POWER ENGINEERING AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME: 16 |NUMBER: 1 |2018 |MARCH
Assessmen o MPPT Techniques Du ing he Faul y
Condi ions o PV Sys em
K ishna Naick BHUKYA1, Kalyan CHATTERJEE1, Ta un Kuma CHATTERJEE2
1Depa men o Elec ical Enginee ing, Indian Ins i u e o Technology (Indian School o Mines),
Sa da Pa el Naga , Hi apu , Dhanbad, 826004 Jha khand, India
2Depa men o Mining Machine y Enginee ing, Indian Ins i u e o Technology (Indian School o Mines),
Sa da Pa el Naga , Hi apu , Dhanbad, 826004 Jha khand, India
[email p o ec ed], kalyanbi @yahoo.co.in, [email protected]
DOI: 10.15598/aeee. 16i1.2581
Abs ac . The con ibu ion o Dis ibu ed Gene a ion
(DG) sys ems like wind ene gy sys ems and sola Pho-
o ol aic (PV) sys ems on he gene a ion o elec ici y
has inc eased. Ou o hese DG sys ems, he PV sys-
ems ha e gained wide popula i y, because o he a ail-
abili y o sola ene gy h oughou he day. Depending
on he size o PV ins alla ions, a la ge numbe o PV
modules can be in e connec ed in he o m o se ies and
pa allel connec ion. Since a la ge numbe o modules
a e in e connec ed, i is possible o he aul s in a PV
a ay o occu due o he ailu e o p o ec ion sys em,
which can cause damage o he PV module and also he
dec ease in he ou pu powe . This pape p esen s he
acking o a maximum powe poin unde he aul y
condi ions o 12×5 PV a ay. The aul condi ions
ha ha e been conside ed in he PV a ay a e open
ci cui aul , line o g ound, line o line and ailu e o
bypass diodes. Pe u b and obse e, inc emen al con-
duc ance and uzzy logic con olle a e he maximum
powe poin acking echniques ha ha e been imple-
men ed. Fo each o he aul condi ions, he esul s
ha e been p esen ed in e ms o he maximum powe
acked, acking ime and acking e iciency.
Keywo ds
Fuzzy logic con olle , maximum powe poin
acking, PV sys em aul s, acking e iciency.
1. In oduc ion
The ex ensi e esea ch wo k in he a ea o sola Pho-
o ol aic (PV) cells has no only imp o ed hei e -
iciency bu also educed hei cos . I espec i e o
any geog aphic loca ion, he a ailabili y o sola en-
e gy h oughou he yea , p oduc ion o clean ene gy
and educ ion in manu ac u ing cos has led he pol-
icy make s o u ilize sola PV sys ems on a la ge scale
o he gene a ion o elec ical ene gy. And o he
mass gene a ion o elec ical ene gy, a la ge numbe o
PV modules is equi ed, which a e in e connec ed in
he o m o se ies and pa allel connec ion. Due o he
la ge size o PV ins alla ions, he e a e ce ain ech-
nical issues like aul s ha , i le unsol ed, can cause
a hind ance in he u iliza ion o elec ical ene gy om
he ope a ional poin o iew. Depending on he loca-
ion o he aul , he aul analysis o PV sys em may
be ca ego ized in o h ee ypes: PV a ay aul s, ailu e
o powe condi ioning uni s and he aul be ween he
u ili y and PV a ay [1]. Failu e o PV modules, line
o g ound and line o line aul s a e he aul s in PV
a m, which cause damage o he PV panels esul ing
in huge loss o ene gy [2].
The o he common aul s ha lead o he ailu e
o PV modules a e open ci cui aul , a c aul , o ma-
ion o ho spo , misma ch o pola i y, ailu e o bypass
diode and he o ma ion o dus /soil [3], e c. In addi-
ion o his, he powe gene a ed by he PV sys em
also ge s a ec ed due o he ageing o PV modules [4].
The e a e also se e al isible Non-Cu en Ca ying
(NCC) me als o conduc ing pa s o PV panel, which
do no ca y any cu en du ing he no mal ope a ion.
Bu , he e is a po en ial isk o elec ical haza d when
hese NCC me als come in con ac wi h he cu en
ca ying conduc o s [3].
The ene gy p oduced by he PV sys em educes d as-
ically due o aul y and pa ially shaded condi ions [5].
Annually, a ound 10–20 % o he ou pu powe is los
due o pa ial shading condi ions o he PV a ay [6].
Due o pa ial shading, some o he cells in PV mod-
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ule ope a e in e e se bias and each hei b eakdown
ol age [6]. The powe loss due o he pa ial shading
may be educed by using he bypass diodes. Again,
he ailu e o bypass diode causes misma ching o PV
modules, leading o he powe loss. Also, he ailu e o
bypass diode aises he su ace empe a u e o he PV
cell enough o cause i e [7]. Due o he inc ease in em-
pe a u e, he he mal powe dissipa es by he PV cells,
which may esul in a ho spo p oblem [6]. Simila ly,
when an open ci cui aul occu s in any single s ing,
he whole s ing ge s disconnec ed causing he educ-
ion in he ou pu powe o he PV a ay [8]. Also, due
o he wo king o some o he cells in da k condi ions,
he bypass diode ge s ac i a ed, causing he educ ion
o he ou pu ol age o he PV a ay [8].
The line o line aul (o sho ci cui aul ) dec eases
he ou pu ol age and i depends on he occu ence o
aul be ween he modules o same s ing o pa allel
s ings [9]. The open ci cui aul in a s ing educes
he ou pu cu en , whe eas he line o g ound aul ,
sho ci cui aul and ailu e o bypass diode educes
he ou pu ol age, hus, leading o he dec ease in he
ou pu powe [10]. So, i may be obse ed ha he
dec ease in he ou pu ol age o cu en depends on
he ype o aul occu ed in a PV a ay.
The aul s in PV sys em may be de ec ed by mon-
i o ing i s pe o mance and p e iously eco ded da a
[11]. In o de o ha e a eliable, e icien and sa e ope -
a ion, he p o ec ion de ices like o e cu en p o ec ion
de ice, a c- aul ci cui in e up e s and g ound aul
p o ec ion de ice a e employed in PV a ays [5]. The
p o ec ion de ices employed in PV sys em a e gene -
ally no able o clea he aul s du ing he non-uni o m
i adia ion condi ions and nigh o day ansi ion [10].
Though he chance o he occu ence o di e en ypes
o aul s is e y small, he open ci cui and sho ci -
cui aul s occu equen ly [10]. The empo a y aul s
like shading due o he buildings, ees, e c., may be
clea ed wi hin a sho pe iod o ime, bu he pe ma-
nen aul s like elec ical disconnec ion, wi ing losses
and ageing may no be clea ed wi hin he sho pe iod
o ime [12].
The MPPT con olle has been designed o d i e he
PV a ay a maximum ou pu powe a any ope a ing
condi ions [1] and [10]. I also helps in p o ec ing he
powe elec onic de ices by educing he aul cu en
du ing aul y condi ions. So many MPPT echniques
can be ound in he li e a u e. These ha e been imple-
men ed o d i e he PV a ay a Maximum Powe Poin
(MPP) unde pa ially shaded condi ions o misma ch
condi ions (one o he aul condi ions). Bu he pe -
o mance o MPPT echniques du ing he aul y condi-
ions o PV a ay has no been ound in he li e a u e
excep he pa ially shaded condi ions.
In his pape , an a emp has been made o analyze
he pe o mance o MPPT unde aul condi ions in
e ms o MPP acked, acking ime and acking e -
iciency. The implemen ed MPPT echniques a e Pe -
u b & Obse e (P&O) me hod, Inc emen al Conduc-
ance (INC) me hod and Fuzzy Logic Con olle (FLC)
me hod, whe eas he s udied aul condi ions a e Open
Ci cui (OC) aul , Line o G ound (LG), Line o Line
(LL) and b eakdown o a Bypass Diode (BD). The es
o he pape is o ganized as ollows. Sec ion 2. ex-
plains he modelling o he PV module. The MPPT
echniques a e explained in Sec. 3. Implemen a ion
o aul s and he esul s a e discussed in Sec. 4.
ollowed by he conclusion.
2. Modeling o PV Module
The PV cell con e s he sola ene gy in o he elec i-
cal ene gy. The ene gy con e sion p ocess o he PV
module may be ealized elec ically by using a single
diode [13] o wo diode equi alen models [14]. The
single diode model as shown in Fig. 1 has been consid-
e ed o he simula ion in he p esen ed wo k, because
i is easie o implemen and has low complexi y when
compa ed o he wo-diode model.
IdIpRs
Rp
DIph
I
V
Fig. 1: Single-diode model.
A he ou pu e minals o PV module, he cu en
I[13] may be exp essed by Eq. (1).
I=Iph −Id−Ips,(1)
whe e Idand Ips in (A) a e he cu en s lowing
h ough diode shun esis ance. The cu en due o
inciden pho on ene gy Iph in (A) is gi en by Eq. (2).
Iph = (Isc,n +KIdT)G
Gn
.(2)
Isc,n is he sho ci cui cu en a nominal con-
di ions o 1000 (W·m−2) and 25 (◦C). KIis he
sho ci cui cu en empe a u e coe icien . The dT,
exp essed as dT=T−Tn, is he di e ence be ween he
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ope a ing empe a u e Tand nominal empe a u e Tn
in (K). Gand Gnin (W·m−2) a e he i adia ions a
he no mal ope a ing condi ion and nominal condi ion.
The cu en lowing h ough he diode is exp essed as
in Eq. (3):
Id=I0exp V+IRS
V a−1.(3)
I0in (A) is he diode e e se sa u a ion cu en and
he Vin (V) is he ou pu ol age o PV module. The
diode ideali y ac o will be ep esen ed by aand i s
alue lies in he ange o 1 o 2. RSin (Ω) is he se ies
esis ance o he PV module. The he mal ol age V
in (V) o he PV module is gi en by Eq. (4):
V =NSkT
q,(4)
whe e NS ep esen s he numbe o se ies cells in a PV
module. kis he Bol zmann cons an (1.3806503 ·
10−23 J·K−1) and qis he cha ge o he elec on
(1.60217646·10−19 C). The I0is exp essed as in Eq. (5):
I0=I0,n Tn
Texp qEg
ak 1
Tn
−1
T.(5)
Egin (V) s ands o he bandgap ene gy o he p-n
junc ion ma e ial and i s alue is 1.12 eV o polyc ys-
alline silicon a 25 ◦C. I0,n in (A) is he diode e e se
sa u a ion cu en and is exp essed as in Eq. (6):
I0,n =Isc,n
exp Voc,n
aV ,n −1
.(6)
Voc,n and V ,n in (V) a e he open ci cui ol age and
he mal ol age a nominal condi ions. The cu en in
shun esis ance is ep esen ed as in Eq. (7):
Ips =V+IRS
RP
.(7)
3. Maximum Powe Poin
T acking Techniques
The Maximum Powe Poin (MPP) T acking (MPPT)
con olle will help in yielding he maximum powe
om he PV a ay a any en i onmen al condi ions.
I consis s o a DC-DC con e e and an MPPT ech-
nique. The DC-DC con e e will inc ease o dec ease
he PV a ay ou pu ol age depending on he appli-
ca ion. Buck, boos , buck-boos , cuk and sepic a e he
exis ing opologies ound in he li e a u e [15]. Boos
con e e sui able o connec ing he PV a ay wi h
g id and o high ol age applica ions has been imple-
men ed in his pape .
The pu pose o he MPPT echnique is o com-
pu e he sui able du y cycle o con olling he swi ch
p esen in he con e e . To d i e he PV a ay a
maximum powe , he alue o du y cycle should be in
such a manne ha he esis ance o e ed by he PV
a ay a no mal ope a ing condi ions should be equal
o he connec ed load esis ance. The ela ionship be-
ween he esis ance o e ed by he PV a ay RPin (Ω),
connec ed load esis ance RLin (Ω) and du y cycle do
is gi en by Eq. (8) [16].
RP=RL(1 −do)2.(8)
The implemen ed MPPT echniques will be dis-
cussed in b ie in he ollowing sec ion.
3.1. P&O Me hod
P&O is one o he mos commonly used echniques, be-
cause o i s simplici y and ease o implemen a ion. The
cu en and ol age o PV a ay a he ini ial ins an
& p e ious ins an is measu ed and he powe a hese
ins an s is compu ed. The a io o change in powe o
he change in ol age is calcula ed a each and e e y
ins an as in Eq. (9) [17] and [18].
dP
dV=P(n)−P(n−1)
V(n)−V(n−1).(9)
The P(n)and P(n−1) a e he powe s in (W) a
p esen and p e ious ins an s espec i ely, whe eas, he
V(n)and V(n−1) in (V) a e he ol ages a he p esen
and p e ious ins an . Fu he , he ope a ing ol age o
he PV a ay is inc eased by pe u bing he du y cycle
wi h a small alue. I dP/dV > 0, hen he pe u -
ba ion o du y cycle con inues in he same di ec ion,
which inc eases he ope a ing ol age o he PV a ay
o ack MPP.
I dP/dV < 0, hen i indica es ha he ope a ing
ol age is away om he MPP and he du y cycle is
pe u bed in such a manne ha i s alue dec eases
causing he ope a ing ol age o dec ease u he o
acking he MPP. The acking speed depends on he
size o he pe u ba ion alue. The acking speed is
as e wi h he la ge pe u ba ion alue. The deme i s
o P&O me hod a e ha i ails o ack he MPP
and depending upon he size o he pe u ba ion alue,
he e a e huge oscilla ions a MPP causing he powe
loss.
3.2. INC Me hod
In INC me hod, he ope a ing poin depends on he
p esen alue and inc emen al alue o conduc ance.
The a io o change in cu en o he change in ol age
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is calcula ed a each and e e y ins an by measu ing
he p esen alue and he p e ious alue o ol ages
V(n)&V(n−1) in (V) and cu en s I(n)&I(n−1)
in (A). The slope o he PV cu e is ep esen ed by he
ela ionship be ween he ini ial alue and inc emen al
alue o conduc ance. The slope o he PV cu e a
MPP is ze o, whe eas i is posi i e be o e MPP and is
nega i e a e MPP. The MPP is acked by he INC
me hod by compa ing he cu en alue o conduc ance
wi h i s inc emen al alue [19] and is gi en by he ex-
p essions om Eq. (10) o Eq. (13) [17].
dP
dV=d(IV )
dV=I+VdI
dV= 0.(10)
The Eq. (10) may be exp essed as:
dI
dV=−I
V;a MPP,(11)
dI
dV>−I
V;be o e MPP,(12)
dI
dV<−I
V;a e MPP.(13)
The ad an age o he INC me hod is ha he op imal
alue o MPP is acked a any i adia ion condi ions,
bu he acking a e and e iciency depend on he size
o he inc emen al alue.
3.3. FLC Me hod
FLC is simple non-linea con olle and i does no
equi e he plan ’s ma hema ical model and echni-
cal speci ica ions [20]. Mamdani and Tagachi-Sukeno
a e he wo design app oaches a ailable, ou o which
Mamdani based FLC has been implemen ed in his pa-
pe because o i s simplici y and low complexi y. The
h ee s ages in FLC a e uzzi ica ion, ule in e ence and
de uzzi ica ion. Fuzzi ica ion con e s he inpu c isp
alues o uzzy alues and de uzzi ica ion con e s he
uzzy alues ob ained om he ule in e ence in o ou -
pu c isp alues. A o al o 25 ules has been amed
in a ule in e ence sys em based on he concep o ’i -
hen’ as gi en in Tab. 1. In Tab. 1, NE s ands o
nega i e high, NF o nega i e small, ZR o ze o, PF
o posi i e small and PE o posi i e high. The h ee
s ages o FLC ha e been ealized by using iangula
membe ship unc ions.
FLC has been implemen ed in MPPT con olle in
he place o ea lie men ioned me hods. The inpu s o
he FLC a e he e o ’e ’ and change in e o ’de ’,
gi en by he equa ions Eq. (14) and Eq. (15), whe eas,
du y cycle ’do’ is he ou pu .
e =dP
dV.(14)
Tab. 1: Rules o FLC.
de
NE NF ZR PF PE
e
NE NE NE NF NF ZR
NF NE NF NF ZR PF
ZR NF NF ZR PF PF
PF NF ZR PF PF PE
PE ZR PF PF PE PE
de =dP
dV(n)−dP
dV(n−1).(15)
The ’e ’ is he di e en ia ion o powe wi h espec
o ol age and ’de ’ is he di e ence in e o s a n h
and (n−1) h posi ion. The ou pu in de uzzi ica ion
is compu ed by using he Cen e o he A ea (COA)
me hod.
4. Simula ion and Resul s
A PV a ay ha ing 12 se ies connec ed modules in
a s ing and 5 pa allel s ings wi h an ou pu powe
o 11.68 kW has been simula ed o s udy he ack-
ing o MPP a he ime o aul s. The KC200GT PV
module as in [13] has been selec ed o simula ion. To
d i e he PV a ay a MPP, boos con e e , bes o
high ol age applica ions has been selec ed. I has a il-
e componen o 7.272 mH and a DC link capaci ance
o 500 µF. The P&O, INC and FLC a e he MPPT
echniques implemen ed o ack MPP unde he aul
condi ions o he PV a ay. A small alue (also called
pe u ba ion alue) o 0.01 has been used as he inc e-
men o dec emen alue o du y cycle in he INC and
P&O me hods. The aul s ha ha e been conside ed
o he simula ion a e shown in Fig. 2.
The OC aul has been conside ed in s ing 1, be-
ween he modules 3 & 4 and only his condi ion has
been aken. The OC aul may be conside ed be ween
any wo modules o he same s ing and i may be ob-
se ed ha he esponse ob ained will emain same.
Whe eas, he LG aul , ha has been applied in s ing
1 be ween he modules 5 & 6 has been conside ed as
LG-case-1, be ween he modules 8 & 9 has been con-
side ed as LG-case-2 and be ween he modules 11 & 12
has been conside ed as LG-case-3 as shown in Fig. 2.
The LL aul , ha has been applied as a line con-
nec ing he modules 1 & 2 o s ing 1 and he modules
1 & 2 o s ing 2 has been conside ed as an LL-case-
1, whe eas he line connec ing he modules 1 & 2 o
s ing1 and 6 & 7 o he s ing 2 has been conside ed
as an LL-case-2.
Failu e o bypass diode o module 1 in s ing 3 has
been conside ed as a BD-case-1, he combina ion o he
ailu e o bypass diode o modules 1 & 2 o s ing 3 has
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1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-11
1-12
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-8
2-9
2-10
2-11
2-12
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10
3-11
3-12
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-10
4-11
4-12
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-8
5-9
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
1-8
1-9
1-10
1-11
1-12
5-10
5-11
5-12
LG-case-1
LG-case-2
LG-case-3
OC-case-1 LL-case-1
LL-case-2
BD-case-1
BD-case-2
BD-case-3
Fig. 2: Faul s in a PV a ay.
been conside ed as a BD-case-2 and he combina ion
o he ailu e o bypass diode o modules 1, 2 & 3 has
been conside ed as a BD-case-3. Unde hese aul con-
di ions he I-V and P-V cha ac e is ics o he PV a ay
a e shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. The MPP o he PV
a ay and ol age a MPP unde hese aul condi ions
a e gi en in Tab. 2.
F om Tab. 2, i may be obse ed o each ype o
aul s, he e a e di e en alues o ou pu powe . The
esponse o he MPPT con olle o each o hese aul
condi ions is shown in Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8,
Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12 and Fig. 13. In all
he cases o aul , he PV a ay will be ope a ing un-
Nominal
condi ion
OC-case-1
LG-case-1
LG-case-2
LG-case-3
LL-case-1
LL-case-2
BD-case-1
BD-case-2
BD-case-3
Fig. 3: I-V cha ac e is ics.
Nominal condi ion
OC-case-1
LG-case-1
LG-case-2
LG-case-3
LL-case-1
LL-case-2
BD-case-1
BD-case-2
BD-case-3
Fig. 4: P-V cha ac e is ics.
Tab. 2: MPP unde aul condi ions and ol age a MPP as pe
P-V cha ac e is ics.
Type o Di e en Max. ou pu Vol age a
Faul condi ions powe (W) MPP (V)
Nominal Nominal 11680 311
Condi ion
OC OC-case-1 9,341 311
LG-case-1 5,619 150.6
LG LG-case-2 8,936 239.7
LG-case-3 11,380 303.5
LL LL-case-1 11,680 311
LL-case-2 7,850 210.5
BD-case-1 11,380 303.5
BD BD-case-2 10,810 289
BD-case-3 9,956 267.2
de nominal condi ions om 0 o 0.8 s, whe eas i is
assumed ha he aul will occu a 0.8 s and he e-
a e he PV a ay will con inue o ope a e unde aul y
condi ion.
In Fig. 5, i may be obse ed ha he PV a ay
is ope a ed unde nominal condi ions om 0 o 0.8 s,
whe eas, i is ope a ing unde OC aul condi ion om
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Powe (W)
P&O
INC
FLC
Fig. 5: Powe compa ison o OC-case-1.
Powe (W)
P&O
INC
FLC
Fig. 6: Powe compa ison o LG-case-1.
0.8 o 2 s. The powe acked by a ious MPPT al-
go i hms unde he nominal and OC aul condi ions
was app oxima ely equal o he maximum alue wi h
di e en acking ime. Unde nominal condi ions, he
powe acked by he P&O me hod was 11,610 W wi h
a acking ime o 0.34 s, INC me hod was 11,660 W
wi h a acking ime o 0.32 s and FLC me hod was
11,670 W wi h a acking ime o 0.27 s.
Du ing he OC aul condi ion, he P&O me hod
acks a powe o 9,292 W wi h a acking ime o 0.14 s,
INC me hod acks a powe o 9,336 W wi h a ack-
ing ime o 0.08 s and FLC me hod acks a powe o
9,340 W wi h a acking ime o 0.02 s. Du ing he OC
aul condi ion, he ol age a which MPP occu s e-
mains same as ha o ol age unde nominal condi ion
and he same may be obse ed om Tab. 2 and Tab. 4.
The ou pu cu en o PV a ay dec eases a he ime
o OC aul , due o he ou age o aul y s ing.
The powe acked by he MPPT algo i hms unde
nominal condi ions emains same o all ypes o aul s.
Powe (W)
P&O
INC
FLC
Fig. 7: Powe compa ison o LG-case-2.
Powe (W)
P&O
INC
FLC
Fig. 8: Powe compa ison o LG-case-3.
When he aul LG-case-1 occu s on he PV a ay as
shown in Fig. 6, he powe acked by he P&O, INC
and FLC me hods ha e had he same alue equal o
ha o 5,620 W wi h a acking ime o 0.14 s, 0.15 s
and 0.11 s espec i ely. Du ing he aul LG-case-2,
a powe o 8,905 W has been acked by he P&O al-
go i hm wi h a acking ime o 0.09 s, 8,929 W by INC
me hod wi h a acking ime o 0.17 s and 8,936 W by
FLC me hod wi h a acking ime o 0.14 s as shown in
Fig. 7. Du ing he aul LG-case-3, he powe acked
by he P&O me hod was 11,350 W wi h a acking ime
o 0.1 s, 11,370 W by he INC me hod wi h a ack-
ing ime o 0.04 s and 11,370 W wi h a acking ime
o 0.02 s as shown in Fig. 8. Hence, om he esul s
o LG aul s, i may be obse ed ha he e has been
a dec ease in he ou pu powe o he PV a ay due o
dec ease in i s ou pu ol age.
Du ing he aul condi ion LL-case-1, he powe
acked by he P&O, INC and FLC me hods ha e been
he same as ha o he powe acked unde he nom-
inal condi ions as shown in Fig. 9. When he aul
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Powe (W)
P&O
INC
FLC
Fig. 9: Powe compa ison o LL-case-1.
Powe (W)
P&O
INC
FLC
Fig. 10: Powe compa ison o LL-case-2.
Powe (W)
P&O
INC
FLC
Fig. 11: Powe compa ison o BD-case-1.
LL-case-2 occu s on he PV a ay, he powe acked
by he P&O algo i hm is 7,826 W wi h a acking ime
o 0.14 s, whe eas, he powe acked by he INC and
FLC me hods was 7,850 W wi h a acking ime o
Powe (W)
P&O
INC
FLC
Fig. 12: Powe compa ison o BD-case-2.
Powe (W)
P&O
INC
FLC
Fig. 13: Powe compa ison o BD-case-3.
0.24 s and 0.12 s espec i ely as shown in Fig. 10. The
esul s o LL aul s e lec s he simila scena io as ha
o LG aul .
Fo he aul BD-case-1, a powe o 11,340 W has
been acked by he P&O me hod wi h a acking ime
o 0.1 s, 11,370 W acked by he INC and FLC me h-
ods wi h a acking ime o 0.05 s and 0.02 s as shown
in Fig. 11.
Du ing he aul BD-case-2 as shown in Fig. 12,
10,750 W o powe has been acked by he P&O
me hod wi h a acking ime o 0.09 s, 10,800 W o
powe has been acked by he INC and FLC me hods
wi h a acking ime o 0.04 s and 0.03 s espec i ely.
When he aul BD-case-3 occu s on a PV a ay, he
powe acked by he P&O algo i hm has been 9,916 W
wi h a acking ime o 0.14 s, a powe o 9,954 W
has been acked by he INC and FLC me hods wi h
a acking ime o 0.3 and 0.05 s espec i ely as shown
in Fig. 13. The esul s o BD aul s also e lec he
simila scena io as ha o LG aul s and LL aul s.
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Tab. 3: MPP unde aul condi ions.
Type o Pmax MPPT T acked T acking
Faul (W) algo i hm powe E iciency
(W) (%)
Nominal P&O 11,610 99.4
Condi ion 11,680 INC 11,660 99.8
FLC 11,670 99.9
P&O 9,292 99.47
OC-case-1 9,341 INC 9,336 99.94
FLC 9,340 99.98
P&O 5,620 100
LG-case-1 5,620 INC 5,620 100
FLC 5,620 100
P&O 8,905 99.65
LG-case-2 8,936 INC 8,929 99.92
FLC 8,936 100
P&O 11,350 99.74
LG-case-3 11,380 INC 11,370 99.9
FLC 11,370 99.9
P&O 11,610 99.4
LL-case-1 11,680 INC 11,660 99.82
FLC 11,670 99.9
P&O 7,826 99.7
LL-case-2 7,850 INC 7,850 100
FLC 7,850 100
P&O 11,340 99.65
BD-case-1 11,380 INC 11,370 99.9
FLC 11,370 99.9
P&O 10,750 99.44
BD-case-2 10,810 INC 10,800 99.9
FLC 10,800 99.9
P&O 9,916 99.6
BD-case-3 9,956 INC 9,954 99.97
FLC 9,954 99.97
F om he igu es and Tab. 3, i may be obse ed
ha he powe acked by he INC and FLC me hods
has been app oxima ely equal, bu he acking ime o
MPP is e y sho in FLC when compa ed o he INC
me hod. Also om Tab. 4, i may be obse ed ha
he ope a ing ol age a MPP unde aul condi ions
is almos equal o he ol age a MPP ob ained om
he P-V cha ac e is ics as gi en in Tab. 2. In Tab. 4,
he dec ease in he ou pu ol age may be obse ed in
he simula ed aul condi ions excep he OC aul , bu
he change in he ou pu cu en o PV a ay has been
e y minimal.
The acking e iciency o MPPT algo i hms a he
ime o aul is gi en in Tab. 3. In Tab. 3, i may be
obse ed ha he acking e iciency o FLC me hod
was be e when compa ed o he o he wo me hods.
Hence, i may be concluded ha he pe o mance
o FLC me hod has been mo e e icien a he ime o
aul s on PV a ay.
5. Conclusion
The pe o mance o MPPT algo i hms du ing he aul
condi ions ha e been analyzed by using a PV a ay o
11.68 kW wi h 12×5a angemen . The aul s like open
Tab. 4: T acking ime along wi h ou pu ol age and cu en .
Type o MPPT T acking Ou pu Ou pu
Faul algo i hm ime (s) ol age cu en
(V) (A)
Nominal P&O 0.34 311 37.33
Condi ion INC 0.32 314.2 37.11
FLC 0.27 308.75 37.8
P&O 0.14 311 29.88
OC-case-1 INC 0.08 313.9 29.74
FLC 0.02 306 30.52
P&O 0.14 150.65 37.3
LG-case-1 INC 0.15 151.25 37.16
FLC 0.1 150.9 37.25
P&O 0.09 239.4 37.2
LG-case-2 INC 0.17 243 36.75
FLC 0.14 240.7 37.13
P&O 0.1 303 37.46
LG-case-3 INC 0.05 306.9 37.05
FLC 0.02 304 37.41
P&O 0.34 311 37.33
LL-case-1 INC 0.32 314.2 37.11
FLC 0.27 308.75 37.8
P&O 0.14 210.6 37.16
LL-case-2 INC 0.24 211.4 37.13
FLC 0.12 211 37.21
P&O 0.1 304 37.3
BD-case-1 INC 0.05 307.3 37.04
FLC 0.02 300.5 37.84
P&O 0.09 288.3 37.29
BD-case-2 INC 0.04 286.4 37.71
FLC 0.03 286.7 37.67
P&O 0.14 266.2 37.25
BD-case-3 INC 0.3 268.8 37.03
FLC 0.05 266.15 37.4
ci cui aul , line o g ound aul , line o line aul and
bypass diode aul ha e been conside ed. Again, in
hese aul s, di e en cases, which a e possible o he
simula ion has been implemen ed. In his analysis, i
has been ound ha he FLC me hod is qui e good a
acking he maximum powe unde any condi ions o
ope a ion. The acking ime is sho e and acking
e iciency is highe when compa ed o he o he me h-
ods. Though he INC me hod is also acking he MPP
app oxima ely equally o ha o FLC me hod, bu he
acking ime is sho e .
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