Ci a ion: Kubeˇcko á, D.
Regene a ion o Panel Housing
Es a es om he Pe spec i e o
The mal Technology, Sus ainabili y
and En i onmen al Con ex (Case
S udy o he Ci y o Os a a, Czech
Republic). Sus ainabili y 2023,15,
8449. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/
su15118449
Academic Edi o s: Khei a Anissa
Tabe Aoul, Amine Allouhi
and Sha iqu Rehman
Recei ed: 23 Feb ua y 2023
Re ised: 4 Ap il 2023
Accep ed: 15 May 2023
Published: 23 May 2023
Copy igh : © 2023 by he au ho .
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
sus ainabili y
A icle
Regene a ion o Panel Housing Es a es om he Pe spec i e o
The mal Technology, Sus ainabili y and En i onmen al Con ex
(Case S udy o he Ci y o Os a a, Czech Republic)
Da ja Kubeˇcko á
Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, VSB-TU Os a a, L. Podéš ˇe 1875, 7088 Os a a-Po uba, Czech Republic;
[email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +420-596-991-306
Abs ac :
The u u e o panel housing es a es is in luenced by a numbe o ac o s. Al hough panel
housing es a es ha e seen hei sha e o commen a y and analysis om bo h suppo e s and de-
ac o s, he e has been no comp ehensi e e o o explo e he ield o panel housing es a es in e ms
o building he mal egene a ion measu es. This a icle ocuses on he links be ween he mo- echnical
egene a ion measu es in panel housing es a es, and he applica ion o Ex e nal The mal Insula ion
Composi e Sys ems (ETICS) and hei impac on he u ban en i onmen o panel housing es a es. The
pape con ains h ee main sec ions in which we (1) syn hesize he li e a u e, sou ces, building physics
con ex , and assump ions o he occu ence o biode e iza ion in he acades o p e ab esiden ial
housing loca ed in housing es a es; (2) compa e he case s udies and hei esul s om he 2010–2021
ield econnaissance, in si u diagnos ics, and labo a o y analyses; and (3) iden i y/illus a e common
ea u es, he ex en o which he quali y o p e ab esiden ial housing loca ed in housing es a es
wi h ETICS ex e io su aces is in luenced by he en i onmen al con ex , whe eby we unde s and
he whole p ocess o he en i onmen al assessmen amewo k as an in e ela ed complexi y o he
in e ac ing links be ween he en i onmen , u ban planning, a chi ec u e and cons uc ion sec o s,
suppo ing a holis ic app oach o he issue a hand. The esul s show ha egene a ion wo k, on he
one hand, imp o es he u banized en i onmen and he ene gy po en ial o a housing es a e; on he
o he hand, we encoun e new mani es a ions o de ec s and diso de s in he o m o biodeg ada ion
o acades ha we did no expec .
Keywo ds:
panel housing es a e; p e ab esiden ial housing; ene gy; en i onmen ; composi e;
biodeg ada ion
1. In oduc ion
The issues o his o ical de elopmen , a chi ec u e, p e ab s uc u es, u banism, and
sociological aspec s o housing es a e de elopmen ha e ecei ed inc eased a en ion
in ecen yea s. The panel housing es a es buil in Eu ope a e Wo ld Wa II a e an
in eg al pa o oday’s u ban landscape. In hese coun ies he e has been de elopmen o
esiden ial housing, buil mainly wi h p e ab ica ed panel echnology. The de elopmen
o panel housing es a es in a numbe o coun ies is linked o he u ban de elopmen o
se lemen s and, a e 2010, o he cu en new s uc u al and a chi ec u al ends esul ing
mainly om ene gy legisla ion. These ends include he o e all esilience o housing
es a es, he egene a ion o p e ab esiden ial housing and hei abili y o adap o clima e
change, he mal enginee ing measu es o p e ab esiden ial housing o educe ene gy
consump ion, c ea ing heal hy housing, a heal hy indoo mic oclima e, and a heal hy
su ounding mac oclima e. All o his becomes pa o sus ainable de elopmen , which he
a chi ec u e and cons uc ion sec o s a e pa o . F om his pe spec i e, cons uc ion and
a chi ec u e can be seen as mi iga ion ools.
In pa icula , he mal- echnical and ene gy e icien measu es, in he o m o he appli-
ca ion o an Ex e nal The mal Insula ion Composi e Sys em (ETICS) [
1
], on he acades o
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su15118449 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 2 o 26
p e ab esiden ial housing loca ed in housing es a es con ibu e no only o he imp o e-
men o he en i onmen and he aes he ics o buildings, bu also o a be e and mo e
economical use o ene gy. The Eu opean Union (EU) unde s ands ETICS as a composi e
ma e ial and echnology ha is en i onmen ally iendly, pa o he ci cula economy,
and, las bu no leas , as a s uc u al and a chi ec u al measu e ha leads o he aes he ic
imp o emen o panel housing es a es, as well as o he imp o emen o he quali y o
p e ab esiden ial housing. ETICS wi h an ex e nal ende is cu en ly he mos widely
used s uc u al enginee ing solu ion o educing he ene gy demands o buildings in he
EU. Mo e han 50 yea s o he applica ion o ETICS ha e shown ha i is a good solu ion in
di e en clima ic condi ions and he ac o s ha can a ec he de e io a ion o he unc-
ional he mal insula ion p ope ies a e ela i ely well mapped and desc ibed om bo h a
heo e ical and a p ac ical poin o iew. Howe e , he e a e ailu es in ETICS ha we ha e
no encoun e ed be o e, such as he issue o de e io a ion o acades wi h ETICS by bio ic
agen s [
2
,
3
]. Inc easingly s ingen legisla i e ene gy measu es de ined by he EU and he
equi ed ul ilmen o he mal and ene gy c i e ia [
4
–
9
] leads o an inc easing hickness o
he mal insula ion o e ime. The ETICS composi e, in acco dance wi h cu en legisla ion,
eaches a hickness o 180 mm o 200 mm a e 2020 wi h a panel pe ime e wall hickness
o 270 mm o 300 mm [10,11].
The expe ience o he las wo o h ee decades shows ha , when applying ETICS,
i is necessa y o pay inc eased a en ion o aspec s ha ad e sely a ec he quali y o
ETICS, which o en cause nega i e e ec s in he o m o su ace biode e io a ion o he
ex e nal su aces o ETICS. Biode e io a ion o he ex e nal su aces o ETICS composi es in
p e ab esiden ial housing is, hus, becoming a mode n de ec ha signi ican ly deg ades
he aes he ic pe cep ion o p e ab esiden ial housing loca ed in housing es a es. Al hough
he applica ion o ETICS has been widesp ead in EU coun ies o mo e han hal a cen u y,
no cohe en Eu opean s anda d has been de eloped o da e ha could become he basis
o assessing and e i ying he s abili y o ETICS p ope ies, in acco dance wi h he AVCP
(Assessmen and Ve i ica ion o Cons ancy o Pe o mance), i.e., de ini ions, equi emen s,
quali y con ol and e i ica ion o s abili y o p ope ies [12].
I we wan o ul il he quali y pledges o he building ecosys em in he condi ions
o he 21s cen u y and egene a e p e ab esiden ial housing in acco dance wi h he
p inciples o sus ainable cons uc ion, i is necessa y o ensu e and assess he complexi y
o he in e ac i e connec ions o he ecosys em o p e ab esiden ial housing as a whole
wi h he ex e nal en i onmen . The need o ake in o accoun he cons uc ion en i onmen
can be ound in he a gumen s o many au ho s [
13
–
16
], s essing he need o e ise he
app oach o he design, implemen a ion, and ope a ion o buildings, no only esiden ial
buildings bu all buildings ha a e pa o he ci ic ameni ies o he ci y and in he ield o
ci il enginee ing in gene al.
The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) s a es ha he quali y as well as he en i on-
men al con ex o housing can con ibu e o en i onmen al inequali ies [
17
]. Inadequa e
o poo housing condi ions a e one o he mechanisms h ough which en i onmen al
inequali ies ansla e in o heal h inequali ies, which u he a ec he quali y o li e and
accommoda ion s anda ds in housing es a es. The e o e, i is necessa y ha he s uc u al–
a chi ec u al design in he egene a ion o panel housing es a es ocus no only on he
p e ab esiden ial housing as a whole, bu also on he links o he su ounding en i on-
men , on he mac oclima e in he u ban whole o he housing es a e. The acades o p e ab
esiden ial housing a e among he mos impo an s uc u al and a chi ec u al elemen s in
he ini ial isual imp ession associa ed wi h he e alua ion o he esiden ial en i onmen ,
showing no only he cul u e o he immedia e en i onmen bu he cul u e o socie y as
a whole.
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 3 o 26
The aim o his pape is o show, using a compa ison o esul s om ield su eys
and ollow-up esea ch ac i i ies ca ied ou in p e ab esiden ial housing de elopmen s
be ween 2010 and 2021, how necessa y he in e ac ion be ween cons uc ion, a chi ec u e,
and he en i onmen is, and o iden i y common ea u es ha lead o biode e io a ion
o ETICS in p e ab esiden ial housing loca ed in housing es a es, and ha h ea en he
quali y o he space o he housing es a e i sel . The ield su ey and moni o ing o p e ab
esiden ial housing was based on he assump ion ha he quali y o he ex e nal su ace o
ETICS should be unde s ood and assessed as a mu ual in e ac ion o all physical, na u al,
echnical, and economic aspec s. This means ha i is he complexi y o he in e ac ion
be ween cons uc ion and he en i onmen wi h ega d o he c ea ion o quali y and
aes he ic imp o emen o he housing es a e de elopmen .
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
The esea ch low s a egy is di ided in o h ee basic phases in o de o mee he
objec i e o his a icle(Figu e 1), wi h he ini ial esea ch e idence based on case s udies
CS1–CS5 [18–22].
Sus ainabili y 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 o 27
be ween 2010 and 2021, how necessa y he in e ac ion be ween cons uc ion, a chi ec u e,
and he en i onmen is, and o iden i y common ea u es ha lead o biode e io a ion o
ETICS in p e ab esiden ial housing loca ed in housing es a es, and ha h ea en he qual-
i y o he space o he housing es a e i sel . The ield su ey and moni o ing o p e ab
esiden ial housing was based on he assump ion ha he quali y o he ex e nal su ace
o ETICS should be unde s ood and assessed as a mu ual in e ac ion o all physical, na u-
al, echnical, and economic aspec s. This means ha i is he complexi y o he in e ac ion
be ween cons uc ion and he en i onmen wi h ega d o he c ea ion o quali y and aes-
he ic imp o emen o he housing es a e de elopmen .
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
The esea ch low s a egy is di ided in o h ee basic phases in o de o mee he
objec i e o his a icle( Figu e 1), wi h he ini ial esea ch e idence based on case s udies
CS1–CS5 [18–22].
1s phase:
syn hesis o knowledge om
li e a u e, sou ces, s uc u al
and physical con ex and
p e equisi es o he occu ence
o biode e io a ion
2nd phase:
compa ison o case s udies
(CS1–CS5), esul s om ield
econnaissance, in-si u
diagnos ics and labo a o y
analyses
3 d phase:
iden i ica ion o common
ea u es
Figu e 1. Resea ch low.
Resea ch low phase:
1. The i s phase o he esea ch was ocused on he s udy o p o essional a icles eg-
is e ed in he da abases Scopus, Wos (Li e a u e e iew), ela ed o he opics o hous-
ing es a es, he i age p o ec ion o housing es a es, panel housing, egene a ion o p e-
ab esiden ial housing cons uc ion, en i onmen o cons uc ion, and biodeg ada-
ion o ETICS. The websi es o na ional and in e na ional o ganisa ions, such as he
Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO), Reno a e Eu ope (RE), Eu opean Middle Class
Mass Housing (MCMH-EU), Social Housing, Edibon-Eu ope (EE), e c., we e also
s udied [23–29]. A he same ime, he indings, backg ound, and assump ions o he
c ea ion o biode e io a ion o acades o p e ab esiden ial housing loca ed in hous-
ing es a es acco ding o he building physics con ex and assump ions in addi ion o
p ac ical expe ience we e desc ibed.
2. The second phase ocused on compa ing he esul s om case s udies (CS1–CS5),
which we e ca ied ou o e a long- e m pe iod be ween 2010 and 2021 a selec ed
si es (A1–A5). The case s udies we e ocused on he loca ions o panel housing es a es
(A1–A4) and p e ab esiden ial housing (CS1 o CS4), whe e egene a ion wo ks on
p e ab esiden ial housing s ock we e g adually ca ied ou in o de o imp o e hei
he mal enginee ing and ene gy e iciency p ope ies h ough he applica ion o
ETICS; he ma e ial also included a case s udy (CS5), which ocused on he loca ion
o a housing es a e in he u ban conse a ion a ea egime (A5) and he esiden ial
housing he e was buil using b ick block echnology. A summa y is gi en in Table 1.
3. The hi d phase iden i ies/illus a es he common ea u es o he issue o biode e io-
a ion o p e ab esiden ial housing loca ed in housing es a es, acco ding o phases
1–2.
Figu e 1. Resea ch low.
Resea ch low phase:
1.
The i s phase o he esea ch was ocused on he s udy o p o essional a icles egis-
e ed in he da abases Scopus, Wos (Li e a u e e iew), ela ed o he opics o housing
es a es, he i age p o ec ion o housing es a es, panel housing, egene a ion o p e ab
esiden ial housing cons uc ion, en i onmen o cons uc ion, and biodeg ada ion o
ETICS. The websi es o na ional and in e na ional o ganisa ions, such as he Wo ld
Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO), Reno a e Eu ope (RE), Eu opean Middle Class Mass
Housing (MCMH-EU), Social Housing, Edibon-Eu ope (EE), e c., we e also s ud-
ied [
23
–
29
]. A he same ime, he indings, backg ound, and assump ions o he
c ea ion o biode e io a ion o acades o p e ab esiden ial housing loca ed in housing
es a es acco ding o he building physics con ex and assump ions in addi ion o
p ac ical expe ience we e desc ibed.
2.
The second phase ocused on compa ing he esul s om case s udies (CS1–CS5),
which we e ca ied ou o e a long- e m pe iod be ween 2010 and 2021 a selec ed
si es (A1–A5). The case s udies we e ocused on he loca ions o panel housing es a es
(A1–A4) and p e ab esiden ial housing (CS1 o CS4), whe e egene a ion wo ks
on p e ab esiden ial housing s ock we e g adually ca ied ou in o de o imp o e
hei he mal enginee ing and ene gy e iciency p ope ies h ough he applica ion o
ETICS; he ma e ial also included a case s udy (CS5), which ocused on he loca ion
o a housing es a e in he u ban conse a ion a ea egime (A5) and he esiden ial
housing he e was buil using b ick block echnology. A summa y is gi en in Table 1.
3.
The hi d phase iden i ies/illus a es he common ea u es o he issue o biode e io a-
ion o p e ab esiden ial housing loca ed in housing es a es, acco ding o phases 1–2.
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 4 o 26
Table 1. O e iew o case s udies.
Case S udy
and Loca ion
Reconnaissance o e
a Pe iod o Yea s
P ojec a Pe iod o
Yea s P ocessing
P ojec
Cons uc ion o
Apa men Buildings
o e he Yea s
Cha ac e is ics o he
Te i o y and
Cha ac e is ics o he
Pe ime e Shell
CS1/A1 2010–2021 1965–1970 1970–1980 Housing es a e
de elopmen /SC *
CS 2/A2 2010–2021 1961–1965 1965–1980 Housing es a e
de elopmen /SC *
CS 3/A3 2010–2021 1965–1970 1970–1985 Housing es a e
de elopmen /SC *
CS 4/A4 2010–2021 1968–1970 1970–1975
De elopmen o apa men
blocks/GS **
CS 5/A5 2010–2021 1951–1953 1952–1961 Housing es a e/u ban
he i age zone/b ick blocks
No e: * SC–slag conc e e; ** GS–gas silica e.
2.1. Li e a u e Re iew and S a e o A
The aim o he li e a u e sea ch is o p o ide an up- o-da e iew on he issue o u ban-
ized a eas wi h housing es a es, and on he building ma e ial issues o ETICS composi es
wi h biodeg ada ion e ec s in p e ab esiden ial housing ha a e pa o housing es a es.
A e he end o Wo ld Wa II, he housing es a e and he o m o p e ab esiden ial
housing, especially in he coun ies o Eas e n Eu ope be ween 1955 and 1989, ul illed
he essence o he idea o “socialis wel a e” [
30
]; his o m o cons uc ion ul illed he
basic p io i y o he human need o housing. Gi en he cu en demog aphic, clima ic,
and o e all global changes, he iew o housing is changing and he quali y o housing is
becoming mo e impo an and acqui ing di e en quali a i e alues. Housing quali y in
acco dance wi h he en i onmen al con ex o housing is a p io i y o socie y ha leads
o sus ainabili y.
In some Eu opean coun ies, housing es a es a e cha ac e ised as an impo an pa o
he Eu opean building cul u al he i age and he es o a ion o hese la ge-scale si es is no
only an a chi ec u al and s uc u al enginee ing challenge, bu abo e all a challenge o
he EU [31].
De ini ions o housing es a es om he pe spec i e o a chi ec u e and u banism
ep esen a di e se segmen o iews on his o m o mass housing [
32
]. Mos o en he
peculia i y wi h ega d o u banism o he me hod o cons uc ion, especially p e ab ica ed
panel echnology, is emphasized. In he 1960s, he e m “housing es a e” i sel was
no commonly ound in explana o y dic iona ies. Fo example, in he Czechoslo ak
Republic (now Czech Republic since 1993), he e m “housing es a e” i s appea s in
he discipline speci ic explana o y dic iona y A chi ec u e [
33
]; he e m is cha ac e ized
he e as “
. . .
se lemen nea a c owded la ge ci y o housing people employed in ha
ci y
. . .
”. Subsequen ly, he e m “housing es a e” is de ined “
. . .
as a esiden ial uni ,
speci ically loca ed wi hin se lemen s, ha is, owns and illages, wi h a echnological
con ex o cons uc ion in he con ex o indus ialized cons uc ion
. . .
” [
34
]. In 1989, he
e m “housing es a e” was de ined as “
. . .
a new o m o mass housing
. . .
” [
35
]. The
de ini ion o a “housing es a e” ha bes i s he cu en discou se is “
. . .
a unc ionally
and e i o ially independen g oup o esiden ial uni s buil a he same ime, usually on
an open a ea on he ou ski s o he ci y;
. . .
by i s sepa a ion om he his o ical s uc u e
o he ci y, he housing es a e is a cha ac e is ic p oduc o he applica ion o he p inciples
decla ed in he A hens Cha e
. . .
” [
36
]. This co esponds o he documen “Mani es o o
he A hens Cha e ”, which was adop ed a he “Fi s In e na ional Cong ess o A chi ec s
and Technicians o His o ic Monumen s” in A hens in 1932; he Mani es o’s in en ion
was o p omo e he p ese a ion o cul u al he i age, o es ablish gene al p inciples on
which i is legi ima e o ac in he ield o es o a ion and o a emp a common syn hesis
o di e en doc ines. These p inciples we e based on he need o p o ec he a is ic and
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 5 o 26
a chaeological he i age o humani y as a alue o common in e es ha is g ea e han he
p i a e in e es . The Mani es o has become a basic documen o building and conse a ion
au ho i ies, i also ac s, among o he hings, as a basic documen o he e alua ion and
classi ica ion o housing es a es in e ms o hei possible he i age p o ec ion in he Czech
Republic [37,38].
The coun ies o Eas e n Eu ope, such as he Czech Republic, Poland, Slo akia, and he
o me Eas Ge many, we e among he mos a ec ed by he cons uc ion o housing es a es
in he second hal o he las cen u y. While he cons uc ion o p e ab esiden ial housing
was abandoned in Wes e n Eu ope as ea ly as he 1970s (e.g., Wes Ge many, F ance), his
ype o cons uc ion pe sis ed in Eas e n Eu opean coun ies un il he la e 1990s. The
la ge-scale cons uc ion o p e ab esiden ial housing composed in o panel housing es a es
hus ep esen s a speci ic phenomenon in he coun ies o Eas e n Eu ope, which was based
on he poli ical si ua ion in Cen al Eu ope in he second hal o he las cen u y.
Opinions on he emedia ion and econs uc ion o p e ab esiden ial housing, egen-
e a ion o housing es a es, and o ms o possible conse a ion p o ec ion a y be ween
he poli ical ep esen a ion, socie y, and he p o essional communi y. The cu en iews o
a chi ec s a e also di ided. Some a chi ec s a e c i ics, and, on he con a y, some see in he
housing de elopmen he ideas o Le Co busie ’s model [39].
The e was a posi i e one om an in e iew wi h William D. Ebe le, du ing his isi o
he Czech Republic, which s a es: “
. . .
i seems o me ha you a e se e ely unde es ima ing
he quali y o you own housing es a e s uc u e,
. . .
Socialis housing es a es a e no a
bad model a all
. . .
” [
40
,
41
]. Some posi i i y can be seen in a numbe o o he iews on
‘panel housing es a es’; o example [
42
] sugges ions ha hese uni s should be e e ed
o as “
. . .
la ge esiden ial complexes
. . .
” o o he s [
43
], which e e s o hem as “
. . .
soli a y ci ies
. . .
”. The Scandina ian coun ies ake a posi i e app oach o he issue o
p e ab esiden ial housing and housing es a es. They conside his o m o mass housing
o be a e y good example o “ he physical mani es a ion o he Scandina ian concep o
he wel a e s a e” [
44
]. The a chi ec u e o he Danish and Swedish housing es a es in he
1950s was based on he quali ies o e nacula humanis mode nism; hei a chi ec u e o
cons uc ion was success ul and based on social, cul u al, and socie al needs, coming om
a di e en way o hinking han ha o he socialis coun ies o Eas e n Eu ope. Simila ly
o Sweden, he UK app oaches he issue o panel housing es a es by linking he pos -wa
de elopmen o mass housing on es a es wi h he building o he wel a e s a e.
In e ms o he possible conse a ion o housing es a es o only selec ed p e ab esiden-
ial housing (soli a y), he sys em o e alua ion a ies ac oss Eu ope. The No dic coun ies
o Denma k and No way ha e no se lemen s lis ed as s a e-p o ec ed monumen s. Sweden
and Finland, on he o he hand, ocus on selec ed housing es a es. In Denma k, o example,
he Bellahøj housing es a e in Copenhagen is cha ac e ised by a esiden ial complex o
buildings buil in bo h b ick and panel echnology. The same applies in he UK o London’s
Alexand a Road Es a e in Camden wi h i s conc e e e ace houses [45–49].
In he Czech Republic, a pa o he housing es a e o he esiden ial complex o he
adminis a i e dis ic o Po uba in he ci y o Os a a is p o ec ed, which is a esiden ial
housing de elopmen o apa men buildings buil in b ick block echnology and he
en i e esiden ial complex is cha ac e ized by he So ela a chi ec u al s yle; an example is,
among o he s, he e y success ul and in e na ionally ecognized u ban concep o Po uba
designed by he a chi ec Meduna, V. in he 1950s (see Figu e 2a,b) [50,51].

Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 6 o 26
Sus ainabili y 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 27
(a)
(b)
Figu e 2. U ban planning: (a) Concep o he Po uba housing es a e [52].; (b) Ma king o he e i o y
o he u ban conse a ion zone ( ed line) [32].
The g adual egene a ion o panel housing es a es in he long e m leads o an im-
p o emen in he cu en s o opinion on panel housing es a es; egene a ed housing es-
a es no longe c ea e a p oblema ic legacy o pos -wa a chi ec u al mode nism in he
wide con ex . The pola i y o opinion is no longe so adical; he p inciple o he unda-
men al ejec ion o panel housing es a es is o e looked and we can cu en ly iden i y pos-
i i e and iable ideas ha suppo he enewal o housing es a es as a o m o pos -wa
mode ni y [53–56]. Millions o people in Eu ope li e in panel housing es a es. The a o e-
men ioned enewal and egene a ion o housing es a es has acqui ed a clea concep o
enewal, which includes s uc u al echnical, u ban planning, a chi ec u al, aes he ic, and,
in many cases, social aspec s. Regene a ed housing es a es, egene a ed p e ab esiden ial
housing oge he wi h egene a ed a eas, elimina e he mono ony o p e ab esiden ial
housing, a e a good p e equisi e o ensu ing posi i e housing alues, c ea e a good s and-
a d o housing, and con ibu e o he imp o emen o landscaping in spa ial planning.
Ve y good examples o egene a ion o housing es a es in he con ex o Cen al Eu ope
a e well known, e.g., G oss eldsiedlung in Vienna (Aus ia), Pe žalka housing es a e in
B a isla a (Slo akia), housing es a e Black B idge in P ague (Czechia), e c. [57–59].
The ene gy legisla ion and new s a egies ha e b ough a ela i ely undamen al
change in he iew o housing es a es [60–64]. In he 1950s, he li espan o p e ab esiden-
ial housing was es ima ed a a ound 50 yea s [65,66]. The launch o a ious subsidy sup-
po p og ammes by he EU has led o he egene a ion o housing es a es and o he mas-
si e applica ion o composi e sys ems on he açade o p e ab esiden ial housing, known
as ETICS. The ETICS composi es we e applied in he equi ed hicknesses o he o iginal
panel acade o he apa men buildings in acco dance wi h he applicable he mal engi-
nee ing and ene gy legisla ion. This no only achie ed be e he mal enginee ing pa am-
e e s and ene gy sa ings, bu also p olonged he li e ime o his p e ab ica ed housing
s ock by a leas ano he 25 o 30 yea s and signi ican ly imp o ed he aes he ics o he
u ban en i onmen . The ene gy eno a ion o housing es a es, in ac ual ac a g adual
eno a ion o ene gy use, and hus achie ing ene gy sa ings o hea ing and ho wa e ,
has become an essen ial and undamen al aspec o sus ainable de elopmen o housing
es a es. Sou ces indica e ha , o example, he applica ion o 160 mm ETICS o he acade
o p e ab esiden ial housing, oge he wi h he eplacemen o windows wi h insula ing
glazing, esul s in a educ ion in ene gy demand educ ion o app oxima ely 85% and in
Figu e 2.
U ban planning: (
a
) Concep o he Po uba housing es a e [
52
]; (
b
) Ma king o he e i o y
o he u ban conse a ion zone ( ed line) [32].
The g adual egene a ion o panel housing es a es in he long e m leads o an imp o e-
men in he cu en s o opinion on panel housing es a es; egene a ed housing es a es no
longe c ea e a p oblema ic legacy o pos -wa a chi ec u al mode nism in he wide con ex .
The pola i y o opinion is no longe so adical; he p inciple o he undamen al ejec ion
o panel housing es a es is o e looked and we can cu en ly iden i y posi i e and iable
ideas ha suppo he enewal o housing es a es as a o m o pos -wa mode ni y [
53
–
56
].
Millions o people in Eu ope li e in panel housing es a es. The a o emen ioned enewal
and egene a ion o housing es a es has acqui ed a clea concep o enewal, which includes
s uc u al echnical, u ban planning, a chi ec u al, aes he ic, and, in many cases, social
aspec s. Regene a ed housing es a es, egene a ed p e ab esiden ial housing oge he
wi h egene a ed a eas, elimina e he mono ony o p e ab esiden ial housing, a e a good
p e equisi e o ensu ing posi i e housing alues, c ea e a good s anda d o housing, and
con ibu e o he imp o emen o landscaping in spa ial planning. Ve y good examples
o egene a ion o housing es a es in he con ex o Cen al Eu ope a e well known, e.g.,
G oss eldsiedlung in Vienna (Aus ia), Pe žalka housing es a e in B a isla a (Slo akia),
housing es a e Black B idge in P ague (Czechia), e c. [57–59].
The ene gy legisla ion and new s a egies ha e b ough a ela i ely undamen al
change in he iew o housing es a es [
60
–
64
]. In he 1950s, he li espan o p e ab esiden ial
housing was es ima ed a a ound 50 yea s [
65
,
66
]. The launch o a ious subsidy suppo
p og ammes by he EU has led o he egene a ion o housing es a es and o he massi e
applica ion o composi e sys ems on he açade o p e ab esiden ial housing, known as
ETICS. The ETICS composi es we e applied in he equi ed hicknesses o he o iginal panel
acade o he apa men buildings in acco dance wi h he applicable he mal enginee ing
and ene gy legisla ion. This no only achie ed be e he mal enginee ing pa ame e s and
ene gy sa ings, bu also p olonged he li e ime o his p e ab ica ed housing s ock by a leas
ano he 25 o 30 yea s and signi ican ly imp o ed he aes he ics o he u ban en i onmen .
The ene gy eno a ion o housing es a es, in ac ual ac a g adual eno a ion o ene gy
use, and hus achie ing ene gy sa ings o hea ing and ho wa e , has become an essen ial
and undamen al aspec o sus ainable de elopmen o housing es a es. Sou ces indica e
ha , o example, he applica ion o 160 mm ETICS o he acade o p e ab esiden ial
housing, oge he wi h he eplacemen o windows wi h insula ing glazing, esul s in a
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 7 o 26
educ ion in ene gy demand educ ion o app oxima ely 85% and in CO
2
emissions o 84%
pe yea [
67
]. The se measu es in he o m o ETICS applica ion lead o he p inciples o
clean echnology, ene gy e iciency, emission educ ion, esponsible communi y ene gy
policies, en i onmen alism and sus ainabili y, and he ci cula economy.
The p e ab esiden ial housing o he housing es a es buil in he second hal o he
las cen u y, a e cha ac e ized by speci ic de ec s and ailu es ha g adually began o
mani es hemsel es. This was due bo h o he lack o expe ience wi h he beha iou
o p e ab ica ed buildings in he long e m and o he apid de elopmen o he mal
enginee ing equi emen s. The p oblem o de ec s and ailu es o p e ab esiden ial housing
cons uc ions om he second hal o he las cen u y has been add essed by a numbe
o au ho s whose wo ks ha e been published since he 1960s–1970s [
68
–
70
]. These wo ks
mainly ocused on de ec s and ailu es in he ield o mechanical esis ance and s abili y
o p e ab esiden ial housing, using simula ion echniques and p obabilis ic e alua ion o
p e ab ica ed s uc u es using ini e elemen me hods [71–73].
G adually, wi h he de elopmen o he mal enginee ing and ene gy equi emen s,
much a en ion was ocused on de ec s and ailu es in his a ea a ound he 1980s. The
a o emen ioned ad en o s ong ene gy legisla i e measu es by he EU a e 2000, ocused
on ene gy sa ings, sus ainabili y in he cons uc ion sec o , and led o esea ch on acades
o p e ab esiden ial housing wi h ETICS composi es. He e, we can also ind a numbe
o p o essional s udies [
74
–
78
] which, among o he hings, d aw a en ion o de ec s in
p e ab esiden ial housing in e ms o he mal enginee ing and ETICS quali y. Among he
mode n ailu es o p e ab esiden ial housing ha ha e occu ed, he deg ada ion o he
ex e io plas e su ace o ETICS can be included, which is he biode e io a ion o he ETICS
panel I. P o essional s udies on his opic can be ound mainly by au ho s om Cen al
Eu ope [79–81].
The issue o biodeg ada ion aises he discussion o how aI he inc easing hickness
o he ETICS he mal insula o a ec s he condi ions o colonisa ion o he ou e su ace o
he ETICS by biodeg ading agen s, such as algae, ungi, lichens, and mosses. The s udy
shows ha , on he one hand, ETICS con ibu es o he imp o emen o he mal enginee ing
and ene gy measu es in p e ab esiden ial housing and, a he same ime, o a be e iew
o panel housing es a es; on he o he hand, he pe ime e panel wall wi h ETICS c ea es
sui able condi ions o he se lemen o mic oo ganisms, which subsequen ly leads o he
su ace coloniza ion o he açade and i s subsequen biode e io a ion. Ul ima ely, a acade
ha is deg aded by biode e io a ion nega i ely a ec s he o e all aes he ic pe cep ion o
a p e ab esiden ial housing in he o e all con ex o he housing es a e. This ine i ably
leads o a con lic wi h he egene a ion s a egy concep ha egene a ed housing es a e
de elopmen s con ibu e o he imp o emen o he u ban en i onmen , he ex e nal
condi ion o p e ab esiden ial housing, and aes he ics.
The e a e also pape s a ailable by au ho s who add ess he issue o ha m ul mic o-
o ganisms as po en ial alle gens ha con ibu e o espi a o y disease. Howe e , cu en
scien i ic e idence does no sugges ha bio ic in es a ion on ETICS composi es is he
p ima y ac o leading o espi a o y disease [82,83].
Expe sou ces also ci e some posi i e bene i s o mic oo ganisms o he cons uc ion
sec o . Mic oo ganisms can ha e a di ec o indi ec posi i e e ec on building ma e ials.
Ma e ials esea ch, o example, is conce ned wi h echnologies o he biological p o ec ion
o cemen -based ma e ials o seal mic oc acks in s uc u es, whe e he aim is o imp o e
he du abili y o hese ma e ials. Simila ly, echnologies a e being de eloped o educe
he econ amina ion o he su ace o ein o ced conc e e s uc u es and o imp o e he
co osion esis ance o hei me al ein o cemen s [
84
,
85
]. These posi i e ma e ial echnolo-
gies canno be undamen ally associa ed wi h he biode e io a ion o he açades o p e ab
esiden ial housing because he essence o posi i i y and nega i i y in mic oo ganisms in
ela ion o building s uc u es is based on a di e en heo e ical basis.
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 8 o 26
2.2. P e equisi es o he De elopmen o Biode e io a ion o ETICS Composi es
The p e equisi es o he de elopmen o biode e io a ion o ETICS composi es a e
mainly based on he p inciples o building physics and he equi emen s o he li e o
mic oo ganisms [86,87].
2.2.1. P e equisi es o he De elopmen o Biode e io a ion o ETICS Composi es
The cons uc ional and physical con ex o ETICS is ha he op laye o ETICS is no
hea ed in he win e mon hs due o he hickness o he insula ion, so he e a e no condi ions
o he emo al o condensed mois u e om he op laye . Mois u e con ibu es o he
educ ion in he he mal p ope ies o ETICS composi e sys ems and inc eases he mal
conduc i i y (cons uc ion physical phenomena a e u he discussed in he Appendix A).
This applies pa icula ly o no h- acing açades. The phenomenon ha occu s is ha
he lowe he hea ans e coe icien U [W/(m
2
.K)], he g ea e he isk o biode e io a ion
o he p e ab esiden ial housing acade because mic oo ganisms ha e c ea ed sui able
li ing condi ions [88,89].
As an in eg al pa o building physics, he mal enginee ing equi emen s a e con in-
uously becoming mo e s ingen in e ms o he equi ed s anda d c i e ia. Fo Czechoslo-
akia (now Czech Republic) in 1962, he equi ed alue o he hea ans e coe icien
was U
N,20
= 1.10 [W/(m
2
.K)], cu en ly he equi ed alue is U
N,20
= 0.30 [W/(m
2
.K)]
o hea ed esiden ial buildings and he ecommended alue o passi e buildings is
U
Pas,20
= 0.18–0.12 [W/(m
2
.K)]. Values e e o he clima e zone o Cen al Eu ope [
90
]. In
o de o mee he equi ed alues p esc ibed by he s anda d equi emen s, he o iginal
acades o p e ab esiden ial buildings implemen ed as ein o ced conc e e p e ab ica ed
panels wi h a hickness o 270 mm o 300 mm a e p o ided wi h addi ional ETICS con ac
insula ion, which, acco ding o he cu en ly alid he mal enginee ing and ene gy e i-
ciency equi emen s, eaches a hickness o 180 o 200 mm. In he long e m, i appea s
ha al hough p e ab esiden ial housing in Eas e n Eu opean coun ies s a ed o be
insula ed as ea ly as he 1970s–1980s, he issue o biode e io a ion o acades has s a ed
o eme ge mo e signi ican ly in he las 15–20 yea s [
91
,
92
], i.e., when he hickness o
ETICS insula ion inc eased o mo e han 100 mm. F om he poin o iew o he mal
enginee ing, when applying ETICS o panel cladding, he he mal esis ance R [(m
2
.K)W]
o he e ical pe ime e wall mus inc ease om he in e io o he ex e io and he
di usion esis ance o equi alen di usion hickness [m] mus dec ease om he in e io
o he ex e io .
In he Czech Republic, o example, a ound 200,000 p e ab esiden ial housing con-
s uc ions wi h 1.2 million la s ha e been buil using panel echnology. Fo he Czech
Republic, his means ha he numbe o such la s is app oxima ely 55% o all la s in
apa men buildings and app oxima ely 30% o la s in p e ab esiden ial housing ha a e
pa o housing es a es [
93
,
94
]. These buildings ha e been o will be g adually emedia ed
wi h ETICS. I is he e o e clea ha he issue o biodeg ada ion needs o be add essed so
ha he emedia ion wo ks o he housing s ock a e o high quali y, e ec i e, con ibu e
o he posi i e iew o he housing es a es, and do no lead o inc eased demands o
u he epai s.
2.2.2. The Building, Cons uc ion Ma e ials and Condi ions o Mic oo ganism
Mic oo ganisms a e an in eg al pa o li e on ea h. Mic oo ganisms need a sui able
subs a e, nu ien s, su icien mois u e, and a sui able en i onmen o g ow. The basic
sou ces o nu i ion o algae include ca bon om ai bo ne ca bon dioxide, sal , ace
elemen s, and o ungi, o ganically ixed ca bon and ni ogen sou ces. O he sou ces
o nu i ion a e p o ided by ainwa e , dus pa icles, high humidi y, and condensa ion.
Oxygen and pH o he subs a e a e also impo an ac o s [95–97] (Table 2).
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 9 o 26
Table 2. Condi ions o he li e o mic oo ganism.
Condi ions o he Li e
o Mic oo ganisms Cha ac e is ics
pH
o building s uc u es
Fo he g ow h o mic oo ganisms, a sligh ly acidic o neu al pH is op imal. In
gene al, buildings ha e a ela i ely high pH. Fo example, ex e io mine al
plas e s ( ende s) ha e a pH alue o up o 14 due o he calcium binde s; he isk
o mic oo ganisms is, he e o e, lowe . Howe e , wi h a ela i e humidi y ≥75%
and a pH alue ≤10, buildings can become an ideal en i onmen o he
es ablishmen and subsequen g ow h o mic oo ganisms, a ou doo empe a u es
o app oxima ely +5.0 ◦C o +10.0 ◦C [98].
Di usion esis ance
ac o o building ma e ials
I he building ma e ial has an ex emely high di usion esis ance ac o
µ
[-], and
he e ec i e emo al o condensed wa e apou is no possible. I is necessa y o
ETICS o ha e a posi i e o e all wa e apou balance a he end o he pe iod, i.e.,
mo e wa e apou e apo a ed in he summe mon hs han condensed in he
win e mon hs. A he same ime, he amoun o condensed wa e apou mus be
less han 0.10 kg (m2.a). The e o e, o he clima e zone o Cen al Eu ope, he
he mal esis ances R [(m
2
.K)/W] o he indi idual ETICS laye s should be anked
om he lowes o he highes alues om he in e io o he ex e io . O he wise,
posi i e condensa ion o wa e apou canno be ensu ed. The anspo o wa e
apou can be u he in luenced by a sui able choice o ma e ial, especially o he
ende laye , whe e we moni o he di usion esis ance ac o µ[-], which should
be as low as possible [99,100].
Ambien pH
The pH alue o he su ounding ex e nal en i onmen has a g ea in luence on
he ac i i y o mic oo ganisms because i is an impo an ac o in he up ake o
nu ien s by he mic obial cell. High pH s ops he g ow h o mic oo ganisms.
Mic oo ganisms a e able o signi ican ly change he pH o he building subs a e.
Changes in he pH o he en i onmen a e de e mined by he numbe o acids and
bases sec e ed by he mac obio ic agen s and by he dissocia ion cons an s o he
indi idual compounds. This mechanism by which mic obes adjus he pH o he
su ounding en i onmen is o g ea non-co osi e impo ance. Mos o he eshly
laid hin- ilm ende s wi h polyme binde used o ETICS ha e a pH alue in he
ange o app oxima ely 6–7. This means ha hese ende s a e no na u ally
p o ec ed agains algae and mic o-o ganisms compa ed o o he ypes o
mine al-based ende s, which ha e a pH le el o 10.50 o 11.60. On he con a y,
hey ha e a pH sui able o he occu ence o mic o-o ganisms [101].
Wa e
The g ow h and expansion o mic oo ganisms is p omo ed by he p esence o
wa e . The laye s o ETICS ende s, which a e mos o en ac ylic, silica e, o
silicone, a e mo e s essed by mois u e compa ed o ende s o a single-laye
cons uc ion. Wa e mo es om he su ace o he ende , which does no ha e a
laye o polys y ene unde nea h, by capilla y conduc ion owa ds he d ie
ma e ial and, hus, he appea ance o a wa e ilm is signi ican ly sho e
compa ed o insula ed açades. Because EPS insula ion is no wa e soluble and
has a closed mic oscopic s uc u e, he closed po es in i s s uc u e abso b almos
no wa e . Wa e canno pene a e he ETICS he mal insula ion, o he hin plas e
laye including he ein o cing sc eed and accumula es on he su ace [102].
2.2.3. Regional Condi ions, En i onmen
A eas whe e a mosphe ic p ecipi a ion o og is mo e likely o occu a e a eas wi h a
high p obabili y o acade biode e io a ion on p e ab esiden ial housing. O he nega i e
phenomena in he egion a e smog and dus . Rainwa e , especially in a eas o esiden ial
de elopmen ha a e egionally close o o di ec ly pa o an indus ialised landscape
wi h ai pollu ion, con ains la ge amoun s o dissol ed nu ien s. Rainwa e is hen a
sou ce o nu ien s o mic oo ganisms. The same is ue o ai bo ne ansmission o
spo es by dus pa icles. All his is a good p e equisi e o s a ing he biode e io a ion
p ocess. Spo es ansmi algae and ungi. In he p ocess o biode e io a ion o he açade
wi h ETICS, he p oximi y o g een a eas and bodies o wa e whe he na u al o a i icial,
mus also be aken in o accoun as hey a e a sou ce o spo es. Ano he sou ce o spo es in
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 16 o 26
esiden ial housing and also o he ela ionship be ween he hickness o he ETICS he mal
insula ion and he empe a u e o he açade su ace unde s anda d condi ions o he
empe a e clima e zone o Cen al Eu ope.
In si e CS5/A5, no samples we e aken o he esiden ial housing because he e
we e no anomalies in he açade a ea ha would indica e ha he ende was a ec ed by
su ace biodeg ada ion.
•
Emissions a he moni o ed si es a e based on he classi ica ion o he a ea, which
can be cha ac e ised as an indus ial a ea wi h chemical plan s, hea y s eelwo ks
and, in he icini y o he Czech Republic–Poland bo de unde g ound coal mining.
S a is ical o e iew da a acco ding o [
106
] we e used o documen emissions. The
da a show ha all si es all wi hin a eas wi h highe concen a ions o PM10 and
PM2.5. Howe e , he mos bu dened si e is A2, which is loca ed nea an indus ial a ea
(chemical plan s, s eelwo ks). Fo he i s qua e o 2019, he PM10 = 31.9 [
µ
g.m
−3
]
and o si e (A1, A3, A4) PM10 = 25.0 [
µ
g.m
−3
] (see Appendix B, Figu e A2a,b).
Al hough PM10 concen a ions a si es A1, A3, and A4 we e eco ded a lowe le els,
he bio ic in es a ion was compa able o si e A2, which is close o indus ial ac i i y.
This ac can be in luenced by p e ailing winds, and also by ege a ion, because si es
A1, and A4 a e loca ed nea ege a ion (na u al o es pa k, pa k landscaping, and
p o ec ed landscape a ea Poodˇ íwi h na u al low o he i e Ode ).
2.6. Iden i ica ion o Common Fea u es o he Onse o Biode e io a ion
The iden i ica ion o common ea u es o he ini ia ion o biode e io a ion was con-
duc ed on he basic o he c i e ia de ined in Sec ion 2(and Appendix A, Figu es A1 and A2).
Cha ac e iden i ica ion:
•Condensa ion zone mo es owa ds he ex e io ;
•Regional condi ions, indus ial si es and ele a ed PM10 concen a ions;
•The same ype o mic oo ganisms in he s udied si es;
•No h o ien a ion o he acade;
•Type o ex e nal ende ETICS (silicone);
•
The ma e ial o he o iginal cladding made o ligh weigh conc e e (slag–conc e e,
gas–silica e);
•Di usion esis ance ac o ;
•Coe icien o he mal conduc i i y;
•Technological indiscipline.
An in e al anging <1–5> was in oduced o assess common iden i ying ea u es, wi h
he in e al (a) <1–3> cha ac e ised as a s anda d a ing ( a ou able and less a ou able),
wi h no majo in ensi y o nega i e impac s agains panel housing es a es and p e ab
esiden ial housing; (b) <4–5> cha ac e ised as ha ing a g ea e in ensi y o nega i e
impac s agains panel housing es a es and p e ab esiden ial housing (less a ou able o
unsa is ac o y).
The ea u es iden i ied acco ding o Table 7show ha en i onmen al aspec s a e
an in eg al pa o he building c i e ia. I he iden i ied en i onmen al ea u es in a
housing es a e si e exceed mo e han 50% (Table 7, Figu e 7, no a ed C5), i is ad isable
o design o he ex e nal ende ma e ials o ETICS, wi h di e en s uc u al and physical
pa ame e s, because he nega i e impac on he cons uc ion a ea will be app oxima ely
60–80% (no a ed C5). The e o e, en i onmen al ea u es can be desc ibed as p ima y
ea u es and cons uc ion ea u es can be desc ibed as seconda y ea u es, which a e
caused by insu icien conside a ion o he en i onmen and lead o he eme gence o
biode e io a ion o he ETICS acade, a di e en ime ho izons in e ms o he ini ia ion o
he biode e io a ion p ocess (usually wi hin 5 yea s om he applica ion o ETICS). The
applica ion o ETICS canno be seen p ima ily as an indi idual cons uc ion ac i i y, bu as
pa o he mac oclima e o he u ban en i onmen , which includes en i onmen al aspec s.

Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 17 o 26
Table 7. Iden i ied cha ac e s.
Pa Cha ac e is ic and Case
S udies CS1/A1 CS2/A2 CS3/A3 CS4/A4 CS5/A5
En i onmen pa P oximi y o g eene y <4–5> <1–3> <1–3> <4–5> <1–3>
P oximi y o bodies o wa e <4–5> <1–3> <1–3> <1–3> <1–3>
Inc eased concen a ion PM10 <1–3> <4–5> <1–3> <1–3> <1–3>
P oximi y o an indus ial si e <1–3> <4–5> <1–3> <1–3> <1–3>
P edominan mic oo ganisms
in he su ounding
en i onmen
<4–5> <4–5> <4–5> <4–5> <1–3>
Building pa Wall hickness 270–300 (mm)
and ma e ial (SC) <1–3> <1–3> <1–3> - -
Wall hickness 270 (mm) and
ma e ial (PS) - - - <1–3> -
Wall hickness 450 (mm)
and ma e ial (block
b ick echnology)
- - - - <1–3>
A ype o ex e io plas e <4–5> <4–5> <4–5> <4–5> <1–3>
Di usion esis ance ac o EPS
and ex e io plas e <4–5> <4–5> <4–5> <4–5> <1–3>
Coe icien o
he mal conduc i i y <4–5> <4–5> <4–5> <4–5> <1–3>
Technological indiscipline <4–5> <1–3> <1–3> <1–3> <4–5>
Facade o ien a ion
(no h, no hwes ) <4–5> <4–5> <4–5> <4–5> <1–3>
Sus ainabili y 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 o 27
and cons uc ion ea u es can be desc ibed as seconda y ea u es, which a e caused by
insu icien conside a ion o he en i onmen and lead o he eme gence o biode e io a-
ion o he ETICS acade, a di e en ime ho izons in e ms o he ini ia ion o he bio-
de e io a ion p ocess (usually wi hin 5 yea s om he applica ion o ETICS). The applica-
ion o ETICS canno be seen p ima ily as an indi idual cons uc ion ac i i y, bu as pa
o he mac oclima e o he u ban en i onmen , which includes en i onmen al aspec s.
A di e en si ua ion occu s in he cons uc ion o apa men buildings using block
b ick echnology, whe e he applica ion o ETICS is no ca ied ou and he houses ha e a
adi ional ex e nal lime-cemen ende . These buildings a e mo e ene gy-in ensi e, bu
in e ms o cons uc ion physics, hey a e less suscep ible o acade biode e io a ion.
Table 7. Iden i ied cha ac e s.
Pa
Cha ac e is ic and Case S udies
CS1/A1
CS2/A2
CS3/A3
CS4/A4
CS5/A5
En i onmen
pa
P oximi y o g eene y
<4–5>
<1–3>
<1–3>
<4–5>
<1–3>
P oximi y o bodies o wa e
<4–5>
<1–3>
<1–3>
<1–3>
<1–3>
Inc eased concen a ion PM10
<1–3>
<4–5>
<1–3>
<1–3>
<1–3>
P oximi y o an indus ial si e
<1–3>
<4–5>
<1–3>
<1–3>
<1–3>
P edominan mic oo ganisms in he su ound-
ing en i onmen
<4–5>
<4–5>
<4–5>
<4–5>
<1–3>
Building pa
Wall hickness 270–300 (mm) and ma e ial (SC)
<1–3>
<1–3>
<1–3>
-
-
Wall hickness 270 (mm) and ma e ial (PS)
-
-
-
<1–3>
-
Wall hickness 450 (mm) and ma e ial (block
b ick echnology)
-
-
-
-
<1–3>
A ype o ex e io plas e
<4–5>
<4–5>
<4–5>
<4–5>
<1–3>
Di usion esis ance ac o EPS and ex e io
plas e
<4–5>
<4–5>
<4–5>
<4–5>
<1–3>
Coe icien o he mal conduc i i y
<4–5>
<4–5>
<4–5>
<4–5>
<1–3>
Technological indiscipline
<4–5>
<1–3>
<1–3>
<1–3>
<4–5>
Facade o ien a ion (no h, no hwes )
<4–5>
<4–5>
<4–5>
<4–5>
<1–3>
Figu e 7. Pe cen age in ela ion o he p edic ion o biodeg ada ion o en i onmen al and building
cha ac e s ( o CS1–CS4), o ange colou —en i onmen al pa and blue colou —building pa .
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
CS1
CS2
CS3
CS4
Building and En i onmen
Figu e 7.
Pe cen age in ela ion o he p edic ion o biodeg ada ion o en i onmen al and building
cha ac e s ( o CS1–CS4), o ange colou —en i onmen al pa and blue colou —building pa .
A di e en si ua ion occu s in he cons uc ion o apa men buildings using block
b ick echnology, whe e he applica ion o ETICS is no ca ied ou and he houses ha e a
adi ional ex e nal lime-cemen ende . These buildings a e mo e ene gy-in ensi e, bu in
e ms o cons uc ion physics, hey a e less suscep ible o acade biode e io a ion.
3. Resul s
Panel housing es a es and p e ab esiden ial housing a e an in eg al pa o socie y
and housing in he 21s cen u y. The iden i ying ea u es show ha he en i onmen is an
essen ial and necessa y pa o he a chi ec u al disciplines in he c ea ion o a new o egen-
e a ed building wo k. I we conside he mode n diso de in he o m o biode e io a ion
o he acades o p e ab esiden ial housing loca ed in housing es a es, he elimina ion o
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 18 o 26
biode e io a ion o ETICS should be unde s ood as an in e ac ion o en i onmen al, u ban,
s uc u al–a chi ec u al and echnological con ex s, which, as a whole, c ea e a holis ic
app oach o he p oblem (Figu e 8) and which we p ojec in o he in es men p ocess o
cons uc ion wi h he use o ETICS. Panel housing es a es and p e ab esiden ial housing
a e an in eg al pa o socie y and housing in he 21s cen u y. The iden i ying ea u es
show ha he en i onmen is essen ial and necessa y. F om he implemen ed case s udies
(CS1–CS5) in selec ed loca ions (A1–A5), i can be concluded ha he main emphasis on
he elimina ion occu ence o biode e io a ion o he ETICS acade should be placed in
he design phase o he egene a ion o panel housing es a es and in he design o ETICS
composi es, including he op imal choice o building ma e ials. In e ms o he cons uc-
ion in es men p ocess, his co esponds o he p e-in es men phase and pa icula ly
o he in es men phase. The in es men phase includes Basic Design (BD) and De ail
Design (DD) p ojec s. In hese design documen s, he occu ence o biode e io a ion can be
adequa ely and maximally elimina ed by aking in o accoun he en i onmen al c i e ia
(Table 7), so ha an in o med decision can be made on he choice o app op ia e insula ion
sys ems and hei composi ion. The nex s age, when he occu ence o biode e io a ion
can be elimina ed, is o conduc a ho ough and quali ied s uc u al and echnical su ey,
including aking samples om he o iginal acade o labo a o y analysis, he aim o which
is o decide whe he o no he o iginal panel açade is in luenced by bio-agen s. I he
labo a o y analysis con i ms ha he o iginal panel acade is in es ed wi h mic oo ganisms
and he açade is no cleaned well be o e he applica ion o ETICS, hen he p obabili y o
biode e io a ion o he ETICS acade is almos 100%. A sepa a e phase is he echnological
phase, i.e., he ac ual implemen a ion o ETICS. He e, i is necessa y o consis en ly imple-
men echnological p ocedu es and elimina e echnological indiscipline o p e en possible
leakage owa ds he ETICS, e.g., by leaks o plumbing ins alla ions, e c. These we a eas
can c ea e a e y sui able en i onmen o he es ablishmen o mic oo ganisms.
Sus ainabili y 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 o 27
3. Resul s
Panel housing es a es and p e ab esiden ial housing a e an in eg al pa o socie y
and housing in he 21s cen u y. The iden i ying ea u es show ha he en i onmen is an
essen ial and necessa y pa o he a chi ec u al disciplines in he c ea ion o a new o
egene a ed building wo k. I we conside he mode n diso de in he o m o biode e io-
a ion o he acades o p e ab esiden ial housing loca ed in housing es a es, he elimina-
ion o biode e io a ion o ETICS should be unde s ood as an in e ac ion o en i onmen-
al, u ban, s uc u al–a chi ec u al and echnological con ex s, which, as a whole, c ea e a
holis ic app oach o he p oblem (Figu e 8) and which we p ojec in o he in es men p o-
cess o cons uc ion wi h he use o ETICS. Panel housing es a es and p e ab esiden ial
housing a e an in eg al pa o socie y and housing in he 21s cen u y. The iden i ying
ea u es show ha he en i onmen is essen ial and necessa y. F om he implemen ed case
s udies (CS1–CS5) in selec ed loca ions (A1–A5), i can be concluded ha he main em-
phasis on he elimina ion occu ence o biode e io a ion o he ETICS acade should be
placed in he design phase o he egene a ion o panel housing es a es and in he design
o ETICS composi es, including he op imal choice o building ma e ials. In e ms o he
cons uc ion in es men p ocess, his co esponds o he p e-in es men phase and pa -
icula ly o he in es men phase. The in es men phase includes Basic Design (BD) and
De ail Design (DD) p ojec s. In hese design documen s, he occu ence o biode e io a ion
can be adequa ely and maximally elimina ed by aking in o accoun he en i onmen al
c i e ia (Table 7), so ha an in o med decision can be made on he choice o app op ia e
insula ion sys ems and hei composi ion. The nex s age, when he occu ence o biode e-
io a ion can be elimina ed, is o conduc a ho ough and quali ied s uc u al and echnical
su ey, including aking samples om he o iginal acade o labo a o y analysis, he aim
o which is o decide whe he o no he o iginal panel açade is in luenced by bio-agen s.
I he labo a o y analysis con i ms ha he o iginal panel acade is in es ed wi h mic oo -
ganisms and he açade is no cleaned well be o e he applica ion o ETICS, hen he p ob-
abili y o biode e io a ion o he ETICS acade is almos 100%. A sepa a e phase is he
echnological phase, i.e., he ac ual implemen a ion o ETICS. He e, i is necessa y o con-
sis en ly implemen echnological p ocedu es and elimina e echnological indiscipline o
p e en possible leakage owa ds he ETICS, e.g., by leaks o plumbing ins alla ions, e c.
These we a eas can c ea e a e y sui able en i onmen o he es ablishmen o mic oo -
ganisms.
Figu e 8. Biodeg ada ion and holis ic app oach.
Figu e 8. Biodeg ada ion and holis ic app oach.
4. Discussion
The EU’s s a egic goals o 2030 and 2050 show ha ene gy e iciency, CO
2
educ-
ion, clima e neu ali y, and he G een Deal, a e s ongly accen ua ed in he cons uc ion
sec o , and, in addi ion o new builds, also he econs uc ion and egene a ion o exis -
ing buildings, which includes he egene a ion o p e ab esiden ial housing. The ETICS
composi e is a key ma e ial o his s a egy in inc easing ene gy sa ings, a ma e ial ha
ul ils he p inciple o he ci cula economy. I we compa e ex e nal walls wi h and wi h-
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 19 o 26
ou ETICS, he posi i es clea ly ou weigh he nega i es in e ms o ene gy sa ings and
he mal- echnical p ope ies.
The e is no clea solu ion o p e en he occu ence o mic oo ganisms on he acades
o p e ab esiden ial housing equipped wi h ETICS. I we know ha he acades o p e ab
esiden ial housing loca ed in housing es a es, nea a eas o ege a ion o na u al bodies
o wa e , a e mos ly shaded du ing he day, i is app op ia e o choose o he e ec i e
echnologies o imp o e he mal enginee ing and ene gy e iciency measu es.
The acade o p e ab esiden ial housing ha is a ec ed by biode e io a ion o en
aises conce ns among he gene al public ha he acade deg aded om biode e io a ion is
ha m ul o heal h, and ha spo es om mic oo ganisms may mig a e o he indoo en i-
onmen and hus de e io a e he quali y o he indoo mic oclima e. The e a e no ci a ions
on he ha m ulness o human heal h o he men ioned mic oo ganisms on he su ace o
ETICS. Howe e , he a ailable scien i ic sou ces indica e ha ungi and moulds which
de elop on o ganic and building ma e ials g adually o m colonies; in he in oduc ion
we de ined ha mic oo ganisms ep oduce by means o spo es ha can hen sp ead in he
su ounding en i onmen h ough he ai o by animals. In his case, alle gic p oblems
may occu . Fo example, some species o he mic oo ganism genus Al e na ia a e known as
majo plan pa hogens, a e common alle gens, and can cause alle gic symp oms in some
indi iduals. Addi ionally, moulds, algae, ungi, and yphi can cause alle genic eac ions in
pa icula ly sensi i e o alle gic people; mo e sensi i e people may be mo e suscep ible o
in ec ions [
110
]. The inhala ion o alle gens om he biodeg aded su aces on he ETICS
su ace when he indi idual is indoo s, and hus igge ing an alle gic eac ion, is e y
unlikely. An indi idual’s indoo exposu e o alle gens is limi ed by he ime o exposu e
and he concen a ion o po en ial alle gens. In he case o p e ab esiden ial housing, we do
no assume ha he mig a ion o alle gens om he ex e nal en i onmen om he ETICS
su ace owa ds he in e io is la ge o o he wise sys ema ic, and a highe concen a ion
o he alle gens in he closed en i onmen is no assumed o e a longe pe iod o ime.
Howe e , wi h a highe in ensi y o na u al en ila ion h ough he windows and he
co esponding clima ic condi ions, including he p e ailing wind di ec ion owa ds he
buildings, some mic oo ganisms (e.g., mic oscopic ilamen ous ungi) ha a e p esen on
he ex e nal ende can be eleased in o he ai and, h ough na u al ai anspo , en e
he in e io spaces. Howe e , his a ea o esea ch equi es coo dina ion o echnical and
medical as well as na u al science disciplines, so ha he hypo hesis o anspo o ce -
ain mic o-o ganisms in o he indoo en i onmen and hus he di ec nega i e impac
o alle gic mani es a ions on people can be e alua ed in a ele an way [
111
,
112
]. The
issue o mic o-o ganisms, including bioco osion o ETICS açades, leads o calls o build-
ing mic obiology o be in eg a ed o a g ea e ex en in o in e disciplina y esea ch and
s anda d legisla ion ela ing o he quali y o bo h he in e nal and ex e nal en i onmen s
o buildings.
The discussion on he possible he i age p o ec ion o panel housing es a es shows ha
he app oach o socie y o he p oblem o possible he i age p o ec ion o panel housing
es a es a ies in Eu opean coun ies and esul s mainly om his o ical, social, and economic
con ex s. The iews o conse a ionis s in e ms o he i age p o ec ion gene ally head
owa ds wo a eas. The i s pa o he he i age p o ec ion can include mode n u ban
concep s and he second pa o he he i age p o ec ion can include p e ab esiden ial
housing, mos ly soli a y buildings, whe e he mode n pos -wa design o he cons uc ion,
he echnology used, o o he dis inc i e s uc u al a chi ec u al elemen s a e in some way
in e es ing. The p o ec ion o en i e panel housing es a es, including p e ab esiden ial
housing, is no widesp ead in Eu ope and i is p obably no he p io i y o socie ies o p o ec
housing es a es on a la ge scale. As s a ed, o example, by he au ho s [
113
,
114
] “
. . .
he
poin is no o glo i y p e abs (“panelák” (p e ab) is a colloquial e m o a p e ab ica ed
apa men building in he Czech Republic.), bu i would be a mis ake o y o e ase hem
om a chi ec u al his o y and p e end ha hey can ha e no a chi ec u al quali ies
. . .
”
Addi ionally, i such a selec ed p e ab ica ed soli a y building is o be p o ec ed (lis ed),
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 20 o 26
hen i is impe a i e ha i should be o high quali y, no only in e ms o s uc u al and
u ban design bu also in e ms o aes he ic alue. This means ha in he case o ETICS
applica ion he mode n dis u bance in he o m o biode e io a ion o he panel açade is
comple ely undesi able.
5. Conclusions
Quali y o housing is an essen ial componen and equi emen in people’s li es. In
he 21s cen u y, he app oach o accessing housing quali y assessmen is becoming mul i-
disciplina y. Heal hy and quali y housing, along wi h an aes he ically pleasing ex e nal
en i onmen s, mus espec no only he echnical, a chi ec u al, and s uc u al p inciples o
design and cons uc ion, bu also he social, cul u al, socie al, and en i onmen al con ex s.
The aim o his wo k is o balance and op imize he abo e-men ioned con ex s so ha
he egene a ion o p e ab esiden ial housing wi h he applica ion o ETICS, assuming
sys ema ic main enance, will ex end he quali y li e o hese panel buildings by a leas
ano he 25 o 30 yea s.
Clea ly, he ene gy aspec is cen al o oday’s socie y in a global sense. The inno a ion
po en ial in he applica ion o new en i onmen ally iendly ma e ials is as mo ing in
he cons uc ion indus y; he e o e, he applica ion o ETICS has a g ea po en ial o
u he de elopmen . The ETICS composi e mus be seen as an e icien echnology ha is
en i onmen ally iendly, imp o es he ene gy pe o mance o p e ab esiden ial housing in
e ms o ene gy e iciency, and wo ks e ec i ely in good ime, i.e., wi hou biodeg ada ion
su ace de ec s.
The needs and demands o con empo a y socie y a e changing. Socie y is made up
o di e en sociodemog aphic g oups in he housing sec o and panel housing es a es a e
an in eg al pa o people’s li es. The e o e, imp o ing he ene gy e iciency po en ial o
panel housing es a es using ETICS is also jus i ied in he coming decades. P e ab esiden ial
housing and panel housing es a es will be a o m o housing, especially in Eas e n Eu opean
coun ies, o a leas he nex 50 yea s and p obably longe . The quali y o egene a ed
p e ab esiden ial housing, wi h he use o ETICS, can ha e a e y posi i e and long- e m
impac on he s abili y o u ban a eas and se lemen s, as well as he way and in ensi y
o using housing es a es, especially by he middle class. All o his leads o he desi ed
social and economic sus ainabili y o he housing es a e locali ies. I is he e o e necessa y
ha cu en s uc u al and a chi ec u al design emphasises he connec i i y o he ex e nal
and in e nal en i onmen and he associa ed bioco osion ac o s o ETICS al eady in he
p e-in es men and in es men phases, and he in e ac ion be ween he building sec o
and he en i onmen has become one o he main c i e ia ha signi ican ly in luence he
sus ainabili y and u u e o p e ab esiden ial housing and he aes he ic quali y o panel
housing es a es.
Funding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : Da a a e s o ed wi h he au ho o he a icle.
Acknowledgmen s:
The wo k was suppo ed om he unds o he Minis y o Educa ion, You h and
Spo s o he Czech Republic, wi h suppo o he Ins i u ional suppo 2019–2022 ( acul y esou ce n.
1101) and Concep ual esea ch 2020–2022 ( acul y esou ce n. 2104). The au ho o his a icle hanks
he s uden s V bo é, and Kuˇce iko é, who wo ked oge he wi h hei supe iso D. Kubeˇcko á,
in sol ing con ac ual esea ch and s uden g an p ojec s, and sol ed doc o al heses unde he
supe ision o he supe iso D. Kubeˇcko é, Pa ial esul s om he join esea ch wo k ha e been
con inuously published since 2010 and some esul s ha e been used in his a icle. Bo h doc o al
s uden s a e cu en ly wo king in p ac ice.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho decla es no con lic o in e es .
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 21 o 26
Appendix A
I ollows om he gene ally known building-physical con ex s ha ex e nal plas e s
o ETICS, which a e mos o en ac ylic, silica e, and silicone, a e subjec ed o mo e s ess by
mois u e han plas e s o single-laye inishes. Wa e om he su ace o ex e nal plas e s
applied on a base ha is no p o ided wi h ETICS mig a es by capilla y conduc i i y
owa ds a d y su ace, and hus he occu ence o wa e emulsion is signi ican ly sho e
compa ed o acades p o ided wi h ETICS. In con as , he polys y ene used in ETICS
is insoluble in wa e and has a closed mic oscopic s uc u e, whe eby closed po es in i s
s uc u e abso b almos no wa e and wa e is concen a ed on he su ace [
12
,
16
,
17
]. The
su ace laye o buildings wi h ETICS s ays cold, especially in he au umn and sp ing
mon hs, and i is no wa med by he hea ha escapes om he in e io o he buildings
h ough he walls, as is he case wi h buildings wi hou ETICS, he single plas e laye o
which wa ms up. Con e sely, he g ea e he hickness o he ETICS insula ion, he g ea e
he heo e ical p edic ion o mois u e on he ou e su ace and he impac o biodeg ada ion
on he acade.
ETICS ex e nal he mal insula ion keeps he in e io wa m, whe eas i s ex e nal plas e
cool down is in ense, especially on clea nigh s, when he ETICS su ace empe a u e d ops
as e han he ambien ai empe a u e. I he empe a u e d ops below he dew poin ,
mois u e condenses on he cold su ace o he acade. Condensa e and mois u e o m unde
cold condi ions and s ay on he su ace o he acade, pa icula ly on he no he n side o he
building o on sides ha a e mo e shaded. The condi ions o he g ow h o mic oo ganisms
hus become a ou able (published 2021, Kubeˇcko á, D., V bo á, M., [18–21,94]).
Sus ainabili y 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 o 27
ha e been con inuously published since 2010 and some esul s ha e been used in his a icle. Bo h
doc o al s uden s a e cu en ly wo king in p ac ice.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho decla es no con lic o in e es .
Appendix A
I ollows om he gene ally known building-physical con ex s ha ex e nal plas e s
o ETICS, which a e mos o en ac ylic, silica e, and silicone, a e subjec ed o mo e s ess
by mois u e han plas e s o single-laye inishes. Wa e om he su ace o ex e nal plas-
e s applied on a base ha is no p o ided wi h ETICS mig a es by capilla y conduc i i y
owa ds a d y su ace, and hus he occu ence o wa e emulsion is signi ican ly sho e
compa ed o acades p o ided wi h ETICS. In con as , he polys y ene used in ETICS is
insoluble in wa e and has a closed mic oscopic s uc u e, whe eby closed po es in i s
s uc u e abso b almos no wa e and wa e is concen a ed on he su ace [12,16,17]. The
su ace laye o buildings wi h ETICS s ays cold, especially in he au umn and sp ing
mon hs, and i is no wa med by he hea ha escapes om he in e io o he buildings
h ough he walls, as is he case wi h buildings wi hou ETICS, he single plas e laye o
which wa ms up. Con e sely, he g ea e he hickness o he ETICS insula ion, he g ea e
he heo e ical p edic ion o mois u e on he ou e su ace and he impac o biodeg ada-
ion on he acade.
ETICS ex e nal he mal insula ion keeps he in e io wa m, whe eas i s ex e nal plas-
e cool down is in ense, especially on clea nigh s, when he ETICS su ace empe a u e
d ops as e han he ambien ai empe a u e. I he empe a u e d ops below he dew
poin , mois u e condenses on he cold su ace o he acade. Condensa e and mois u e
o m unde cold condi ions and s ay on he su ace o he acade, pa icula ly on he no h-
e n side o he building o on sides ha a e mo e shaded. The condi ions o he g ow h
o mic oo ganisms hus become a ou able (published 2021, Kubečko á, D., V bo á, M.,
[18–21,94]).
(a)
(b)
Figu e A1. Con .

Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 22 o 26
Sus ainabili y 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 o 27
(c)
Figu e A1. Pa ial p essu es o wa e apou a a ypical loca ion o he s uc u e unde s eady de-
sign condi ions [107]; (no e: Figu es show he cou se o wa e apo p essu es wi h he condensa ion
a ea o he pe iphe al shell wall ma ked. The cou se o wa e apo p essu es was e i ied in ac-
co dance wi h he equi emen s o Czech Code 73 0540, So wa e Hea . The ho izon al axis shows
he equi alen di usion hickness sd [m] and he e ical axis shows he dis ibu ion o wa e apo
p essu es in he pe iphe al shell P [Pa]). (a) Condensa ion zone in panel wall cons uc ion wi hou
he mal insula ion. The cons uc ion is simple. (b) Panel wall cons uc ion wi h EPS hea insula o
in hickness 100 mm. Composi e, mul ilaye (sandwich) cons uc ion. (c) Pe ime e wall made o
b ick block blocks. The cons uc ion is simple.
Appendix B
The annual limi o PM10 is 40 µg.m−3. The alue o he ai limi o an a e age 24 h
PM10 concen a ion is 50 µg.m−3. The legisla ion ( o CZ) admi s a maximum o 35 exceed-
ing he alue o he daily limi o a yea ; wi h a highe numbe , he limi is conside ed
exceeded. In e ms o human heal h, he mo e p oblema ic a e suspended pa icles o
PM2.5 (annual limi o 25 µg.m−3). The highes numbe o exceeded was eco ded a he
s a ions o he Os a a Ci y agglome a ion, see Figu e A2a,b; (sou ce: h p://po -
al.chmi.cz/ iles/po al/docs/uoco/web_gene a o /exceed/summa y/limi 2011_cz.h ml, ac-
cessed on 1 Ma ch 2021).
(a)
(b)
Figu e A2. Concen a ion o PM10 and PM2.5 [106]: (a) Fi e-yea a e age o annual a e age concen-
a ions PM10, 2016–2020; (b) Fi e-yea a e age o annual a e age concen a ions PM2.5; o pe iod
2016–2020.
Re e ences
1. Code CSN 73 2901; Pe o mance o Ex e nal The mal Insula ion Composi e Sys ems (ETICS). O ice o Technical S anda diza-
ion, Me hodology and S a e Tes ing: P ague, Czech Republic, 2005.
2. Las, E. ETICS, he Sys em We All (Though To) Know, a Pe sonal View on he “Expe ience and De elopmen s in ETICS”; SSO ETCS;
Con e ence Łochów No. 5.11.; No iocon: Nijmegen, The Ne he lands, 2022.
Figu e A1.
Pa ial p essu es o wa e apou a a ypical loca ion o he s uc u e unde s eady design
condi ions [
107
]; (no e: Figu es show he cou se o wa e apo p essu es wi h he condensa ion
a ea o he pe iphe al shell wall ma ked. The cou se o wa e apo p essu es was e i ied in
acco dance wi h he equi emen s o Czech Code 73 0540, So wa e Hea . The ho izon al axis shows
he equi alen di usion hickness sd [m] and he e ical axis shows he dis ibu ion o wa e apo
p essu es in he pe iphe al shell P [Pa]). (
a
) Condensa ion zone in panel wall cons uc ion wi hou
he mal insula ion. The cons uc ion is simple. (
b
) Panel wall cons uc ion wi h EPS hea insula o in
hickness 100 mm. Composi e, mul ilaye (sandwich) cons uc ion. (
c
) Pe ime e wall made o b ick
block blocks. The cons uc ion is simple.
Appendix B
The annual limi o PM10 is 40
µ
g.m
−3
. The alue o he ai limi o an a e age
24 h PM10 concen a ion is 50
µ
g.m
−3
. The legisla ion ( o CZ) admi s a maximum o 35
exceeding he alue o he daily limi o a yea ; wi h a highe numbe , he limi is consid-
e ed exceeded. In e ms o human heal h, he mo e p oblema ic a e suspended pa icles o
PM2.5 (annual limi o 25
µ
g.m
−3
). The highes numbe o exceeded was eco ded a he s a-
ions o he Os a a Ci y agglome a ion, see Figu e A2a,b; (sou ce: h p://po al.chmi.cz/
iles/po al/docs/uoco/web_gene a o /exceed/summa y/limi 2011_cz.h ml, accessed
on 1 Ma ch 2021).
Sus ainabili y 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 o 27
(c)
Figu e A1. Pa ial p essu es o wa e apou a a ypical loca ion o he s uc u e unde s eady de-
sign condi ions [107]; (no e: Figu es show he cou se o wa e apo p essu es wi h he condensa ion
a ea o he pe iphe al shell wall ma ked. The cou se o wa e apo p essu es was e i ied in ac-
co dance wi h he equi emen s o Czech Code 73 0540, So wa e Hea . The ho izon al axis shows
he equi alen di usion hickness sd [m] and he e ical axis shows he dis ibu ion o wa e apo
p essu es in he pe iphe al shell P [Pa]). (a) Condensa ion zone in panel wall cons uc ion wi hou
he mal insula ion. The cons uc ion is simple. (b) Panel wall cons uc ion wi h EPS hea insula o
in hickness 100 mm. Composi e, mul ilaye (sandwich) cons uc ion. (c) Pe ime e wall made o
b ick block blocks. The cons uc ion is simple.
Appendix B
The annual limi o PM10 is 40 µg.m−3. The alue o he ai limi o an a e age 24 h
PM10 concen a ion is 50 µg.m−3. The legisla ion ( o CZ) admi s a maximum o 35 exceed-
ing he alue o he daily limi o a yea ; wi h a highe numbe , he limi is conside ed
exceeded. In e ms o human heal h, he mo e p oblema ic a e suspended pa icles o
PM2.5 (annual limi o 25 µg.m−3). The highes numbe o exceeded was eco ded a he
s a ions o he Os a a Ci y agglome a ion, see Figu e A2a,b; (sou ce: h p://po -
al.chmi.cz/ iles/po al/docs/uoco/web_gene a o /exceed/summa y/limi 2011_cz.h ml, ac-
cessed on 1 Ma ch 2021).
(a)
(b)
Figu e A2. Concen a ion o PM10 and PM2.5 [106]: (a) Fi e-yea a e age o annual a e age concen-
a ions PM10, 2016–2020; (b) Fi e-yea a e age o annual a e age concen a ions PM2.5; o pe iod
2016–2020.
Re e ences
1. Code CSN 73 2901; Pe o mance o Ex e nal The mal Insula ion Composi e Sys ems (ETICS). O ice o Technical S anda diza-
ion, Me hodology and S a e Tes ing: P ague, Czech Republic, 2005.
2. Las, E. ETICS, he Sys em We All (Though To) Know, a Pe sonal View on he “Expe ience and De elopmen s in ETICS”; SSO ETCS;
Con e ence Łochów No. 5.11.; No iocon: Nijmegen, The Ne he lands, 2022.
Figu e A2.
Concen a ion o PM10 and PM2.5 [
106
]: (
a
) Fi e-yea a e age o annual a e age concen-
a ions PM10, 2016–2020; (
b
) Fi e-yea a e age o annual a e age concen a ions PM2.5; o pe iod
2016–2020.
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 23 o 26
Re e ences
1.
Code CSN 73 2901; Pe o mance o Ex e nal The mal Insula ion Composi e Sys ems (ETICS). O ice o Technical S anda diza ion,
Me hodology and S a e Tes ing: P ague, Czech Republic, 2005.
2.
Las, E. ETICS, he Sys em We All (Though To) Know, a Pe sonal View on he “Expe ience and De elopmen s in ETICS”; SSO ETCS;
Con e ence Łochów No. 5.11.; No iocon: Nijmegen, The Ne he lands, 2022.
3.
Kubeˇcko á, D. The Quali y o ETICS in he Con ex o Ene gy and Social Changes (Case S udy). Sus ainabili y
2022
,14, 3135.
[C ossRe ]
4.
Sulaka ko, V.; Lill, I.; Wi , E. Me hodological F amewo k o Assess he Signi icance o Ex e nal The mal Insula ion Composi e
Sys em (ETICS) on-si e Ac i i ies. Ene gy P ocedia 2016,96, 446–454. [C ossRe ]
5.
Legal Ha moniza ion o he 2010/31/EU Di ec i e. A ailable online: h ps://www.iea.o g/policies/1194-legal-ha moniza ion-
o di ec i e (accessed on 1 Ma ch 2021).
6.
Ene gy E iciency. Council Di ec i e o he Eu opean Pa liamen 2012/27/EU z 25.10.2012. 2012. A ailable online: h ps://eu -lex.
eu opa.eu/legal-con en /EN/NIM/?u i=celex:32012L0027 (accessed on 1 Ma ch 2021).
7.
Code CSN 73 0540-2; The mal P o ec ion o Buildings—Pa 2: Requi emen s. O ice o Technical S anda diza ion, Me hodology
and S a e Tes ing: P ague, Czech Republic, 2012. A ailable online: h ps://www.buildup.eu/en/p ac ices/publica ions/slo ak-
epublic-s n-73-0540-2-2012- he mal-p o ec ion-buildings- he mal (accessed on 3 Ap il 2021).
8.
Di ec i e 2010/31/EU o he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council o 19 May 2010 on he Ene gy Pe o mance o Buildings
(Recas ). 2010. A ailable online: h ps://www. zb-in o.cz/p a ni-p edpisy/sme nice-2010-31-eu (accessed on 1 Ma ch 2021).
9.
9. Di ec i e No. 78/2013 Ene gy Pe o mance o Buildings (CZ). A ailable online: www.eu.eu ope.eu (accessed on 1 Ma ch 2021).
10.
Eu opean Commission. Di ec i e 2018/844/EU Ene gy Pe o mance o Buildings. O . J. Eu . Union
2018
, 75–91. A ailable online:
h ps://eu -lex.eu opa.eu/legal-con en /EN/TXT/?u i=u ise %3AOJ.L_.2018.156.01.0075.01.ENG (accessed on 1 Ap il 2021).
11.
Kubeˇcko á, D.; V bo á, M. His o ical De elopmen o The mal P o ec ion o P e ab Residen ial Housing and I s Fu u e, an
Example o he Czech Republic. Ene gies 2021,14, 2623. [C ossRe ]
12. Kubeˇcko á, D. The Pas and Fu u e o Panel Cons uc ion, 1s ed.; VSB-TU: Os a a, Czech Republic, 2009; pp. 7–13.
13.
Daugelai e, A.; Dogan, H.A.; G azule iciu e-Vileniske, I. Cha ac e izing sus ainabili y aes he ics o buildings and en i onmen s:
Me hodological ame and pilo applica ion o he hyb id en i onmen s. Landsc. A ch. A 2021,19, 61–72. [C ossRe ]
14.
Whi e, S.S.; Ellis, C. Sus ainabili y, he en i onmen , and New U banism: An assessmen and agenda o esea ch. J. A chi . Plan.
Res. 2007,24, 125–142.
15.
Apana iciene, R.; Maliejus, K.; Fokides, P. Sus ainabili y Assessmen o he Building Cons uc ion S age Using Building Sus ainabili y
Assssmen Schemes. In P oceedings o he Book Se ies: Sus ainabili y in he Buil En i onmen o Clima e Change Mi iga ion, IOP
Con e ence Se ies: Ea h and En i onmen al Science, Thessaloniki, G eece, 23–25 Oc obe 2019; Volume 410. [C ossRe ]
16.
Sapa auskas, J. The main aspec s o sus ainabili y e alua ion in cons uc ion. In P oceedings o he 9 h In e na ional Con e ence,
Mode n Building Ma e ials, S uc u es and Techniques, Vilnius, Li huania, 16–18 May 2007; pp. 365–370.
17.
Heal hy En i onmen s o Heal hei Popula ions, Why Do They Ma e , and Wha Can We Do; WHO-CED-PHE-DO-19.01; Wo ld Heal h
O ganiza ion: Gene a, Swi ze land, 2019.
18.
Kubeˇcko á, D.; Kuˇce iko á, V. Moni o ing Repo o Bio ic A ac, Causes o he G ow h o Mic oo ganisms on he Facade o an Apa men
Building-Bio ic A ack o Plas e on Insula ed Facades; Case S udy (CS1); VSB-TUO FCE: Os a a-Po uba, Czech Republic, 2014.
19.
V bo á, M.; Kubeˇcko á, D. Moni o ing Repo o Bio ic A ack, Fac o s In luencing he Biological A ack o Facades; Case S udy, Thesis
(CS2); VSB-TUO FCE: Os a a-Po uba, Czech Republic, 2016.
20.
V bo á, M.; Kubeˇcko á, D. Moni o ing Repo o Bio ic A ack, Fac o s In luencing he Biological A ack o Facades-Resul s; Case S udy
(CS3); sel - epo ; VSB-TUO FCE: Os a a-Po uba, Czech Republic, 2021.
21.
Kubeˇcko á, D. Moni o ing Repo o Bio ic A ack, De ec s and Failu es o Panel Housing Cons uc ion, Me hodology oh Thei E alua ion-
S uc u al Design o he A chi ec onics De ails; Case S udy (CS4); VSB-TUO FCE: Os a a-Po uba, Czech Republic, 2013.
22.
Kubeˇcko á, D. Moni o ing Repo o Bio ic A ack, Ci y Monumen Zone; A chi ing o panel housing cons uc ion; Case S udy (CS5);
VSB-TUO FCE: Os a a-Po uba, Czech Republic, 2021.
23. A ailable online: h p:// eno a e-eu ope.eu (accessed on 22 No embe 2022).
24. Eu opean Middle Class Mass Housing—Ac ion Plan. A ailable online: h p://mcmeh.eu (accessed on 4 Augus 2021).
25. Social Housing. 2013. A ailable online: www.soc.cas.cz (accessed on 1 Ma ch 2013).
26. A ailable online: h p://www.mm .cz/do aceEU.cz (accessed on 3 Ap il 2021).
27. A ailable online: h p://www.mm .cz/panel (accessed on 3 Ap il 2021).
28. New Guide on Building Age-F iendly Ci ies. A ailable online: h p://www.who.in (accessed on 13 July 2020).
29. Social Housing. 2013. A ailable online: www.mm .cz/housing (accessed on 1 Ma ch 2013).
30.
No o ná, E. Pos -wa housing cons uc ion and monumen ca e on he example o G ea B i ain and Scandina ia. Monum. Ca e
Rep. 2015,75, 307–312.
31. Nonumen s. A ailable online: h p://www.yumpu.com/cs/documen / ead/65069406 (accessed on 30 Ap il 2022).
32.
S akoš, M. Os a a Housing Es a es, U banism, A chi ec u e, A and His o ical Po en ial; Na ional Monumen Ins i u e: P ague,
Czech Republic, 2018; p. 25.
33. Sy o ý, B. Field Explana o y Dic iona y A chi ec u e; SNTL: P ague, Czech Republic, 1972; p. 180.
34. H ˚uza, J. Dic iona y o Con empo a y U banism; Odeon: P ague, Czech Republic, 1977; p. 243.
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 24 o 26
35. Dic iona y o he W i en Czech Language V. (R-S); Academia: P ague, Czech Republic, 1989; p. 326.
36. Le Co busie , L. En e ien A ec les É udian s des Écoles d’A chi ec u e;Édi ions de Minui : Pa is, F ance, 1971; Poin s 25; p. 189.
37. Hanáˇcko á, M. Czech pos -wa g oup CIAM and Team 10. Buildings 2009,5, 78–83.
38. Š ácha, R. The con o e sy wi h he A hens Cha e con inues. Achi ec 2005,51, 6–7.
39.
Cohen, J.L. Ma seile: Uni éd
´
Habi a ion, o The Company o Clouds, he Sky, o he S a s. In Book Le Co busie an A las o Mode n
Landscape; The Open Uni e si y: Buckinghamshi e, UK, 2013; pp. 201–212.
40.
Huba o á, L.; ˇ
Ríha, C. In e iew wi h Die ma em Ebe lem. In Book Husáko o 3+1, 1s ed.; Tex s on a chi ec u e Ma ch, 2005, ˇ
Ríha,
C., S einbacho á, M., Eds.; Ac oss Swiss A chi ec u e: P ague, Czech Republic, 2005; p. 31.
41.
Huba o á, L.; ˇ
Ríha, C. Wha makes a block o la s a iend. In Book Husáko o 3+1, 2nd ed.; CAI; College o A and Indus y in
P ague: P ague, Czech Republic, 2018; pp. 17–37.
42.
Musil, J. U baniza ion o he Czech lands and socialism. In Pa la Ho ská-Edua d Mau -Jiˇ íMusil, The Bi h o Big Ci ies: U baniza ion
o he Czech lands and Eu ope; Paseka: Li omyšl, Czech Republic, 2002; p. 276.
43. Su ey (Coll. o Au ho s); A chi ec : P ague, Czech Republic, 1997; p. 52.
44. S enb o, R.; Ries o, S. Beyond he Scope o P ese a ion? No d. J. Cul . Policy 2014,2, 211.
45.
Swedish Na ional Council o Cul u al He i age (Riksan ik a ieämbe e ). A ailable online: h p//www. ea.se/om-
iksan ik a ieambe e /in-english (accessed on 15 Janua y 2023).
46.
Finnish Na ional Boa d o Monumen s (“Museo i as o”). A ailable online: h p://www.nba. i/en/index (accessed on
20 No embe 2022).
47. Finnish Na ional Boa d o Monumen s Docomomo In e na ional. A ailable online: www. aa.se (accessed on 15 Janua y 2023).
48.
S enb o, R.; Ries o, S. Beyond he Scope o P ese a ion?—On he li e and po en ial na ional he i age p o ec ion o ea ly Danish
and No wegian mass housing. No d. Kul . Tidssk . 2014,17, 210–234. [C ossRe ]
49. Ha dwood, E. A Guide o Pos -Wa Lis ed Buildings; English He i age: London, UK, 2003.
50.
Za eco , K.E. Manu ac u ing a Socialis Mode ni y, Housing in Czechoslo akia, 1945–1960; Uni e si y o Pi sbu gh P ess: Pi sbu gh,
PA, USA, 2011; pp. 113–177.
51.
Ba oˇn, M. Os a a-Po uba, he la ges u ban housing es a e in ˇ
CSSR. In Os a a, Collec ion o Con ibu ions o he His o y and
Cons uc ion o he Ci y 2; Os a a Regional Publishing House: Os a a, Czech Republic, 1964; pp. 9–28.
52. A ailable online: www.mapy.cz (accessed on 20 No embe 2022).
53.
Špaˇcek, O. Czech Panel Housing Es a es: Fac o s o S abili y and Fu u e De elopmen . A ailable online: h p://docpplaye .cz/
3005539.h ml (accessed on 5 June 2018).
54.
Wi zany, J.; Zigle , R. Building sys ems o he new gene a ion. In Buildings; P ague In o ma ion Cen e : P ague, Czech
Republic, 2022; pp. 28–35.
55.
Nikolic, J. Con igu a ion design o collec i e housing building s uc u e_IFD sys ems con igu a ion. In S uc u es and A chi ec u e;
CRC P ess: Boca Ra on, FL, USA, 2013; p. 1742.
56.
Sunega, P.; Kos elecký, T. The En i onmen o Housing Es a es in he CZ and Ab oad: Selec ed Aspec s o Social Sus ainabili y; URBES
CTU: P ague, Czech Republic, 2007.
57.
Kapelle , V.; Be an, V. Panel Housing Es a es, Vision, Reali y and Inno a ion. In Exhibi ion; 2009; A ailable online: h p://www.oea .
ac/is /pla e_zukun (accessed on 20 Janua y 2023).
58. Illne , M. Wha we e, p esen ly a e and could become ou housing es a es? J. Conc .-Technol.-Recons . 2008,3, 6–8.
59. Mo a ˇcíko á, H. B a isla a, A las o Housing Es a es; Slo a : P ague, Czech Republic, 2011; p. 24.
60. A ailable online: h ps://www.en iweb.cz/g eendeal (accessed on 18 Feb ua y 2023).
61. D a Na ional Clima e Change Adap a ion S a egy. A ailable online: www.ce .o g.za (accessed on 5 June 2018).
62. A ailable online: h p://www.mzp.cz/cz/zmena_klima u_adap acni_s a egie/ (accessed on 5 June 2018).
63.
Clima e Change 2014: Impac s, Adap a ion, and Vulne abili y. In Pa A: Global and Sec o al Aspec s, Con ibu ion o Wo king G oup
II o he Fi h Assessmen Repo o he In e go e nmen al Panel on Clima e Change, IPCC-AR5; pp. 9, 22, 25. Repo . A ailable online:
www.ipcc.ch (accessed on 30 Janua y 2023).
64. Pla o m o Building o Fu u e, Eu opean G een Deal. A ailable online: h p://bpb.sk/eu opa (accessed on 10 Janua y 2021).
65.
Tywoniak, J. Cons uc ion-Ene gy Concep s o Buildings in Social Con ex s. A ailable online: h ps://s a ba. zb-in o.cz/
nizkoene ge icke-s a by/21825-s a ebne-ene ge icke-koncepce-budo - e-spolecenskych-sou islos ech (accessed on 10
Feb ua y 2023).
66. Ho áˇcek, M. P e ab Buildings; Publishing House o Technical li e a u e: P ague, Czech Republic, 1997.
67.
Szulc, J.; Pieka czuk, A. Diagnos ics and echnical condi ion assessmen o la ge-panel esiden ial buildings in Poland. J. Build.
Eng. 2022,50, 104144. [C ossRe ]
68.
Insula ion Reduces Ene gy Cos s by Up To 45%. A ailable online: h ps://s a ba. zb-in o.cz/izolace-s echy- asady/128851
-za epleni-snizuje-naklady-na-ene gie-az-o-45 (accessed on 22 Decembe 2022).
69.
Kubeˇcko á, D. The in luence o a chi ec u e and s uc u al c ea ion o de ails o building en elope s uc u es on he well-being
o he indoo en i onmen . In P oceedings o he Con e ence De ec s and Recons uc ion o Pe ime e Cladding and Roo s,
Podbánské, Slo akia, 23 Ma ch 2005; pp. 81–87.
Sus ainabili y 2023,15, 8449 25 o 26
70.
Jasiczak, J.; Gi us, K. Main enance and du abili y o he conc e e ex e nl laye o cu ain walls in p e ab ica ed echnological
Poznan la ge panel sys em. Wo ld Mul idisciplina y Ci il Enginee ing-A chi ec u e-U ban Planning Symposium (WMCAUS).
IOP Con . Se . Ma e . Sci. Eng. 2017,245, 032015. [C ossRe ]
71. Wi zany, J. P e ab ica ed S uc u al Sys ems and Pa s o Buildings (KPS 70); CTU: P ague, Czech Republic, 2003; pp. 63–144.
72.
Janas, P. S a is ical dependence o inpu a iables in he PDPV (POPV) me hods. T ans. VSB-TUO. Ci . Eng. Se .
2012
,12, 243–252.
73.
Ma ek, P. P obabilis ic Assessmen o S uc u es Using Mon e Ca lo Simula ion; Academy o Science o he Czech Republic: P ague,
Czech Republic, 2001.
74.
Gue a-Ga cia, L.M.; Da Cos a-Bae a, F. E alua ion o Mechanical Beha io o Th ee Kinds o Panels Fe ocemen Sandwich Type o
Ru al Housing Cons uc ion; Dyna: Bello, Colombia, 2013; Volume 80, pp. 201–218.
75.
Va e ka, J. Building The mal Enginee ing and Building Ene gy; B no Uni e si y o Technology: B no, Czech Republic, 2006;
pp. 257–273.
76.
Csoknyai, T.; H abo szky-Ho á h, S.; Geo gie , Z.; Jo ano ic-Popo ic, M.; S anko ic, B.; Villa o o, O.; Szend ˝o, G. Building s ock
cha ac e is ics and ene gy pe o mance o esiden ial buildings in Eas e n-Eu opean coun ies. Ene gy Build.
2016
,132, 39–52.
[C ossRe ]
77.
Kubeˇcko á, D. Diagnos ics a e an In eg al Pa o he Reno a ion o P e ab ica ed Cladding o Buildings. In P oceedings o he
1s In e na ional Vi ual Con e ence ARSA, Žilina, Slo akia, 3–7 Decembe 2012; pp. 1822–1888.
78.
Va in, N.I.; Nemo a, D.V.; Go shko , A.S. In luence o building en elope he mal p o ec ion on hea loss alue in he building.
Mag. Ci . Engineeing 2012,34, 4–16. [C ossRe ]
79.
Cui, Y.Q.; Peng, Y.L.; Luo, C.L. S udy on he Fi e P o ec ion Technologies o Ex e nal The mal Insula ion Sys em o he Buildings.
Appl. Mech. Ma e . 2014,638, 1646–1649. [C ossRe ]
80.
Seka o á, H.; P osek, Z.; Rypa o á, P. De ec ion o he p esence o mic oo ganism du ing p oduc ion o plas e boa d. Nano Mac o
Mech. 2021,30, 93–97. [C ossRe ]
81.
Büchl, R.; Raschle, R. Example o p ac ice. In Algae and Fungi on Facades, 1s ed.; MISE: Os a a, Czech Republic, 2004; pp. 50–79.
82.
Voj ko á, H. Algae and hei biodeg ada ion e ec s on building ma e ials in he Os a a indus ial agglome a ion. IOP Con . Se .
Ea h En i on. Sci. 2017,92, 012073. [C ossRe ]
83.
Kos e, W.; Shiel, R.J. Ro i e a om Aus alian inland wa e s. 1. Bdelloidea (Ro i e a, Dogonon a). Aus . J. Ma . F eshw. Res.
1986,37, 765–792. [C ossRe ]
84. Vicuña, R.; González, B. The mic obial wo ld in a changing en i onmen . Re . Chil. His . Na . 2021,94, 2. [C ossRe ]
85.
Zhang, X.; Jin, Z.K.; Li, M.; Qian, C.X. E ec s o ca ie he pe o mance o bac e ia-based sel -healing conc e e. Cons . Build.
Ma e . 2021,305, 124771. [C ossRe ]
86.
Chen, R.F.; Miao, L.C.; Sun, X.H.; WU, L.Y.; Wang, C.C. Quan i a i e analysis o alumina addi ion on mic obial emedia ion o
conc e e c acks. Rock Soil Mech. 2020,41, 933. [C ossRe ]
87.
Dybowska-Joze iak, M.; Weselowska, M. In e nal Abio ic Componen ha in lunce he de elopmen o bioco osion on ETICS
Plas e s. Ma e ials 2022,15, 127. [C ossRe ]
88.
Xiao, X.; Zhang, Y. Li e in ex eme en i onmen s: App oaches o s udy li e-en i onmen co-e olu iona y s a egies. Sci. China
Ea h Sci. 2014,57, 869–877. [C ossRe ]
89. Sand, W. Mic obial li e in geo he mal wa e s. Geo he mics 2003,32, 655–667. [C ossRe ]
90.
Ho, A.; Di Lona do, D.P.; Bodelie , P.L.E. Re isi ing li e s a egy concep s in en i onmen al mic obial ecology. FEMS Mic obiol.
Ecol. 2017,93, 1–14. [C ossRe ]
91.
ˇ
Rehánek, J.; Janouš, A.; Kuˇce a, P.; Ša ánek, J. The mal Technical and Ene gy P ope ies o Buildings; G ada Publishing: P ague,
Czech Republic, 2002; Volume 1, pp. 48, 54.
92.
An ošo á, N.; Š ’as ný, P.; Pe o, M.; K iš o iˇc, Š. Applica ion o addi ional insula ion o ETICS on su aces wi h bioco osion. Ac a
Poly ech. 2021,61, 590–600. [C ossRe ]
93.
B eue , R.N.K.; Ho baue , W.; K uege , N.; Maye , R.N.F.; Sche e , C.; Schwe d, I.R.; Sedlbaue , D.-I.K. Wi ksamkei und
Daue ha igkei on Bioziden in Bau enbeschich ungen. Bauphysik 2012,34, 170–182. [C ossRe ]
94. V bo á, M. Thesis o he Disse a ion (Repo o P esen a ion); VSB-TU: Os a a, Czech Republic, 2020.
95. A ailable online: h p://www.mm .cz (accessed on 3 Ap il 2021).
96.
Poulíˇcko á, A. Basics o Cyanobac e ia and Algae Ecology; PalackýUni e si y in Olomouc, Facul y o Science: Olomouc, Czech
Republic, 2011; pp. 11–33.
97.
Saiz-Jimenez, C. Biode e io a ion s biodeg ada ion: The ole o mic oo ganisms in he emo al o pollu an s deposi ed on
his o ic buidlings. In . Biode e io . Biodeg ad. 1997,40, 225–232. [C ossRe ]
98. Ja aux, E.J. Ex eme li e on Ea h—Pas , p esen and possibly beyond. Res. Mic obiol. 2006,157, 37–48. [C ossRe ] [PubMed]
99.
Singh, P.; Chauhan, M. In luence o En i onmen al ac o s on he g ow h o building de e io a ing ungi: Aspe gillus Fla us and
Penicillium Ch ysogenum. In . J. Ph amaceu ical Sci. Res. 2013,4, 425–429.
100. Ishak, S.S.M.; New on, S. An inno a ion esis ance ac o model. Cons . Econ. Build. 2016,16, 87–103. [C ossRe ]
101.
Nenadálo á, Š.; Balík, L.; Ryd al, M.; Bi ne , T. Labo a o y e i ica ion o wa e apou pe meabili y o plas e composi ions.
Ecol. New Build. Ma e . P od. 2016,151, 50–57. [C ossRe ]
102.
La sen, R.S.; Bell, J.N.B.; James, P.W.; Chimonides, P.J.; Rumsey, F.J.; T empe , A.H.; Pu is, O.W. Lichen and b yophy e dis ibu ion
on oak in London in ela ion o ai pollu ion and ba k acidi y. En i on. Pollu . 2007,146, 332–340. [C ossRe ]