T ansac ions o he VSB - Technical uni e si y o Os a a
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Vol. XII, No. 2, 2017
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RULES IN FIVE LEADING
STANDARDS FOR SMOKE DETECTORS SITING IN THE PRESENCE
OF A CEILING IRREGULARITY
Milan BLAGOJEVIĆ1, Radoje JEVTIĆ2, Dejan RISTIĆ3
1 Uni e si y o Niš, Facul y o Occupa ional Sa e y, Niš, Se bia, [email p o ec ed]
2 School o Elec ical Enginee ing "Nikola Tesla", Niš, Se bia, [email p o ec ed]
3 Uni e si y o Niš, Facul y o Occupa ional Sa e y, Niš, Se bia, [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : Subdi iding elemen s and di e en s uc u es on he ceiling like beams o simila ,
signi i can ly a ec he loca ion o he smoke de ec o , because hey change he l ow o
combus ion p oduc s. F om poin o iew o i e de ec ion sys em, designe s i is e y
in e es ing how o a ange and dis ibu e smoke de ec o s in applica ions when beams
a e o med s uc u e like a “honeycomb” The Eu opean no m 54-14 is manda o y, bu
in p ac ice, a main ques ion appea s: “Do we ha e he explana ions de ailed enough o
all o he si ua ions ha could occu ela ed o leng h, wid h and dep h o honeycomb
cells”? The main goal o his pape is o show he di e ences be ween he ules and
he ins uc ions in i e s anda ds: EN 54-14, VDE 0833-2, BS 5839-1, NPB 88, NFPA
72, and o i nd he bes solu ion o a ious si ua ions in p ac ice.
Keywo ds: Ceiling i egula i ies, s anda ds, smoke de ec o , simula ion.
Resea ch a icle
In oduc ion
Unlike Eu opean s anda d, Ge man, B i ish,
Russian and Ame ican ones de i ne di e en ules.
Ge man s anda d in con as o he Eu opean
speci i es ha he elemen s subdi iding he ceiling
heigh o mo e han 3 % o he oom heigh a e
obs acles, and need o be conside ed. Acco ding
o his s anda d, p emises which a e sepa a ed by
beams a e discussed in ela ion o he maximum
moni o ing a ea o de ec o . In B i ish s anda d,
ceiling obs uc ions such as beam should be ea ed
as walls only i hei dep h is mo e han 10 % o
ceiling heigh and hei oids bigge han 0.8 m. In
ha case, independen co e age is equi ed. In e nal
olumes a e no conside ed in his s anda d, only
he wid h and he heigh a io o honeycomb cells.
Russian s anda d ecommends pu ing he poin
smoke de ec o s in each segmen o he ceiling ha
is wide han 0.75 m, i he dep h o he jois s is
bigge han 0.4 m. Ame ican s anda d is comple ely
di e en compa ed o o he s anda ds in case o
ceiling beams. Honeycomb o m is ea ed h ough
absolu e alues o he beam dimensions which a e
o ming his s uc u e. I is ob ious ha he abo e
men ioned i e leading s anda ds, p o ide a ious
de i ni ions o he ules o si ing poin smoke
de ec o s in case o honeycomb s uc u e on ceiling.
Consequen ly, his p oblem may be in es iga ed in
ela ion o he in l uence o dimensions o honeycomb
cells o s a i i ca ion, a io o cells olumes and
compa men heigh , e c.
Eu opean s anda d EN 54 Pa 9: Tes i es o
i e de ec o s desc ibes es i es which a e in ended
o ep esen i es ha can occu in he eal wo ld
and, on he o he hand, ep esen es s o i e
de ec o pe o mance. The esponse o he de ec o s
subjec ed o es i es is he mos impo an ac o
which de e mines a angemen and dis ibu ion o
i e de ec o s in o de o de ec i e in an ea ly s age,
able 1. Hea elease a es can be es ima ed om he
mass loss da a once he ini ial mass and an ene gy
densi y a e known. Tab. 1 is an es ima e o he ini ial
mass based upon he desc ip ion o he es i es in
EN 54. (G osshandle , 1995)
Ma e ials and me hods
Fo his pu pose, we made he simula ions by
means o Pi oSym so wa e package o a ious
posi ions o poin smoke de ec o s. The dis ance o
de ec o s om he bu ne is chosen o be on he edge
o poin smoke de ec o co e ing he a ea acco ding
o he Eu opean s anda d, whe eas esponse ime o
each de ec o is measu ed o hea elease a es o
500 kW and 100 kW.
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Tab. 1 Hea elease a es o TF1-TF6 (G osshandle ,
1995)
Ceiling i egula i ies
Beams, o he subdi iding elemen s and di e en
s uc u es on he ceiling, signi i can ly a ec
he disposi ion o he de ec o , because hey change
he l ow o combus ion p oduc s. The Eu opean
s anda d de i nes ha qui e p ecisely, which is
depic ed in he i g. 1. (EN 54-14:2004)
Fig. 1 Ceiling i egula i ies conside ed by Eu opean
s anda d (EN 54-14:2004)
The ceiling ha ing i egula i ies wi h dep hs less
han 5 % o he ceiling heigh should be ea ed as
l a . Any ceiling i egula i y ha ing dep h g ea e
han 5 % o he ceiling heigh should be ea ed as
a wall:
• D > 0.25 × (H - h) - de ec o in e e y cell,
• D < 0.25 × (H - h) - de ec o in e e y second cell,
• D < 0.13 × (H - h) - de ec o in e e y hi d cell.
I he ceiling a angemen is such as o o m
a “honeycomb” hen a single poin - ype de ec o
may co e a g oup o cells. The in e nal olume o
he cells (deno ed TCV) co e ed by single de ec o
should no exceed TCV = 12 m2 × (H - h) in case o
smoke de ec o .
Ge man s anda d (DIN VDE 0833-2:2009) also
conside s he a angemen o poin - ype smoke and
hea de ec o s on ceilings wi h ceiling jois s. In
con as o he Eu opean s anda d (EN 54-14:2004)
ha speci i es 5 % o he beams, in his s anda d,
he elemen s subdi iding he ceiling o a heigh
o mo e han 3 % o he oom heigh a e obs acles
ha need o be conside ed. P emises which a e
sepa a ed by beams a e discussed in ela ion o
he maximum moni o ing a ea o de ec o .
Acco dingly, i a sepa a e a ea has a su ace which
co e s 60 % o mo e o he de ec o co e ing a ea,
each bay ceiling shall be equipped wi h de ec o s
(A - maximum moni o ing a ea):
• ≤ 0.6 × A - one de ec o o moni o ing se e al
ceiling bays o no mo e han 1.2 × A,
• 0.6 × A - each ceiling bay shall be equipped wi h
de ec o s.
In B i ish s anda d (BS 5839-1:2013),
he pe cen age o beam heigh in ela ion o
he heigh o he oom is 10 % in o de o be ea ed as
a wall. Also, B i ish s anda d s a es absolu e alues,
as i can be seen in he Fig. 2. A solid pa i ion whe e
he op is less han 30 cm a om he ceiling is ea ed
as a wall. Fo oids deepe ha 80 cm, he s anda d
equi es independen co e age. (Blagoje ic, 2015)
Fig. 2 Ceiling i egula i ies conside ed by B i ish
s anda d (BS 5839-1:2013; Blagoje ic, 2015)
Whe e a ho izon al ceiling comp ises a se ies o
small cells, o en e e ed o as a honeycomb ceiling,
de ec o spacing and si ing should be in acco dance
wi h Tab. 2.
Tes
i e
A e age
consump ion
a e [g/s]
A e age
hea elease
a e [kW]
Maximum
hea elease
a e [kW]
TF1 2.70 56 145
TF2 0.11 2.3 3.8
TF3 0.19 3.2 3.6
TF4 1.20 30 84
TF5 3.10 150 214
TF6 4.00 120 125
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* Since moun ing de ec o s a dep h o mo e han
600 mm below he highes poin in he p o ec ed
spaces does no comply wi h basic ule, p o ec ion
in hese ci cums ances migh no need ca e ul
conside a ion o de e mine he mos sui able loca ion
and spacing o de ec o s.
In he s uc u e o he beams which o ms
a honeycomb, in his s anda d a e no conside ed
in e nal olumes bu wid h and heigh a io.
The e o e, he de ec o can be moun ed inside cell
o honeycomb o on he edge o he honeycomb, i.e.
on he beam.
• W ≤ 4D - posi ion 2,
• W > 4D - posi ion 1.
Fig. 3 Honeycomb s uc u e conside ed by B i ish
s anda d (BS 5839-1:2013)
The Russian s anda d (NPB 88:2001) conside s
honeycomb s uc u e only i he dep h o he jois s is
bigge han 40 cm and i segmen wide han 75 cm.
In such case, i is ecommended o pu poin smoke
de ec o in each segmen and he co e age a ea o
each de ec o should be dec eased o 40 %.
The Ame ican s anda d (NFPA 72:2016) is
comple ely di e en compa ed o o he s anda ds in
case o beams on he ceiling. I he dimensions o
he beams a e up o 10 cm, ega dless o he
oom heigh , he ceiling should be ea ed as a l a
ceiling. I he beam dimensions a e g ea e han
10 cm, co e age a ea de ec o dec eases o 66 %.
Honeycomb o m is ea ed h ough absolu e alues
o he beam dimensions which a e o ming his
s uc u e. The de ec o is placed inside a honeycomb
i he segmen is wide han 2.4 m and deepe han
46 cm and on he beam i sel unde he condi ions
as ollows:
• Whe e he beams p ojec mo e han 4 in. (100 mm)
below he ceiling, spacing o spo - ype hea
de ec o s shall be no mo e han 2/3 lis ed spacing.
• Whe e he beams p ojec mo e han 18 in.
(460 mm) below he ceiling and mo e han 8
(2.4 m) on cen e , each bay o med by beams shall
be ea ed as sepa a e a ea.
• Whe e beams a e less han 12 in. (300 mm) in
dep h and less han 8 . (2.4 m) on cen e , de ec o s
pe mi ed o be ins alled on he bo om o beams.
Model o simula ion
Ob iously, he e a e many di e ences be ween
he s anda ds conce ning he ules o smoke
de ec o si ing in p esence o ceiling i egula i ies.
Howe e , he e a e common cha ac e is ics unde
conside a ion in all abo e men ioned s anda ds,
such as dep h o obs acles o 50 cm o 60 cm,
dep h pe cen age o 10 % ela ed o he heigh o
compa men , possibili y o pu ing de ec o inside
o ou side o honeycomb cells and simila . Fo
he pu pose o his in es iga ion, h ee cases based
on in e nal dimensions o cells we e chosen.
Fi s o all, he heigh compa men o 6 m was
chosen because his alue is some kind o limi o
eliable smoke de ec ion and, on he o he hand,
he dep h o obs acles h = 60 cm ep esen s 10 %
limi men ioned in he mos s anda ds. On he basis
o hese alues, he in e nal dimensions o inne
honeycomb cells we e changed om W = 1 × D
up o W = 5 × D, acco ding o he i g. 3. The aim
o he simula ions was o assess he in l uence o
O e all
ceiling heigh
(H)Beam dep h (D)Maximum dis ance be ween
any poin and he nea es
smoke de ec o
De ec o loca ion i
W is 4D o less De ec o loca ion i
W is mo e han 4D
6 m o less Less han 10 % HAs pe l a ceilings Unde side o beams On s uc u al slab in he cell
mo e han 6 m Less han 10 % H and
600 mm o less As pe l a ceilings Unde side o beams On s uc u al slab in he cell
mo e han 6 m Less han 10 % H and
mo e han 600 mm As pe l a ceilings Unde side o beams* On s uc u al slab in he cell
3 m o less Mo e han 10 % H4.5 m Unde side o beams On s uc u al slab in he cell
4 m Mo e han 10 % H5.5 m Unde side o beams On s uc u al slab in he cell
5 m Mo e han 10 % H6 m Unde side o beams On s uc u al slab in he cell
6 m o mo e Mo e han 10 % H6.5 m Unde side o beams On s uc u al slab in he cell
Tab. 2 Spacing and si ing o de ec o s (BS 5839-1:2013)
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Fig. 5 Response ime o de ec o s SD and SD0202
o 500 kW bu ne and W = 1 × D
Fig. 6 Response ime o de ec o s SD and SD0202
o 500 kW bu ne and W = 2 × D
he men ioned dimensions o honeycomb cell o
poin smoke de ec o esponse imes.
Fig. 4 Model o simula ions
Simula ion model was c ea ed in Py oSim
so wa e, e sion 2012, which p esen s a g aphical
use in e ace o he Fi e Dynamics Simula o (FDS).
Dimensions o compa men we e as ollows: leng h
20 m, wid h 10 m and heigh 6 m. In o de o c ea e
a cell o honeycomb wi h changeable dimensions,
wo pai s o jois s we e loca ed on he ceiling (see
Fig. 4). Poin smoke de ec o s we e loca ed a
he “edge” o adius o co e ing ecommended by
EN 54-14, ha is, a 7.5 m om a 500 kW bu ne .
The h ee poin smoke de ec o s we e in ol ed in
simula ions: he i s one inside o a honeycomb
cell, and he o he wo de ec o s ou side o a cell - on
jois s. Fo each dimension o cell, he simula ion’s
ime was se on 500 seconds. (Blagoje ic a al, 2015)
Resul s
Simula ions we e made o 500 kW and 100 kW
bu ne s o a ious dimensions o honeycomb cell:
W = 1 × D, W = 2 × D, W = 3 × D, W = 4 × D
and W = 5 × D. Two de ec o s, de ec o inside cell -
deno ed wi h SD and de ec o loca ed on edge o cell
- deno ed wi h SD0202 we e chosen o analysis.
Ob ained esul s a e shown in i g. 5-9.
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The analysis was made o wo ala m h esholds.
Namely, i is well known ha ala m h eshold o
poin smoke de ec o is usually be ween 3 %/m
and 5 %/m, depending on ambien condi ions, and
o ha eason esponse imes o hese alues a e
shown in i gu es. Nume ical esul s o simula ions
a e shown in ab. 3 bellow i g. 9.
Fig. 9 Response ime o de ec o s SD and SD0202
o 500 kW bu ne and W = 5 × D
Tab. 3 Response imes o de ec o s SD and SD0202
o a ious dimensions o W and D
Ob iously, in all cases a de ec o SD0202
loca ed on he edge o honeycomb cells has wice
o h ee imes as e esponse han he de ec o
inside he cell. On he o he hand, all esponse imes
o de ec o SD a e less ha hal o a minu e, so
he choice o loca ion o de ec o may depend no
only on ype o possible i e, bu on o he ac o s,
such as a chi ec u al o aes he ic cha ac e is ics o
compa men o simila .
Fig. 7 Response ime o de ec o s SD and SD0202
o 500 kW bu ne and W = 3 × D
Fig. 8 Response ime o de ec o s SD and SD0202
o 500 kW bu ne and W = 4 × D
Ala m h eshold 5 %/m Ala m h eshold 3 %/m
500 kW SD SD0202 500 kW SD SD0202
W = 1 × D>30 s ~10 s W = 1 × D~22 s <10 s
W = 2 × D~18 s ~12 s W = 2 × D~15 s ~12 s
W = 3 × D20 s ~11 s W = 3 × D~17 s ~11 s
W = 4 × D34 s ~10 s W = 4 × D~18 s ~10 s
W = 5 × D22 s ~10 s W = 5 × D ~17 s ~10 s
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Vol. XII, No. 2, 2017
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Fig. 12 Response ime o de ec o s SD and SD0202
o 100 kW bu ne and W = 3 × D
Fig. 13 Response ime o de ec o s SD and SD0202
o 100 kW bu ne and W = 4 × D
Fig. 10 Response ime o de ec o s SD and SD0202
o 100 kW bu ne and W = 1 × D
Fig. 11 Response ime o de ec o s SD and SD0202
o 100 kW bu ne and W = 2 × D
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ha eason, he able bellow con ains esponse imes
o ala m h eshold o 2.5 %/m.
Tab. 4 Response imes o de ec o s SD and SD0202
o a ious dimensions o W and D
Conclusion
I he ob ained esul s a e obse ed o m
he Eu opean s anda d poin o iew, he main ques ion
would be: Wha is he in l uence o cell dimensions
on he posi ion o poin smoke de ec o ? Fo
a 500 kW bu ne , inc easing he wid h o cells
allows us o pu a de ec o inside he cell; howe e ,
in case o small dimension cells, eliable de ec ion
is p o ided by pu ing de ec o on he edge o a cell.
In case o a 100 kW bu ne , he ules om B i ish
s anda d become mo e impo an han he ones om
Eu opean s anda d. Namely, o eliable de ec ion
i is necessa y o pu de ec o s on he edge o
a honeycomb. Because o ha , in o de o e i y
he EU s anda d a simula ion model mus be di e en .
Fo his pu pose, a simula ion model mus consis
o a “ne ” o neighbo ing cells wi h a ious dep h
and wid h in o de o check he ela ions be ween
cell olumes and co e ing a ea o de ec o . These
simula ions will be he subjec o u he esea ches.
Fig. 14 Response ime o de ec o s SD and SD0202
o 100 kW bu ne and W = 5 × D
The second se o simula ions was made o
smalle ene gy densi y, ha is, o 100 kW bu ne
unde he same condi ions and dimensions o
a honeycomb cell. The esul s a e as ollows,
i g. 10-14.
I can be seen om he p e ious i gu es ha
ala m h eshold o 3 %/m is oo high in o de o be
de ec ed by de ec o s SD and SD0202 de ec o s. Fo
Ala m h eshold 2.5 %/m
100 kW SD SD0202
W = 1 × D~44 s ~18 s
W = 2 × D~18 s
W = 3 × D~52 s ~18 s
W = 4 × D
W = 5 × D~55 s
Re e ences
Blagoje ić M. 2015. Ala m sys ems, monog aph, 2nd edi ., Facul y o Occupa ional Sa e y, Uni e si y o Niš,
ISBN 978-86-6093-070-7.
Blagoje ic M., Je ic R., Ris ic D. 2015. On he co ec numbe and a angemen o poin smoke de ec o s, Fi e
P o ec ion 2015: P oceedings o lec u es XXIV. yea in e na ional con e ence, Technical Uni e si y o Os a a,
ISBN 978-80-7385-169-7, ISSN 1803-1803, 2015., 7-11.
BS 5839-1:2013 Fi e de ec ion and i e ala m sys ems o buildings. Code o p ac ice o he design, ins alla ion,
commissioning and main enace o sys ems in non-domes ic p emises.
DIN VDE 0833-2:2009, Ala m sys ems o i e, in usion and hold up, Requi emen s o i e ala m sys ems.
G osshandle W. 1995. A e iew o measu emen s and candida e signa u es o ea ly i e de ec ion, (online),
A ailable a : h p:// i e.nis .go /b lpubs/ i e95/PDF/ 95116.pd .
EN 54-14:2004 Fi e de ec ion and i e ala m sys ems, Guidelines o planning, design, ins alla ion, commissioning,
use and main enance.
НПБ 88-2001: Fi e-ex inguishing and ala m sys ems. Designing and egula ion no ms (in Russian).
NFPA 72:2016 Na ional Fi e Ala m and Signaling Code.
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