitatively utilizing AMOS 24 software and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). A 5-point Likert scale, which was intended to capture the negative correlations between variables, was used in the structured questionnaires used to gather the data. 1. Religious-based family management (RBFM): This variable was measured using positively framed statements. Higher scores ( 1 = strongly agree) indicated stronger adherence to religious values, which were hypothesized to positively influence family welfare. Six indicators were initially included: effort in prayer, awareness of divine observation, adherence to religious rules, belief in divine power, patience for divine will, and consistent worship. However, RBFM6 (“We continuously pray and strive for a better life”) was removed due to conceptual redundancy with RBFM1 (“We always strive earnestly in prayer”), as identified during the pilot test (Carradus et al.,2020;Tamsah et al.,2023). The remaining five indicators adequately capture the core dimensions of RBFM, ensuring conceptual clarity and reliability. 2. Short-term vision (STV), uncontrolled consumption (UC), and absolute poverty (AP): These variables were measured using negatively framed statements. Higher scores (5 = strongly agree) reflected worse economic conditions. ■ STV indicators include necessity-driven spending, lack of savings orientation, and limited financial planning (Tamsah et al.,2023). ■ UC indicators include unplanned consumption, debt-inducing purchases, and consumption driven by basic desires (Tamsah et al.,2023). ■ AP indicators are based on the Indonesian government’s poverty benchmarks, such as access to quality health services, adequate housing, and sustainable natural resources (Tamsah et al.,2023). This measurement approach was tailored to capture the hypothesized negative correlations between RBFM and the other variables. By contrasting positive and negative scales, the design effectively highlights how increased adherence to religious values mitigates the adverse effects of short-term financial focus (STV), impulsive consumption (UC), and poverty (AP) (Behrman et al.,2017;Chen et al.,2024). Table 3provides further details on the operationalization of these variables, demonstrating their alignment with theoretical constructs and empirical frameworks. Table 3. Measurement of variables. Variable Indicator Item Religious-based family management (RBFM) Emphasizing effort in prayer (RBFM1) We always strive earnestly in prayer. Awareness of divine observation (RBFM2) We feel constantly watched over by God in all our actions. Adhering to religious rules (RBFM3) We follow religious rules with discipline. Belief in divine power (RBFM4) We believe that God’s power will help us through every problem. Patience for divine will (RBFM5) We remain patient with God’s will, even in difficult times. Emphasizing effort in prayer (RBFM6) We continuously pray and strive for a better life. Economies 2025,13, 70 6 of 17 Table 3. Cont. Variable Indicator Item Short-term vision (STV) Necessity-driven spending (STV1) If we have money, there are many needs we want to fulfill. Survival focus (STV2) We only think about how to meet today’s needs. Lack of savings orientation (STV3) We spend today’s earnings immediately and think about tomorrow later. Limited financial planning (STV4) We do not plan our finances for daily needs, emergencies, or savings. Resource constraints (STV5) We feel incapable of managing our income properly. Uncontrolled consumption (UC) Unplanned consumption (UC1) We do not have a shopping plan; we spend based on today’s earnings. Essential needs consumption (UC2) We tend to follow the desires of our children or family members without considering actual needs. Basic desire-driven consumption (UC3) If we have extra money, we buy items like TVs or mobile phones, even if they are not urgent. Social necessity consumption (UC4) We focus more on meeting today’s needs without thinking about tomorrow’s necessities. Debt-inducing consumption (UC5) Sometimes we borrow money to buy something and only repay it when we have money. Absolute poverty (AP) Adequate and quality food supply (AP1) We lack adequate food and drink on a daily basis. Accessible quality health services (AP2) We cannot afford healthcare costs at community health centers due to financial limitations. Accessible quality education services (AP3) We are unable to send our children to senior high school like others can. Available employment and business opportunities (AP4) We struggle to find decent jobs that meet everyone’s expectations. Adequate housing and sanitation facilities (AP5) We live in homes with inadequate conditions and poor sanitation. Reliable access to clean water (AP6) We cannot afford to purchase or access clean water for daily use. Secure land ownership and control (AP7) We do not own land, so we must live as tenants or stay with others. Sustainable environmental and natural resource conditions (AP8) We lack the capacity to maintain the environment and surrounding natural resources. Strong sense of security (AP9) We often feel insecure due to the absence of health insurance, savings, or proper housing. Active community participation (AP10) We cannot actively participate in government programs or community development activities. Manageable family dependency ratio (AP11) We have many dependents in our family, making it difficult to manage the household economy. 3. Results 3.1. Normality Test To ensure stable results for the normality test and model fit, data were triplicated using the bootstrap method, yielding a total of 516 samples (172 families × 3). The Bollen– Stine bootstrap test revealed improved model fit for 468 samples, while 48 showed poorer fit. Notably, none of the bootstrap samples matched the original dataset exactly. With a p-value of 0.10—higher than the standard threshold of 0.05—the data are confirmed to meet normality assumptions, making them suitable for further analysis. 3.2. Statistical Results Table 4summarizes the validity and reliability results for the four key variables: religious-based family management (RBFM), short-term vision (STV), uncontrolled con- Economies 2025,13, 70 7 of 17 sumption (UC), and absolute poverty (AP). All indicators showed significant standardized estimates (p< 0.01) and Critical Ratio (CR) values above 1.96, confirming strong validity for each item. Table 4. Statistical results. Variable Item Standardized Estimate Estimate Standard Error Critical Ratio p-Value Reliability Construct Reliability Average Variance Extracted Religious-based family management (RBFM) Emphasizing effort in prayer (RBFM1) 0.79 0.85 0.08 10.96 *** 0.99 0.94 Awareness of divine observation (RBFM2) 0.67 1.07 0.12 9.00 *** Adhering to religious rules (RBFM3) 0.78 1.00 Belief in divine power (RBFM4) 0.81 0.88 0.08 11.34 *** Patience for divine will (RBFM5) 0.85 0.99 0.08 12.06 *** Emphasizing effort in prayer (RBFM6) Deleted item Short-term vision (STV) Necessity-driven spending (STV1) 0.70 1.00 0.95 0.84 Survival focus (STV2) 0.79 0.95 0.11 9.09 *** Lack of savings orientation (STV3) Deleted item Limited financial planning (STV4) 0.78 1.08 0.12 8.97 *** Resource constraints (STV5) 0.71 0.90 0.11 8.35 *** Uncontrolled consumption (UC) Unplanned consumption (UC1) Deleted item 0.95 0.90 Essential needs consumption (UC2) 0.70 1.00 Basic desire-driven consumption (UC3) 0.79 1.15 0.13 9.20 *** Social necessity consumption (UC4) 0.71 0.99 0.12 8.38 *** Debt-inducing consumption (UC5) 0.82 1.15 0.12 9.47 *** Absolute poverty (AP) Adequate and quality food supply (AP1) Deleted item 0.98 0.85 Accessible quality health services (AP2) 0.76 0.91 0.08 11.19 *** Accessible quality education services (AP3) 0.81 1.00 Available employment and business opportunities (AP4) Deleted item Adequate housing and sanitation facilities (AP5) 0.76 0.80 0.07 11.16 *** Reliable access to clean water (AP6) 0.82 0.94 0.08 12.37 *** Secure land ownership and control (AP7) 0.70 0.85 0.09 9.93 *** Sustainable environmental and natural resource conditions (AP8) Deleted item Strong sense of security (AP9) 0.75 0.88 0.08 11.00 *** Active community participation (AP10) 0.74 0.83 0.08 10.75 *** Manageable family dependency ratio (AP11) Deleted item Note: *** (significant at level p< 0.01). Economies 2025,13, 70 8 of 17 Reliability measures were equally robust, with Construct Reliability (CR) values exceeding 0.95 and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values above 0.84, demonstrating excellent internal consistency and convergent validity. To refine the model, low-performing indicators were removed, leaving only the most reliable ones. This adjustment enhanced the clarity and precision of the variable measurements. The model’s overall fit is presented in Table 5. The Absolute Fit Indices indicate an acceptable model fit, with a CMIN/df score of 1.78 and an RMSEA of 0.07. While the Chi-Square value (X 2 = 291.33, df = 164) and GFI (0.86) suggest a marginal fit, these values remain within tolerable limits. Table 5. Goodness of fit. Model Fit Testing Cutoff Point Result Remark 1. Absolute Fit Indices: Chi-Square df = 164; X2= 194.88 291.33 Marginal Significance ≥0.05 (Van Laar & Braeken, 2021)0.00 Marginal CMIN/df ≤3.00 (even <5.00) (Dash & Paul,2021)1.78 Fit GFI ≥0.90 (Hair et al.,2010) 0.86 Marginal RMSEA 0.03–0.08 (Arbuckle,2009) 0.07 Fit 2. Incremental Fit Indices: AGFI ≥0.90 (Hair et al.,2010) 0.82 Marginal TLI ≥0.90 (Arbuckle,2009) 0.93 Fit NFI ≥0.90 (Dash & Paul,2021) 0.87 Marginal CFI ≥0.90 (Van Laar & Braeken, 2021)0.94 Fit 3. Parsimony Fit Indices: PNFI >0.50 (Dash & Paul,2021) 0.75 Fit PGFI >0.50 (Dash & Paul,2021) 0.67 Fit The Incremental Fit Indices further strengthen the model’s credibility, with TLI (0.93) and CFI (0.94) reflecting a strong fit, and AGFI (0.82) reflecting a moderate one. The Parsimonious Fit Indices, such as PNFI (0.75) and PGFI (0.67), highlight the model’s efficiency in explaining the data with minimal parameters. Overall, the indices demonstrate that the model effectively represents the data, despite some marginal scores. Figure 1depicts the relationships between RBFM, STV, UC, and AP. ■ Religious-based family management significantly reduces short-term vision ( β=−0.32 ), uncontrolled consumption (β=−0.35), and absolute poverty (β=−0.57). ■ Short-term vision positively influences uncontrolled consumption ( β = 0.57) and absolute poverty (β= 0.34). ■Uncontrolled consumption also contributes positively to absolute poverty (β= 0.20). These findings emphasize the roles of short-term vision and uncontrolled consumption as mediators between RBFM and absolute poverty. The model fit indices (CMIN/df = 1.78, RMSEA = 0.07, TLI = 0.93, CFI = 0.94, PNFI = 0.75, PGFI = 0.67) provide a comprehensive understanding of this relationship. Economies 2025,13, 70 15 of 17 Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 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