COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS VOLUME: 10 | NUMBER: 4 | 2012 | SPECIAL ISSUE
312 © 2012 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
AN APPROACH TO PERSONALIZED SEARCH
WITHIN DISTRIBUTED REPOSITORY OF VISUAL DATA
And zej GLOWACZ1, Tomasz Ma cin ORZECHOWSKI2, And zej DZIECH1
1Depa men o Telecommunica ions, Facul y o Compu e Science, Elec onics and Telecommunica ions,
AGH Uni e si y o Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30 059 K akow, Poland
2Academic Compu e Cen e CYFRONET, AGH Uni e si y o Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30,
30 059 K akow, Poland
[email p o ec ed].pl, [email p o ec ed], [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac . In his pape , we in oduce unc ional
assump ions o he dis ibu ed eposi o y o isual da a
ha a e one o key aspec s o SYNAT amewo k o
digi al lib a ies. The p oposed sys em will p o ide
inno a i e ools and ex end capabili ies o cu en
eposi o ies. Wi hin his ask, he pe sonalized sea ch
sys em is discussed. Especially h ee di e en app oaches
we e p oposed o his sys em, such as: CF, CBF and DF.
Idea behind pe sonaliza ion is ha he e is cu en ly lack
o such unc ionali y whe eas end use s would bene i
om i .
Keywo ds
Digi al lib a ies, dis ibu ed eposi o y, OAI-PMH,
pe sonalized sea ch.
1. In oduc ion
The main goal o SYNAT p ojec [1] is he es ablishmen
o he uni e sal, open, hos ing and communica ion,
eposi o y pla o m o ne wo k esou ces o knowledge
o be used by science, educa ion and open knowledge
socie y. De eloped sys em is in ended o become wides
publicly a ailable eposi o y se ice in Poland
in e linking a ious digi al lib a ies a ailable and new
da a se s as well. Domains o use include bu a e no
limi ed o: science, echnics, educa ion, his o y and
cul u e. P ojec conso ium consis s o 15 ins i u ions;
among hem op polish uni e si ies and na ional lib a ies.
One o key p ojec objec i es is he de elopmen
o dis ibu ed eposi o y o isual da a ha will p o ide
inno a i e unc ions o he sys em. This ask is conduc ed
wi hin ou esea ch a eas. Fi s one is ela ed o
de elopmen o dis ibu ed me ada a eposi o ies and
me hods o ad anced sea ch in he ede a ion o
eposi o ies o isual da a. Access in e aces will be
based on common in e aces using SQI and OAI.
In e linking a ious da abases u he mo e equi es
uni ica ion o me ada a desc ip ion o s o ed mul imedia
objec s. In addi ion, managemen o use p o iles will
enable complex sea ch unc ionali ies.
Second esea ch goal is he c ea ion o open
da abase sys em. I will ake ad an age o on ology o
design o da abase s uc u e and allow o con enien
in eg a ion wi h con en -based mul imedia indexing ools.
Inno a i e elemen s include de ec ion and p e en ion o
dis ibu ed a acks agains da abase sys em.
Ano he wo objec i es a e s ic ly ela ed o
mul imedia con en and comp ised o digi al
wa e ma king echnologies and me hods o high-quali y
con en dis ibu ion. Conside ed digi al wa e ma king is a
se o sui able echniques ha ope a e di ec ly in
mul imedia con en . Thus, use ul unc ions ela ed o da a
in eg i y and me ada a e i ica ion; iden i ica ion o
dis ibu ion channel; o p o ec ion o sensi i e da a can be
applied in eposi o y. New wa e ma king echniques a e
also unde esea ch in his ask. On he o he hand, he
con en dis ibu ion sys em is ocused on p o iding o end
use he mul imedia da a in equi ed quali y. I will
ealize unc ions o adap a ion and anscoding o isual
da a, and agmen a y objec deli e y (e.g. deli e y o
pa o scanned manusc ip o audio s eam om ideo
eco ding). Me ada a sys em will s o e addi ional
in o ma ion abou con en quali y.
Func ional a chi ec u e o he eposi o y and
modules a e p esen ed in Fig. 1.
The emainde o he pape is o ganized as
ollows. Sec ion 2 p o ides o e iew o he cu en
dis ibu ion o digi al con en and exis ing sys ems o
managemen o digi al con en . Sec ion 3 in oduces
pe sonalized sea ch unc ionali y wi hin digi al
eposi o y. Assump ions o in o ma ion il e ing, uni ied
me ada a, a chi ec u e and communica ions a e p esen ed.
Sec ion 4 concludes he wo k.
COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS VOLUME: 10 | NUMBER: 4 | 2012 | SPECIAL ISSUE
© 2012 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 313
Func ional F amewo k
Da abase Sys em
P esen a ion Laye
Con en Dis ibu ion
On ology o
Design o Da abase Da a and Me ada a
Ve i ica ion
Pe sonaliza ion
Mul imedia Con en
Da a
Video Quali y
Assessmen
Digi al Wa e ma king
Use P o iles
Me ada a and Con en -Based Mul imedia Indexing Tools
Mul imedia
T anscoding Fede a ed Sea ch
and Da a Mining
Fig. 1: Func ional a chi ec u e o he dis ibu ed eposi o y o isual
da a.
The emainde o he pape is o ganized as
ollows. Sec ion 2 p o ides o e iew o he cu en
dis ibu ion o digi al con en and exis ing sys ems o
managemen o digi al con en . Sec ion 3 in oduces
pe sonalized sea ch unc ionali y wi hin digi al
eposi o y. Assump ions o in o ma ion il e ing, uni ied
me ada a, a chi ec u e and communica ions a e p esen ed.
Sec ion 4 concludes he wo k.
2. Rela ed Wo k
Al hough he e a e many sea ch sys ems o digi al
lib a ies, he pe sonalized sea ch app oach was no so a
aken in o accoun . This was a esul o a simple and
co ec assump ion ha i he cu en ca alogue sys ems
we e so a e i ied du ing yea s, he digi iza ion could be
he only a ans e o he exis ing model in o he on-line
sys em.
The de elopmen o IT echnology leads o
inc easing g ow h o in e es in elec onic ma e ials. I is
wo h quo ing a ollowing ac : acco ding o da a
e ealed by he Amazon, as o 1 Ap il 2011, a shop sells
an a e age o 105 e-books o 100 pape books [2]. The
calcula ions ake in o accoun also he pape books ha
ha e no elec onic equi alen , and i was no aken in o
accoun he dis ibu ion o ee e-books. This ac also
su p ised he p esiden o Amazon. Je Bezos said, ha
he hoped ha such a s a e would happen some when, bu
no one expec ed ha i had happened his ime.
Especially, ha books a e sold o 15 yea s, whils e-
books only om less han 4 yea s [2], [3]. Al hough he
da a e e s o he U.S. Amazon, bu e-books a e also
popula in he Eu opean b anches o he s o e. Go don
Willoughby, he Eu opean di ec o o Kindle, said, ha e-
book sales by he B i ish Amazon.co.uk we e unexpec ed.
Fo example, in he UK, whe e e-books ha e been sold
o only 9 mon hs and ha d-books o 13 yea s, now hey
sell 242 e-books o e e y 100 ha dbacks [2], [3].
Two di e en s eps in he p ocess o digi iza ion
o ypical lib a ies could be dis inguished:
 digi aliza ion o lib a ian ca alogues,
 digi iza ion o documen s and o he lib a ian
esou ces (pain ings, ilms, e c.).
Digi aliza ion o esou ces s o ed in lib a ies
allows o implemen a ion o addi ional me hods o
indexing con en and hus i o gene a ion o he
app op ia e indexes ega dless o p e iously used
me hods o ca aloguing. In o he wo ds, he me ada a
ep esen ing lib a ian esou ces can now be en iched wi h
he esul s o he p ocess o lib a ies esou ces indexing.
A he same ime, he inc eased in e es in
dis ibu ion o ideo con en can be obse ed. Al hough
he e es ial and sa elli e digi al TV p o ide s ha e
o e ed VoD se ices o las yea s, only now, hanks o
he inc ease o bandwid h and he numbe o b oadband
In e ne use s, he implemen a ion o such se ices is
obse ed. The desc ip ion o he mos popula sys ems o
managemen o digi al lib a ies is summa ized in Tab. 1.
The echnology e olu ion in mobile elephony bo h in
e ms o ansmission speed and equipmen enables
cu en sma phones’ use s no only o make ideo calls,
bu also soon o wa ch TV in he DVB-H s anda d.
Exis ing echnologies o image and sound analysis allow
o indexing o he ideo and audio sequences. They a e
used o desc ibe he con en , and e en he cha ac e o he
gi en sequence. Rega ding o he desc ip ion o he
na u e o con en , i is wo h o men ion, ha he web
po als, which o e he music ailo ed o he lis ene s'
mood, exis nowadays.
Pe sonaliza ion was no a key elemen in any
sys ems managing digi al lib a ies ha we e shown in
Tab. 1, so he p oposal p esen ed in his pape has an
inno a i e cha ac e . Despi e signi ican di e ences in
he cha ac e is ics be ween dis ibu ed e-lea ning
sys ems, and digi al lib a ies, adap a ion o such a
solu ion o he equi emen s o eposi o ies seems o be
desi able and will o e a eal pe sonalized sea ch o
digi al lib a ies’ use s.
Tab.1: Summa y o selec ed sys ems used o managemen o digi al
con en .
Sys em’
s name
Desc ip ion
Suppo ed
echnologies
License
ype
CONTENTdm
The sys em o managemen
o digi al collec ions. The
so wa e can handle he
s o age o di e en digi al
objec including: local
his o y a chi es, newspape s,
books, maps, slide lib a ies
o audio/ ideo. I suppo s
also Op ical Cha ac e
Recogni ion (OCR) on ex
documen s o enable ull ex
sea ching [4].
Unicode,
Z39.50,
Quali ied
Dublin Co e,
VRA, XML,
JPEG2000,
OAI-PMH.
Comme cial so wa e
COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS VOLUME: 10 | NUMBER: 4 | 2012 | SPECIAL ISSUE
314 © 2012 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
dLib a
The sys em o building
digi al lib a ies, de eloped
by he Poznan
Supe compu ing Cen e -
Ne wo k (PSNC). The
in en ion was o implemen
he amewo k o digi al
lib a ies in PIONIER
ne wo k and o es ablished
he Polish Fede a ion o
Digi al Lib a ies. This sys em
is well known and commonly
used in Poland [7].
MARC,
Dublin Co e,
OAI-PMH
Comme cial so wa e
DSpace
The package p o ides he
ools o managemen o
digi al asse s and i enables
open sha ing o con en ha
spans o ganiza ions. I
suppo s a wide a ie y o
da a, including books, heses,
3D digi al scans o objec s,
pho og aphs, ilm, ideo,
esea ch da a se s and o he
o ms o con en [5].
METS,
OAI-PMH
Open sou ce so wa e
unde BSD License
ExLib is
DigiTool
The so wa e is used o
managing and showcasing o
Digi al Collec ions and
Ins i u ional Reposi o ies. I
allows o : ca aloguing,
managing, sha ing,
sea ching, and e ie al o
digi al collec ions [6].
MARC 21,
Z39.50,
Quali ied
Dublin Co e,
METS,
Z39.87-2002,
OAI-PMH
Comme cial
so wa e
FEDORA
Flexible Ex ensible Digi al
Objec Reposi o y
A chi ec u e ha p o ides a
managemen laye o digi al
objec s based on con en
models, which ep esen da a
objec s, o collec ions o da a
objec s
(e.g., digi al images, XML
iles, me ada a) [8].
REST/SOAP,
SPARQL
OAI-PMH
Open sou ce so wa e
unde Apache License
2.0
G eens one Digi al Lib a y
I is a sui e o so wa e o
building and dis ibu ing
digi al lib a y collec ions. I
enables he cons uc ion and
p esen a ion o in o ma ion
collec ions wi h e ec i e
ull- ex sea ching and
me ada a-based b owsing
acili ies. The sys em is
ex ensible: so wa e
"plugins" accommoda e
di e en documen and
me ada a ypes [9].
Z39.50
Open sou ce so wa e
unde Apache License 2.0
INVENIO
I is a so wa e sui e enabling
o un digi al lib a y o
documen eposi o y on he
web.
The echnology o e ed
documen inges ion h ough
classi ica ion, indexing, and
dissemina ion [10].
MARC21,
OAI-PMH
2.0
Open sou ce
so wa e unde
GPL License 2.0
SimpleDL
I is a digi al collec ion
managemen so wa e ha
suppo s di e en ype and
o ma o handling
documen s, such as: images,
ideos, audio iles [11].
OAI-PMH
Comme cial
so wa e
3. Pe sonalized Sea ch
Pe sonalized app oach assumed he in oduc ion o
di e en me hods o ob ain, du ing he sea ch, esul s
ailo ed o he needs o speci ic end-use . The e a e
di e en app oaches in he implemen a ion o
pe sonalized sea ch, bu gene ally he app oaches based
on il a ion esul s could be dis inguished. Fil a ion is o
ejec o change he o al con o mi y alue o he
espec i e objec s ( om he esul se ) conside ing bo h
con o mi y o he gi en que y and gi en use 's
p e e ence.
3.1. In o ma ion Fil e ing and Uni ied
Me ada a
I is in ended o es ablish modula ized amewo k o he
sys em (Fig. 2) ha could suppo all men ioned abo e
app oaches. The de ails o hese well-known solu ions a e
deeply analysed and desc ibed in many scien i ic a icles,
compa e: [15], [16], [17]. The mos equen ly used
il e ing me hods include [15]:
 CF (Collabo a i e Fil e ing),
 CBF (Con en -Based Fil e ing),
 DF (Demog aphic Fil e ing).
I is in ended o es ablish modula ized amewo k
o he sys em (Fig. 2) ha could suppo all men ioned
abo e app oaches. The de ails o hese well-known
solu ions a e deeply analysed and desc ibed in many
scien i ic a icles, compa e: [15], [16], [17]. The e a e
wo he mos popula s anda d desc ibing me ada a o
digi al esou ces:
 desc ibing e-lea ning objec s: IEEE LOM [12],
 desc ibing digi al lib a ies’ objec s: MARC [13].
The BSS (B oke Se ice Sys em), (Fig. 2) is
esponsible o pa sing all hese ype o me ada a
s anda ds. The de ails o componen s o he p oposed
amewo k a e p esen ed in he subsec ion: A chi ec u e.
Ano he me ada a s anda d, ha is in ended o be
suppo ed by he ASMS (Ad ance Sea ch Managemen
Sys em), (Fig. 2), is A en ion Me ada a [14]. The main
pu pose o his s anda d is o exchange he in o ma ion
desc ibing use s’ a en ions o sea ch esul s.
3.2. A chi ec u e
The amewo k o he p oposed sys em is shown in
Fig. 2. We can dis inguish ollowing pa s o he
amewo k:
 Sea ch Sys em – he main pa ha is esponsible
o ga he ing que ies om end-use s, ans e ing
hem o ano he module such as BSS o i s
ex ension: Ad ance Sea ch Sys em. Then i is also
esponsible o p esen ing he esul s o end-use s.
COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS VOLUME: 10 | NUMBER: 4 | 2012 | SPECIAL ISSUE
© 2012 ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 315
 B oke Se ice Sys em – is esponsible o
o ganising he da a o que y o be sen ia he
b oke laye o eposi o ies. The BSS suppo s
di e en s anda ds desc ibing me ada a (including:
IEEE LOM and MARC 21), di e en que y
languages (including: CQL and S2QL), as well as
di e en se ices (SOAP, REST) and in e aces:
SQI, SRU and SRW.
 B oke – is esponsible o connec ion o
eposi o ies and o ganize he ede a ed sea ch.
Ad ance Sea ch Sys em – is he co e pa o
pe sonaliza ion. The posi ioning o ound esul s is he
co e aspec o he sea ch done by gi en end-use , because
i can ul il equi emen s o pe sonalized sea ch. This
sys em consis s o some sub-modules including: module
esponsible o s o ing end-use p o iles, module ha
collec s end-use s beha iou da a, module ha collec he
end-use s’ a en ion o ound esul s. All hese modules
lead o o e he CF o ien ed pe sonaliza ion, whe e end-
use s a e di ided in o clus e s acco ding o he simila i y,
ei he o hei beha iou o o hei p o iles.
Fig. 2: The model o he amewo k o he pe sonalized sea ch sys em.
The e a e also some modules used by he
adminis a o o manage he b oke , use s accoun s and
ad ance sea ch sys ems (Fig. 2). They a e called: B oke
Managemen Sys ems, Use Managemen Sys em and
Ad ance Sea ch Managemen Sys em.
3.3. Communica ions
The Communica ion done by b oke (Fig. 2) includes:
communica ion wi h eposi o ies ha suppo SOAP
Se ices including implemen a ion o SQI o e SOAP
(S2QL suppo ) and he successo s o Z39.50 s anda d
(suppo ing CQL): SRU (Sea ch/Re ie e ia URL) and
he SRW (Sea ch/Re ie e Web se ice).
Mo eo e , many o eposi o ies suppo OAI-
PMH, so i is also planned o ex end he module o
Ad anced Sea ch by in oduc ion ollowing sub-modules:
collec ing module and indexing me ada a module. The
i s one will be esponsible o he OAI-PMH
communica ion wi h eposi o ies, da a ha es ing and
s o ing, whils he second one will be esponsible o he
me ada a indexing (including bo h IEEE LOM and
MARC21 s anda ds) and o e ing he ecommenda ion
u ilizing Con en -Based Fil e ing.
4. Conclusion
The p oposed solu ion consis s on in oduc ion he
pe sonaliza ion sea ch o digi al lib a ies’ use s. The
pe sonalized sea ch is no commonly o e ed by any o
exis ing so wa e o managing digi al lib a ies. Sys em
will u ilize he collabo a i e il e ing by o ganize end-
use s in o wo di e en kinds o clus e s on he base o
wo di e en p o iles:
 Dynamic: c ea ed acco ding o end-use s’
beha io ,
 S a ic: connec ed o end-use s explici ly de ined
p o iles.
The p oposed sys em will no only o e
pe sonalized sea ch o digi al lib a ies, bu also o he
con en s o ed in e-lea ning eposi o ies. I is also planned
o o e pe sonaliza ion ex ension by implemen ing bo h
Collabo a i e Fil e ing and Con en -Based Fil e ing and
inally ob ain he bes e ec o Pe sonalized Sea ch.
Acknowledgemen s
Wo k inanced by The Na ional Cen e o Resea ch and
De elopmen (NCBiR) wi hin SYNAT p ojec
no. SP/I/1/77065/10.
Re e ences
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Abou Au ho s
And zej GLOWACZ ecei ed his Ph.D. in
Telecommunica ions om he AGH Uni e si y o
Science and Technology in 2007. He is cu en ly an
Assis an P o esso a he AGH Uni e si y. And zej
Glowacz has been wo king on nume ous comme cial
p ojec s, and EU esea ch p ojec s including INSIGMA
(as Depu y P ojec Coo dina o ), INDECT, GAMA,
OASIS A chi e, CARMEN, DAIDALOS, DAIDALOS
2, Eu oNGI, and Eu oFGI. His main p o essional a eas o
in e es a e in elligen in o ma ion sys ems, mul imedia
sys ems, pa e n ecogni ion, wi eless QoS, mode n
anspo p o ocols, and ad anced sys ems p og amming.
He is he au ho o o e eigh y scien i ic pape s and
echnical epo s; he also se es as a e iewe o
in e na ional jou nals and con e ences.
Tomasz Ma cin ORZECHOWSKI ecei ed his M.Sc.
in Compu e Science in 1999 and Ph.D. in
Telecommunica ions in 2010 om he AGH Uni e si y o
Science and Technology. He is cu en ly an Assis an
P o esso a he AGH-UST. His esea ch in e es s
include: dis ibu ed p og amming, mobile agen
echnology, da abases, ecommende sys ems and
in o ma ion e ie al. He is he au ho o nume ous
publica ions. He has been a membe o he IEEE
Communica ions and Compu e Socie ies o o e han
10 yea s. He is he membe o se e al con e ence
commi ees.
And zej DZIECH g adua ed om he Lening ad
Elec o echnical Ins i u e a he Facul y o Au oma ion
and Compu e Science, specializing in au oma ion. in
1970 He ecei ed his Ph.D. in Telecommunica ions om
he same ins i u e in 1973. He ecei ed he i le o
p o esso in 1986. In 2002-2005 he was he Chai man o
he Commi ee o he Sec ion o Telecommunica ions
Resea ch in Poland. Cu en ly, he is he expe o
Eu opean Union, e alua ing scien i ic p ojec s in he UE
7 h F amewo k P og amme. He is also he main
coo dina o o EU FP7 INDECT P ojec , i led:
“In elligen In o ma ion Sys em Suppo ing Obse a ion,
Sea ching and De ec ion o Secu i y Ci izens in U ban
En i onmen ”. He also led EU p ojec : CALIBRATE,
FP6-IST - S eng hening he In eg a ion o he ICT
esea ch e o in an Enla ged Eu ope.