Epoh, Roland Louis; Lang on, I ine; Ma ini, Chengedzai
A icle
A model o g een supply chain managemen in he Sou h
A ican manu ac u ing sec o
Cogen Business & Managemen
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Sugges ed Ci a ion: Epoh, Roland Louis; Lang on, I ine; Ma ini, Chengedzai (2024) : A model o
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A model o g een supply chain managemen in
he Sou h A ican manu ac u ing sec o
Roland Louis Epoh, I ine Lang on & Chengedzai Mafini
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& Managemen , 11:1, 2390213, DOI: 10.1080/23311975.2024.2390213
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Cogen Business & ManageMen
2024, VoL. 11, no. 1, 2390213
A model o g een supply chain managemen in he Sou h A ican
manu ac u ing sec o
Roland louis epoha, i ine lang onb and chengedzai Ma inib
aschool o Business Leade ship, uni e si y o sou h a ica, P e o ia, sou h a ica; bFacul y o managemen science,
Depa men o Logis ics and supply Chain Managemen , Vaal uni e si y o echnology, Vande bijlpa k, sou h a ica
ABSTRACT
g een supply chain managemen is g owing as a key componen o sus ainabili y. i s
implemen a ion imp o es he i ms’ supply chain compe i i eness and pe o mance.
he li e a u e on g een supply chain managemen in a ious o ganisa ions has inc eased
o e he yea s. howe e , con ex ual li e a u e on g een supply chain managemen ,
g een capabili ies and supply chain pe o mance is s ill limi ed wi hin he manu ac u ing
sec o in de eloping coun ies such as sou h a ica. he s udy examined he ela ionships
be ween g een supply chain managemen p ac ices, g een capabili ies, and supply
chain pe o mance in he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o . he s udy employed a
quan i a i e me hod on a sample consis ing o 402 supply chain p o essionals d awn
om he manu ac u ing sec o ac oss he ou p o inces o he coun y (i.e. gau eng,
F ee s a e, limpopo, and Mpumalanga). Da a we e collec ed o e six mon hs in he
second hal o 2022. hypo heses we e es ed using s uc u al equa ion modelling based
on he sMaR pa ial leas squa es echnique. eco-design, g een dis ibu ion, and g een
aining impac ed posi i ely on g een capabili ies, he la e o which, in u n, is linked
o imp o ed agili y, eliabili y, and educed supply chain cos s. howe e , g een
manu ac u ing, legisla ion and egula ions, e e se logis ics, and p oduc e u ns
nega i ely impac ed g een capabili ies. g een capabili y signi ican ly media ed he
ela ionships be ween g een aining and dis ibu ion and eco-design, and supply chain
pe o mance. o he managemen and leade ship in he manu ac u ing sec o , he
s udy sugges s ha he implemen a ion o g een supply chain managemen ac i i ies
is i al in in luencing g een capabili ies. his s udy con ibu es o g een supply chain
managemen and capabili ies li e a u e as i is one o he ew s udies explo ing g een
supply chain managemen p ac ices, g een capabili ies, and pe o mance in he con ex
o he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o . i encou ages manage s o de elop and
implemen policies o imp o e en i onmen al managemen p ac ices in manu ac u ing
supply chains.
In oduc ion
he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o is plagued wi h sus ainabili y- ela ed p oblems, despi e i s e i-
den desi e o ansi ion o g een manu ac u ing. he low pace o implemen ing sus ainable measu es
has esul ed in ine iciency and ine ec i eness a a ious le els, as well as slowed down he compe i i e-
ness o he manu ac u ing sec o (Maama e al., 2021). o enhance he compe i i eness o his sec o ,
manu ac u e s need o de elop ope a ional e iciency h oughou hei supply chain ne wo ks by imp o -
ing hei compe encies and emb acing p ac ices ha p omo e sus ainabili y o a sus ainable compe i i e
ad an age (Fa oki, 2019).
Despi e he a i ica ion o he Pa is ag eemen in 2015 by he wo ld economies o educe hei ca bon
emissions, as well as he e o s o he sou h a ican go e nmen o ein o ce he implemen a ion o he
acco d in i s a ious economic sec o s, he issue o en i onmen al sus ainabili y emains he ‘g and’
© 2024 he au ho (s). Published by in o ma uK Limi ed, ading as aylo & F ancis g oup.
CONTACT i ine Lang on i [email protected] Facul y o managemen science, Depa men o Logis ics and supply Chain
Managemen , Vaal uni e si y o echnology, P i a e Bag X 021, Vande bijlpa k, 1911, sou h a ica.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/23311975.2024.2390213
his is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons a ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which
pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. he e ms on which his a icle has been
published allow he pos ing o he accep ed Manusc ip in a eposi o y by he au ho (s) o wi h hei consen .
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 8 July 2023
Re ised 3 July 2024
accep ed 29 July 2024
KEYWORDS
g een supply chain
managemen ; g een
capabili ies; supply chain
pe o mance; supply
chain agili y; supply chain
cos s; supply chain
eliabili y
SUBJECTS
P oduc ion, Ope a ions &
in o ma ion Managemen ;
Managemen educa ion
2 R. l. ePOh e al.
challenge o sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o (Fa oki, 2019). alone, he manu ac u ing sec o con ib-
u ed almos 20 pe cen o he o al emissions in sou h a ica be ween 1999 and 2020, making i one
o he mos impo an pollu e s in he coun y (Kan e al., 2020). i he sec o con inues o ac unde he
business-as-usual scena io, i s gas emissions will inc ease global empe a u es o be ween 3 and 4
deg ees celsius (Fa oki, 2019; Kan e al., 2020). his indica es he u gen need o implemen mi iga i e
measu es ha p omo e cleane p oduc ion h ough gscM p ac ices. his challenge a ec s no only all
sec o s o he sou h a ican economy, he manu ac u ing sec o in pa icula , bu also he well-being o
he popula ion (Fa oki, 2019; Maama e al., 2021). consequen ly, sus ainable de elopmen is essen ial o
cu b he e ec o global wa ming h ough he manu ac u ing sec o .
sou h a ican manu ac u ing i ms mus in eg a e g een p ac ices in hei supply chains o imp o e
hei pe o mance as well as he le el o compe i i eness o hei p oduc s in bo h he local and global
ma ke s. sou h a ican manu ac u ing i ms ha e he challenge o s eamlining hei p oduc ion ac i i-
ies, which ocus on implemen ing sus ainable supply chain p ac ices (ga bie, 2017). an unde s anding
o hese challenges can help i ms o imp o e hei global compe i i eness. F om a compe i i eness
iewpoin , he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o is aced wi h immense and inc easing p essu e o
imp o e i s p oduc i i y o su i e wi hin he global ma ke (Bag e al., 2022). imp o ing p oduc i i y will
equi e he manu ac u ing sec o o enhance i s p ocesses and educe i s p oduc ion cos s while main-
aining he quali y o i s p oduc s (gaglio e al., 2022). Measu ing compe i i eness depends mainly on
he i ms’ capaci y and abili y o inno a e and upg ade hei exis ing p oduc ion p ocesses, which high-
ligh s he impo ance o gscM and scgc (nyam e al., 2022). inno a ion h ough g een p ac ices can
d i e pe o mance in e ms o p oduc i i y, e ec i eness and e iciency, and p o i abili y (gaglio e al.,
2022; nyam e al., 2022). o his end, he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o has o emb ace he shi
owa ds sus ainable supply chain p ac ices. hese p ac ices can help educe he impac o manu ac u ing
ope a ions on he en i onmen and imp o e p ocesses and compe i i eness.
i has been sugges ed ha o o e come i s sus ainabili y and compe i i eness p oblems, he sou h
a ican manu ac u ing sec o aces he ask o adop ing he use o gscM p ac ices such as g een p o-
cu emen (gP), eco-design (eD), and g een manu ac u ing (gM), among o he s in he ques o enhance
bo h p oduc ion and en i onmen al e iciency and e ec i eness (Bag e al., 2022). i has been ecom-
mended ha manu ac u ing i ms in sou h a ica should become en i onmen ally sen ien by emb acing
and implemen ing gscM p ac ices (Rukuni e al., 2022). he adop ion o such ini ia i es is likely o boos
he compe i i eness o he sec o , empowe ing i o compe e wi h o he manu ac u ing i ms in he
wo ld (she y & Bha , 2022).
he cu en s udy examines he ela ionship be ween gscM p ac ices, g een capabili ies (gcs) and
supply chain pe o mance (scP) in he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o . speci ically, he s udy was
di ec ed o add essing he h ee objec i es below
1. o examine he impac o gscM p ac ices on gcs.
2. o de e mine he impac o gcs on scP.
3. o es ablish he media ing in luence o gcs on he ela ionship be ween gscM and scP.
in he pas yea s, he e has been a g owing in e es in esea ch and he s a egic signi icance o
implemen ing gscM in manu ac u ing i ms a ound sou h a ica. Va ious s udies ha e in es iga ed
he e ec o gscM p ac ices on scP in sou h a ican o ganisa ions (Bag e al., 2022; niehaus e al.,
2018; Rukuni e al., 2022). Mos o hese s udies ocussed on he impac s o gscM on ei he an indi-
idual dimension o all h ee dimensions o co po a e pe o mance, which include en i onmen al
pe o mance, economic/ inancial pe o mance, and social pe o mance, wi hou conside ing combin-
ing hese pe o mance dimensions in a single s udy. Unlike such a emp s, he p esen s udy in e-
g a es hese pe o mance dimensions o cap u e he impac o gscM wi hin he manu ac u ing
sec o holis ically. Fu he mo e, he e appea s o be a pauci y o s udies ha ha e conside ed all
gscM p ac ices and hei impac on he gcs and scP in he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o , as
he s udy a emp s o do. addi ionally, al hough i is well es ablished in esea ch ha he concep s
o gscM p ac ices lead o highe gcs and supe io scP (Bag e al., 2022; niehaus e al., 2018; Rukuni
e al., 2022; she y & Bha , 2022), he e is s ill a dea h in li e a u e in sou h a ica conce ning he
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 3
adop ion and he implemen a ion o gscM o achie e sus ainable de elopmen . Mo eo e , he a ea
o gscM is s ill a an eme gen s age in mos de eloping na ions, such as sou h a ica and he es
o a ica (epoh & Ma ini, 2018). his low-le el implemen a ion o gscM equi es mo e esea ch o
enable scM p o essionals o de elop s a egies sui able o hei o ganisa ions. Wi hin sou h a ica,
a ious s udies (Bag e al., 2020; 2022; epoh & Ma ini, 2018) on gscM ha e been conduc ed using
di e en opics. howe e , limi ed e idence exis s o esea ch on gscM, gcs and scP in he sou h
a ican manu ac u ing sec o . he s udy, he e o e, will con ibu e o he exis ing body o li e a u e
by add essing hese gaps.
Li e a u e e iew
G een supply chain managemen
he p ac ices o gscM ha e become he backbone o many o ganisa ions as compe i ion inc eases in
he ma ke place and consume s a e becoming mo e and mo e en i onmen ally conscious (liu e al.,
2020). gscM is undamen ally g owing as a key componen o sus ainabili y wi hin he scM in ha i s
adop ion and implemen a ion imp o e he compe i i eness o he supply chain (ai yassine e al., 2021).
gscM is an impo an piece o he puzzle conce ning sus ainabili y and dec easing he ca bon oo p in .
gscM is a p ocess o in eg a ing en i onmen al hinking in o he supply chain o achie e a sus ainable
compe i i e ad an age (liu e al., 2020). i is he p ocess o managing he en i onmen al impac o he
supply chain (ai yassine e al., 2021). a mo e sus ainable supply chain is a less was e ul supply chain,
and educing was e can lowe cos s while imp o ing he indus y’s epu a ion (sahoo & Vijay a gy, 2021).
his is one o many easons g een supply chain managemen is impo an . g eening a supply chain will
make i mo e esou ce e icien . a e all, one o he key objec i es o gscM is o educe was e and
op imise p ocesses (sahoo & Vijay a gy, 2021).
G een supply chain managemen p ac ices
g een supply chain managemen p ac ices a e ac i i ies pe o med by i ms in hei supply chains o
minimise hei impac on he en i onmen (habib e al., 2021). gi en he ac ha sus ainabili y is mul-
idimensional in i s scope, i ms should selec p ac ices ha a e deemed necessa y o hem o imp o e
he pe o mance o hei supply chains (Khan e al., 2022) he s udy ocussed on eigh gscM p ac ices,
namely: g een pu chasing (gP); eco-design (eD); g een manu ac u ing (gM); g een dis ibu ion (gD);
e e se logis ics (Rl); p oduc e u ns (PR), egula ions, and legisla ion (lR); and g een aining (g ). g een
p ac ices a e impo an o manu ac u ing o ganisa ions o achie e hei s a egic goals and main ain he
sus ainabili y equi ed o hei ope a ions (habib e al., 2021).
Eco-design
eco-design is pe cei ed as he design o new p oduc s in such a way as o educe hei impac on he
en i onmen h oughou hei en i e li e cycle, om he p ocu emen o aw ma e ials o hei disposal
(Fang & Zhang, 2018). eD is a e y impo an s age o manu ac u ing as i imp o es e iciency and acil-
i a es he ecycling o ma e ials (liu e al., 2020). he design phase can po en ially educe was e and
imp o e manu ac u ing cos s (epoh & Ma ini, 2018). liu e al. (2020) u he epo ha 80 pe cen o
en i onmen al bu dens and cos s a e ixed du ing he design p ocess. Mo eo e , he scope o eD includes
en i onmen al isk managemen , p oduc sa e y, pollu ion p e en ion, ecology, ma e ial conse a ion,
acciden p e en ion and was e managemen (Fang & Zhang, 2018).
G een dis ibu ion
g een dis ibu ion is a p ocess o ‘in eg a ing en i onmen al conce ns in o packaging, anspo a ion and
logis ics ac i i ies’ (Rica dian o e al., 2022). gD includes all ac i i ies ha p omo e he educ ion o en i-
onmen al damages and was e du ing shipping (Yildiz Çankaya & sezen, 2019). i emphasises he
4 R. l. ePOh e al.
consump ion o uel by ehicles anspo ing p oduc s, he equency o anspo a ion ac i i ies, he
dis ance o consume s and he packaging cha ac e is ics ha a ec gD pe o mance.
G een manu ac u ing
g een manu ac u ing (gM) is a se o ac i i ies designed o imp o e he e iciency o he supply chain
and educe was e du ing he p ocess o con e ing aw ma e ials in o inished p oduc s (Yildiz Çankaya
& sezen, 2019). he p ocess aims o p oduce en i onmen ally iendly p oduc s o sa is y he needs o
consume s, mee en i onmen al equi emen s and inc ease p o i abili y and sus ainabili y. gM inco po-
a es a ious s a egies, d i e s and echniques ha make he manu ac u ing p ocesses mo e e icien
and gene a e p oduc s ha a e sa e o consump ion and ecyclable (se h e al., 2018)
G een pu chasing
g een pu chasing (gP) in eg a es en i onmen al hinking in o he p ocu emen o ma e ials (Yildiz
Çankaya & sezen, 2019). i in luences he supply chain ups eam as he buying o ganisa ion communi-
ca es o i s supplie s he speci ica ions ha he o de ed p oduc s mus mee (Fang & Zhang, 2018). his
en ails ha he supplie ’s selec ion plays a c i ical ole in helping o achie e o ganisa ional goals. he
buying o ganisa ion and i s supplie s mus s i e o p ese e hei common in e es s, minimise he
impac o hei business ac i i ies on he en i onmen and imp o e scP.
G een aining
g een aining (g ) is a p ocess o on- he-job aining and con inued educa ion in ended o achie e
co po a e en i onmen al managemen a ge s and pu poses (Uma e al., 2022). i enables pe sonnel and
op managemen o hink g een in exe cising hei unc ions o imp o e he pe o mance o hei o gan-
isa ions (nu een e al., 2023). g p o ides i ms wi h means o help achie e inno a i e de elopmen and
imp o e hei compe i i e posi ion. in addi ion, g also p o ides a i m wi h he abili y o inco po a e
g een capabili ies in o i s in e nal p ocesses con ibu ing o building essen ial elemen s in he models o
compe i i eness (Uma e al., 2022).
Legisla ion and egula ions
legisla ion and egula ions e e o laws, policies and ules ha a e usually p omulga ed by go e nmen s
and o he egula o y bodies o p omo e he p ese a ion o he en i onmen (epoh & Ma ini, 2018).
Fi ms a e highly likely o adop and implemen g een p ac ices because o he ole lR plays in os e ing
he implemen a ion o sus ainable p ac ices (el Baz e al., 2022). lR p o ides a oadmap o i ms o
adap hei s a egies and business ac i i ies o e ec i ely c ea e ha mony in implemen ing sus ainable
p ac ices and mi iga e disc epancies (Da is-s amek e al., 2019). his en ails ha i ms should pu sue he
ques owa ds sus ainabili y, sha e common alues and no ms and o e ime, he implemen a ion o
g een p ac ices can become simila .
P oduc e u ns
P oduc e u ns (PR) is he se o p ocesses used o acking e u nable packaging o o e u ned p od-
uc s o some speci ic eason a some poin wi hin he supply chain (li & liu, 2021). i PR is well man-
aged, i can help cu cos s and inc ease p o i ma gins (Fe nando e al., 2023). Mo eo e , i can esul in
highe inancial e u ns, imp o ed cus ome sa is ac ion and inc eased public pe cep ion by handling
p oduc e u ns e icien ly and inco po a ing cus ome eedback (s hi e al., 2023).
Re e se logis ics
Re e se logis ics is a p ocess o e ie ing used p oduc s om he poin o consump ion o he poin o
o igin o possible eusing, ecycling, and emanu ac u ing (Khan e al., 2023). Rl includes collec ion,
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 5
inspec ion, selec ion, cleaning, so ing, ecycling, eco e y, edis ibu ion, and disposal o p oduc s (Ye &
lau, 2022). his p ocess in i sel helps o achie e ecological balance in supply chains. Rl p o ides nume -
ous sus ainable bene i s h ough he e u n o esell, e u bish, econdi ion, emanu ac u e, cannibalise
pa s, o ecycle p oduc s o minimise land ill was e (Wijewick ama e al., 2021).
Supply chain g een capabili ies
in his s udy, scgcs and gcs a e used in e changeably. gc e e s o o ganisa ional capaci y ha le e -
ages cu en esou ces and expe ise o g ow i s skill o adap o dynamic ma ke challenges (Khan e al.,
2023). i is he abili y o an o ganisa ion o in eg a e and o ganise i s in e nal and ex e nal esou ces
(siems e al., 2021). gcs include he echnologies, asse s, knowledge and skills ha o ganisa ions can
u ilise o manage he di e en en i onmen al equi emen s o s akeholde s (shaha udin e al., 2019). a
i m’s gcs a e d awn om hei inimi able skills, expe ise and esou ces in esponse o en i onmen al
challenges in he e e -dynamic ma ke place (Khan e al., 2023). hese capabili ies may include g een
supplie de elopmen (gsD), g een ma ke ing, g een manu ac u ing and packaging and en i onmen al
pa icipa ion (Khan e al., 2023). gsD e e s o he abili y o he ocal i m o iden i y and collabo a e
e ec i ely wi h supplie s o g ea e g een esul s (shaha udin e al., 2019). g een ma ke ing is he abili y
o he ocal i m o e ec i ely ma ke i s g een p oduc s and g een p og ammes o i s cus ome s and
ele an s akeholde s (Yousa , 2021). g een manu ac u ing and packaging deno e he capabili y o i ms
o modi y hei manu ac u ing and packaging p ocesses and ou pu s o e lec g een conce ns (nk umah
e al., 2021). Finally, en i onmen al pa icipa ion conside s he abili y o he ocal i m o b ing oge he
i s in e nal s akeholde s (employees, depa men s and managemen ) o wo k oge he owa ds g een
ini ia i es (Yousa , 2021). gcs a e impo an in o ganisa ions because hey minimise esou ce use, en i-
onmen al damage, and human h ea s; he main goal is o educe en i onmen al deg ada ion while
ocusing on p o i maximisa ion (nk umah e al., 2021). Fu he mo e, gcs can enable i ms o adjus and
adap o he e e -changing ma ke en i onmen , making hem enable s o ma ke dominance h ough
he con inued implemen a ion o s a egies based on en i onmen al changes (gup a e al., 2020).
Supply chain pe o mance
Measu ing he pe o mance o an o ganisa ion is e y impo an o de e mine he di ec ion he i m is
aking. his p ocess allows managemen o de elop a s a egic emphasis on hei ope a ions and hei
implemen a ion (asamoah e al., 2021). scP is an o de ly, planned p ocess ha enables an o ganisa ion
o measu e he e ec i eness and e iciency o supply chain ope a ions (Xie e al., 2020). his s udy used
h ee cons uc s o measu e he le el o pe o mance o he supply chains in he sou h a ican manu-
ac u ing sec o , namely supply chain agili y (sca), supply chain eliabili y (scRel), and supply chain
cos s (scc).
Resea ch amewo k and hypo heses de elopmen
Figu e 1 ou lines he esea ch amewo k ha guides he cu en s udy. he model pos ula es ha imple-
men ing gscM in he manu ac u ing sec o posi i ely in luences gcs, which, in u n, signi ican ly impac s
he scP o manu ac u ing i ms h ough sca, scRel, and sccs.
Hypo heses de elopmen
he a gumen s below illus a e he jus i ica ion o he hypo heses de eloped.
G een supply chain managemen and supply chain g een capabili ies
he p ac ices o gscM and gcs a e bo h i al o he success o he supply chain as hey allow o gani-
sa ions o achie e lexibili y and imp o ed pe o mance (isnaini e al., 2020). O he au ho s pos ula e ha
6 R. l. ePOh e al.
he implemen a ion o sus ainable p ac ices is dic a ed by he size o an o ganisa ion (huang e al.,
2017). i is indica ed ha la ge o ganisa ions a e likely o adop g een p ac ices because hey possess
esou ces and capabili ies ha small o ganisa ions do no ha e (isnaini e al., 2020). his sugges s ha
gcs play a media ing ole in he adop ion and implemen a ion o en i onmen al sus ainabili y. Mo eo e ,
a me e eac ion o en i onmen al p essu es may no lead o be e gcs (Yu e al., 2019). combining
sus ainable supply chain p ac ices (sscPs) such as gscM p ac ices wi h gcs makes o ganisa ions mo e
lexible o changes in a dynamic en i onmen while p o iding a he same ime a compe i i e ad an age
(isnaini e al., 2020). Fu he mo e, gcs can posi i ely a ec he abili y o a i m o commi o g een p ac-
ices (siems e al., 2021). in oducing g een p ac ices in o a supply chain allows he change o exis ing
echnologies, p ocesses, o ou ine ac i i ies (Yu e al., 2019). gi en his backg ound, he ollowing
hypo heses we e o mula ed:
h1: eco-design exe s a posi i e in luence on supply chain g een capabili ies in he sou h a ican manu ac u -
ing sec o .
h2: g een dis ibu ion exe s a posi i e in luence on supply chain g een capabili ies in he sou h a ican man-
u ac u ing sec o .
h3: g een manu ac u ing exe s a posi i e in luence on supply chain g een capabili ies in he sou h a ican
manu ac u ing sec o .
h4: g een pu chasing exe s a posi i e in luence on supply chain g een capabili ies in he sou h a ican man-
u ac u ing sec o .
h5: g een aining exe s a posi i e in luence on supply chain g een capabili ies in he sou h a ican manu-
ac u ing sec o .
h6: legisla ion and egula ions exe a posi i e in luence on supply chain g een capabili ies in he sou h
a ican manu ac u ing sec o .
h7: P oduc Re u ns exe a posi i e in luence on supply chain g een capabili ies in he sou h a ican manu-
ac u ing sec o .
Figu e 1. Resea ch amewo k.
sou ce: au ho s’ compila ion.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 7
h8: Re e se logis ics exe s a posi i e in luence on supply chain g een capabili ies in he sou h a ican man-
u ac u ing sec o .
G een capabili ies and supply chain pe o mance
he e is e idence o a posi i e ela ionship be ween gcs and o ganisa ional pe o mance, which is
linked o scP in se e al p e ious s udies (isnaini e al., 2020; lambou die e & co bin, 2020; Yu e al.,
2019). On he o he hand, he ole o gcs in inc easing he pe o mance o an o ganisa ion is s ill
ques ionable as he e a e s ill uniden i ied d awbacks and a lack o g ounded e idence o suppo he
idea (Ka eem & Kummi ha, 2020). co espondingly, some s udies (Manzoo e al., 2022; eece, 2018)
a gue ha gcs need o be s ong o in luence o ganisa ional pe o mance, he eby imp o ing he scP.
his sugges s ha possessing gcs is no enough o achie e enhanced scP. gcs allow i ms o sense
unce ain ies and seize oppo uni ies in hei supply chains, hus imp o ing he pe o mance o he
supply chains (Manzoo e al., 2022). Based on he esea ch s udies abo e, he p esen s udy a gues
ha gcs may enable he success o a supply chain in e ms o sca, scc, and scRel. hus, he s udy
hypo hesises ha :
h9: supply chain g een capabili ies exe a posi i e in luence on supply chain agili y in he sou h a ican
manu ac u ing sec o .
h10: supply chain g een capabili ies exe a posi i e in luence on supply chain cos s in he sou h a ican
manu ac u ing sec o .
h11: supply chain g een capabili ies exe a posi i e in luence on supply chain eliabili y in he sou h a ican
manu ac u ing sec o .
Ma e ials and me hods
Resea ch app oach and design
a quan i a i e app oach was used o collec and analyse da a. he a ionale behind his choice was ha
he in es iga ion was p edic i e and causal as i ied o explain he ela ionships among esea ch con-
s uc s. o maximise he esponse a e, a combina ion o co ela ional and su ey esea ch designs using
a ques ionnai e o da a collec ion was employed in he empi ical pa o he s udy.
Resea ch sample and sampling me hod
he ques ionnai e was adminis e ed o a subse o he popula ion o in e es , which is supply chain,
ope a ions, and quali y managemen p o essionals o he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o in
gau eng, F ee s a e, Mpumalanga, and limpopo p o inces. a sample size o n = 402 was deemed ade-
qua e, based on he ecommenda ions om (hodge, 2020) ha sample sizes o be ween 150 and 500
cases a e adequa e o mul i a ia e s udies, and p e en limi ing he s a is ical signi icance o he
esul s as would be he case i small size is used. o ensu e ha supply chain p o essionals om a -
ious p o inces we e ep esen ed in he inal sample, non-p obabili y pu posi e sampling was used o
selec esponden s.
in pu posi e sampling, he esea che uses some c i e ia o selec esponden s who possess in o ma-
ion ele an o he s udy (Blumbe g e al., 2014). he pu posi e echnique lies wi hin he non-p obabili y
sampling app oach because he esponden s do no ha e an equal chance o being selec ed o he
ac ual sample (an onius, 2017). in he cu en s udy, he sampled elemen s we e in en ionally selec ed
based on hei possession o some cha ac e is ics ele an o he esea ch objec i es. he p e equisi es
consis ed o knowledge o scM and in ol emen in supply chain ac i i ies.
Measu emen i ems
exis ing scales we e used o de elop he measu emen i ems. i ems measu ing gscM p ac ices we e
adap ed om (Jasmi, 2019), while hose o gcs we e adap ed om (Yildiz Çankaya & sezen, 2019).
14 R. l. ePOh e al.
esou ces by enhancing e iciency. Mo eo e , hey may ha e been able o e ec i ely coo dina e esou ces
wi h hei supply chain pa ne s. his esul may also demons a e ha manu ac u e s could e ine hei
p ocesses and c ea e and inno a e o be e pe o mance h ough cos e iciency.
las ly, a posi i e and signi ican ela ionship was ound be ween gcs and scRel a iables (β = 0.452;
= 8.010; p = 0.000). he esul o he s udy discloses ha app op ia e gcs can imp o e he o e all supply
chain h ough eliabili y in he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o . he esul aligns wi h Fe nando e al.
(2023), who asse ha gcs imp o e he scP h ough scRel as well as o he pe o mance measu es such
as lexibili y, esponsi eness, and cus ome se ice. consis en ly, Yusu e al. es ablished a posi i e asso-
cia ion be ween gcs and ope a ional pe o mance, which included scRel. he a ionale behind his
esul may ha e been ha sou h a ican manu ac u e s we e able o adhe e s ic ly o cus ome equi e-
men s and deli e he co ec p oduc s o hei cus ome s wi hin he p esc ibed ime ame. Mo eo e ,
hey may ha e been able o p epa e, espond o and eco e om unce ain ies such as he co id-19
pandemic and main ain a s eady s a e o ope a ions a an accep able ime and cos . his asse ion is
suppo ed by Yusu e al., who asce ain ha i ms ha do no deli e p oduc s o hei cus ome s as
pe he es ablished schedule a e likely o enc oach on us and loyal y, hus esul ing in educed com-
pe i i e ad an age. Finally, sou h a ican manu ac u e s may ha e been able o e ec i ely elimina e
non- alue-added ac i i ies wi hin hei p ocesses as well as supply chains.
Media ion analysis
Media ion was es ed o de e mine he signi icance o changes in scgc on he ela ionship be ween
each gcsM cons uc and each o he h ee scP cons uc s. his media ion analysis was impo an since
i helped o de e mine he signi icance o he indi ec e ec s ha may ha e exis ed be ween he p e-
dic o and ou come cons uc s. he esul s a e p esen ed in able 4.
gc signi ican ly and posi i ely media ed he ela ionship be ween h ee gscM p ac ices (eD, gD, g )
and hei co esponding scP dimensions (sca, scc, scRel). howe e , mos media ing e ec s we e weak,
wi h he highes being obse ed be ween g -> scgc -> scRel (β = 0.128; = 4.681; p = 0.000). his esul
implies ha g eme ged as he mos impo an dimension o gscM p ac ices ha con ibu ed o
enhancing he pe o mance o supply chains h ough gcs in he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o .
Table 4. indi ec e ec s.
Rela ionship Media ing e ec - alue P- alue Rema k
gP -> sCgC -> sCa −0.002 0.079 0.937 no media ion
gP -> sCgC -> sCC −0.002 0.081 0.935 no media ion
gP -> sCgC -> sCReL −0.002 0.081 0.936 no media ion
eD -> sCgC -> sCC 0.077 2.279 0.023 Posi i e media ion
eD -> sCgC -> sCa 0.081 2.417 0.016 Posi i e media ion
eD -> sCgC -> sCReL 0.084 2.315 0.021 Posi i e media ion
gM -> sCgC -> sCa −0.004 0.223 0.824 no media ion
gM -> sCgC -> sCC −0.004 0.225 0.822 no media ion
gM -> sCgC -> sCReL −0.005 0.223 0.824 no media ion
gD -> sCgC -> sCC 0.068 2.632 0.009 Posi i e media ion
gD -> sCgC -> sCa 0.072 2.625 0.009 Posi i e media ion
gD -> sCgC -> sCReL 0.074 2.608 0.009 Posi i e media ion
RL -> sCgC -> sCC 0.029 0.819 0.413 no media ion
RL -> sCgC -> sCa 0.031 0.819 0.413 no media ion
RL -> sCgC -> sCReL 0.032 0.815 0.415 no media ion
PR -> sCgC -> sCReL 0.045 1.566 0.118 no media ion
PR -> sCgC -> sCC 0.041 1.568 0.117 no media ion
PR -> sCgC -> sCa 0.043 1.479 0.140 no media ion
PR -> sCgC -> sCR 0.022 1.491 0.137 no media ion
LR -> sCgC -> sCa −0.017 0.987 0.324 no media ion
LR -> sCgC -> sCC −0.016 1.008 0.314 no media ion
LR -> sCgC -> sCReL −0.017 0.998 0.319 no media ion
g -> sCgC -> sCReL 0.128 4.681 0.000 Posi i e media ion
g -> sCgC -> sCC 0.118 4.544 0.000 Posi i e media ion
g -> sCgC -> sCa 0.124 4.370 0.000 Posi i e media ion
no e: p < 0.05 indica es he signi icance.
GP = g een Pu chasing; ED = eco-design; GM = g een Manu ac u ing; GD = g een Dis ibu ion; RL = Re e se Logis ics; PR = P oduc
Re u ns; LR = legisla ion and Regula ions; GT = g een aining; SCDC = supply Chain g een Capabili ies; SCA = supply Chain agili y; SCREL
= supply Chain Reliabili y; SCC = supply Chain Cos s; SCR = supply Chain Responsi eness; CS = Cus ome sa is ac ion; SCQ = supply Chain
Quali y; SCB = supply Chain Balance.
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 15
Mo eo e , he esul s sugges ha manu ac u ing i ms in ending o enhance hei scP should di ec
g ea e a en ion o p o iding g o hei manage s and s a , besides inco po a ing eD and gD. scgc
will enable such i ms o econ igu e g een s a egies by imp o ing hei agili y and esilience, enhancing
he scP, and achie ing compe i i e ad an ages.
Conclusion
his s udy employed seM, based on he Pls echnique, o examine he ela ionship be ween gscM
p ac ices, gc, and scP in he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o . he s udy con i ms ha implemen ing
gscM p ac ices posi i ely con ibu es o gcs in he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o . he s udy u -
he concludes ha eD, gD, and g posi i ely in luence on gcs. Mo eo e , gcs a e i al o imp o ing
sca, scc and scRel. howe e , he implemen a ion o some o he gscM ac i i ies (i.e. gM, gP, PR, Rl
and lR) has an insigni ican in luence on he gcs in he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o . scgc sig-
ni ican ly media ed he ela ionship be ween g , eD and gD as well as he h ee scP dimensions, namely
sca, scc and scRel.
he esul s o his s udy ha e signi ican implica ions o unde s anding he connec ions be ween
he ac o s conside ed and how hey can be used o enhance he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o .
Mo eo e , hese esul s, which show signi ican ela ionships, p o ide an essen ial pa o empi ical
e idence o gscM, gcs and pe o mance esea ch. he s udy also alida es esea ch conclusions om
o he en i onmen s ha a e compa able o hose o he sou h a ican manu ac u ing sec o . he
inpu o his s udy is impo an because i is one o he a e empi ical esea ch p ojec s ha used he
measu emen scales and i ems o app aising gscM ac i i ies implemen a ion among sou h a ican
manu ac u ing companies and bid o imp o e he measu emen i ems wi h adjus men s. he s udy,
he e o e, is a e e ence wo k o u u e esea che s on gscM, gcs and scP in simila en i onmen s
elsewhe e.
o he managemen and leade ship in he manu ac u ing sec o , he s udy sugges s ha implemen -
ing gscM ac i i ies (pa icula ly eD, g , and gD) is i al in in luencing he gcs. co espondingly, i is
impe a i e o implemen gscM ac i i ies in andem wi h scgcs i gains in scP a e o be ealised.
Managemen o manu ac u ing i ms ha apply gscM ac i i ies mus con i m ha bo h he employees
and he o ganisa ion achie e inclusi e o ganisa ional objec i es, such as cycle ime educ ion, cos educ-
ion, enhanced en i onmen al quali y, and o e all g ea e cus ome alues, as well as indi idual goals o
he employees. as he esul s o he s udy show, an inconside a e app oach o gscM could ac ually
diminish a he han imp o e he a ailable inancial esou ces and could pu p essu e on he ex e nal
s akeholde s o adop he same gscM p ac ices.
o enhance he execu ion o igscM p ac ices, mode n echnological esolu ions should be conside ed.
Using such echnology esolu ions may p o ide se e al bene i s, such as a educ ion in pape wo k, he
accu acy o in o ma ion, easy in eg a ion wi h o he unc ions and da a access, which enables imp o ed
sus ainabili y. aining and de elopmen p og ammes ocusing on gscM should be o e ed o all he
s a o aise awa eness wi hin he manu ac u ing sec o . a budge should be p o ided by i ms o
implemen ing he gscM ini ia i es so ha unds can be supplied when equi ed.
i is impo an o managemen in manu ac u ing i ms o adop gscM sus ainabili y as a s a egic
essen ial and o modi y exis ing en e p ise in o ma ion p ocesses o moni o he sys ems and esul s
linked o he o ganisa ion’s sus ainabili y wi s p io o he implemen a ion o he gscM ac i i ies. Once
gscM sus ainabili y has become s a egic a en ion, manu ac u e s can ins iga e and implemen gscM
p ac ices wi h some assu ance ha he ac i i ies will p oduce no only enhanced capabili ies bu
imp o ed scP. he e o e, adop ing gscM ac i i ies imp o es he i m’s capabili ies o sus ain he en i-
onmen and suppo he i m’s scP.
Resea ch limi a ions and u u e needs
he s eng h o he s udy lies in i s e e ence o he ull spec um o gscM p ac ices. i was ancho ed
on he widely ecognised eigh gscM p ac ices, making i an all-encompassing s udy. howe e , he s udy
has some limi a ions ha would o e oppo uni ies o u he s udies. Fi s ly, he su ey ins umen
16 R. l. ePOh e al.
could be e ined and ein o ced. gscM s udies a e s ill nascen in de eloping speci ic measu emen i ems
and scales on gscM p ac ices and scP. De eloping exclusi e measu emen scales on gscM p ac ices is
signi ican , pa icula ly o manu ac u ing i ms. Manu ac u ing i ms need sel -diagnos ic measu emen
scales o moni o hei en i onmen al managemen capabili ies and pe o mance. Fu he esea ch should
o e such indica i e scales and i ems o suppo manu ac u ing i ms in iden i ying hei p oblem a eas
and c ea ing solu ions.
Mo eo e , he s udy chose manu ac u ing i ms in ou p o inces o sou h a ica o da a collec ion
and analysis as his indus y ope a es unde s ic en i onmen al laws. consequen ly, he s udy may
equi e an expansion o i s scope o imp o e i s gene alisabili y. his may be accomplished by epea ing
he s udy o compa a i e analysis in di e se indus ies and in o he de eloping coun ies. Fu he mo e,
he s udy assessed scP using a he gene al ac o s such as agili y, eliabili y, and cos s. in u u e esea ch,
mo e speci ic pe o mance measu es could be u ilised o assess pe o mance, such as inno a ion, espon-
si eness, inancial indices and en i onmen al pe o mance indica o s, among o he s. his s udy a emp ed
o explain he di ec and indi ec e ec s o gcs on he ela ionship be ween gscM ac i i ies and scP
o manu ac u ing i ms in sou h a ica. since gscM p ac ices a e p og essi ely playing a signi ican pa
in imp o ing compe i i e ad an age, manu ac u ing i ms should begin in es iga ing how o le e age
gscM p ac ices o p omo e capabili ies and ela ional compe encies and ul ima ely gain be e compe -
i i eness in he e e -changing global ma ke place. ano he sugges ion would be o u u e s udies o
es he impac o gcs on gscM p ac ices. his could sol e he unusual esul s ob ained in he s udy
whe e mos o he gcsM p ac ices did no in luence gcs.
Disclosu e s a emen
no po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho (s).
Abou he au ho s
Roland Louis Epoh is a gene al Manage in a se ice Manu ac u ing indus y wi h o e 18 yea s’ expe ience. he
holds a Doc o a e deg ee in Business leade ship (Op ion: supply chain Managemen ) om he Uni e si y o sou h
a ica (Unisa). Mo eo e , he possesses a a ie y o special quali ica ions in non-des uc i e es ing and is a membe
o he ame ican socie y o non-des uc i e es ing o mo e han 10 yea s. as an expe in he ield o non-Des uc i e
es ing, louis Roland epoh is an ins uc o . he ains, quali ies, and ce i ies candida es h ough igo ous and e hical
e alua ions o le el 1s and le el 2s. louis Roland epoh ecei ed in 2018 a ce i ica e o excellence and a Pos g adua e
ce i ica e o Recogni ion o inno a i e applica ion o supply chain Managemen concep s in indus y- ele an
esea ch o his mas e s ( he Uni e si y o sou h a ica – Unisa). he co-published wo jou nal a icles wi h ocus on
supply chain Managemen . in addi ion, in 2023 and 2024 espec i ely, he was nomina ed o e iew a DBl heses a
sBl – Unisa.
D I ine Lang on is a lec u e unde he depa men o logis ics and supply chain managemen . he holds a PhD
Business adminis a ion (logis ics and supply chain managemen ), Mcom in applied Risk managemen (nWU), a
Mas e o science deg ee in s a egic managemen (Financial managemen ), Bcom in accoun ing Deg ee, execu i e
De elopmen P og amme (Financial managemen ), and an execu i e ce i ica e in Risk managemen . his p ima y
esea ch a ea is isk managemen , logis ics and supply chain managemen . he o e s addi ional o he skills such as
esea ch, acili a ion and p esen a ion. he has p esen ed in bo h na ional and in e na ional con e ences and aca-
demic wo kshops on supply chain managemen and isk managemen opics.
P o Chengedzai Ma ini is a ull p o esso and he execu i e Dean o he Facul y o Managemen sciences a he Vaal
Uni e si y o echnology in sou h a ica. his p ima y esea ch a ea is supply chain managemen . he has been
in ol ed ex ensi ely in a a ie y o esea ch p ojec s in his a ea, culmina ing in he publica ion o o e 100 esea ch
a icles and con e ence pape s, and he g adua ion o many pos g adua e s uden s a mas e s and doc o al le els.
he has also pa icipa ed in hough leade ship ac i i ies in ol ing isi a ions and public lec u es by in e na ionally
enowned academics. he is u he in ol ed in a ious collabo a i e p ojec s be ween academia and indus y, p i-
ma ily wi hin he a ea o supply chain managemen .
ORCID
i ine lang on h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-9883-3793
cOgen BUsiness & ManageMen 17
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