ORIGINAL ARTICLE
S udy on educibili y and po osi y o me allu gical
sin e
Simona Ju so a
a,*
, Pa lina Pus ejo ska
a
, Sil ie B ozo a
b
a
VS
ˇB – Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Cen e ENET, 17. lis opadu 15, 708 33 Os a a – Po uba, Czech Republic
b
VS
ˇB – Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Facul y o Me allu gy and Ma e ial Enginee ing, 17. lis opadu 15, 708 33 Os a a –
Po uba, Czech Republic
Recei ed 6 Ap il 2016; e ised 14 Feb ua y 2017; accep ed 4 Ma ch 2017
A ailable online 25 Ma ch 2017
KEYWORDS
Sin e ;
Reduc ion;
Po osi y;
Densi y;
S uc u e
Abs ac The pape deal wi h esea ch on s uc u al p ope ies o me allu gical sin e . I was aimed
a s udying o sin e po osi y and densi y in ela ion o i s educibili y. Fo po osi y de e mina ion
was used imme sion echnique using A chimedes p inciple. Densi y was measu ed by gas pycnome e
and appa en densi y was calcula ed om esul s o measu ed po osi y. These p ope ies we e s udied
in ela ion o empe a u e 950 °C a which educibili y es s o e e y sample we e ca ied ou acco d-
ing o ISO 4695:2007. Fo he s udy 7 ba ches o 5 samples o sin e o igina ed om indus ial me -
allu gical plan we e so ed. The po osi y and densi y we e discussed o i gin samples be o e he es
o educibili y and o educed samples a e ISO es . The e ec o 950 °C on he p ope ies was con-
empla ed and SEM analysis was ca ied ou . The samples po osi y be o e educ ion es was in ange
om 5.1% o 9.82% and o he samples a e educ ion es i was 32.77–44.12%. The densi y o
samples was no signi ican ly a ec ed by empe a u e wi h alues anging om 3.65 o 3.82 g cm
3
o i gin samples, esp. 4.87–5.37 g cm
3
o samples a e educ ion.
Ó2017 Facul y o Enginee ing, Alexand ia Uni e si y. P oduc ion and hos ing by Else ie B.V. This is an
open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. In oduc ion
Sin e ed i on o es a e consumed by mos o he mode n blas
u naces as he i on eed o he blas u nace eeds ock [1]. The
o ma ion o he sin e s uc u e is highly complex p ocess
accompanied by a la ge numbe o ac o s ela ed o he p o-
cess echnology as well as chemical and physical phenomena
du ing he sin e ing p ocess. Fo op imal p ocessing o sin e
in blas u naces, he knowledge on sin e s uc u e and sin e
educibili y is essen ial. The mine alogical s uc u e, po osi y
o sin e ed ma e ials and i s o ma ion ha e been widely s ud-
ied. Nishioka e ealed ha he po e sizes ha e a g ea in luence
on he e ec i e he mal di usi i y as well as po osi y [2].
McCann e al. discussed he speci ic hea capaci y as well as
chemical and s uc u al changes o i on o es du ing i s hea ing
[3]. The a en ion was also paid o he s a is ical geome ic
cha ac e is ics o he po e s uc u e. Aizawa and Suwa wo ked
ou a ma hema ical model o de ine e ec s o po osi y, po e
size, shape and hei dis ibu ion [4]. F o
¨hlicho a e al.
analyzed he sin e s uc u e in iew o i anium addi ion o
i [5]. Tian e al. epo ed a cha ac e iza ion o sin e on i s
*Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add esses: simona.ju so[email p o ec ed] (S. Ju so a), pa lina.
[email p o ec ed] (P. Pus ejo ska), [email p o ec ed]
(S. B ozo a).
Pee e iew unde esponsibili y o Facul y o Enginee ing, Alexand ia
Uni e si y.
Alexand ia Enginee ing Jou nal (2018) 57, 1657–1664
HOSTED BY
Alexand ia Uni e si y
Alexand ia Enginee ing Jou nal
www.else ie .com/loca e/aej
www.sciencedi ec .com
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1016/j.aej.2017.03.007
1110-0168 Ó2017 Facul y o Enginee ing, Alexand ia Uni e si y. P oduc ion and hos ing by Else ie B.V.
This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
s uc u al and he mophysical p ope ies owa d was e hea
eco e y applica ions. They used a ac al model o p edic
he e ec i e he mal conduc i i y as a unc ion o po osi y
[6].Bo
¨lu
¨kbasßi e al. s udied po osi y and s uc u e o me allu -
gical sin e in ela ion o i s quali y [7].
Va ious measu emen echniques we e applied o sin e
s uc u e cha ac e iza ion. By Janowski e al. he s e eologic
analysis o a solid g ain o educed hema i e was applied o
de e mina ion o i s po osi y [8]. Sha okha e al. analyzed sin-
e po osi y by applica ion o 3D omog aphy me hod [9,10].
A men ion abou mo phological in es iga ion and educibili y
es ing used o lump o es b and cha ac e iza ion in indus ial
– scale p ocess condi ions was p esen ed in a esea ch pape by
Hanel e al. [11].
Howe e , s udies abou ela ion be ween s uc u al p ope -
ies such as po osi y and educibili y a e no nume ous and a e
associa ed wi h g ea unce ain ies due o he a ia ions in he
s uc u e and composi ion o sin e . This pape wan ed o p e-
sen esul s o esea ch on po osi y and densi y o me allu gi-
cal sin e o igina ed om a Eu opean me allu gical plan in a
iew o sin e educibili y. Fo po osi y de e mina ion was
applied a simple echnique accessible o esea ch ins i u ions
wi h no need o signi ican in es men s. The pu pose o his
pape was o deepen gene al unde s anding o s uc u e me al-
lu gical sin e . The esul s we e in ended o con ibu e o gen-
e al knowledge abou co ela ion be ween sin e s uc u e and
i s educibili y. In he pape we e p esen ed i s esul s o
esea ch on comp ehensi e s uc u al analysis such as po osi y
and densi y. E alua ion o he acqui ed esul s was in ended
o ollowing esea ch on po e dis ibu ion, po e sizes and
shape and speci ic su ace a ea o accessible po es.
Gene ally, he bes me allu gical p ope ies a e con em-
pla ed in sin e wi h po es less han 4 mm equally dispe sed
in he ma e ial [12,13]. Sin e wi h unequally dispe sed big
po es is ha dly educible and li le s ong. The mos s ong is
ha one ha has monoli h s one s uc u e, and on he o he
hand i s educibili y is e y low and p ocessing o his
kind o sin e is ypical o high uel consump ion [14]. The sin-
e po osi y is dec eased by inc easing uel consump ion,
dec easing a io o e u n sin e and dec easing sin e basici y
[15].
2. Expe imen al p ocedu e
Expe imen al wo k was done on se en samples o me allu gi-
cal sin e om he p oduc ion o a Czech me allu gical com-
pany. The samples we e ma ked in Figs. 1–7 acco ding o
he o de o hei p ocessing. Chemical composi ion o he
es ed ma e ial is shown in Tables 1 and 2.
2.1. Reducibili y de e mina ion
Tes s o sin e s educibili y dR/d (%/min) we e conduc ed
acco ding o ISO 4695:2007. The samples o size ange 10.0–
12.5 mm we e o en-d ied o cons an mass a 105 °C±5 °C
and be o e p epa a ion o he es po ions hey we e cooled
o oom empe a u e. The es po ion o 500 g was iso he -
mally educed a 950 °C in a ixed bed o educ ion ube wi h
a emo able pe o a ed pla e inside ensu ing uni o m gas low
using educing gas consis ing 40.0% o CO and 60.0% o N
2
[15]. The po ion was weighed a speci ied ime in e als un il
i s deg ee o educ ion eaches 65%. The deg ee o educ ion
R
, ela i e o he i on (III) s a e a e min is calcula ed, as
ollows (1) [16].
R ¼0:111w1
0:430w2
þm1m
m00:430w2
100

100 ð1Þ
Whe e
m
0
is he s a mass o he es po ion be o e hea ing o
educ ion empe a u e 950 °C [g]
m
1
is he mass o he po ion hea ed o 950 °C and imme-
dia ely be o e s a ing he educ ion [g]
m
is he mass o he es po ion a e educ ion ime [g]
w
1
is he i on (II) oxide con en [%]
w
2
is he o al i on con en [%]
The educibili y index, exp essed as he a e o educ ion a
he a omic a io o O/Fe o 0.9 [%/min] is calcula ed om Eq.
(2) and is p esen ed in Table 3.
dR
d
O
Fe ¼0:9

¼33:6
60  30
ð2Þ
whe e
30
is he ime o a ain a deg ee o educ ion o 30% [min]
60
is he ime o a ain a deg ee o educ ion o 60% [min]
2.2. Po osi y de e mina ion
Po osi y o he es ed sin e s /(%) was de e mined by imme -
sion me hod applying A chimedes p inciple as he buoyan
o ce on a subme ged objec is equal o he weigh o he luid
ha is displaced by he objec . The p ocedu e o po osi y mea-
su ing is p esen ed in Fig. 1.
Figu e 1 Scheme o po osi y measu ing.
1658 S. Ju so a e al.
Fo he inal po osi y calcula ion d y weigh s (a), sus-
pended weigh s o samples (b) and soaked weigh s o samples
(c) (Fig. 2) we e used acco ding o Eq. (1).
U½%¼G3G1
G3G2
100 ð3Þ
whe e
G
1
d y weigh [g]
G
2
suspended weigh [g]
G
3
soaked weigh [g]
Fo each ype o es ed sin e s, i e samples we e aken o
de e mine hei po osi y. The a e age po osi y o sin e s
samples is summa ized in Tables 4 and 5. They p esen po os-
i y o i gin samples and po osi y o samples a e he es o
educibili y.
2.3. Densi y de e mina ion
The appa en densi y q(g/cm
3
) and he ue densi y o he solid
ma ix qs(g/cm
3
) we e de e mined. The ue densi y o samples
was de e mined using gas pycnome e Accupyc 1330, whe eas
he appa en one was calcula ed using da a acqui ed du ing
po osi y measu emen s ollowing A chimedes p inciples, as
ollows (4):
Figu e 2 De ini ion o samples du ing po osi y measu ing.
Figu e 3 Su ace o sample 2 be o e educ ion.
Figu e 4 Su ace o sample 3 be o e educ ion.
Figu e 5 Su ace o sample 2 a e educ ion.
Figu e 6 Su ace o sample 3 a e educ ion.
Reducibili y and po osi y o me allu gical sin e 1659
qZ¼qH2O
G1
G3G2
ð4Þ
whe e
qH2Odensi y o wa e 998 kg m
3
The esul s o densi y measu ing a e p esen ed in Tables 4
and 5.
3. Resul s and discussion
The educibili y o es ed samples eached alues lowe han
1%min
1
excluding highly basic sample 2. In compliance wi h
many esea ch [16–20] i con i med posi i e e ec o highe
basici y on sin e educibili y. Howe e , educibili y index o
sample 1 wi h highe basici y is no iceably low which ela es
o high FeO con en . Resul s o po osi y measu emen s p o ed
he s ong e ec o high empe a u e on po es olume. I was
no ed ha he po osi y, as measu ed by he wa e displacemen
me hod, ep esen ed he po osi y o closed-po es, anging
om 5.1% o 9.82% o i gin samples be o e educ ion and
much highe alues o samples a e educ ion a 950 °Cin
ange om 32.77% o 44.12%. The po osi y o p esen ed i -
gin samples is lowe han i was men ioned in he li e a u e [6]
wi h a e age po osi y anging om 12% o 24%. Howe e ,
densi y o samples was a ec ed by high empe a u e jus
sligh ly. High empe a u e o educibili y es s inc eased he
densi y a ound 1 g cm
3
. The appa en densi y in ange om
3.65 o 3.82 g cm
3
esponded he expe ience [6].
The mos po ous sample was sample 2 wi h FeO con en
7.00% and ex emely high basici y 2.33. In acco dance wi h
wo ldwide expe ience [21], his sample was e y well educible.
High educ ion index ela es o sample p ope ies such as i s
high basici y and i s high po osi y. Me allu gical sin e wi h
low basici y has a high a io o ayali e which a ec s sin e ing
p ocess wi h ex emely high gene a ion o liquid phase making
Figu e 7 SEM on sample 2 be o e educ ion.
Table 1 Chemical analysis o es ed sin e s – Pa 1.
Sample FeO Fe C Mn S C Zn
[%]
1 13.7 56.10 0.04 0.29 0.15 0.035 0.0038
2 7.00 51.10 0.09 0.24 0.04 0.028 0.0036
3 8.27 55.98 0.11 0.22 0.016 0.040 0.0059
4 7.19 56.55 0.10 0.15 0.014 0.024 0.0061
5 11.6 55.51 0.03 0.43 0.013 0.038 0.018
6 9.50 58.14 0.03 0.05 0.006 0.040 0.052
7 5.54 57.80 0.15 0.44 0.014 0.010 0.0052
Table 2 Chemical analysis o es ed sin e – pa 2.
Sample SiO
2
CaO MgO Al
2
O
3
K
2
O TiO
2
P
2
O
5
[%]
1 8.83 9.46 1.24 1.16 0.05 0.54 0.14
2 6.38 14.90 1.10 1.19 0.03 0.52 0.13
3 8.36 9.51 1.79 0.99 0.02 0.049 0.13
4 8.73 8.26 1.31 0.93 0.05 0.048 0.12
5 8.97 9.37 1.26 0.86 0.01 0.044 0.11
6 8.20 6.91 1.18 1.09 0.07 0.067 0.10
7 8.40 8.20 1.79 1.13 0.06 0.057 0.10
Table 3 Reducibili y o samples.
Sample dR/d [%min
1
] Basici y
1 0.53 1.70
2 1.31 2.33
3 0.81 1.22
4 0.65 0.99
5 0.71 1.80
6 0.89 0.87
7 0.70 0.98
1660 S. Ju so a e al.
he p oduc oo sin e ed esul ing in i s ha d educibili y.
C ea ing o ayali e in he sin e du ing i s p oduc ion is possi-
ble o educe by CaO o CaCO
3
o ming silica es o e i es a
high empe a u es ins ead o ayali e [22].
Howe e , a e he educ ion a 950 °C he po osi y o sam-
ple 2 was no e ained so signi ican . The highes po osi y a e
he educ ion a 950 °C was indica ed in sample 3.
These samples and he changes in hei mic os uc u es
we e s udied h ough SEM analysis. In Figs. 3 and 4 a e shown
he ep esen a i e pic u es o su ace s uc u e o he i gin
samples be o e educ ion p ocess. Sample 2 be o e educ ion
was c ea ed by wide agmen s o e ous elemen s and li le
undis inguished a eas c ea ed mainly by oxygen accompanied
by elemen s such as Na, Mg, Ca, and Si (Table 6). On he su -
ace o sample 3 was de ec ed highe a io o Fe han on he
su ace o sample 2 (Table 7). A e he educ ion es ing he
su ace o bo h samples (Figs. 5 and 6)was isibly no iceably
ans o med. The wide e ous agmen s we e educed in o
small o ma ion. The e we e no iced ib ous a eas c ea ed by
oxygen and accompanying elemen s. Fe ous agmen s on
he su ace o es ed sample 2 and sample 3 we e educed
and a e hei educ ion he e we e de ec ed elemen s such
as O
2
, Mg, Si, Ca, and Al (Tables 8 and 9). Howe e , on
Table 4 Po osi y and densi y o samples be o e educ ion es .
Sample /[%] q
s
[g cm
3
]q[g cm
3
]
1 9.55 4.62 3.65
2 9.82 4.21 3.71
3 6.61 4.42 3.70
4 6.46 4.16 3.76
5 7.26 4.18 3.77
6 7.86 4.39 3.74
7 5.81 4.28 3.82
Table 5 Po osi y and densi y o samples a e educ ion es .
Sample /[%] q
s
[g cm
3
]q[g cm
3
]
1 32.77 4.87 2.96
2 34.28 5.12 3.20
3 44.12 5.10 2.72
4 39.03 5.19 2.86
5 35.49 5.25 3.30
6 35.89 5.19 2.96
7 37.05 5.37 3.11
Table 6 Su ace mic oanalysis o sample 2 be o e.
O
2
Na Mg Al Si Ca Fe
1a 42.52 – – 0.48 0.12 0.19 56.69
2a 55.33 0.62 0.82 3.78 15.11 18.05 6.31
Table 7 Su ace mic oanalysis o sample 3 be o e.
O
2
Na Mg Al Si Ca Fe
1a 22.73 – – 0.28 0.28 0.36 76.35
2a 46.02 0.22 1.24 0.81 23.11 12.08 16.53
Table 8 Su ace mic oanalysis o sample 2 a e .
O
2
Na Mg Al Si Ca Fe
1 0.42 – 0.25 0.20 – 0.80 98.25
1 1.55 – 0.15 0.38 – 0.89 97.03
2 33.27 0.32 1.26 11.35 – 29.70 24.11
3 51.71 0.24 0.15 13.72 0.41 31.86 1.91
Table 9 Su ace mic oanalysis o sample 3 a e .
O
2
Mg Al Si Ca Fe
1 5.57 1.66 1.43 0.60 2.04 88.70
1 3.83 0.65 1.06 0.47 1.42 92.57
2 46.85 0.68 0.48 13.26 32.56 6.17
Reducibili y and po osi y o me allu gical sin e 1661

su ace o sample 3 was de ec ed no Na as i is p esen ed in
Table 9.Figs. 7–10 p esen iew o samples mic os uc u e in
highe magni ude. The analyses o ma gins o samples 2 and
3 be o e and a e educ ion a e documen ed in Figs. 11–14
wi h de ail in o ma ion eco ded in Tables 10–13. In ma gin
s uc u e o i gin samples we e egions in which he p esence
o i on oxides was eco ded. Some e ous oxides con ained
elemen s such as Mg and Ca. The e we e iden i ied highe con-
en o Ca, Si oxides and ace amoun o Fe and P. In he ma -
gin s uc u e o samples 2 and 3 be o e educ ion we e
Figu e 8 SEM on sample 2 a e educ ion.
Figu e 9 SEM on sample 3 be o e educ ion.
Figu e 10 SEM on sample 3 a e educ ion.
Figu e 11 Ma gin o sample 2 be o e educ ion.
Figu e 12 Ma gin o sample 2 a e educ ion.
Figu e 13 Ma gin o sample 3 be o e educ ion.
1662 S. Ju so a e al.
obse ed sha p egions wi h e ous oxides and Si and Ca.
A e 950 °C educ ion in he samples 2 and 3 we e iden i ied
po ous elemen s o almos pu e Fe and da ke segmen s o
Ca and Si oxides. The e was no ed me allic ilm on he la ge
pa icles o Fe oxides in he ma gin s uc u e o sample 3.
The s a is ical e alua ion o acqui ed expe imen al esul s
e ealed a he a low co ela ion be ween po osi y o es ed
samples and hei educibili y (R = 0.426). The po osi y o
s udied samples was a ec ed by sample basici y (R = 0.747).
A s ong e ec o FeO con en on po osi y o hese samples
was no con i med. The e was eco ded a close ela ion
be ween educibili y and ue densi y o samples
(R = 0.896), which was in e p e ed ha he olume o any
open and closed po es o s udied me allu gical sin e had no
a ec ed he sample educibili y.
Figu e 14 Ma gins o sample 3 a e educ ion.
Table 10 Analysis o sample 2 be o e educ ion.
O
2
Mg Al Si Ca Fe
1a 36.20 2.87 0.47 – 0.96 59.51
1a 37.00 2.63 0.49 – 1.03 58.84
2a 45.20 0.47 1.17 14.38 21.63 17.15
2a 45.05 0.47 1.29 14.94 16.37 21.74
3a 47.58 0.42 1.26 17.49 23.84 9.42
3a 48.10 0.43 1.43 17.23 23.58 9.24
Table 11 Analysis o sample 2 a e educ ion.
O
2
Mg Al Si Ca Fe
1 – – – – – 100
1 – – – – – 100
2 29.58 – 0.44 0.36 – 69.61
2 30.16 – 0.52 0.28 – 69.04
3 44.27 – 1.13 16.88 24.53 13.20
4 46.11 – 0.96 19.93 26.45 6.54
Table 12 Analysis o sample 3 be o e educ ion.
O
2
Na Mg Al Si Ca Fe
1a 37.72 – – 0.40 – – 61.89
2a 57.56 0.28 0.28 1.37 16.40 18.97 5.14
3a 35.71 – 1.32 0.49 – 0.63 61.86
Table 13 Analysis o sample 3 a e educ ion.
O
2
Mn Mg Al Si Ca Fe
1 29.78 0.5 0.93 0.60 – – 68.9
2 46.53 – 0.15 1.22 16.39 24.72 10.99
3 – – – – – – 100
Reducibili y and po osi y o me allu gical sin e 1663
4. Conclusions
Indus ial sin e sampled om a me allu gical company was
subjec ed o a comp ehensi e se o cha ac e iza ions on hei
basic s uc u al p ope ies owa d hei educibili y and p o-
cessing in blas u nace eeds ock. Se e al concluding ema ks
could be d awn as ollows:
1. Po osi y o es ed sin e inc eased mul iply a high empe -
a u e, whe eas densi y o samples was no a ec ed by em-
pe a u e signi ican ly.
2. Po osi y o closed po es anged om 5.1% o 9.82% and
a e educ ion 32.77% o 44.12%. Densi y was measu ed
in he ange om 3.65 o 3.82 g cm
3
and o educed sam-
ples om 4.87 o 5.37 g cm
3
.
3. The maximum po osi y was measu ed in sample wi h he
highes educibili y index and basici y. Howe e , he se
o samples did no p o e signi ican s a is ical co ela ion
be ween po osi y and educibili y. The e was con i med
he e ec o sample basici y on hei po osi y. The s udy
e ealed a co ela ion be ween ue densi y and educibili y
o samples excluding he olume o any open and close
po es. Fo e i ied conclusion he sample ange will be
ex ended in u u e wo k.
4. To isually compa e he po e s uc u e o i gin and
educed samples SEM analysis was ca ied ou in combina-
ion wi h EDX o de e mine he elemen composi ion. In
gene al, he po es o bo h samples include mac o-po es o
ca i ies wi h he size o millime e s and mesopo es in he
mic ome e ange. The images indica e he e ec o high
empe a u e on i on oxide educ ion. A e educibili y es
in CO en i onmen a 950 °C, high a io o Fe in co e o
samples, in some poin s eaching 100%, was no ed. The ele-
men al analysis accompanying he images iden i ied mo e
comple e educ ion in sample 2 which was ound o be he
mos po ous i gin sample in he es ing ba ch. SEM anal-
ysis p o ed he posi i e e ec o highe po osi y on educ-
ion o sample.
Acknowledgmen s
This pape was conduc ed wi hin he amewo k o he p ojec
LO1404: Sus ainable de elopmen o ENET Cen e and sup-
po ed by Speci ic esea ch SP2017/98 –Adjus men o syn he-
sis gases o hei u iliza ion in seconda y powe machines.
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I onmaking, Depa men o e ous Me allu gy a he RWTH
Aachen Uni e si y, Aachen, 2008.
[2] K. Nishioka, T. Mu ayama, Y. Ono, Es ima ion o e ec i e
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