T ansac ions o he VŠB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a
Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies
Vol. VII, No. 1, 2012
1
MONITORING OF ENVIRONMENT IN A FLASHOVER CONTAINER
IN THE COURSE OF ENCLOSURE FIRE SIMULATION
Šá ka BERNATÍKOVÁ1, Aleš DUDÁČEK2, Jan ŽIŽKA3, Ladisla JÁNOŠÍK4, Pe KUČERA5
1 VŠB - Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Facul y o Sa e y Enginee ing, Os a a, Czech Republic, [email p o ec ed]
2 VŠB - Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Facul y o Sa e y Enginee ing, Os a a, Czech Republic, [email p o ec ed]
3 VŠB - Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Facul y o Sa e y Enginee ing, Os a a, Czech Republic, [email p o ec ed]
4 VŠB - Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Facul y o Sa e y Enginee ing, Os a a, Czech Republic, ladisla [email p o ec ed]
5 VŠB - Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Facul y o Sa e y Enginee ing, Os a a, Czech Republic, pe [email p o ec ed]
In oduc ion
Acco ding o da a published by he Gene al
Di ec o a e o Fi e and Rescue Se ice o he Czech
Republic (Minis y o he In e io , 2012), in he
pe iod 2001 - 2011 mo e han 20 000 i es annually
occu ed on an a e age in he Czech Republic; he
minimum numbe o i es was 15 966 in he yea
2001 and he maximum numbe was 26 648 in he
yea 2003. Enclosu e i es ep esen only a a he
small pa o he o al numbe o i es. In he yea
2011, i es in buildings and s uc u es excep o
ag icul u al s uc u es o med 22.6 % o he numbe
o i es in which 74 people died, which co esponded
o 57.4 % o all i e dea hs. In his yea , 734 people
we e inju ed, which co esponded o 63.7 % o all
he inju ed.
Fi e i gh e in e en ions in enclosed spaces belong
o he mos complica ed and dange ous ones. Du ing
hem, i e i gh e s a e e y o en exposed o ex eme
condi ions ep esen ed by high empe a u es and high
densi y o hea l ux, possible occu ence o dange ous
subs ances in he ai and dec eased o ien a ion abili y
induced by a con en o solid pa icles in smoke,
unknown geome y o space and unknown layou
o u nishings. This all makes he escue o pe sons
and p ope y inside buildings and he success ul
supp ession o i es much mo e di i cul .
Fo he quick and sa e supp ession o i es
no only in enclosu es, i is necessa y o p epa e
i e i gh e s sys ema ically (Polako ič and
Waw zynkiewicz, 2009). A sui able way is p ac ical
aining in condi ions simula ing eal condi ions
o enclosu e i es (Mu phy and Molle, 2005).
Fo his pu pose, so-called l asho e con aine s
(hence o h e e ed o as FOC) began o be used
also in he Czech Republic se e al yea s ago. In he
con aine s he eal condi ions o enclosu e i es can
be simula ed. Fi e i gh e s can be sa ely exposed he e
o he eal condi ions o enclosu e i es and ela ed
phenomena. Simul aneously, FOCs make i possible
o obse e he cou se o he i e and demons a ion
o and aining in a ious ways o wa e applica ion
o he space du ing i e ex inguishing. A p esen ,
wo acili ies ha use liquid p opane as a uel
a e ope a ed in he a ea o he Czech Republic
(School and T aining Facili y in B no and T aining
Facili y a Zbi oh), and ano he FOC si ua ed in he
municipali y o Ham y (Fi e and Rescue Se ice
o Olomouc Region) ha uses a solid uel. The use
o p opane makes i possible o ca y ou , in a e y
sho ime pe iod, epea ed simula ions o equi ed
condi ions occu ing in he cou se o he enclosu e
i e; ano he ad an age o i is ela i ely clean
ope a ion wi hou solid was e p oduc ion.
The aining acili ies a e o imp o e he
p o essional aining o i e b igades and o c ea e
condi ions o sa e se ice in acco dance wi h Sec ions
70 and 72 o Ac No. 133/1985 Coll., on i e p o ec ion
(Ac , 1985), Sec ion 77 o Ac No. 361/2003 Coll.,
on ci il se ice o membe s o secu i y o ces (Ac ,
2003) and hei implemen ing egula ions.
Abs ac : This a icle p esen s he esul s o expe imen al de e mina ion o empe a u e i eld and
hea l ux densi y in a l asho e con aine used o he aining o i e i gh e s. Expe imen al
measu emen s we e ca ied ou in a chambe No. 1 o a i e i gh ing aine o Fi e and
Rescue Se ice o he Czech Republic a Zbi oh. The a icle desc ibes he design and
equipmen o his chambe , used me hod o measu emen and es p ocedu e. Measu ed
alues o empe a u e i eld and hea l ux densi y a e s a ed and discussed. In conclusion,
ecommenda ions o u he measu emen s in his chambe aimed a acqui ing o he
i ndings conce ning he mal loads on i e i gh e s in he cou se o aining a e p esen ed.
Key wo ds: Flasho e con aine , expe imen , hea l ux densi y, empe a u e.
Resea ch a icle
p. 1 - 6, DOI 10.2478/ 10281-012-0003-z
T ansac ions o he VŠB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a
Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies
Vol. VII, No. 1, 2012
2
The aim o he wo k was o acqui e alues
o selec ed physical quan i ies cha ac e ising
an en i onmen inside he FOC, speci i cally in
a chambe No. 1 o a i e i gh ing aine a Zbi oh.
Acqui ed alues a e used especially as da a o he
design o aining me hods in he FOC espec ing
he sa e y o in e ening i e i gh e s and o he
ope a ion o he acili y a accep able cos s.
Desc ip ion o he Fi e i gh ing T aine a
Zbi oh
The aining acili y is si ua ed in he ou ski s o
he municipali y o Zbi oh, on he p emises o he
3 d Rescue Company o Fi e and Rescue Se ice o
he Czech Republic. The acili y consis s o se e al
wo kplaces o di e en ypes in ended o he
aining o b igades o Fi e and Rescue Se ice o
he egion, whe e condi ions du ing he i e in he
enclosed and he ou doo space can be simula ed. An
FOC model o aining in i gh ing he enclosu e i e
is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Fi e i gh ing aine model (Tomášek, 2010)
The base o he i e i gh ing aine (g ound l oo )
is composed o con aine s Nos. 1 o 4. The i s l oo
consis s o a con aine No. 5, which is moun ed on
suppo s and welded on along he no h side. The
la e al walls o he con aine s Nos. 1 and 2 a e cu
o o m a space ( oom) o a he la ge dimensions,
a so-called “chambe ” No. 1. The con aine No. 3 is
di ided in o wo pa s connec ed wi h each o he a
a igh angle. The s uc u e o all con aine s is sel -
suppo ing.
In he icini y o bu ne s, he con aine s a e
p o ec ed by 50 mm hick he mal insula ion Sib al
co e ed wi h 1 mm hick s eel shee s. Be ween
he p ops o he ligh -gauge s uc u e, 40 x 3 mm
ho izon al s eel s ips p e en ing he he mal
insula ion om se ling a e welded on o he
con aine each 500 mm.
In all con aine s, conc e e pa ing, 300 x 300 x 33
mm in size, laid on a 20 mm hick sand bed, is he e.
In he walls and he oo s o he con aine s, holes o
window and doo ames and en s acks a e c ea ed.
Doo and window wings a e ab ica ed om s eel
sec ions, he in i ll consis s o s eel shee s 1.8 mm
hick (Tomášek, 2010). Le e locks a e moun ed on
hem. On en holes, posi ion-adjus able shee s o
con ol he supply o ai o he bu ne s a e moun ed.
Ven s acks a e ab ica ed om s eel L-sec ions and
a e s eel jacke ed. The s acks a e opened by means
o a 5 mm diame e s eel ope ha uns om a s ack
cap le e h ough a pulley o an ope a ing le e on
he con aine wall. Ope a ing le e s a e he e on he
in e nal as well as ex e nal side o he con aine .
Each le e is equipped wi h a lock o keeping i
in he open posi ion. S acks abo e he con aine s
Nos. 1 and. 2 a e in e connec ed wi h s eel opes
so ha hey can be opened by one le e . Technical
speci i ca ions a e aken om (Tomášek, 2010).
Ma e ials and me hods
The expe imen al measu emen s we e aken
in he chambe No. 1 o he i e i gh ing aine o
simula e he condi ions o an enclosu e i e. The
enclosu e is a space consis ing o wo anspo ISO
1AA ype con aine s, he echnical da a o which
a e gi en in Tab. 1. The space is p ima ily designed
o aining in he e ec i e supply o ex inguishing
agen in a o m o so-called 3D wa e og.
Tab. 1 Selec ed echnical speci i ca ion o chambe
No. 1
Fo he c ea ion o l ames o i e i gh ing d ill
and simula ion o enclosu e i e condi ions, a main
p opane bu ne wi h maximum ou pu o 2.211 MW
is ins alled in he chambe No. 1.
Bu ne ou pu is egula ed by p opane supply
con ol using a ball- al e wi h se od i e. This is
con olled by bu ons placed on a boa d.
The uel o he i e i gh ing aine is p opane,
he selec ed pa ame e s o which a e gi en in Tab. 2.
p. 1 - 6, DOI 10.2478/ 10281-012-0003-z
Chambe No. 1 (con aine s No. 1 and 2)
Chambe wid h inne 4 700 mm
Chambe leng h inne 11 985 mm
Chambe heigh inne 2 280 mm
Limi ed maximum bu ne
ou pu 2 211 kW
Numbe o gas-phase
bu ne s
igni ion 1 x 4 kW
s abiliza ion 1 x 63 kW
Numbe o main bu ne
nozzles 41
T ansac ions o he VŠB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a
Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies
Vol. VII, No. 1, 2012
3
Tab. 2 Selec ed p ope ies o uel (p opane)
(Tomášek, 2010)
The supply o he gas phase o p opane is led
om a uel bunke o an igni ion and a s abiliza ion
bu ne in he chambe No. 1. The igni ion bu ne is
igni ed manually using a sui able ini ia ion sou ce.
By he igni ion bu ne , he s abiliza ion bu ne ,
which is designed o con inuous igni ing a main
bu ne , is igni ed. Technical da a a e aken om
(La a, 2010).
To ensu e he uni o m l ame along he ull leng h,
he main p opane bu ne ins alled in he chambe
No. 1 is i lled wi h liquid p opane om h ee poin s,
and h ee nozzle ypes di e ing in inpu esis ance
a e used in i .
Based on p e ious expe ience and expe ience
acqui ed in ull-scale i e expe imen s, a layou o
senso s o empe a u e and hea l ux densi y was
p oposed. The senso layou is shown in Fig. 2 and 3.
Fig. 2 Con aine g ound plan showing he senso
layou
Fig. 3 Sec ion h ough he con aine showing
he senso layou
Fo he measu emen o empe a u e in he space,
i.e. a quan i y used o he desc ip ion o na u al and
echnical p ocesses (Š ec and Š ec, 2008), hea -
unshielded he mocouples we e used. The u iliza ion
o hem was simila o ha in ull-scale i e es s
(ISO, 1996). Because in a case o hea -unshielded
he mocouples, hea ans e by adia ion be ween
he l ame and he he mocouple, and especially a
high empe a u es also be ween he he mocouple
and cold walls akes place, he empe a u e measu ed
by he he mocouple may di e om ha o
combus ion p oduc s e en by se e al en o deg ees
Celsius (Zbieg and G ycmano á, 2009). Di e ences
be ween he empe a u e o combus ion p oduc s
and he empe a u e measu ed by he mocouples
in a compa men i e expe imen a e desc ibed
also by (Mackay e al., 2010). Fo he pu pose o
measu emen done, he empe a u e including also
he adia ion componen is sui able and co esponds
o he condi ions o which i e i gh e s and also
objec s inside he con aine will be exposed.
Fo sensing he empe a u e in he space
al oge he 34 NiC /Ni jacke ed he mocouples
(K ype) o diame e s 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 mm and
u he 22 he mocouples om K ype he mocouple
wi e (HH-K-24-500) we e used.
The he mocouples we e placed in posi ions S0
o S6, see Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. The heigh placemen
o he mocouples in speci i c posi ions was designed
wi h ega d o acqui ing alues o he as accu a e
as possible de e mina ion o empe a u e i eld
dis ibu ion. Ins alla ion was ca ied ou on chains
as ened o he ceiling o chambe No. 1 wi h a s eel
dead weigh a he o he end o each chain.
The he mocouples in posi ions S0-1 o S0-4
we e connec ed o a da a logge Almemo 2890-4S,
he he mocouples placed in posi ions S1 - S6 o
a da a logge Almemo 5690-2M. Be o e s a ing he
es s, co ec posi ions and unc ions o pa icula
he mocouples we e checked. The da a logge s we e
placed ou side he con aine o ensu e hei easy and
sa e manipula ion and p o ec ion agains possible
wea he e ec s.
Fo measu ing he densi y o hea l ux,
adiome e s SCHMIDT-BOELTER SBG01 placed
in he icini y o a poin o in e ening i e i gh e s
nea he posi ion “ins uc o ”, see Fig. 2 and
Fig. 3 (placemen is designa ed as R) we e used. The
densi y o hea l ux om a ious di ec ions as s a ed
in Tab. 3 was sensed.
The adiome e s we e moun ed on a s and. As a
as cooling he adiome e s is conce ned, he g a i y
l ow o wa e om a ank si ua ed on he i s l oo o
he aining acili y was designed. The inpu signal
wi e, cooling wa e supply and d ain hoses and
adiome e s wi h he excep ion o hei on al a eas
we e p o ec ed by he mal insula ion and e l ec i e
p. 1 - 6, DOI 10.2478/ 10281-012-0003-z
Pa ame e Value
Calo i i c alue 93.57 MJ.m-3
Explosi e limi s 2.12 - 9.35 %
Gas o e p essu e - liquid phase 500 kPa
Gas o e p essu e - gas phase 200 kPa
T ansac ions o he VŠB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a
Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies
Vol. VII, No. 1, 2012
4
shield aluminium oil. Da a om he adiome e s we e
eco ded using he da a logge Almemo 5690-2M.
Tab. 3 Layou o adiome e s du ing es s
The expe imen was di ided in o h ee es s
acco ding o he se ope a ing ou pu o he bu ne .
The ou pu co esponded o 30 pe cen , 60 pe cen
and 90 pe cen o maximum ou pu o he bu ne .
Selec ed alues o he ope a ing ou pu co esponded
o hose used in p e ious aining in he FOC.
Each es consis ed o 4 cycles; du ing each o
hem, he main bu ne was ac i a ed 5 imes. The
ime o main bu ne ac i a ion was always 3 s, ime
be ween ac i a ion hen 12 s (wi hin his in e al,
a i e i gh ing in e en ion is execu ed in he cou se
o aining i sel ). The ime be ween cycles was 10 s
(in aining, pa icipan s change du ing his ime).
Bu ne ac i a ion in ime is illus a ed in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 Ac i a ion o gas bu ne s in he cou se
o es s
Be o e he measu emen i sel , one es cycle a
ou pu equal o 30 % o limi ed maximum ou pu
ook place.
Posi ions o en holes in he cou se o
expe imen s a e gi en in Tab. 4.
Tab. 4 Con i gu a ion o holes in chambe No. 1
In he cou se o expe imen , me eo ological
condi ions we e con inuously measu ed and eco ded
a a dis ance o 20 m SE o he aining chambe
No. 1. A wea he s a ion Da is Van age P o2+
was used. A mosphe ic empe a u e, humidi y and
p essu e, wind di ec ion and in ensi y, p ecipi a ion
and sola adia ion we e obse ed.
Measu ed da a p ocessing was execu ed in
p og ams MS Excel and S a g aphics Plus 5.0.
Resul s
Me eo ological condi ions in he ime o
expe imen a e p esen ed in Tab. 5.
Tab. 5 Me eo ological condi ions in he ime o
expe imen
Fig. 5 illus a es he alues o medians o
empe a u es measu ed in he bu ne l ame a
a heigh o 1510 mm om he l oo . The posi ion
o he mocouples was chosen wi h ega d o he
di ec ion o nozzles o he main bu ne and i s
posi ion. The o de o he mocouples on he g aph
co esponds o he placemen in he con aine when
iewed om he en ance ga e o con aine s Nos. 1
and 2.
p. 1 - 6, DOI 10.2478/ 10281-012-0003-z
Se ial
Numbe
Max.
Value
o Hea
Flux
[kW.m-2]
Radiome e
O ien a ion
(in ela ion
o con aine
longi udinal axis)
Heigh
[mm]
SN 1073 - 100 100 e ical (90°) 1200
SN 1061 - 50 50 ho izon al (0°) 1040
SN 1062 - 50 50 incline (45°) 1190
SN 1340 - 10 10 ea (180°) 1150
SN 1341 - 10 10 le (0°) 1080
Hole Hole Con i gu a ion
En ance ga e - con aine 1 Open
En ance ga e - con aine 2 Open
Side doo - con aine 1 Closed
Side doo - con aine 2 Open
Side doo - con aine 2 -
passage in o con aine 3a Closed
Val e o en s acks o
con aine s 1 and 2 Closed
Hole o ai suc ion below he
bu ne
Open (270 mm hole
heigh )
Me eo ological Condi ions
A mosphe ic empe a u e 6.0 ± 0.1 °C
A mosphe ic humidi y 87 - 61 %
A e age wind speed 0.2 m.s-1
P ima y wind di ec ion NNW
Squall (maximum) 2.7 m.s-1
A mosphe ic p essu e 1022.9 hPa
P ecipi a ion 0 mm
Sola adia ion 0 W.m-2
T ansac ions o he VŠB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a
Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies
Vol. VII, No. 1, 2012
5
Fig. 5 Medians o empe a u es a 1510 mm heigh
in he place o bu ne a 30, 60 and 90 pe cen
ou pu s
The e alua ion o alues o medians o
empe a u es in he space is ca ied ou using images
(see Fig. 6 and Fig. 7), in which i lled con ou s
o empe a u e i eld in a 2D sec ion h ough a 3D
space a ou pu s equal o 30 %, 60 % and 90 % o
maximum ou pu o he main bu ne can be seen.
In he in e es o cla i y, in he di ec ion o axis
x he g aphs in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 do no exp ess
he ela i e size o chambe No. 1in ela ion o he
heigh placemen o he mocouples, bu hey exp ess
me ely a ela i e posi ion owa ds each o he .
Fig. 6 Median o empe a u e i eld dis ibu ion in
he con aine longi udinal axis a 30, 60 and
90 pe cen ou pu s
Fig. 7 Median o empe a u e i eld dis ibu ion in
con aine c oss sec ion in he S5-S2-S6 axis a 30,
60 and 90 pe cen ou pu s
Medians o measu ed alues o hea l ux densi y
om pa icula adiome e s o ien ed in a ious
di ec ions in he plane o he con aine longi udinal
axis and om a adiome e o ien ed le when iewed
om he en ance ga e o con aine s Nos. 1 and 2 a e
shown in he ollowing g aph in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8 Medians o hea l ux densi y in con aine
a 30, 60 and 90 pe cen ou pu s
Discussion
The pulsed mode o ope a ion o he bu ne
in he expe imen (see Fig. 4) led o conside able
l uc ua ions in measu ed empe a u e and hea l ux
densi y alues. Fo his eason, medians as a measu e
o cen al endency wi hou he e ec o ex eme
alues we e used o g aph cons uc ion. Values
in he g aph in Fig. 5 show a ma kedly smalle
di e ence be ween empe a u es a 60 pe cen and
90 pe cen ou pu s o he bu ne han is a di e ence
be ween empe a u es a 30 pe cen and 60 pe cen
ou pu s o he bu ne . This is p obably caused by he
insu i cien supply o ai o p opane combus ion
di ec ly in he a ea o he bu ne and by i s g adual
bu ning a a a he g ea dis ance om he bu ne .
This is also con i med by a de ailed analysis o hea
l ux densi ies p esen ed in Fig. 8. F om he on
di ec ion in he ho izon al plane (0°), wha can be
seen is a ma ked inc ease in hea l ux densi y a
30 pe cen and 60 pe cen ou pu s o he bu ne ; a
60 pe cen and 90 pe cen ou pu s any di e ence
in hea l ux densi y almos does no exis any longe .
F om he hal -space in on o he adiome e inclined
a an angle o 45°, abo e he adiome e s (90°), om
he le and om behind (180°), an inc ease in hea
l ux densi y con i ming he gi en assump ion can be
seen a 60 pe cen and 90 pe cen ou pu s.
F om he dis ibu ion o he empe a u e i eld
illus a ed in g aphs in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, a shi
o a he high empe a u es o la ge dis ances
om he bu ne is e iden . The dis ibu ion o he
empe a u e i eld in a longi udinal sec ion h ough
he chambe (Fig. 6) shows clea ly he cooling o
low-placed he mocouples in columns S4 and S3 due
o he ex e nal ai sucked h ough he open en ance
ga e as a esul o na u al exchange o gases in he
chambe . The in l uence o he ai sucked h ough he
p. 1 - 6, DOI 10.2478/ 10281-012-0003-z

T ansac ions o he VŠB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a
Sa e y Enginee ing Se ies
Vol. VII, No. 1, 2012
6
open igh side doo can be seen in he ans e se
dis ibu ion o he empe a u e i eld a he 30 pe cen
ou pu o he bu ne as illus a ed in Fig. 7.
Conclusion
The measu ed alues o he empe a u e i eld and
he hea l ux densi ies a e basic inpu da a needed o
a p oposal o sa e aining p ocedu es o i e i gh e s
in FOCs. In he u he phase, i will be necessa y o
ocus on di ec e ec s o high empe a u es and hea
l ux densi ies on i e i gh e s in he cou se o aining
in FOCs.
Acknowledgmen s
This con ibu ion was p epa ed hanks o suppo
p o ided by he g an SGS No. SP2012/13.
The au ho s hank Ing. Jose Ne opil o echnical
assis ance and collabo a ion in he expe imen and
hank o he s a membe s o he Facul y o Sa e y
Enginee ing who pa icipa ed in he p epa a ion o
ins umen al equipmen .
p. 1 - 6, DOI 10.2478/ 10281-012-0003-z
Re e ences
Ac 133/1985 Coll., on i e p o ec ion (Zákon 133/1985 Sb. o požá ní och aně), In: Sbí ka zákonů 1985, čás ka 34,
s . 674 - 691 (1985) (in Czech).
Ac 361/2003 Coll., on ci il se ice o membe s o secu i y o ces (Zákon 361/2003 Sb. o služebním pomě u
příslušníků bezpečnos ních sbo ů), In: Sbí ka zákonů 2003, čás ka 121, s . 5850 - 5910 (2003) (in Czech).
ISO 9705:1996. Fi e es s - Full-scale oom es o su ace p oduc s.
LARVA, F.: Údaje o echnologickém zařízení e ýc iko ém zařízení e Zbi ohu, Ing. F an išek La a, P aha,
če en 2010 (in Czech).
MACKAY D, BARBER T, YEOH GH.: Expe imen al and compu a ional s udies o compa men i e beha io
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