Bada eu, Gab iela; Do an, Ma ius Dalian; Fi u, Mihai Alexand u; Ola u, Se giu
Mihail; Do an, Nicole a Mihaela
A icle
Financial de elopmen and clima e change: A de ailed
bibliome ic in es iga ion
Economies
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Bada eu, Gab iela; Do an, Ma ius Dalian; Fi u, Mihai Alexand u; Ola u, Se giu
Mihail; Do an, Nicole a Mihaela (2024) : Financial de elopmen and clima e change: A de ailed
bibliome ic in es iga ion, Economies, ISSN 2227-7099, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 12, Iss. 11, pp. 1-17,
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Ci a ion: Bada eu, Gab iela, Ma ius
Dalian Do an, Mihai Alexand u Fi u,
Se giu Mihail Ola u, and Nicole a
Mihaela Do an. 2024. Financial
De elopmen and Clima e Change: A
De ailed Bibliome ic In es iga ion.
Economies 12: 288. h ps://doi.o g/
10.3390/economies12110288
Academic Edi o : B uce Mo ley
Recei ed: 18 Sep embe 2024
Re ised: 19 Oc obe 2024
Accep ed: 24 Oc obe 2024
Published: 28 Oc obe 2024
Copy igh : © 2024 by he au ho s.
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4.0/).
economies
A icle
Financial De elopmen and Clima e Change: A De ailed
Bibliome ic In es iga ion
Gab iela Bada eu 1,* , Ma ius Dalian Do an 2, Mihai Alexand u Fi u 1, Se giu Mihail Ola u 1
and Nicole a Mihaela Do an 1
1
Depa men o Finance, Banking and Economic Analysis, Facul y o Economics and Business Adminis a ion,
Uni e si y o C aio a, 200585 C aio a, Romania; [email p o ec ed] (M.A.F.);
mihai.ola u@noa img oup. o (S.M.O.); [email p o ec ed]. o (N.M.D.)
2Depa men o Finance, Facul y o Economics and Business Adminis a ion, Wes Uni e si y o Timi¸soa a,
300223 Timis
,oa a, Romania; [email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: gg.bada [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : This pape p esen s a de ailed bibliome ic analysis o he in e ac ion be ween inancial
de elopmen and clima e change, wi h he main aim o elucida ing he cu en s a e o esea ch in his
a ea, iden i ying exis ing gaps, and guiding u u e esea che s in e es ed in his apidly expanding
ield. The s udy used VOS iewe so wa e e sion 1.6.18 o analyze he bibliome ic da a, acili a ing
he mapping o co-au ho ne wo ks, ins i u ional collabo a ions, and he iden i ica ion o main e-
sea ch di ec ions. Th ough his ool, 730 pape s om he Web o Science da abase co e ing he pe iod
2010–2024 we e ex ac ed and analyzed. The s udy highligh s he au ho s and ins i u ions ha ha e
made signi ican con ibu ions o he in es iga ion o he ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen
and clima e change. The iden i ica ion o key con ibu o s and in e na ional collabo a i e ne wo ks
p o ides a solid ounda ion o u u e esea ch and policy ini ia i es. In addi ion, he s udy iden i ies
he mos p oli ic jou nals and assesses he quali y and impac o he esea ch. This allows o a deepe
unde s anding o cu en esea ch di ec ions and po en ial u u e de elopmen s. The s udy no only
cla i ies he cu en s a e o esea ch bu also opens up new oppo uni ies o in es iga ing inno a i e
and sus ainable solu ions aimed a imp o ing he quali y o li e and p o ec ing he en i onmen .
Keywo ds: inancial de elopmen ; clima e change; bibliome ic analysis; VOS iewe ; Web o Science
1. In oduc ion
In ecen decades, he ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e change
has become a majo opic o in e es o esea che s and policymake s. This ela ionship is
pa icula ly ele an in he con ex o eme ging economies’ g ow h and he in ensi ica ion
o clima e change e ec s (Abbasi and Riaz 2016). While inancial de elopmen is o en
conside ed a d i e o economic g ow h, i s impac on he en i onmen emains complex
and o en con adic o y, anging om suppo ing in es men s in g een echnologies o
inc easing ene gy consump ion and ca bon emissions (Li e al. 2021).
Exis ing s udies ha e p o ided a ied pe spec i es on his ela ionship. Fo ins ance,
Tamazian e al. (2009), analyzing BRICS economies, concluded ha inancial de elopmen
can con ibu e o educing en i onmen al deg ada ion. Simila ly, Tamazian and Rao (2010)
demons a ed ha inancial libe aliza ion could lead o a dec ease in CO
2
emissions in
24 ansi ion economies, he eby imp o ing en i onmen al quali y. These indings ha e
been con i med in o he geog aphical con ex s: Jalil and Fe idun (2011) o China, Shahbaz
e al. (2013) o Malaysia and Sou h A ica, and Dogan and Seke (2016) o coun ies
anked high on he enewable ene gy a ac i eness index, all o which highligh ed simila
posi i e e ec s.
On he o he hand, he e a e s udies ha emphasize he nega i e consequences o
inancial de elopmen on he en i onmen . Fo example, Zhang (2011) epo ed a neg-
Economies 2024,12, 288. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/economies12110288 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/economies
Economies 2024,12, 288 2 o 17
a i e ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and he en i onmen in China, while
Cha eddine and Khedi i (2016) iden i ied simila e ec s in Indonesia, and Ja id and Sha i
(2016) showed ha inancial de elopmen had un a o able en i onmen al consequences
in Pakis an.
A he same ime, some s udies ha e no iden i ied any signi ican ela ionship be ween
inancial de elopmen and en i onmen al deg ada ion. Ce in and Ece i (2017) ound
no clea e idence o such a ela ionship in Tu key, Om i e al. (2015) epo ed mixed
esul s o MENA coun ies, and Bekhe e al. (2017), simila o Çoban and Topcu (2013),
ob ained neu al esul s o Eu opean Union coun ies. These di e gen indings highligh
he complexi y o he ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and en i onmen al
deg ada ion, unde sco ing he need o u he s udies o explo e his in e ac ion in dep h.
Despi e he ex ensi e esea ch on he ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and
clima e change, he e emain se e al signi ican gaps in he li e a u e. Fi s , while many
s udies ha e in es iga ed his ela ionship in speci ic geog aphical con ex s o economic
sec o s, he e is a lack o a uni ied, la ge-scale bibliome ic analysis ha sys ema ically
syn hesizes he a ailable esea ch ac oss di e en egions and disciplines. This gap is
pa icula ly impo an as i limi s he unde s anding o how inancial de elopmen a ec s
en i onmen al ou comes on a global scale. Second, exis ing li e a u e o en ea s he
opic in a agmen ed manne , wi hou conside ing he b oade ne wo ks o collabo a ion
be ween au ho s and ins i u ions ha ha e shaped his esea ch. By add essing his gap, ou
s udy p o ides aluable insigh s in o he main con ibu o s, hei ne wo ks, and how hei
collabo a ions in luence he de elopmen o knowledge in his ield. Finally, he e has been
limi ed explo a ion o eme ging esea ch ends and he iden i ica ion o unde explo ed
a eas ha could bene i om u he in es iga ion. Ou s udy aims o ill hese gaps by
o e ing a comp ehensi e bibliome ic analysis ha no only maps he cu en landscape
bu also e eals a eas whe e u u e esea ch can be di ec ed.
Thus, while nume ous s udies ha e explo ed he ela ionship be ween inancial de-
elopmen and en i onmen al ou comes in speci ic con ex s, his s udy o e s a unique
con ibu ion by adop ing a comp ehensi e bibliome ic app oach. Unlike p io esea ch,
which p edominan ly ocuses on empi ical analyses wi hin ce ain geog aphical egions o
economic sec o s, ou s udy sys ema ically syn hesizes he b oade academic landscape.
By conduc ing an in-dep h bibliome ic analysis, we p o ide a uni ied o e iew o global
esea ch ends, key con ibu o s, and ins i u ional collabo a ions in he ield. This allows
us o no only highligh he mos in luen ial wo ks bu also o iden i y c i ical esea ch
gaps and eme ging ends ha ha e ye o be ex ensi ely explo ed. As such, his s udy
ills a signi ican oid in he li e a u e by o e ing a la ge-scale, da a-d i en analysis o he
in e sec ion be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e change, hus se ing a ounda ion
o u u e empi ical and heo e ical wo k in his a ea.
The no el y o his a icle lies in i s sys ema ic and comp ehensi e app oach o a
complex issue ha has o en been ea ed agmen a ily in he li e a u e. To da e, esea ch
on he impac o inancial de elopmen on he en i onmen has been p edominan ly con-
duc ed h ough empi ical s udies in speci ic geog aphical o economic con ex s. Howe e ,
a bibliome ic analysis ha syn hesizes and uni ies hese s udies has no been ex ensi ely
conduc ed, making his s udy he i s comp ehensi e sys ema ic quan i a i e analysis o
esea ch on inancial de elopmen and clima e change. Th ough a de ailed bibliome ic
analysis, his esea ch aims o p o ide a syn hesis o esea ch ends, iden i y he mos in lu-
en ial au ho s and ins i u ions, and explo e he collabo a ion ne wo ks among esea che s.
Addi ionally, we will map he main jou nals publishing wo k in his ield and analyze
eme ging esea ch ends. To his end, we p opose a se ies o esea ch ques ions ha will
be add essed h oughou his pape :
RQ1: Wha is he ajec o y o he e olu ion o scien i ic a icles published o da e?
RQ2: Who a e he mos ci ed au ho s in he s udy o he ela ionship be ween inancial
de elopmen and clima e change?
RQ3: Who a e he mos p oli ic au ho s on his opic?
Economies 2024,12, 288 3 o 17
RQ4: Wha a e he main ins i u ions ha ha e in es iga ed and published on his subjec ?
RQ5: Which jou nals publish he mos a icles on he in es iga ed ela ionship?
Thus, he main objec i e o his s udy is o p o ide a comp ehensi e o e iew o he
cu en academic landscape ega ding he ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen
and clima e change and o iden i y u u e esea ch di ec ions ha can con ibu e o a
be e unde s anding and add essing o he global challenges associa ed wi h hese wo
in e connec ed ields. In a global con ex ma ked by he inc easingly p essing challenges
posed by clima e change and he u gen need o ind sus ainable solu ions, his s udy
aims o highligh how he inancial sec o can in luence he en i onmen bo h posi i ely
and nega i ely.
This a icle makes a signi ican con ibu ion no only by iden i ying esea ch ends
and key au ho s in he ield bu also by explo ing he exis ing gaps in he li e a u e,
he eby p o iding a clea amewo k o u u e esea ch. By iden i ying and ho oughly
analyzing hese gaps, he a icle pa es he way o u he , mo e in-dep h, and well- a ge ed
in es iga ions, hus con ibu ing o a be e unde s anding o he in e ac ions be ween
inancial de elopmen and clima e change. Essen ially, ou s udy no only adds academic
alue bu also p o ides a solid ounda ion o o mula ing policies and s a egies ha
op imize he impac o inancial de elopmen on he en i onmen in a sus ainable manne .
To achie e he p oposed objec i es, his pape is s uc u ed as ollows: Sec ion 2is
dedica ed o he me hodology, whe e he esea ch design, da a collec ion me hods, and
analysis echniques a e p esen ed. Sec ion 3p esen s he esul s, which a e di ided in o
se e al subsec ions: Sec ion 3.1 Desc ip ion o Li e a u e Da a, p o iding an o e iew
o scien i ic ou pu on he opic o inancial de elopmen and clima e change and he
ypes o documen s published o da e; Sec ion 3.2 Top Au ho s, highligh ing he mos
ci ed au ho s and au ho ac i i y; Sec ion 3.3 Analysis o Ins i u ional Co-Au ho ship,
examining collabo a ions be ween ins i u ions; and Sec ion 3.4 Analysis o Specialized
Jou nals, e iewing ele an academic jou nals. Finally, Sec ion 4, Conclusions, summa izes
he main indings, discusses hei implica ions, and o e s ecommenda ions based on
he esea ch.
2. Me hodology
Bibliome ic analysis is a quan i a i e me hod applied o bibliog aphic da a o high-
ligh he co e heo e ical and empi ical esea ch wi hin a speci ic domain (Chen e al. 2014;
Ellili 2024). This app oach is widely ecognized in he li e a u e o i s abili y o unco e he
de elopmen ajec o y o a pa icula ield and o examine i s in ellec ual s uc u e (Don hu
e al. 2021;Ve ma and Gus a sson 2020). Bibliome ic analysis ypically u ilizes da abases
con aining in o ma ion on published esea ch in he a ea o in e es . One such widely used
da abase is he Web o Science (WOS), which hos s a as collec ion o esea ch ou pu s.
In his s udy, we u ilized WOS and employed he keywo ds “ inancial de elopmen ” and
“clima e change”, applying he “mus include” condi ion o ensu e ele ance. This yielded
a da ase o 730 wo ks published be ween 2010 and 2024. The o ma o he WOS da abase
enables i s use o bibliome ic analysis by allowing expo a ion o he da a in o specialized
so wa e, such as he VOS iewe ool. This so wa e acili a es he ex ac ion, mapping,
and clus e ing o da a om bibliog aphic ields (e.g., i les, au ho s, keywo ds, jou nals,
and a ilia ions) (Van Eck and Wal man 2017;O duña-Malea and Cos as 2021;Xie e al.
2020). VOS iewe gene a es h ee ypes o isualiza ions: ne wo k, o e lay, and densi y. In
ne wo k isualiza ion, each keywo d, au ho , o coun y/o ganiza ion is ep esen ed as a
node, wi h he size o he node co esponding o he numbe o publica ions associa ed wi h
ha en i y (Kuzio and Si a 2022). Co-au ho ne wo k analysis highligh s he numbe o
publica ions co-au ho ed by a leas wo coun ies/ egions, ins i u ions, o au ho s, while
co-occu ence analysis o keywo ds shows how equen ly wo e ms appea oge he in
he selec ed publica ions (Kamdem e al. 2019).
To p o ide a clea unde s anding o he me hodology applied in his esea ch, we
p esen a lowcha ou lining he key s ages o he analysis (see Figu e 1). This wo k low
Economies 2024,12, 288 4 o 17
sys ema ically demons a es he s eps aken o ensu e a igo ous and comp ehensi e
examina ion o he da ase .
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 o 18
isualiza ions: ne wo k, o e lay, and densi y. In ne wo k isualiza ion, each keywo d,
au ho , o coun y/o ganiza ion is ep esen ed as a node, wi h he size o he node
co esponding o he numbe o publica ions associa ed wi h ha en i y (Kuzio and Si a
2022). Co-au ho ne wo k analysis highligh s he numbe o publica ions co-au ho ed by
a leas wo coun ies/ egions, ins i u ions, o au ho s, while co-occu ence analysis o
keywo ds shows how equen ly wo e ms appea oge he in he selec ed publica ions
(Kamdem e al. 2019).
To p o ide a clea unde s anding o he me hodology applied in his esea ch, we
p esen a lowcha ou lining he key s ages o he analysis (see Figu e 1). This wo k low
sys ema ically demons a es he s eps aken o ensu e a igo ous and comp ehensi e
examina ion o he da ase .
Figu e 1. S eps o bibliome ic analysis. Sou ce: own p ocessing.
In his bibliome ic analysis, we employed se e al key analy ical me hods. Fi s ,
ci a ion mapping was used o iden i y he mos in luen ial au ho s in he ield, add essing
Resea ch Ques ion 2 (RQ2): Who a e he mos ci ed au ho s? Th ough his me hod, we
we e able o iden i y he s udies ha ha e signi ican ly shaped he discou se on inancial
de elopmen and clima e change, offe ing aluable insigh s in o he academic landscape.
Second, we u ilized co-occu ence analysis, which p o ides a deepe unde s anding o he
hema ic ocus wi hin he li e a u e. This app oach e eals he equency wi h which
speci ic keywo ds appea oge he , making i pa icula ly ele an o Resea ch Ques ion
1 (RQ1): Wha is he ajec o y o he e olu ion o scien i ic a icles published o da e?
Addi ionally, his me hod con ibu es o answe ing Resea ch Ques ion 5 (RQ5): Which
jou nals publish he mos a icles on he in es iga ed ela ionship? By examining keywo d
ela ionships, co-occu ence analysis helps in iden i ying eme ging esea ch ends and
pinpoin ing gaps wi hin he li e a u e. In addi ion, we conduc ed co-au ho ne wo k
analysis o map ins i u ional collabo a ions wi hin he ield. This me hod enables he
iden i ica ion o he key ins i u ions engaged in esea ch on inancial de elopmen and
clima e change, add essing Resea ch Ques ion 4 (RQ4): Wha a e he main ins i u ions
ha ha e in es iga ed and published on his subjec ? By examining he collabo a ion
pa e ns, we gain a clea e unde s anding o he in ellec ual ne wo ks con ibu ing o his
a ea o s udy. Finally, jou nal mapping was employed o analyze ends in speci ic
jou nals, assis ing in he esponse o Resea ch Ques ion 5 (RQ5) by de e mining which
jou nals a e mos cen al o he discou se on inancial de elopmen and clima e change.
This analysis offe s a clea e pe spec i e on he publica ion landscape wi hin he ield.
3. Resul s
This pape aims o examine he da a om he specialized li e a u e, iden i y he yea s
wi h he highes esea ch ac i i y, highligh he au ho s who ha e in es iga ed he
ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e change, analyze ins i u ional
collabo a ions among co-au ho s, and ank he mos p oli ic coun ies in his ield.
Addi ionally, we will assess he quali y and impac o he esea ch, iden i ying he op
jou nals ha ensu e isibili y and ecogni ion o scien i ic wo k wi hin he academic
1.
Downloading
da a om
WOB
2 Uploading
da a on
VOS iewe
3. C ea ion o
maps: au ho
co-ci a ion, co-
au ho ship o
ins i u ions,
publica ion o
jou nals
4. Sa ing
maps and
in e p e ing
hem
Figu e 1. S eps o bibliome ic analysis. Sou ce: own p ocessing.
In his bibliome ic analysis, we employed se e al key analy ical me hods. Fi s ,
ci a ion mapping was used o iden i y he mos in luen ial au ho s in he ield, add essing
Resea ch Ques ion 2 (RQ2): Who a e he mos ci ed au ho s? Th ough his me hod, we
we e able o iden i y he s udies ha ha e signi ican ly shaped he discou se on inancial
de elopmen and clima e change, o e ing aluable insigh s in o he academic landscape.
Second, we u ilized co-occu ence analysis, which p o ides a deepe unde s anding o
he hema ic ocus wi hin he li e a u e. This app oach e eals he equency wi h which
speci ic keywo ds appea oge he , making i pa icula ly ele an o Resea ch Ques ion
1 (RQ1): Wha is he ajec o y o he e olu ion o scien i ic a icles published o da e?
Addi ionally, his me hod con ibu es o answe ing Resea ch Ques ion 5 (RQ5): Which
jou nals publish he mos a icles on he in es iga ed ela ionship? By examining keywo d
ela ionships, co-occu ence analysis helps in iden i ying eme ging esea ch ends and
pinpoin ing gaps wi hin he li e a u e. In addi ion, we conduc ed co-au ho ne wo k
analysis o map ins i u ional collabo a ions wi hin he ield. This me hod enables he
iden i ica ion o he key ins i u ions engaged in esea ch on inancial de elopmen and
clima e change, add essing Resea ch Ques ion 4 (RQ4): Wha a e he main ins i u ions
ha ha e in es iga ed and published on his subjec ? By examining he collabo a ion
pa e ns, we gain a clea e unde s anding o he in ellec ual ne wo ks con ibu ing o his
a ea o s udy. Finally, jou nal mapping was employed o analyze ends in speci ic jou nals,
assis ing in he esponse o Resea ch Ques ion 5 (RQ5) by de e mining which jou nals a e
mos cen al o he discou se on inancial de elopmen and clima e change. This analysis
o e s a clea e pe spec i e on he publica ion landscape wi hin he ield.
3. Resul s
This pape aims o examine he da a om he specialized li e a u e, iden i y he
yea s wi h he highes esea ch ac i i y, highligh he au ho s who ha e in es iga ed he
ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e change, analyze ins i u ional
collabo a ions among co-au ho s, and ank he mos p oli ic coun ies in his ield. Addi-
ionally, we will assess he quali y and impac o he esea ch, iden i ying he op jou nals
ha ensu e isibili y and ecogni ion o scien i ic wo k wi hin he academic communi y. To
achie e hese objec i es and add ess he esea ch ques ions, he analysis will be based on
he in o ma ion p o ided by he Web o Science, and he esul s o he bibliome ic analysis
will be s uc u ed in o se e al sec ions.
3.1. Desc ip ion o Li e a u e Da a
3.1.1. Scien i ic Ou pu on he Topic o Financial De elopmen and Clima e Change
This sec ion ocuses on add essing RQ1 by analyzing he e olu ion o scien i ic a icles
published on he ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e change o e he
selec ed ime pe iod (see Figu e 2). I can be obse ed ha in he i s hal o he i s decade
included in he analysis (2010–2015), esea ch on his opic p og essed slowly. Howe e ,
academic a en ion has inc eased om 2016 onwa ds, eaching o e 10 publica ions pe
yea . In he pas i e yea s, he e has been a signi ican ise in he numbe o published
Economies 2024,12, 288 5 o 17
a icles, peaking a o e 150 publica ions in 2022 and 2023. This end e lec s a g owing
in e es om he academic communi y and an in ensi ica ion o esea ch in his ield, d i en
by he inc easing ocus on sus ainable and en i onmen ally iendly de elopmen , as well
as he publica ion o special issues.
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 18
communi y. To achie e hese objec i es and add ess he esea ch ques ions, he analysis
will be based on he in o ma ion p o ided by he Web o Science, and he esul s o he
bibliome ic analysis will be s uc u ed in o se e al sec ions.
3.1. Desc ip ion o Li e a u e Da a
3.1.1. Scien i ic Ou pu on he Topic o Financial De elopmen and Clima e Change
This sec ion ocuses on add essing RQ1 by analyzing he e olu ion o scien i ic
a icles published on he ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e change
o e he selec ed ime pe iod (see Figu e 2). I can be obse ed ha in he i s hal o he
i s decade included in he analysis (2010–2015), esea ch on his opic p og essed slowly.
Howe e , academic a en ion has inc eased om 2016 onwa ds, eaching o e 10
publica ions pe yea . In he pas i e yea s, he e has been a signi ican ise in he numbe
o published a icles, peaking a o e 150 publica ions in 2022 and 2023. This end e lec s
a g owing in e es om he academic communi y and an in ensi ica ion o esea ch in his
ield, d i en by he inc easing ocus on sus ainable and en i onmen ally iendly
de elopmen , as well as he publica ion o special issues.
Figu e 2. E olu ion in he numbe o scien i ic a icles. Sou ce: Web o Science.
Rega ding he numbe o ci a ions (see Figu e 3), i is e iden ha as he numbe o
publica ions inc eases, so does he ci a ion coun , e lec ing an in ensi ying conce n o
hese domains. In 2022, he highes numbe o ci a ions was eco ded, exceeding 8000,
indica ing ha publica ions om his pe iod had a signi ican impac and we e widely
e e enced. In he las wo yea s co e ed by he analysis, al hough he numbe o ci a ions
sligh ly dec eased in 2023 and mo e no iceably in 2024, i emains high compa ed o he
pe iod be o e 2018. This end sugges s inc eased academic ecogni ion and g owing
ele ance o esea ch on he in e ac ion be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e
change.
Figu e 2. E olu ion in he numbe o scien i ic a icles. Sou ce: Web o Science.
Rega ding he numbe o ci a ions (see Figu e 3), i is e iden ha as he numbe o
publica ions inc eases, so does he ci a ion coun , e lec ing an in ensi ying conce n o hese
domains. In 2022, he highes numbe o ci a ions was eco ded, exceeding 8000, indica ing
ha publica ions om his pe iod had a signi ican impac and we e widely e e enced.
In he las wo yea s co e ed by he analysis, al hough he numbe o ci a ions sligh ly
dec eased in 2023 and mo e no iceably in 2024, i emains high compa ed o he pe iod
be o e 2018. This end sugges s inc eased academic ecogni ion and g owing ele ance o
esea ch on he in e ac ion be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e change.
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 18
Figu e 3. E olu ion in he numbe o ci a ions. Sou ce: Web o Science.
Thus, his g aph highligh s a ma ked inc ease in in e es and academic ac i i y in
esea ching he ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e change,
beginning in 2016. I emphasizes he g owing impo ance o he opic in ecen academic
discussions and sugges s a global ecogni ion o he ele ance o he ela ionship be ween
inancial de elopmen and clima e change.
3.1.2. Documen Types
The selec ed se o publica ions is di e se, encompassing a a ie y o o ma s and
ypes o wo ks in he ield o inancial de elopmen and clima e change. Howe e ,
acco ding o Figu e 4, he p edominan ca ego y is scien i ic a icles, ep esen ing 96.7%
o he publica ions in his ield (706). This sugges s ha he majo i y o esea ch on his
opic is p esen ed in he o m o o iginal esea ch a icles. Ano he signi ican ca ego y is
ea ly access a icles, o aling 57 wo ks (7.8%), indica ing an in e es in he apid
publica ion o new and ele an esea ch in he in es iga ion o he ela ionship be ween
inancial de elopmen and clima e change. Re iew a icles (18) also ep esen an
impo an pa o he li e a u e, aiming o syn hesize and analyze exis ing s udies,
p o iding a comp ehensi e pe spec i e on he cu en s a e o knowledge in his ield.
The e a e also o he ca ego ies o publica ions, bu hese a e much less ep esen ed. These
include he ollowing:
• P oceedings pape s (5);
• Book chap e s (2);
• Re ac ed publica ions (2);
• Book (1);
• Co ec ion (1);
• Edi o ial ma e ial (1).
Figu e 3. E olu ion in he numbe o ci a ions. Sou ce: Web o Science.
Thus, his g aph highligh s a ma ked inc ease in in e es and academic ac i i y in
esea ching he ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e change, beginning
in 2016. I emphasizes he g owing impo ance o he opic in ecen academic discussions
and sugges s a global ecogni ion o he ele ance o he ela ionship be ween inancial
de elopmen and clima e change.
Economies 2024,12, 288 6 o 17
3.1.2. Documen Types
The selec ed se o publica ions is di e se, encompassing a a ie y o o ma s and ypes
o wo ks in he ield o inancial de elopmen and clima e change. Howe e , acco ding o
Figu e 4, he p edominan ca ego y is scien i ic a icles, ep esen ing 96.7% o he publica-
ions in his ield (706). This sugges s ha he majo i y o esea ch on his opic is p esen ed
in he o m o o iginal esea ch a icles. Ano he signi ican ca ego y is ea ly access a icles,
o aling 57 wo ks (7.8%), indica ing an in e es in he apid publica ion o new and ele an
esea ch in he in es iga ion o he ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e
change. Re iew a icles (18) also ep esen an impo an pa o he li e a u e, aiming o
syn hesize and analyze exis ing s udies, p o iding a comp ehensi e pe spec i e on he
cu en s a e o knowledge in his ield. The e a e also o he ca ego ies o publica ions, bu
hese a e much less ep esen ed. These include he ollowing:
•P oceedings pape s (5);
•Book chap e s (2);
•Re ac ed publica ions (2);
•Book (1);
•Co ec ion (1);
•Edi o ial ma e ial (1).
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 18
Figu e 4. Typology o documen s. Sou ce: Web o Science.
The g aph clea ly shows ha esea ch in he ield o he ela ionship be ween
inancial de elopmen and clima e change is p edominan ly concen a ed in scien i ic
a icles, wi h a lesse ocus on ea ly access and e iew a icles. This e lec s a a ied
app oach, bu wi h a s ong emphasis on he apid and de ailed dissemina ion o esea ch
indings.
3.2. Top Au ho
The numbe o ci a ions and publica ions is an indica o o he ele ance and impac
o he esea ch conduc ed by au ho s. By analyzing he mos ci ed au ho s, we can unco e
collabo a ion ne wo ks and iden i y op ins i u ions ha con ibu e o his esea ch. This
in o ma ion can be use ul o es ablishing new academic o indus ial collabo a ions and
pa ne ships.
Thus, his sec ion will highligh bo h he mos ci ed au ho s and hose wi h he
highes numbe o publica ions in his ield. This analysis helps us iden i y opinion leade s
and ecognized expe s in he domain. An au ho wi h many ci a ions and publica ions
signi ican ly con ibu es o he ad ancemen o knowledge in his ield and in luences
u u e esea ch di ec ions.
3.2.1. The Mos Ci ed Au ho s
Bibliome ic analysis using VOS iewe allows o he iden i ica ion o he mos ci ed
au ho s in he ield o in e es , bo h h ough di ec ci a ions o he au ho s and h ough
co-ci a ions in a ious publica ions. The g aphical ep esen a ions gene a ed by his ype
o analysis highligh he mos in luen ial au ho s in he ield, p o iding aluable suppo
o documen a ion. Figu e 5 p esen s he co-ci a ion map, whe e he uni o analysis is he
au ho s, and by se ing a minimum h eshold o 20 ci a ions pe au ho , 470 au ho s we e
iden i ied ou o a o al o 17,402. The la ge he node (ci cle), he mo e ci ed he au ho .
Addi ionally, hicke links be ween nodes indica e mo e equen co-ci a ion be ween
au ho s.
Figu e 4. Typology o documen s. Sou ce: Web o Science.
The g aph clea ly shows ha esea ch in he ield o he ela ionship be ween inancial
de elopmen and clima e change is p edominan ly concen a ed in scien i ic a icles, wi h
a lesse ocus on ea ly access and e iew a icles. This e lec s a a ied app oach, bu wi h
a s ong emphasis on he apid and de ailed dissemina ion o esea ch indings.
3.2. Top Au ho
The numbe o ci a ions and publica ions is an indica o o he ele ance and impac
o he esea ch conduc ed by au ho s. By analyzing he mos ci ed au ho s, we can un-
co e collabo a ion ne wo ks and iden i y op ins i u ions ha con ibu e o his esea ch.
This in o ma ion can be use ul o es ablishing new academic o indus ial collabo a ions
and pa ne ships.
Thus, his sec ion will highligh bo h he mos ci ed au ho s and hose wi h he
highes numbe o publica ions in his ield. This analysis helps us iden i y opinion leade s
and ecognized expe s in he domain. An au ho wi h many ci a ions and publica ions
signi ican ly con ibu es o he ad ancemen o knowledge in his ield and in luences
u u e esea ch di ec ions.
Economies 2024,12, 288 7 o 17
3.2.1. The Mos Ci ed Au ho s
Bibliome ic analysis using VOS iewe allows o he iden i ica ion o he mos ci ed
au ho s in he ield o in e es , bo h h ough di ec ci a ions o he au ho s and h ough
co-ci a ions in a ious publica ions. The g aphical ep esen a ions gene a ed by his ype
o analysis highligh he mos in luen ial au ho s in he ield, p o iding aluable suppo
o documen a ion. Figu e 5p esen s he co-ci a ion map, whe e he uni o analysis is he
au ho s, and by se ing a minimum h eshold o 20 ci a ions pe au ho , 470 au ho s we e
iden i ied ou o a o al o 17,402. The la ge he node (ci cle), he mo e ci ed he au ho . Ad-
di ionally, hicke links be ween nodes indica e mo e equen co-ci a ion be ween au ho s.
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 18
Figu e 5. Co-ci a ion o au ho s. Sou ce: own.
These au ho s ha e been g ouped in o i e dis inc clus e s, iden i ied by he colo s
ed, g een, blue, yellow, and pu ple. The i s clus e ( ed) includes 178 au ho s, wi h he
mos ci ed being Pesa an, M. (97 ci a ions); Da is, F.D. (754 ci a ions); Adebayo, T. (296
ci a ions); and Ahmad, M. (246 ci a ions). The second clus e (g een) comp ises 143
au ho s, wi h Shahbaz, M. (1162 ci a ions) and Al-Mulali, U. (353 ci a ions) being he mos
ep esen a i e. The blue and yellow clus e s ha e 106 and 33 au ho s, espec i ely, wi h
he mos in luen ial being Ped oni, P. (226 ci a ions) and Sado sky, P. (210 ci a ions) o
he blue clus e , along wi h Des ek, M. (184 ci a ions) and Sa kodie, S. (181 ci a ions) o
he yellow clus e . The inal clus e (pu ple) includes 10 au ho s, among whom Pa ama i,
S. (98 ci a ions) is he mos ci ed, anking among he op 30 ci ed au ho s in his ield.
The e o e, his analysis add esses he esea ch ques ion RQ2: “Who a e he mos ci ed
au ho s in he s udy o he ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e
change?” by iden i ying he au ho s wi h he g ea es impac in his ield based on he
numbe o ci a ions. The lis o hese au ho s includes names such as Shahbaz, M (1162
ci a ions); Pesa an, M. (754 ci a ions); Al-Mulali, U. (353 ci a ions); Ape gis, N. (320
ci a ions); Dogan, E. (312 ci a ions); Adebayo, T. (296 ci a ions); G ossman, G. (250
ci a ions); Ahmad, M. (246 ci a ions); Danish (237 ci a ions); Pa a, U. (235 ci a ions);
Ped oni, P. (226 ci a ions); and Sado sky, P. (210 ci a ions). The emaining au ho s ha e
eco ded ewe han 200 ci a ions.
This iden i ica ion no only acknowledges he signi ican con ibu ions o hese
au ho s bu also p o ides insigh in o he esea ch ne wo ks and academic in luence in
he ield o he ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e change.
To highligh he mos ci ed pape s and iden i y whe he hey belong o he mos ci ed
au ho s, we conduc ed an addi ional analysis (Figu e 6). The esul s show ha he mos
ci ed pape s do no necessa ily belong o he au ho s wi h he highes ci a ion coun s. This
sugges s ha op au ho s achie e hei posi ion no h ough he excep ional impac o a
single pape bu a he h ough high p oduc i i y and equen collabo a ions wi h o he
esea che s. By publishing a la ge numbe o pape s, hese au ho s consis en ly
accumula e ci a ions, which, when combined, place hem a he op o he mos ci ed
au ho s in his ield.
Figu e 5. Co-ci a ion o au ho s. Sou ce: own.
These au ho s ha e been g ouped in o i e dis inc clus e s, iden i ied by he colo s ed,
g een, blue, yellow, and pu ple. The i s clus e ( ed) includes 178 au ho s, wi h he mos
ci ed being Pesa an, M. (97 ci a ions); Da is, F.D. (754 ci a ions); Adebayo, T. (296 ci a ions);
and Ahmad, M. (246 ci a ions). The second clus e (g een) comp ises 143 au ho s, wi h
Shahbaz, M. (1162 ci a ions) and Al-Mulali, U. (353 ci a ions) being he mos ep esen a i e.
The blue and yellow clus e s ha e 106 and 33 au ho s, espec i ely, wi h he mos in luen ial
being Ped oni, P. (226 ci a ions) and Sado sky, P. (210 ci a ions) o he blue clus e , along
wi h Des ek, M. (184 ci a ions) and Sa kodie, S. (181 ci a ions) o he yellow clus e . The
inal clus e (pu ple) includes 10 au ho s, among whom Pa ama i, S. (98 ci a ions) is he
mos ci ed, anking among he op 30 ci ed au ho s in his ield.
The e o e, his analysis add esses he esea ch ques ion RQ2: “Who a e he mos ci ed
au ho s in he s udy o he ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e change?”
by iden i ying he au ho s wi h he g ea es impac in his ield based on he numbe o
ci a ions. The lis o hese au ho s includes names such as Shahbaz, M (1162 ci a ions);
Pesa an, M. (754 ci a ions); Al-Mulali, U. (353 ci a ions); Ape gis, N. (320 ci a ions); Dogan,
E. (312 ci a ions); Adebayo, T. (296 ci a ions); G ossman, G. (250 ci a ions); Ahmad, M.
(246 ci a ions); Danish (237 ci a ions); Pa a, U. (235 ci a ions); Ped oni, P. (226 ci a ions); and
Sado sky, P. (210 ci a ions). The emaining au ho s ha e eco ded ewe han 200 ci a ions.
This iden i ica ion no only acknowledges he signi ican con ibu ions o hese au ho s
bu also p o ides insigh in o he esea ch ne wo ks and academic in luence in he ield o
he ela ionship be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e change.
Economies 2024,12, 288 8 o 17
To highligh he mos ci ed pape s and iden i y whe he hey belong o he mos ci ed
au ho s, we conduc ed an addi ional analysis (Figu e 6). The esul s show ha he mos
ci ed pape s do no necessa ily belong o he au ho s wi h he highes ci a ion coun s.
This sugges s ha op au ho s achie e hei posi ion no h ough he excep ional impac
o a single pape bu a he h ough high p oduc i i y and equen collabo a ions wi h
o he esea che s. By publishing a la ge numbe o pape s, hese au ho s consis en ly
accumula e ci a ions, which, when combined, place hem a he op o he mos ci ed
au ho s in his ield.
Economies 2024, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 18
Figu e 6. The mos ci ed pape s. Sou ce: own.
Acco ding o Figu e 6, he mos ci ed pape is i led “In es iga ion o en i onmen al
Kuzne s cu e o ecological oo p in : The ole o ene gy and inancial de elopmen ”,
au ho ed by Des ek and Sa kodie (2019), which has accumula ed 750 ci a ions. This pape
explo es he en i onmen al Kuzne s cu e and he impac o ene gy and inancial
de elopmen on he ecological oo p in . The second place is occupied by a pape wi h
442 ci a ions i led “In es iga ing he in luence o ou ism on economic g ow h and ca bon
emissions: E idence om panel analysis o he Eu opean Union”, au ho ed by Lee and
B ahmas ene (2013). I analyzes he in luence o ou ism on economic g ow h and ca bon
emissions in he Eu opean Union. In hi d place, wi h 406 ci a ions, is he pape “The ole
o enewable ene gy consump ion and comme cial se ices ade in ca bon dioxide
educ ion: E idence om 25 de eloping coun ies”, au ho ed by Hu e al. (2018). This
pape highligh s he ole o enewable ene gy and ade in educing CO₂ emissions in
de eloping coun ies. The pape i led “Role o inancial de elopmen , economic g ow h
& o eign di ec in es men in d i ing clima e change: A case o eme ging ASEAN”,
published by Nasi e al. (2019) anks ou h wi h 389 ci a ions, in es iga ing he in luence
o inancial de elopmen , economic g ow h, and o eign in es men s on clima e change
in ASEAN coun ies. In i h place, wi h 320 ci a ions, is he s udy “Ca bon emission,
ene gy consump ion, ade openness and inancial de elopmen in Pakis an: A e isi ”,
au ho ed by Shahzad e al. (2017), which ee alua es he ela ionship be ween ca bon
emissions, ene gy consump ion, and ade openness in Pakis an. The pape “The impac
o ade openness on global ca bon dioxide emissions: E idence om he op en emi e s
among de eloping coun ies”, au ho ed by E ug ul e al. (2016), anks six h wi h 304
ci a ions. In se en h place, wi h 287 ci a ions, is he pape “Dynamics o ene gy use,
echnological inno a ion, economic g ow h and ade openness in Malaysia”, published
by Sohag e al. (2015) which in es iga es he dynamics o ene gy consump ion,
echnological inno a ion, and economic g ow h in Malaysia. The eigh h spo , wi h 282
ci a ions, is held by he pape “Ene gy consump ion, economic expansion, and CO2
emission in he UK: The ole o economic policy unce ain y”, au ho ed by Adedoyin and
Zaka i (2020). In nin h place, wi h 275 ci a ions, is he pape “The impac s o economic
g ow h, ade openness and echnological p og ess on enewable ene gy use in
o ganiza ion o economic co-ope a ion and de elopmen coun ies”, au ho ed by Alam
and Mu ad (2020). Finally, in en h place, wi h 273 ci a ions, is he pape “De e minan s
Figu e 6. The mos ci ed pape s. Sou ce: own.
Acco ding o Figu e 6, he mos ci ed pape is i led “In es iga ion o en i onmen al
Kuzne s cu e o ecological oo p in : The ole o ene gy and inancial de elopmen ”,
au ho ed by Des ek and Sa kodie (2019), which has accumula ed 750 ci a ions. This
pape explo es he en i onmen al Kuzne s cu e and he impac o ene gy and inancial
de elopmen on he ecological oo p in . The second place is occupied by a pape wi h
442 ci a ions i led “In es iga ing he in luence o ou ism on economic g ow h and ca bon
emissions: E idence om panel analysis o he Eu opean Union”, au ho ed by Lee and
B ahmas ene (2013). I analyzes he in luence o ou ism on economic g ow h and ca bon
emissions in he Eu opean Union. In hi d place, wi h 406 ci a ions, is he pape “The
ole o enewable ene gy consump ion and comme cial se ices ade in ca bon dioxide
educ ion: E idence om 25 de eloping coun ies”, au ho ed by Hu e al. (2018). This
pape highligh s he ole o enewable ene gy and ade in educing CO
2
emissions in
de eloping coun ies. The pape i led “Role o inancial de elopmen , economic g ow h
& o eign di ec in es men in d i ing clima e change: A case o eme ging ASEAN”,
published by Nasi e al. (2019) anks ou h wi h 389 ci a ions, in es iga ing he in luence
o inancial de elopmen , economic g ow h, and o eign in es men s on clima e change in
ASEAN coun ies. In i h place, wi h 320 ci a ions, is he s udy “Ca bon emission, ene gy
consump ion, ade openness and inancial de elopmen in Pakis an: A e isi ”, au ho ed
by Shahzad e al. (2017), which ee alua es he ela ionship be ween ca bon emissions,
ene gy consump ion, and ade openness in Pakis an. The pape “The impac o ade
openness on global ca bon dioxide emissions: E idence om he op en emi e s among
de eloping coun ies”, au ho ed by E ug ul e al. (2016), anks six h wi h 304 ci a ions.
In se en h place, wi h 287 ci a ions, is he pape “Dynamics o ene gy use, echnological
inno a ion, economic g ow h and ade openness in Malaysia”, published by Sohag e al.
(2015) which in es iga es he dynamics o ene gy consump ion, echnological inno a ion,
Economies 2024,12, 288 15 o 17
demic discussions, unde sco ing he global ele ance o he ela ionship be ween hese
wo a eas. Ou analysis also enabled he iden i ica ion o au ho s and ins i u ions wi h he
mos con ibu ions in his ield, p o iding a solid basis o ecognizing opinion leade s and
op ins i u ions. This ecogni ion helps es ablish a e e ence amewo k o u u e s ud-
ies and academic collabo a ions. Las ly, ano he heo e ical con ibu ion is he emphasis
on op jou nals whe e ele an a icles a e published, demons a ing ha publishing in
high-quali y jou nals is essen ial o enhancing he isibili y and impac o esea ch.
F om a p ac ical s andpoin , iden i ying op ins i u ions and au ho s can guide in e na-
ional collabo a ions and esou ce alloca ion o ele an p ojec s. The s udy highligh s he
impo ance o in e na ional collabo a ions and esea ch ne wo ks, p o iding a amewo k
o s eng hening hese ne wo ks. Ins i u ions and esea che s can use his in o ma ion
o iden i y new coope a ion oppo uni ies and maximize he collec i e impac o hei
esea ch. Addi ionally, esea che s can le e age he s udy’s indings o op imize hei
publishing s a egies by selec ing jou nals wi h he highes impac o dissemina ing hei
esul s, he eby inc easing he isibili y and in luence o hei esea ch wi hin he academic
communi y and beyond.
Al hough his s udy p o ides aluable insigh s, he e a e se e al limi a ions wo h
men ioning. Fi s , he analysis elied exclusi ely on da a om he Web o Science, which
may es ic he di e si y o sou ces and, consequen ly, he esul s ob ained. Fu u e esea ch
could bene i om in eg a ing da a om addi ional da abases, such as Scopus o Google
Schola , o b oaden he scope o he analysis. Second, he ocus on bibliome ic analysis,
while p o iding use ul quan i a i e in o ma ion, does no always cap u e he quali a i e
aspec s o he impac and signi icance o he esea ch. I is essen ial o u u e s udies
o complemen quan i a i e da a wi h quali a i e assessmen s o p o ide a mo e holis ic
unde s anding o he ield.
Addi ionally, he analysis may ha e empo al cons ain s ela ed o he pe iod con-
side ed o publica ion ends and ci a ion analysis. Ex ending his pe iod could e eal
changes in he ocus and ele ance o esea ch o e ime.
Ne e heless, he s udy pa es he way o se e al u u e esea ch di ec ions. One
essen ial di ec ion would be o inco po a e a b oade ange o me hodologies, including case
s udies and quali a i e analyses, o en ich he unde s anding o he complex ela ionships
be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e change. Case s udies could p o ide conc e e
examples o in e ac ions be ween hese wo ields, allowing o a de ailed examina ion o
how inancial policies in luence en i onmen al ini ia i es in di e en geog aphical and
economic con ex s. These analyses could highligh bes p ac ices and success ul s a egies
ha can be eplica ed in o he egions o coun ies, he eby o e ing a use ul amewo k o
o mula ing sus ainable policies.
On he o he hand, quali a i e analyses, including in e iews wi h expe s, can b ing
o ligh he pe spec i es and opinions o hose in ol ed in he decision-making p ocess,
con ibu ing o a deepe unde s anding o he ac o s in luencing inancial de elopmen
and clima e change. These app oaches can help iden i y obs acles and challenges aced
by ins i u ions in implemen ing ecological and inancial ini ia i es, as well as unco e
eme ging oppo uni ies ha could lead o inno a i e solu ions.
Addi ionally, in eg a ing mixed me hods, which combine quan i a i e and quali a i e
da a, can p o ide a mo e comp ehensi e pic u e o he impac o inancial de elopmen
on he en i onmen . This app oach could in ol e s a is ical analysis o inancial and
en i onmen al da a, coupled wi h in e iews o su eys o unde s and he social and
economic con ex in which hese ela ionships mani es .
Thus, by di e si ying esea ch me hodologies, u u e s udies will be able o cap u e
he nuances o he ela ionships be ween inancial de elopmen and clima e change, con-
ibu ing o a mo e obus and applicable knowledge base o e ec i e and sus ainable
policy o mula ion.
Economies 2024,12, 288 16 o 17
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, G.B. and M.D.D.; me hodology, G.B.; so wa e, M.A.F.;
alida ion, S.M.O., M.A.F. and M.D.D.; o mal analysis, S.M.O. and N.M.D.; in es iga ion, G.B.;
esou ces, M.A.F.; da a cu a ion, M.A.F.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, G.B.; w i ing— e iew
and edi ing, S.M.O. and N.M.D.; isualiza ion, M.D.D.; supe ision, G.B.; p ojec adminis a ion,
G.B.; unding acquisi ion, M.D.D. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o
he manusc ip .
Funding: This wo k was suppo ed by a g an om he Romanian Minis y o Resea ch, Inno a ion
and Digi aliza ion, he p ojec wi h he i le “Economics and Policy Op ions o Clima e Change
Risk and Global En i onmen al Go e nance” (CF 193/28 No embe 2022, Funding Con ac no.
760078/23 May 2023), wi hin Romania’s Na ional Reco e y and Resilience Plan (PNRR)-Pilla III,
Componen C9, In es men I8 (PNRR/2022/C9/MCID/I8)-De elopmen o a p og am o a ac
highly specialised human esou ces om ab oad in esea ch, de elopmen and inno a ion ac i i ies.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : The da a p esen ed in his s udy a e a ailable a : h ps://0c10qqqjb-y-
h ps-www-webo science-com.z.e-n o ma ion. o/wos/woscc/summa y/094b2583-29e -4447-a044
-958966e44bb0-01171376cc/ ele ance/1 (accessed on 23 Oc obe 2024).
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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Disclaime /Publishe ’s No e: The s a emen s, opinions and da a con ained in all publica ions a e solely hose o he indi idual
au ho (s) and con ibu o (s) and no o MDPI and/o he edi o (s). MDPI and/o he edi o (s) disclaim esponsibili y o any inju y o
people o p ope y esul ing om any ideas, me hods, ins uc ions o p oduc s e e ed o in he con en .
