Klein, Gali ; Assadi, Djamshid
A icle
F om collec i ism o en ep eneu ship: Pe sonali y ai s
d i ing en ep eneu ial ans o ma ion in kibbu zim
Adminis a i e Sciences
P o ided in Coope a ion wi h:
MDPI – Mul idisciplina y Digi al Publishing Ins i u e, Basel
Sugges ed Ci a ion: Klein, Gali ; Assadi, Djamshid (2025) : F om collec i ism o en ep eneu ship:
Pe sonali y ai s d i ing en ep eneu ial ans o ma ion in kibbu zim, Adminis a i e Sciences, ISSN
2076-3387, MDPI, Basel, Vol. 15, Iss. 2, pp. 1-18,
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Published: 15 Feb ua y 2025
Ci a ion: Klein, G., & Assadi, D.
(2025). F om Collec i ism o
En ep eneu ship: Pe sonali y
T ai s D i ing En ep eneu ial
T ans o ma ion in Kibbu zim.
Adminis a i e Sciences,15(2), 65.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci
15020065
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A icle
F om Collec i ism o En ep eneu ship: Pe sonali y T ai s
D i ing En ep eneu ial T ans o ma ion in Kibbu zim
Gali Klein 1,* and Djamchid Assadi 2
1The Depa men o Economic and Business Adminis a ion, A iel Uni e si y, A i’el 4070000, Is ael
2Digi al Managemen Depa men , Bu gundy School o Business, 69000 Dijon, F ance;
[email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : Pu pose: This s udy examines he en ep eneu ial ans o ma ion wi hin kib-
bu zim (o ganiza ions his o ically oo ed in collec i is ideals) as hey adap o economic
and cul u al shi s. Posi ioned as unique socioeconomic models, kibbu zim p o ide a
compelling con ex o unde s anding social in ap eneu ship, de ined as en ep eneu ial
beha io s eme ging wi hin s uc u ed communal se ings. The s udy explo es how ensions
be ween di e en communi y alues impac he mo i a ion o es ablish a new business.
Me hods: A pape -based su ey was dis ibu ed o 256 en ep eneu s. Mo i a ion is as-
sessed using he push/pull heo y. Sel -e icacy is p oposed as a media o be ween he ype
o kibbu z (collec i e o p i a ized) and mo i a ional ac o s, wi h p oac i e pe sonali y
ac ing as a mode a o o he ela ionship be ween kibbu z ype and sel -e icacy. Findings:
The esul s indica e ha al hough en ep eneu s om bo h ypes o kibbu zim exhibi lowe
pull mo i a o s compa ed o non-kibbu z membe s, p i a ized kibbu z en ep eneu s dis-
play a highe le el o push mo i a ion han he o he g oups. Addi ionally, sel -e icacy
media es he ela ionship be ween collec i e kibbu z membe s and pull mo i a ion and
be ween p i a ized kibbu z membe s and push mo i a ion, bu only o en ep eneu s
wi h low le els o p oac i e pe sonali y ai s. Conclusions: The indings unde sco e he
in luence o cul u al ensions and alues on en ep eneu ial beha io s, o e ing insigh s
in o he in e play be ween communi y con ex and indi idual agency.
Keywo ds: in ap eneu ship; kibbu z; pe sonali y ai s; push/pull mo i a ion; p oac i e
beha io ; sel -e icacy; social en ep eneu ship; social ma ke economy
1. In oduc ion
The “kibbu z” has long been a de ining emblem o Is aeli socie y, symbolizing egali a -
ian collec i ism and pionee ing communal alues (Mosko ich & Achouch,2017;Tobiasz-Lis
e al.,2024). Roo ed in ideals o Zionism and socialism, kibbu zim (plu al o m o kibbu z)
we e designed o es ablish a new social and economic o de based on sha ed owne ship,
collec i e labo , and equali y. These communi ies played a cen al ole in Is ael’s na ion-
building, con ibu ing signi ican ly o i s ag icul u al, mili a y, and indus ial de elopmen .
Despi e comp ising only abou 2% o Is ael’s o al popula ion, he kibbu zim ha e made
a signi ican impac on he na ion’s poli ical and economic landscape since he o mal
es ablishmen o Is ael in 1948. A hei zeni h, kibbu zim accoun ed o app oxima ely
40% o Is ael’s ag icul u al ou pu and 9% o i s indus ial p oduc ion (Bloch e al.,2023),
embodying he ideals o coope a ion and sel -su iciency.
O e he decades, kibbu zim ha e unde gone p o ound ans o ma ions while adap -
ing o he p essu es o economic libe aliza ion, globaliza ion, and changing cul u al alues.
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 65 h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/admsci15020065
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 65 2 o 18
Second-gene a ion membe s saw kibbu zim as s ong, a luen , and s able en i ies. How-
e e , a signi ican gene a ional shi occu ed wi h he coming o age o he hi d gene a ion,
cha ac e ized by a mo e away om kibbu z li e and a g owing endency owa d indi idu-
alism and capi alism d i en by a desi e o pe sonal au onomy. Du ing he 1980s, many
amilies and young people le he kibbu zim due o he economic c isis (Tobiasz-Lis e al.,
2024). This demog aphic shi can be a ibu ed o he younge indi iduals’ dissa is ac ion
wi h he limi ed oppo uni ies o e ed by kibbu z li e o engagemen in he s a e’s b oade
social, cul u al, and economic sphe es. The younge membe s’ mig a ion o u ban a eas
esul ed in he Is aeli kibbu z communi y—o iginally designed wi h a young popula ion in
mind—g adually aging since hen (Tobiasz-Lis e al.,2024).
In pa allel wi h he demog aphic end o an aging popula ion, he inancial c isis
ha Is aeli kibbu zim aced in he mid-1980s igge ed a shi om a collec i e o an
indi idualis ic pe spec i e and he adop ion o p i a e p ope y owne ship (excluding land
owne ship) (Tobiasz-Lis e al.,2024). Beginning in he ea ly 1990s and con inuing in o he
p esen , his shi owa d p i a iza ion esul ed in kibbu z membe s opening pe sonal bank
accoun s and ecei ing sala ies om ex e nal employe s. This ansi ion highligh s he
e ol ing ole o indi idual agencies in eshaping communi y s uc u es (Mosko ich,2020).
The shi om collec i is o en ep eneu ial models wi hin kibbu zim e lec s a b oade
socioeconomic phenomenon, whe e pe sonal mo i a ions, p oac i e pe sonali y ai s, and
sel -e icacy in e sec wi h changing communal no ms o d i e inno a ion and economic
ac i i y. Today’s kibbu zim, ecognized o hei inclusi e na u e, o e a compelling
al e na i e o u ban li e, pa icula ly o young amilies sea ching o a heal hy, u al
li es yle. Howe e , as Le z e (2023) no ed, he appeal o he mode n kibbu z is less oo ed
in i s ideological o igins and mo e in i s abili y o p o ide a com o able en i onmen .
Mo eo e , he expansion o he high- ech sec o in he 1990s con ibu ed signi ican ly
o Is ael’s apid economic g ow h (Manos & Gid on,2021). The esul ing ideological
and indus ial shi s may ha e led aspi ing en ep eneu s among younge -gene a ion
kibbu z membe s in o a dilemma: lea e he kibbu z o launch hei own business o
become in ap eneu s, which is de ined as engaging in en ep eneu ial beha io wi hin
o ganiza ions o os e bo h indi idual and collec i e alues (An oncic & His ich,2003;
Ve ik-Leeme & Me s,2024).
In ap eneu ship encompasses p oac i e beha io s wi hin o ganiza ional s uc u es,
enabling indi iduals o inno a e, sol e p oblems, and seize oppo uni ies (An oncic &
His ich,2003;I zko ich & Klein,2017;Klein,2023). Despi e hei unique communal e hos,
kibbu zim can be seen as analogous o o ganiza ional se ings whe e en ep eneu ial beha -
io s ha e eme ged o add ess in e nal and ex e nal challenges. Samuel and Heilb unn (2017)
highligh ed kibbu zim as e ile g ounds o in ap eneu ial ac i i y ha showcase how
o ganiza ional change os e s indi idual en ep eneu ship wi hin communi y s uc u es.
This pe spec i e ames he ans o ma ion o he kibbu z no me ely as an economic shi
bu also as a pa adigm o unde s anding social in ap eneu ship wi hin communi y-based
and o ganiza ional con ex s. In his pape , we aim o add ess he ollowing ques ions: A e
he cul u al di e ences be ween collec i e and p i a ized kibbu zim ela ed o he abili y o become
in ap eneu s? How do o ganiza ional and cul u al ans o ma ions, sel -e icacy, and p oac i e
ai s in e ac o os e in ap eneu ial ac i i ies d i en by push–pull mo i a ional ac o s?
By examining he oles o hese ac o s, his s udy p o ides insigh s in o how indi id-
ual agencies in e ac wi h communal and o ganiza ional dynamics o os e en ep eneu ial
beha io s. In doing so, i con ibu es o he discou se on social in ap eneu ship, o -
e ing a nuanced unde s anding o he in e play be ween indi idual mo i a ions and
sys emic change.
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 65 3 o 18
The pape is s uc u ed as ollows: Sec ion 1 e iews he li e a u e on collec i ism,
en ep eneu ial ans o ma ion, and in ap eneu ship, highligh ing he heo e ical unde -
pinnings o he s udy. Sec ion 2ou lines he concep ual amewo k, p esen ing he key
cons uc s and hypo heses d i ing he esea ch inqui y. Sec ion 3de ails he esea ch design
and me hodology, emphasizing he da a collec ion and analy ical echniques employed.
Sec ion 4p esen s he indings and discusses hei implica ions in he con ex o social
in ap eneu ship. Finally, he conclusion syn hesizes he insigh s gained, o e ing di ec-
ions o u u e esea ch and p ac ical applica ions in os e ing in ap eneu ial beha io
wi hin o ganiza ions.
2. Theo e ical F amewo k
2.1. Mo i a ional Dynamics, Pe sonali y T ai s, and Sociocul u al Shi s in Kibbu z T ans o ma ion
This e iew builds upon he cen al esea ch inqui y: Wha d i es indi idual kibbu z
membe s o ansi ion om collec i e o en ep eneu ial beha io s, and wha oles do
push and pull mo i a ional ac o s, sel -e icacy, and p oac i e ai s play in his p ocess?
While acknowledging he in luence o mac o-le el dynamics, he ocus he e is on mic o-
le el mechanisms o be e unde s and en ep eneu ial mo i a ions wi hin he unique
socioeconomic con ex o kibbu zim.
F aming his ansi ion h ough he lens o in ap eneu ship, he e iew si ua es
kibbu zim as communi y-based o ganiza ional se ings whe e en ep eneu ial beha io s
eme ge o add ess in e nal and ex e nal challenges (Heilb unn,2005a,2005b;Tobiasz-Lis
e al.,2024). The sec ions a e s uc u ed o p o ide a cohe en his o ical, heo e ical, and
concep ual ounda ion o add essing he esea ch inqui y and o p epa e he g oundwo k
o he concep ual amewo k.
2.2. The Kibbu z as a Socioeconomic Model
The kibbu z has long been a symbol o Is aeli socie y, embodying ideals o egali a ian
collec i ism and pionee ing communal alues (Tobiasz-Lis e al.,2024;Samuel & Heil-
b unn,2017). Su p isingly, his model does no s em om ancien Jewish adi ions bu
d aws inspi a ion om collec i e mo emen s such as Russian ag icul u al communes
and Eu opean u opian socialis expe imen s. In luen ial hinke s like Ma x (1887) and
Tols oy (1894) in o med he ea ly e hos o he kibbu z, emphasizing communal li ing and
ejec ing capi alis indi idualism. Zionis –socialis leade s, including Go don (1938) and
Bo ocho (1905), u he g ounded he kibbu z ision in ideals o labo , communi y, and
na ional e i al.
The i s kibbu z, Degania, was ounded in 1910 nea he Sea o Galilee by pionee s
om Eas e n Eu ope. This communi y aimed o c ea e an egali a ian socie y based on
sha ed owne ship o land, labo , and esou ces. Ini ially ocused on ag icul u e, kibbu zim
la e di e si ied in o indus ial en e p ises while main aining hei collec i is e hos. How-
e e , by he mid-1980s, moun ing deb , global ma ke in eg a ion, and shi ing socie al
alues p ecipi a ed signi ican changes. The ‘shock’ economic libe aliza ion policies o 1980s
Is ael igge ed ex eme in la ion, deple ion o o eign cu ency ese es, and a banking
c isis in 1983, culmina ing in a se e e economic down u n by 1985. This c isis signi ican ly
impac ed he kibbu zim and plunged hem in o deb (Kahana & Kamine ,2020;Palgi &
Ge z,2014). They began g adually p i a izing. While deb was a key ac o , he b oade
shi owa d neolibe al policies, including weakened ade unions, inc eased global ade,
and a swi ch om collec i e o indi idual con ac s, also p omo ed p i a iza ion (Palgi &
Ge z,2014).
These economic challenges and o ganiza ional di icul ies led o he adop ion o p i a e
owne ship s a egies and di e en ial sala ies, ma king a shi away he adi ional income-
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 65 4 o 18
sha ing model in wha became known as he p i a iza ion p ocess (Banai & Ni enbe g,
2024;Russell e al.,2015). This ansi ion o capi alism also s ee ed kibbu z membe s o
in eg a e in o he na ional mone a y economy by opening pe sonal bank accoun s and
adap ing o he use o money (Aza ne ,2017;Mosko ich,2023). Socially and cul u ally,
he collec i is e hos e ol ed in o a business-o ien ed cul u e ha emphasizes indi idual
economic s akes and home owne ship, wi h many membe s now wo king ou side he
communi y (Mosko ich & Achouch,2017).
Since he 1990s, many kibbu zim ha e ansi ioned om collec i e s uc u es o p i-
a ized, ma ke -o ien ed models (Samuel & Heilb unn,2017). The collec i e kibbu z kep
he ideology o socialism and sha ing, while a p i a ized kibbu z ins i u ed a sepa a ion
be ween he membe s’ inancial accoun s and he kibbu z’s economic si ua ion. In hese
communi ies, each membe has an indi idual bank accoun h ough which hey manage
all hei expenses and income, and he kibbu z is no esponsible o he membe s’ loss
o gain in e enue. On he o he hand, he p i a ized kibbu z is no obliga ed o sa is y
he membe s’ needs, and hey a e equi ed o pay o ac i i ies p o ided by i , including
educa ion, heal h, ca e ing, and o he bene i s ha we e once suppo ed by he kibbu z
(Tobiasz-Lis e al.,2024). The e o e, a p i a ized kibbu z is akin o an u ban o communal
communi y. Cu en ly, he e a e 266 kibbu zim wi h app oxima ely 200,000 esiden s; ou o
hese, 36 emain collec i e (app oxima ely 13%), while he es a e p i a ized (Tobiasz-Lis
e al.,2024). Mos kibbu z ac o ies we e buil in he 1970s and 1980s, some o hem by
collec i e kibbu zim. Acco ding o Co aceBDI da a (Co aceBDI,2021), 235 ac o ies we e
ope a ed in kibbu zim in 2021, he majo i y in he plas ic and ubbe (28%), machine and in-
dus ial equipmen (19%), ood and ag icul u e (13%), and echnology and elec onic (11%)
indus ies. Rega ding small and medium en e p ises (SMEs), while he e a e no o icial
numbe s, a ailable da a show ha a ound 2000 such o ganiza ions opened in kibbu zim in
he las 15 yea s; a hi d o hese we e ini ia ed by women and a ained an annual u no e
o ILS 100 million (USD 2.2 million) (Golds ein,2006).
The p i a iza ion p ocess has also led o spa ial eo ganiza ion, e lec ing b oade
social and economic shi s (Kahana & Kamine ,2020). While hese ans o ma ions a e
subs an ial, kibbu zim con inue o e ain elemen s o hei o iginal iden i y, adap ing o
bo h in e nal and ex e nal p essu es (Russell e al.,2011). The pe sis ence o communalism
amid he widesp ead shi owa d p i a iza ion highligh s a complex landscape wi hin
Is aeli kibbu zim, whe e adi ional alues con inue o coexis wi h mode n economic
adap a ions (Tobiasz-Lis e al.,2024). In addi ion, hese ans o ma ions c ea e oppo uni ies
o in ap eneu ial ac i i ies wi hin kibbu zim, whe e en ep eneu ial beha io s ha e
eme ged o add ess e ol ing challenges. As Heilb unn (2005a) no ed, kibbu zim exempli y
in ap eneu ial dynamics as communi y s uc u es adap o ex e nal economic p essu es
by balancing adi ional alues wi h inno a i e p ac ices.
2.3. Mo i a ing En ep eneu s Unde Ma ke Economy Theo ies: Push and Pull Fac o s
Economic ansi ions om collec i ism o a ma ke o ien a ion ha e been ex ensi ely
s udied, ocusing mainly on mac o-le el dynamics such as sys emic ine iciencies, ins i-
u ional ba ie s, and e o m pa hways (Dab owski,2020;Gid on & Doma adzka,2021;
Ko nai,1992;S a k,1996;Weichang & Volchik,2022). Ko nai (1992) highligh ed he in lexi-
bili y o cen ally planned economies in esponding o ma ke demands, while Dab owski
(2020) sugges ed ha di e en ini ial condi ions in luenced ansi ion s a egies. Simila ly,
Weichang and Volchik (2022) demons a ed how collec i e cul u es, such as China and
Russia, a e lea ning om each o he ’s e o ms and ans o ma ion p ocesses in o de o
ad ance hei de elopmen . S a k (1996) p oposed he concep o hyb idiza ion, whe e
socialis and capi alis sys ems coexis du ing ansi ional phases, and Sachs (1993) ad o-
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 65 5 o 18
ca ed o “shock he apy”, apid sys emic changes o o e come en enched ine iciencies.
While o me s udies shed an impo an ligh on he cul u al changes ha occu ed o e
he yea s, hey o en neglec indi idual-le el dynamics, which a e c ucial o unde s anding
en ep eneu ial beha io du ing such ansi ions. By examining hese dynamics, his pape
explo es how pe sonali y ai s shape en ep eneu ial ans o ma ions wi hin kibbu zim
and o e s insigh s in o social in ap eneu ship as a o m o communi y-d i en adap a ion
o ma ke economies.
Mo i a ional ac o s a e cen al o unde s anding en ep eneu ial beha io (Klein,2016;
Ma ínez-Cañas e al.,2023), pa icula ly in he con ex o ansi ioning kibbu zim. Push
ac o s, such as economic necessi y and inancial insecu i y, compel indi iduals owa d
en ep eneu ship as a means o su i al (Dawson & Henley,2012). Con e sely, pull ac o s,
such as aspi a ions o au onomy, achie emen , and sel - ul illmen , a ac indi iduals o
en ep eneu ship by aligning wi h in insic mo i a ions (S ephan e al.,2016). Since he
collec i e kibbu z is buil on he agenda o collec i ism on he one hand and economic
suppo in case o ailu e on he o he , we can assume ha he decision o collec i e kibbu z
membe s o become en ep eneu s is no d i en by necessi y bu by an inne desi e o
do so. Hence, hey lean on a pull-based mo i a ion. Con e sely, he mo i a ion ha
d i es p i a ized kibbu z membe s is mo e complica ed. They a e no obliga ed o ollow
he kibbu z’s decisions and may choose hei ca ee pa h (sel -employmen s. sala ied
employmen ) independen ly, which poin s o a pull mo i a ion. Howe e , acco ding o he
push hypo hesis, people who eel inancially insecu e may e alua e he expec ed e u ns
om en ep eneu ship as mo e a ac i e han he al e na i e (Dawson & Henley,2012;
Ma ínez-Cañas e al.,2023). Since p i a ized kibbu z membe s a e no longe suppo ed
by hei communi y, hey may ha e a highe chance o being pushed owa d becoming
sel -employed a he han choosing o do so. As such, in p i a ized kibbu zim, diminished
communal suppo heigh ens push mo i a ions, whe eas collec i e kibbu zim, wi h hei
suppo i e en i onmen s, os e pull-d i en en ep eneu ship (Heilb unn,2008). This
dual amewo k o push and pull ac o s unde sco es how cul u al and economic con ex s
in luence en ep eneu ial decisions in ansi ioning kibbu zim and sheds ligh on hei
ele ance o in ap eneu ial ac i i ies.
2.4. Cul u al Values Shaping In ap eneu ial Beha io s wi h Sel -E icacy and P oac i i y as an
In e ening Mechanism
Cul u al no ms and ins i u ional amewo ks play a c i ical ole in shaping en-
ep eneu ial beha io . Ins i u ional heo y posi s ha socie al no ms and alues hea ily
in luence indi idual choices, including en ep eneu ial decisions (Sco ,1995;Klein e al.,
2024). T adi ional kibbu zim, wi h hei emphasis on coope a ion and equali y, o en
cons ain indi idual en ep eneu ial endea o s. Howe e , he shi owa d p i a iza ion
in oduced ma ke -o ien ed cul u al alues ha encou age inno a ion, isk- aking, and
indi idual achie emen (Heilb unn,2008). Pe o mance-based cul u es u he acili a e
his ansi ion by p io i izing indi idual inno a ion and success (Ja idan,2004). These
e ol ing no ms also os e in ap eneu ial ecosys ems wi hin kibbu zim, whe e cul u al
alues media e he ension be ween collec i ism and indi idualism.
Fu he mo e, schola s sugges ha indi iduals who become en ep eneu s exhibi
unique ai s such as en ep eneu ial sel -e icacy and p oac i i y (F ese e al.,2016;Gielnik
e al.,2020;Kuma & Shukla,2022). Sel -e icacy, de ined as he belie in one’s abili y o
achie e desi ed ou comes (Bandu a,1983,1997), plays a pi o al ole in en ep eneu ial
decision-making (Aima e al.,2020;Kuma & Shukla,2022). I ac s as a media ing mech-
anism be ween cul u al alues and en ep eneu ial in en ions, shaping how indi iduals
pe cei e and espond o oppo uni ies and challenges. Fo example, Aima e al. (2020)
ound ha sel -e icacy media es he connec ion be ween global mindse —i.e., he abili y o
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 65 6 o 18
in e p e a si ua ion and c i e ia om a global poin o iew—and en ep eneu ial in en ion.
In addi ion, Hopp and S ephan (2012) sugges ed ha en ep eneu ial mo i a ion and en-
ep eneu ial sel -e icacy a e essen ial de e minan s o whe he a pe son will comple e he
implemen a ion phase and es ablish a business success ully, since sel -e icacy esul s om
he cul u al alues and no ms embedded in he indi idual’s socie y. As such, we p opose
ha in p i a ized kibbu zim, he ocus on pe o mance-based ou comes os e s highe
sel -e icacy by ewa ding indi idual e o and achie emen . Con e sely, in collec i e
kibbu zim, sel -e icacy is enhanced h ough a suppo i e en i onmen ha alle ia es pe -
cei ed isks. This media ing ole o sel -e icacy highligh s i s impo ance in in ap eneu ial
beha io s, whe e con idence in one’s abili ies d i es inno a ion and adap abili y wi hin
o ganiza ional se ings.
P oac i e pe sonali y ai s, cha ac e ized by ini ia i e, adap abili y, and esilience,
signi ican ly in luence en ep eneu ial ou comes (Rauch & F ese,2007). S udies ha e sug-
ges ed ha a p oac i e pe sonali y se es as a acili a o o en ep eneu ial in en ions (e.g.,
Hubba ,2024;Neneh,2019;Van Ness e al.,2020). These ai s mode a e he ela ionship
be ween sel -e icacy and en ep eneu ial beha io by enhancing indi idual adap abili y
in a ying socioeconomic con ex s. As such, we posi ha in collec i e kibbu zim, p oac-
i i y ampli ies he e ec s o sel -e icacy by enabling indi iduals o le e age communal
esou ces o en ep eneu ial en u es. Con e sely, in p i a ized kibbu zim, p oac i i y
mi iga es he p essu es o push ac o s by channeling indi idual ini ia i e in o p oduc i e
ou comes. This highligh s he pa allels be ween en ep eneu ial and in ap eneu ial dy-
namics, whe e p oac i i y acili a es he pu sui o inno a i e solu ions wi hin communi y
o o ganiza ional cons ain s.
To conclude, he e iew syn hesizes his o ical, cul u al, psychological, and ins i u ional
pe spec i es o p o ide a comp ehensi e unde s anding o en ep eneu ial ans o ma ions
in kibbu zim. Key insigh s include he ension be ween collec i is and ma ke -o ien ed
alues, he oles o mo i a ional ac o s, and he media ing e ec s o sel -e icacy and
p oac i i y. These ounda ions no only unde pin he subsequen concep ual amewo k bu
also illumina e he dynamics o in ap eneu ial beha io in communi y and o ganiza ional
con ex s. Based on he e iew, we posi he ollowing hypo hesis depic ed in Figu e 1.
Adm. Sci. 2025, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 19
in en ion. In addi ion, Hopp and S ephan (2012) sugges ed ha en ep eneu ial mo i a-
ion and en ep eneu ial sel -efficacy a e essen ial de e minan s o whe he a pe son will
comple e he implemen a ion phase and es ablish a business success ully, since sel -effi-
cacy esul s om he cul u al alues and no ms embedded in he indi idual’s socie y. As
such, we p opose ha in p i a ized kibbu zim, he ocus on pe o mance-based ou comes
os e s highe sel -efficacy by ewa ding indi idual effo and achie emen . Con e sely,
in collec i e kibbu zim, sel -efficacy is enhanced h ough a suppo i e en i onmen ha
alle ia es pe cei ed isks. This media ing ole o sel -efficacy highligh s i s impo ance in
in ap eneu ial beha io s, whe e con idence in one’s abili ies d i es inno a ion and
adap abili y wi hin o ganiza ional se ings.
P oac i e pe sonali y ai s, cha ac e ized by ini ia i e, adap abili y, and esilience,
signi ican ly in luence en ep eneu ial ou comes (Rauch & F ese, 2007). S udies ha e sug-
ges ed ha a p oac i e pe sonali y se es as a acili a o o en ep eneu ial in en ions (e.g.,
Hubba , 2024; Neneh, 2019; Van Ness e al., 2020). These ai s mode a e he ela ionship
be ween sel -efficacy and en ep eneu ial beha io by enhancing indi idual adap abili y
in a ying socioeconomic con ex s. As such, we posi ha in collec i e kibbu zim, p oac-
i i y ampli ies he effec s o sel -efficacy by enabling indi iduals o le e age communal
esou ces o en ep eneu ial en u es. Con e sely, in p i a ized kibbu zim, p oac i i y
mi iga es he p essu es o push ac o s by channeling indi idual ini ia i e in o p oduc i e
ou comes. This highligh s he pa allels be ween en ep eneu ial and in ap eneu ial dy-
namics, whe e p oac i i y acili a es he pu sui o inno a i e solu ions wi hin commu-
ni y o o ganiza ional cons ain s.
To conclude, he e iew syn hesizes his o ical, cul u al, psychological, and ins i u-
ional pe spec i es o p o ide a comp ehensi e unde s anding o en ep eneu ial ans-
o ma ions in kibbu zim. Key insigh s include he ension be ween collec i is and ma ke -
o ien ed alues, he oles o mo i a ional ac o s, and he media ing effec s o sel -efficacy
and p oac i i y. These ounda ions no only unde pin he subsequen concep ual ame-
wo k bu also illumina e he dynamics o in ap eneu ial beha io in communi y and o -
ganiza ional con ex s. Based on he e iew, we posi he ollowing hypo hesis depic ed in
Figu e 1.
Figu e 1. The p esen s udy’s model and hypo heses.
H1. The ansi ion om collec i is o en ep eneu ial beha io is ela ed o he push and pull
mo i a ional ac o s.
H2. The ansi ion om collec i is o en ep eneu ial beha io is ela ed o he sel -efficacy pe -
sonali y ai .
Figu e 1. The p esen s udy’s model and hypo heses.
H1. The ansi ion om collec i is o en ep eneu ial beha io is ela ed o he push and pull
mo i a ional ac o s.
H2. The ansi ion om collec i is o en ep eneu ial beha io is ela ed o he sel -e icacy
pe sonali y ai .
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 65 7 o 18
H3. The ansi ion om collec i is o en ep eneu ial beha io and mo i a ional ac o s is media ed
by sel -e icacy.
H4. P oac i i y mode a es he ela ionships among mo i a ional ac o s, sel -e icacy, and en-
ep eneu ial success.
3. Me hodology
3.1. Concep ual F amewo k
The ans o ma ion o kibbu zim om collec i is o en ep eneu ial models ep esen s
a p o ound socioeconomic e olu ion, d i en by indi idual mo i a ions, cul u al con ex s,
and sys emic p essu es. This amewo k ex ends he discou se on o ganiza ional change
by posi ioning kibbu zim as analogous o o ganiza ional se ings, whe e en ep eneu ial
beha io s e lec in ap eneu ial dynamics. Concomi an ly wi h his assump ion, he de-
penden a iables in his amewo k a e he mo i a ional ac o s, which a e ca ego ized
in o push ac o s, such as inancial necessi y and diminished communal suppo , and
pull ac o s, including aspi a ions o au onomy, c ea i i y, and sel - ul illmen . These
mo i a ions e lec bo h ex e nal p essu es and in e nal aspi a ions, p opelling indi iduals
owa d en ep eneu ial endea o s wi hin he communal con ex . We a gue ha he an-
si ion om collec i ism o en ep eneu ial beha io cap u es a shi in p ac ices, alues,
and economic o ien a ions. This ans o ma ion mi o s in ap eneu ial ac i i y, whe e
indi iduals inno a e and adap wi hin s uc u ed communal se ings o add ess eme ging
challenges and oppo uni ies.
The independen a iables include he ollowing: (1) The ype o kibbu z (collec i e
s. p i a ized), which e lec s he s uc u al and cul u al di e ences wi hin kibbu zim
ha in luence he deg ee and na u e o en ep eneu ial ac i i y. (2) Sel -e icacy, de ined as
con idence in one’s abili y o succeed in en ep eneu ial asks, which ac s as a media ing
a iable. I links mo i a ional ac o s wi h en ep eneu ial ou comes, demons a ing how
in e nal belie s enable indi iduals o na iga e challenges and capi alize on oppo uni ies.
Las ly, (3) p oac i e pe sonali y ai s, cha ac e ized by adap abili y, esilience, and ini ia-
i e, which se e as a mode a ing a iable. P oac i e indi iduals a e be e equipped o
ansla e sel -e icacy in o ac ionable en ep eneu ial beha io s by ampli ying he impac o
mo i a ional ac o s.
3.2. Sample and P ocedu es
A su ey was conduc ed among en ep eneu s li ing in collec i e and p i a ized
kibbu zim. Since he kibbu z is a unique communi y, ques ionnai es we e also deli e ed
o en ep eneu s who a e no kibbu z membe s. Pa icipan s p o ided in o med consen ,
and da a con iden iali y was igo ously main ained. Following Caliendo e al. (2014), an
en ep eneu was de ined as a pe son who es ablishes and owns a business. This e e s
mos ly o pe sons who a e al eady sel -employed and who a e mos ly “ he ounde s,
owne s and manage s o a business unde hei own liabili y” (p. 789). The s udy a iables
we e measu ed using adap a ions o exis ing scales. The s udy’s scales we e ansla ed in o
Heb ew and back- ansla ed in o English o check he eliabili y o he ansla ion.
O e all, 256 subjec s pa icipa ed in he su ey. Ou o hese, 92 en ep eneu s we e
p i a ized kibbu z membe s (36%), 83 we e membe s o collec i e kibbu zim (33%), and
he emaining 81 subjec s we e no kibbu z membe s (31%). Female esponden s made
up 66% o he sample, while 34% we e male. Fu he mo e, 26% o he esponden s we e
single, 61% we e ma ied, and 17% we e ei he di o ced o widowed. M
age
= 41 yea s
(
SD = 12.73
). M
en ep eneu ial_yea s
= 10.96 (
SD = 10.89
). M
employees
= 40.05 (
SD = 75.11
); how-
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 65 8 o 18
e e , he median numbe o employees was 8, and 25% o businesses had a maximum o
one addi ional employee.
3.3. Measu es
Pull and Push mo i a o s. The dependen a iables, i.e., he ype o mo i a ional (push
and pull) ac o s, we e measu ed using 13 i ems on a 5-poin Like - ype scale (1 = ully
disag ee; 5 = ully ag ee). The ac o abili y o he 13 i ems was examined using p incipal
componen analysis. Ini ial eigen alues indica ed wo ac o s ha explained 26% and 24%
o he o al a iance. The ac o loading ma ix o his esul is p esen ed in Appendix A.
A C onbach’s alpha eliabili y es was conduc ed on he a iables ha we e loaded on
he i s and he second ac o s. The esul s indica ed good eliabili y o bo h he i s
(
α
= 0.818) and second (
α
= 0.720) ac o s. Based on he desc ip ion o he i ems, he i s
a iable, e med pull mo i a o s, was composed using ques ions 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, and 11.
The second a iable, named push mo i a o s, was composed o ques ions 5, 12, and 13.
Kibbu z ype was measu ed using a ques ion asking whe he he pa icipan is a membe
o a p i a ized kibbu z, a collec i e kibbu z, o esides ou side he kibbu z.
Sel -e icacy was measu ed based on Schwa ze and Je usalem’s (1995) ques ionnai e
(sample i em: “I can always manage o sol e di icul p oblems i I y ha d enough”;
α= 0.93
). A 4-poin Like scale was used o sco e esponses using a ange om 1 = no a
all ue o 4 = exac ly ue.
P oac i i y was measu ed using Ba eman and C an ’s (1993) 17-i em scale (sample
i em: “No ma e wha he odds, i I belie e in some hing, I will make i happen”;
α= 0.94
).
A 7-poin scale was used o sco e esponses on a ange om 1 = s ongly disag ee o
7 = s ongly ag ee.
Con ol a iables. The pa icipan ’s gende , numbe o yea s as an en ep eneu , and
he numbe o employees in hei companies we e con olled.
4. Resul s
4.1. Desc ip i e Analysis and P elimina y Insigh s
Desc ip i e s a is ics p o ided an o e iew o key a iables, including mo i a ional
ac o s and en ep eneu ial ou comes. Co ela ion analyses e ealed signi ican ela ion-
ships be ween kibbu z ype and en ep eneu ial mo i a ions. En ep eneu s om p i-
a ized kibbu zim demons a ed highe eliance on push mo i a o s, such as inancial
necessi y, while hose om collec i e kibbu zim exhibi ed a nega i e alignmen wi h pull
mo i a o s, including aspi a ions o au onomy and c ea i i y. These pa e ns a e summa-
ized in Table 1, which p esen s means, s anda d de ia ions, and co ela ions among he
p ima y a iables.
Table 1. Means, s anda d de ia ions, and co ela ions among esea ch a iables.
M (SD)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1. Collec i e kibbu z a1.00
2. P i a ized kibbu z b−0.52 ** 1.00
3. Pull mo i a ion 3.26
(0.93)
−0.13 * −0.10 1.00
4. Push mo i a ion 3.76
(0.82) 0.01 0.14 * 0.30 ** 1.00
5. P oac i i y 5.31
(0.80)
−0.07 −0.02 −0.11 0.07 1.00
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 65 15 o 18
membe s. Howe e , Manos and Gid on (2021) ha e sugges ed ha he changes in alues
ha a ec ed he kibbu zim pa alleled simila p ocesses h oughou Is ael ha ans o med
he collec i is ic and socialis coun y in o a s a -up na ion ha emphasizes he alues
o indi idualism and ma e ialism. The e o e, u he s udies a e needed o unde s and
he impac o he na ional cul u al con ex , especially hose na ional cha ac e is ics ha
con ibu e o he d i e o become an en ep eneu .
By si ua ing he kibbu z’s en ep eneu ial ans o ma ion wi hin he amewo k o
social in ap eneu ship, his s udy con ibu es o he b oade discou se on os e ing inno-
a ion wi hin s uc u ed en i onmen s. These indings p o ide a ounda ion o he u u e
explo a ion o he in e play be ween indi idual agencies and communal s uc u es, which
will be u he add essed in he concluding sec ion.
6. Conclusions
This s udy del es in o he ans o ma i e jou ney o kibbu zim om collec i is mod-
els o en ep eneu ial ecosys ems, aming he phenomenon as a compelling example o
social in ap eneu ship. By in eg a ing mo i a ional dynamics, sel -e icacy, and p oac i e
pe sonali y ai s, he esea ch highligh s how indi idual agencies ope a e wi hin s uc u ed
communal con ex s o d i e en ep eneu ial ans o ma ion. These indings no only alida e
he concep ual amewo k bu also p o ide a nuanced unde s anding o how in ap eneu ial
ac i i ies eme ge and h i e in unique sociocul u al and o ganiza ional se ings.
F aming he kibbu z ansi ion as a o m o in ap eneu ship si ua es his s udy wi hin
b oade discussions o o ganiza ional inno a ion and social en ep eneu ship. The kibbu z,
akin o an o ganiza ion wi h i s s uc u ed no ms and sha ed esou ces, p o ides e ile
g ound o explo e how en ep eneu ial beha io s can be cul i a ed wi hin collec i e ame-
wo ks. This pe spec i e b idges he gap be ween indi idual mo i a ions and o ganiza ional
adap a ion, o e ing p ac ical insigh s in o os e ing social in ap eneu ship.
The implica ions o his esea ch ex end beyond he kibbu zim, p o iding aluable
insigh s o o ganiza ions seeking o adop social en ep eneu ial p ac ices while add ess-
ing esis ance o change. By ocusing on indi idual ai s and cul u al dynamics, he s udy
unde sco es s a egies o os e ing inno a ion wi hou unde mining ounda ional alues.
These insigh s can guide policymake s and o ganiza ional leade s in de eloping in e en-
ions ha ha monize economic demands wi h he p ese a ion o communal well-being.
In conclusion, his s udy con ibu es o he g owing body o li e a u e on social
in ap eneu ship, p o iding a comp ehensi e lens o unde s and he dynamics o en-
ep eneu ial ans o ma ion wi hin s uc u ed en i onmen s. I no only alida es he
ele ance o pe sonali y ai s and mo i a ional ac o s bu also emphasizes he adap abili y
o collec i e s uc u es in os e ing inno a ion and economic esilience.
Au ho Con ibu ions: The au ho s made equal con ibu ions o his s udy. All au ho s ha e ead
and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : The s udy was conduc ed in acco dance wi h he Decla a ion
o Helsinki, and app o ed by he In-s i u ional Re iew Boa d o A iel Uni e si y (p o ocol code
AU-SOC-GK-20220307, 7 Ma ch 2022).
In o med Consen S a emen : In o med consen was ob ained om all subjec s in ol ed in he s udy.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : The da a will be made a ailable upon easonable eques . Please
con ac he i s au ho .
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
Adm. Sci. 2025,15, 65 16 o 18
Appendix A
Fac o loading o mo i a ional ac o s o es ablish a business.
Table A1. Fac o Loadings o Mo i a ional Fac o s o Es ablishing a Business.
I em Mean SD Fac o 1 Fac o 2
Wan ed o ha e mo e ime o spend wi h my amily (11) 3.46 1.36 0.816
Looked o mo e ee ime (8) 3.42 1.29 0.793
F ee choice o ake ac ions (7) 3.74 1.22 0.682
Desi e o be independen and make independen decisions (4) 3.47 1.44 0.672
Desi e o ea n mo e (1) 3.64 1.46 0.655
Job secu i y (2) 3.51 1.30 0.612
Sel - ul ilmen (10) 3.88 1.09 0.433
Mo e in e es in my wo k (3) 4.02 1.03 448
I wan ed mo e challenges (6) a3.84 1.03 0.392
I adap ed o he equi emen s o my spouse (13) 3.21 1.34 0.726
I couldn’ ind ano he job (5) 2.85 1.35 0.623
I wan ed o adjus mysel o he no ms p e alen in my communi y (12)
3.19 1.39 0.584
C onbach’s alpha 0.818 0.720
a
This i em was excluded om he inal analysis because i s ac o loading did no exceed he h eshold o 0.40,
indica ing an insu icien con ibu ion o he cons uc ’s measu emen .
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