GeoScience Enginee ing Vol. 69 (2023), No. 1
geoscience.cz pp. 121–131, ISSN 1802-5420
DOI 10.35180/gse-2023-0093
CURRENT METHODS OF HANDLING AGGREGATE FROM RAILWAY
SUPERSTRUCTURE AND ITS DEFINITION AS WASTE OR
SECONDARY RAW MATERIAL
Ma in HALÍK
VSB – Technical Uni e si y o Os a a, Facul y o Mining and Geology, Depa men o En i onmen al
Enginee ing, Os a a, Czech Republic
E-mail: ma in.ha[email p o ec ed]
ABSTRACT
This a icle desc ibes he la es me hods o handling agg ega e om ailway beds. The upda ed was e managemen
me hods a e based on he new Ac No. 541/2020 Coll. and i s implemen a ion in ope a ion. A en ion is paid o he
hie a chy o he me hods o handling ballas om ailway supe s uc u e, new no ma i e documen s and
egula ions in he implemen a ion o main enance and econs uc ion o ailway lines. The a icle also deals wi h
he possibili ies o using old ma e ials o new pu poses.
Keywo ds: Ballas ; Possibili ies o ma e ial use; Railway ack enewal; Railways; Recycling; Was e managemen
hie a chy.
1 INTRODUCTION
When he Pa liamen o he Czech Republic app o ed he new Was e Ac No. 541/2020 Coll. [1] (he eina e
e e ed o as he Ac ) wi h e ec om 1 Janua y 2021, a numbe o companies and ins i u ions we e o ced o
upda e hei egula ions ega ding was e and packaging ma e ial managemen . This obliga ion also a ec s Sp á a
železnic, s.o. (he eina e e e ed o as Sp á a železnic o SŽ) ha manages a ela i ely dense ne wo k o ailway
lines. The ne wo k cu en ly s e ches o app. 9 400 km, he lines consis o 15 300 km o acks, including nea ly
22 000 swi ches. The as majo i y o his ailway ne wo k has al eady unde gone con en ional econs uc ion o
he supe s uc u e and subs uc u e, bu he e is s ill a ela i ely la ge pa o be econs uc ed, no o men ion ha
many sec ions econs uc ed in he ea ly 1990s a e al eady unde going econs uc ion again.
Using a e y ough calcula ion, we can es ima e ha 30 million m3 o agg ega e, ep esen ing app oxima ely 54
million onnes, is s o ed in he ailway bed o he ailway lines managed by Sp á a železnic and o he ailway lines
ope a ed by Sp á a železnic (he eina e e e ed o as he ailway lines o he Czech Republic) [2,3].
Ope a ional was e, acco ding o Dec ee No. 8/2021 [4], o en in he haza dous ca ego y, ep esen s ano he
signi ican issue.
2 WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY AND THE METHODS OF
IMPLEMENTATION INTO PRACTICE
The ma e ial used o he cons uc ion o he ailway supe s uc u e in mos o he econs uc ed sec ions consis s
o b oken ecycled s one . 0/32 mm eclaimed om old ailway bed and also om newly pu chased ma e ials.
122
GeoScience Enginee ing Vol. 69 (2023), No. 1
geoscience.cz pp. 121–131, ISSN 1802-5420
DOI 10.35180/gse-2023-0093
This ul ils as a as possible he equi emen o Ac No. 541/2020 ha se s ou he was e managemen hie a chy
[1,5]:
1. was e p e en ion,
2. p epa a ion o e-use,
3. ecycling o was e,
4. o he use o was e (e.g., ene gy use – in he condi ions o SŽ, o example, he use o wood chips o
hea ing, e c.),
5. was e disposal.
Wi h he cons an ly and hugely inc easing ope a ional loads, highe axle loads, he in oduc ion o machine
adjus men o he geome ic posi ion o he ack pai s, and he inc ease in he use o conc e e sleepe s, c ushed
na u al dense agg ega e ac ion 32/63 mm o 31.5/63 mm has become he basic ma e ial o he ailway beds [6].
Especially in ecen yea s, he law has imposed a s ong emphasis on ecycling. Since he 1990s, new agg ega e
has also been success ully eplaced by ecycling he eco e ed o iginal ailway bed, which, a e quali y
e i ica ion o ecycled agg ega e, e-en e s he ailway line cons uc ion and econs uc ion p ocess.
Un o una ely, Di ec i e S3 p ohibi s he use o ecycled agg ega e in ailway supe s uc u es a speeds exceeding
200 km pe hou [7].
The machine cleaning p ocess in ol es sc eening he 32/63 mm ailway ballas o ex end i s li e ime and hus ul il
he i s poin o he was e managemen hie a chy [2].
Acco ding o Ac No. 541/2020 Coll. [1], was e managemen is cha ac e ised as was e concen a ion, was e
collec ion, was e s o age, was e ea men , was e u iliza ion, was e disposal, was e ading and was e
anspo a ion. Was e ea men mus be ca ied ou only in he manne p esc ibed by he law and o he legisla ion
issued o he p o ec ion o he en i onmen and human heal h o he gi en ype and ca ego y o was e, and was e
mus be ea ed only in a acili y designa ed o he ea men o he speci ic ype and ca ego y o was e and mus
be handled in such a way o p e en i s he o leakage o i s de e io a ion.
In p ac ice, howe e , his ela i ely simple equi emen is e y di icul o implemen and is possible only wi h
eno mous e o and conside able inancial esou ces. People we e used o ea ing was e in he same way o many
yea s, and some ind i e y di icul o adap o he new equi emen s and obliga ions.
I is also necessa y o dis inguish:
1. Seconda y aw ma e ial o he cha ac e o “ eco e ed ma e ial” acco ding o SŽDC Di ec i e No. 42
– Managemen o eco e ed ma e ial [8].
a. These a e mainly ailway supe s uc u e ma e ials and o he designa ed ma e ials aken o e o
s ock. Examples include ails and ail as ening sys ems, conc e e and wooden sleepe s, p ecas
conc e e, all- ubbe c ossing s uc u es, o insula o s and conduc o s.
b. Ma e ial o a di e en na u e, i.e., ma e ial no aken o s ock. Examples include ballas , g a el
sand, b oken s one, and soils o a ious composi ions.
2. Was e o cons uc ion and demoli ion was e ul illing he cha ac e o was e acco ding o he legisla ion
o he Czech Republic, gene a ed as a esul o cons uc ion and demoli ion ac i i ies [9].
The ine ma e ial ac ion o 0/32 mm p oduced du ing his wo k is mos ly composed o ballas and dus agmen s
and does no cause p oblems on he econs uc ed lines. In he case o lines ha ha e no been econs uc ed ye ,
his ma e ial may be con amina ed wi h pa icles o oil and biological was e and is usually con amina ed especially
wi h PAHs, C10-C40 hyd oca bons, and hea y me als.
The leng h o he ou main ansi co ido s in he Czech Republic is mo e han 1 300 km o mos ly double- ack
lines, i.e. abou 2 500 km o line and con inuous s a ion acks. Only he ailway bed o hese acks con ains an
es ima ed 5–6 million m3 o agg ega e [2,3].
123
GeoScience Enginee ing Vol. 69 (2023), No. 1
geoscience.cz pp. 121–131, ISSN 1802-5420
DOI 10.35180/gse-2023-0093
I means ha i we wan ed o eplace all he agg ega e in he ailway bed wi h newly qua ied agg ega e as pa o
he main enance o he ailway lines and he ela ed in as uc u e, his would mean an eno mous use o he bes
quali y i eplaceable na u al esou ces o agg ega e and he associa ed de as a ion o he landscape and he
en i onmen .
3 PRESENT SITUATION
Nowadays, new echnologies o analysing samples ha e made i much easie o de ec and loca e con amina ion.
This is also he main p e equisi e o success ul decision-making whe he ballas om he ailway bed is was e o
eused ma e ial acco ding o he was e ea men hie a chy.
Re-used ma e ial (he eina e e e ed o as ‘RM’) – all eused ma e ial epo ed in a di e en way han was e o
ecycled was e – is mainly ma e ial e e ed o as eco e ed ma e ial wi hin he meaning o SŽDC Di ec i e 42
Managemen o eco e ed ma e ial as amended [8], and also eused ma e ial used di ec ly wi hin he cons uc ion
in ques ion (mainly ballas and soil).
RM include in pa icula :
• ballas om he ailway supe s uc u e – i.e., he ballas eused in he gi en cons uc ion;
• acks and ail as ening sys em ( eco e ed ma e ial) – acks and ail as ening sys ems handed o e o
he con ac ing au ho i y as ‘ eco e ed ma e ial’; i includes bo h eco e ed ma e ial eused wi hin he
gi en cons uc ion and eco e ed ma e ial ha he con ac ing au ho i y uses in o he ways;
• conc e e sleepe s ( eco e ed ma e ial) – sleepe s handed o e o he con ac ing au ho i y as eco e ed
ma e ial; hey include bo h eco e ed ma e ial eused in he gi en cons uc ion and eco e ed ma e ial
ha he con ac ing au ho i y uses in o he ways;
• wooden sleepe s ( eco e ed ma e ial) – sleepe s handed o e o he con ac ing au ho i y as eco e ed
ma e ial; hey include bo h eco e ed ma e ial eused in he gi en cons uc ion and eco e ed ma e ial
ha he con ac ing au ho i y uses in o he ways;
• wood – wood and wood mass handed o e o he con ac ing au ho i y as eco e ed ma e ial; wood and
wood mass designa ed as eco e ed ma e ial is no coun ed as ecycling as i is mos ly subsequen ly
used o ene gy pu poses ( i ewood);
• o he eco e ed ma e ial – o he ma e ial handed o e o he con ac o as eco e ed ma e ial no lis ed
abo e ( eco e ed wi es, insula o s, e c.) o epo ing pu poses, excluding sa e y and communica ion
equipmen .
Fo he sake o cla i y, I would like o poin ou ha o he ma e ials no in ended o euse a e also pa o he
eco e ed ma e ial, mainly me als and wood. These a e epo ed as was e.
Recycling is he p ocess o ma e ial/was e ea men whe e he ma e ial o was e is eused. I is he cyclical euse
o was e. Recycling o cons uc ion and demoli ion was e includes he ans e o was e o ecycling bases,
ecycling cen es, in e media e dumping si e, and so ing lines o u he use, use o land ill enginee ing o
land ill eclama ion, use o landscape ecul i a ion, ma e ial use wi hin he gi en cons uc ion – back in o he
supe s uc u e and s uc u al laye s, and also, e.g., o back illing, acing laye s, and embankmen s as agg ega e
o conc e e o lowe s eng h classes, o cons uc ion o building si e oads, o local adjus men s o he
une enness o he embankmen body, ex ension o he ailway pa h, and o he landscaping.
SŽ SM096 Di ec i e [5] de ines se e al basic e ms:
1. Reco e ed ma e ial – eco e ed ma e ial emo ed om he cons uc ion o he ailway in as uc u e
du ing he implemen a ion o in es men p ojec s and epai and main enance wo k. I is ei he usable
eco e ed ma e ial aken o e by he SŽ o u he use in o he p ojec s o ma e ial whose seconda y
use is no possible bu which has a esidual alue (e.g., me als, wooden mass, e c.). The mos commonly
eco e ed ma e ials include ails and ail as ening sys ems, conc e e sleepe s and wooden sleepe s,
p ecas conc e e, o insula o s and conduc o s. The eco e ed ma e ial is no coun ed as was e. I is
go e ned by he SŽDC Di ec i e No. 42 Managemen o Reco e ed Ma e ial as amended [8]. Ballas
om he ailway bed used in he gi en cons uc ion is no conside ed eco e ed ma e ial unde his
124
GeoScience Enginee ing Vol. 69 (2023), No. 1
geoscience.cz pp. 121–131, ISSN 1802-5420
DOI 10.35180/gse-2023-0093
de ini ion, see OPM de ini ion. The S a emen o Seconda y Ma e ials and Was e does no include
communica ion and sa e y equipmen eco e ed ma e ial.
2. Ma e ial/was e sui able o ecycling – o he pu pose o his a icle, i means, in pa icula , cons uc ion
and demoli ion was e sui able o ecycling, as lis ed in he Me hodological Guidance o he Was e
Depa men o he Minis y o he En i onmen on he Managemen and Disposal o Cons uc ion and
Demoli ion Was e da ed Augus 2018 (Annex 1 – Lis o CDW sui able o ecycling, condi ionally
excluded and excluded om ecycling) [10] and, a he same ime, he EU Cons uc ion and Demoli ion
Was e Managemen P o ocol da ed Sep embe 2016 (Chap. 4.3 Recycling ha includes a lis o ypical
cons uc ion ma e ials in ended o ecycling) [11]. The was e ma e ials lis ed in he a o emen ioned
Me hodological Guidance and he EU P o ocol a e coun ed owa ds he 70% ecycling and euse a e
o CDW ha mus be achie ed in acco dance wi h applicable Eu opean and na ional legisla ion, in
pa icula , acco ding o he equi emen s o he S a e Fund o T anspo In as uc u e.
3. Ma e ial/was e sui able o ecycling condi ionally – hese a e mainly was e ma e ials po en ially
con aining haza dous subs ances (componen s). Thei admission o he acili y ( ecycling si e/cen e) is
possible only i hei ea men in he acili y includes sepa a ion and emo al o he haza dous
subs ances (componen s) om hese was e ma e ials, mainly caused by he use o diesel ac ion
locomo i es and ope a ing luid leakages, he allou o anspo ed ma e ials, especially coal, o
windblown pollu ion om he su ounding en i onmen [9].
The in es o s om Sp á a železnic, h ough hei planne s, a e ying o p omo e ecycling as much as possible
because, acco ding o he law, he second mos impo an hing a e was e p e en ion is he use o was e o i s
o iginal pu pose. In he ea ly days, s a iona y so ing equipmen was used, bu he disad an age o his me hod
was he need o anspo he p ocessed ma e ial in o and ou o he acili y, which is why mobile ecycling
machines a e mos ly used a his ime. Thei g ea ad an age is ha hey can be mo ed ope a i ely and immedia ely
acco ding o he ac ual needs o cons uc ion, epai o econs uc ion p ojec .
In simple e ms, ecycling c ushes he so ed ma e ial ha can be so ed u he . Such a p ocess p oduces a new
ce i ied ma e ial ully capable o eplacing he ma e ial om a qua y, sa ing money no only o he pu chase o
he new ma e ial bu also o i s anspo a ion.
Al hough ini ially i was no easy o en o ce ecycling, he e e -inc easing cos s, especially o anspo and
loading o ma e ials, oge he wi h he o e all legisla i e amewo k aligned wi h he Eu opean Union egula ions,
ha e c ea ed eno mous p essu e o was e p e en ion. The p o ec ion o na u al esou ces, along wi h he human
en i onmen , has become a ma e o cou se. Vi ually all ma e ial om he ailway supe s uc u e is ecycled,
excep o he haza dous pa s loca ed mainly unde he swi ches and in he ail pa king a eas o diesel ac ion
locomo i es [12].
When EN 13450 s anda d “Agg ega es o Railway Ballas ” [13] was adop ed by he Eu opean Commi ee o
S anda disa ion in 2002, i was conside ed a huge miles one as i se o benchma ked s anda ds o ailway bed
agg ega e. I was subsequen ly adop ed in o he Czech Technical S anda ds sys em whe e, oge he wi h o he
Eu opean s anda ds adop ed, i eplaced he o iginal s anda ds ČSN 72 1511 [14] and ČSN 72 1512 [15].
The common Eu opean p oduc s anda d o agg ega es o ailway beds al eady o esees he use o agg ega e
ecycled om he eco e ed ma e ial om exis ing ailway beds. The adop ion o he Eu opean s anda ds did no
b ing undamen al changes in he agg ega e pa ame e s, bu in he way hey a e e i ied. The accep ance o he
uni o m Eu opean es ing sys em mean ha es ing labo a o ies had o be equipped wi h new agg ega e es ing
equipmen . The agg ega e p ope ies de e mined acco ding o he es p ocedu es in o ce a ha ime we e ully
sa is ac o y. Howe e , a la ge numbe o compa a i e es s had o be ca ied ou o selec he app op ia e s anda d
ca ego ies equi ed by he new es me hods. Mos Czech es ing labo a o ies and agg ega e p oduce s we e
in ol ed in his p ocess and p o ided he necessa y es samples o his compa ison. Following he publica ion o
he Eu opean s anda d, new Gene al Technical Speci ica ions (GTS) “Agg ega es o ailway ack beds” we e
de eloped. These GTS speci y which op ional p ope ies and alue ca ego ies lis ed in EN 13450 mus be es ed
and decla ed when o e ing new and ecycled agg ega es o acks and swi ches o ailway acks in he Czech
Republic [13].
Fo ailway bed and i s a angemen , Regula ion S3 Railway Supe s uc u e [7] s a es:
125
GeoScience Enginee ing Vol. 69 (2023), No. 1
geoscience.cz pp. 121–131, ISSN 1802-5420
DOI 10.35180/gse-2023-0093
asphal conc e e
asphal conc e e
plane o he body o he ailway bed
asphal conc e e
plane o he body o he ailway bed
plane o he body o he ailway bed
• Fo ailway beds o acks wi h speed > 200 km/h, he agg ega e o class B0 acco ding o GTS
“Agg ega es o ailway ack bed” shall be used. The use o ecycled agg ega e is no allowed in hese
acks.
• The hickness o he ailway bed (see Figu es 2 o 6) om he loading su ace o he sleepe o he
plane o he subs uc u e measu ed a he poin s below he ail s ip o acks and swi ches wi h a speed
> 200 km/h is usually 350 mm, bu no less han 300 mm. The hickness o he ailway bed shall no
be inc eased due o he use o asphal conc e e in he plane o he subs uc u e body. [7]
The p o ile o he ailway bed is shown:
a) on a single- ack line wi h he ack wi hou ele a ion gain in Fig. 1,
Figu e 1. Single- ack line wi h ack wi h speed > 200 km/h wi hou ele a ion gain [7]
b) on a single- ack line wi h he ack wi h ele a ion gain in Fig. 2,
Figu e 2. Single- ack line wi h ack wi h speed > 200 km/h wi h ele a ion gain [7]
c) on double- ack line wi h he ack wi hou ele a ion gain in Fig. 3,
Figu e 3. Double- ack line wi h ack wi h speed > 200 km/h wi hou ele a ion gain [7]

126
GeoScience Enginee ing Vol. 69 (2023), No. 1
geoscience.cz pp. 121–131, ISSN 1802-5420
DOI 10.35180/gse-2023-0093
plane o he body o he ailway bed
asphal conc e e
d) on double- ack line wi h he ack wi h ele a ion gain in Fig. 4.
Figu e 4. Double- ack line wi h ack wi h speed > 200 km/h wi h ele a ion gain D ≤ 100 mm when he
su ace slope o he asphal conc e e laye is up o 3% [7]
Railway bed cambe is no ca ied ou in sec ions wi h ack in ended o speed > 200 km/h. The ailway bed
behind he sleepe ends on he ou side o he cu e shall be adjus ed a he le el o he uppe edge o he sleepe
end in he con inua ion o he junc ion o he uppe edges o he sleepe end. On he inne side o he cu e, he
ailway bed shall be adjus ed a he le el o he uppe edge o he sleepe end o make i ho izon al. I is also
conside ed pe missible and sa e o adjus he ailway bed behind he sleepe ends in he con inua ion o he junc ion
o he uppe edges o he sleepe ends on bo h sides o he ack. In he space be ween adjacen sleepe s on he
same ack, he uppe su ace o he ailway bed shall be adjus ed a he le el o he junc ion o he uppe edge o
he sleepe end and he edges o he uppe su ace o he cen al pa o he sleepe . A minimum wid h o 0.10 m
mus always be main ained be ween he bo om edge o he ailway bed and he op edge o he asphal conc e e
laye [7].
Figu e 5. Recons uc ion o he ailway supe s uc u e (old condi ions on he le , new condi ions on he igh );
pho o by he au ho
127
GeoScience Enginee ing Vol. 69 (2023), No. 1
geoscience.cz pp. 121–131, ISSN 1802-5420
DOI 10.35180/gse-2023-0093
We a e now eaching a s age whe e he oldes upg aded o op imised sec ions o he ansi co ido s ha e been in
ope a ion o o e 25 yea s. In o de o main ain he quali y s anda d and o ex end hei e ec i e li e ime, i will
be necessa y o unde ake con inuous enewal wo ks as pa o hei main enance. The econs uc ion p ocess can
be seen in Fig. 5. In he a ea o ecycling, imp o ing he su ey wo k in he designing and p epa a ion s age o
cons uc ion p ojec s is pa icula ly needed o be e use o he eco e ed ma e ial. The me hodological guidance
o he Sp á a železnic, s.o. conce ning he issue o ailway bed sampling in he p epa a ion and execu ion o
cons uc ions de ines he scope and equency o he su ey o ailway bed agg ega e, which should be ca ied ou
be o e he ecycling p oposal in he cons uc ion documen a ion. I is i ele an whe he he ecycling is ca ied
ou using a ecycling line a he ecycling base o using special ack machines in he ack axis. I is also no so
impo an whe he he agg ega e is ecycled o he ac ion o 0/32 mm o 32/63 mm [12–15].
4 RAILWAY BED SAMPLING
Acco ding o he me hodological ins uc ion o Sp á a železnic on he issue o ailway bed sampling wi hin he
scope o he p epa a ion and execu ion o cons uc ions [16], i is necessa y o ensu e:
a) In o ma ion ega ding he possible p esence o haza dous subs ances in he econs uc ed ailway body
on he basis o a chi al documen s, he exis ence o old en i onmen al bu dens, acciden al spills, he
p esence o ash pi s and o iginal anks o subs ances wi h haza dous p ope ies will be p o ided as
ea ly as he P ojec In en s age. Fu he mo e, he se iceabili y o he line o he signal box, including
shun ing acks, will be aken in o accoun . This will be secu ed by he Railway Line Manage in
coope a ion wi h he Depa men o En i onmen o he O ganisa ional Uni o ZTP.
b) The P ojec Con ac o shall ensu e ha he ailway bed con amina ion su ey is conduc ed in
acco dance wi h he enginee ing-geology in es iga ion o he sleepe bed. This means ha he sleepe
bed in es iga ion p obes will be used o he ailway bed con amina ion in es iga ion.
c) The P ojec Con ac o shall submi a Sampling Plan o he Clien ’s En i onmen al Specialis , which
shall p o ide a clea p oposal o he sampling loca ions o he p ojec , based on he inpu da a om he
ZTP, an inspec ion o he sec ion in ques ion, and pe sonal expe ience. The Plan will include a clea
o e iew wi h a map o he p obes. The o e iew will clea ly show which p obes a e p oposed as pa
o he enginee ing-geological su ey and will be used o he in es iga ion o he con amina ion o he
ailway body and he ailway bed. In addi ion, he Plan will include an in en o y o all p obes acco ding
o acks and ack mileage, indica ing mixed and p ima y samples.
d) The p epa a ion o he Sampling Plan should be ca ied ou by he P ojec Con ac o in coope a ion
wi h he Specialis (Was e Sampling Manage ) o gua an ee he quali y o he was e sampling ca ied
ou .
e) The submi ed Sampling Plan will be app o ed on he basis o an inspec ion wi h he P ojec Con ac o
(Sampling Plan compile ), whe e i may be u he modi ied. The app o ed Sampling Plan will include
a p oposal o he expec ed sampling da e.
) The Clien ’s En i onmen al Specialis will be in i ed o he sampling ( oge he wi h he enginee ing-
geological su ey). The compile o he Sampling Plan shall be p esen du ing he sampling.
g) Du ing he sampling, he Sampling Plan may be upda ed and e ined acco ding o he ac ual
ci cums ances (judgmen sampling me hod).
h) The scope o he sampling mus mee he legal equi emen s and me hodological ecommenda ions.
i) I i is necessa y o sample he indi idual p o iles (ballas , s uc u al laye , i i exis s, and soil o he
ea h plain) sepa a ely, i will be done so ha he whole p o ile is no mixed and he esul s a e no
biased. In o he cases, sampling will be based on he speci ica ions o he p ojec documen s.
j) P o ile o e iew: dep hs a e indica i e only as hey depend on he age o he ailway line.
The sampling p ocess will be di ided in o he ollowing 3 p o iles:
1. Railway supe s uc u e – ailway bed – ac ion 32/63 mm, sepa a e sample om he dep h o
0–0.4 (0.5) m in Fig. 6.
128
GeoScience Enginee ing Vol. 69 (2023), No. 1
geoscience.cz pp. 121–131, ISSN 1802-5420
DOI 10.35180/gse-2023-0093
Figu e 6. Sampling loca ion om he ailway bed – ac ion 32/63 mm, sample om he dep h o
0–0.4 (0.5) m [16]
2. Subs uc u e – cons uc ion laye – ac ion 0–32 mm, sepa a e sample om he dep h o 0.4–0.7 m
in Fig. 7.
Figu e 7. Sampling loca ion om he ailway bed – ac ion 0–32 mm, sample om he dep h o
0.4–0.7 m [16]
3. Subs uc u e – ea h body – sepa a e sample om he dep h o 0.7–1.2 m in Fig. 8.
Figu e 8. Sampling loca ion om he ea h body, sample om he dep h o
0.7–1.2 m [16]
129
GeoScience Enginee ing Vol. 69 (2023), No. 1
geoscience.cz pp. 121–131, ISSN 1802-5420
DOI 10.35180/gse-2023-0093
a) Based on he sampling, a de ailed su ey will be p epa ed, which will include he in o ma ion de ined
in he Sampling Plan, as well as pho o documen a ion o he sampling.
b) I , as pa o he execu ion o he cons uc ion, pa o he soil o exis ing slopes will ha e o be
exca a ed, hese pa s shall also be sampled acco ding o he abo e equi emen s.
c) The was e managemen will ake in o accoun exac ly how and in wha quan i y he was e o ma e ial
will be handled acco ding o he cons uc ion si es/ope a ional iles. A sepa a e summa y able will be
p epa ed o show he an icipa ed amoun o ecycled cons uc ion and demoli ion was e, i s use and he
amoun o was e in ended o land illing o back illing in acco dance wi h he cu en legisla ion [16].
A summa y able will be p o ided a he end o all ope a ional iles and cons uc ion si es. I will show an o e iew
and he es ima ed amoun o gene a ed was e. A sepa a e able o cons uc ion and demoli ion was e will be
p oduced, showing he es ima ed amoun o be ecycled and he es ima ed amoun o be land illed [16].
In he e en ha he subsie e . 0/32 mm esul ing om he ini ial so ing o he ma e ial shows highe limi
concen a ions o pollu an s. This ma e ial mus be handled in acco dance wi h he legisla ion in o ce, ei he as
ma e ial which, al hough i ailed o mee he c i e ia o s o ing he ma e ial on he g ound su ace, can be used in
land ills o o he was e, o he alues a e al eady so high ha i is a haza dous ma e ial. The la e is cu en ly
ea ed mos ly by biodeg ada ion me hods o land illing in haza dous was e land ills. Howe e , as his is s ill a
signi ican pa o he ma e ial balance, he e is an e o o use i as well by means o mode n cemen a ion me hods
used o ob ain a subs i u e inpu ma e ial.
We a e also ying o use his haza dous ma e ial in ou esea ch. We a e cu en ly p epa ing g ain size cu es and
samples o chemical analysis. Sampling o agg ega e was conduc ed a Os a a main s a ion as desc ibed in
Chap e 4. The sample was hen sie ed using s anda dized sie es, and we p epa ed samples in ac ions 0/63 mm,
32/63 mm, 0/16 mm and 16/32 mm ha will now be subjec ed o chemical analysis acco ding o Dec ee No.
273/2021 Coll., Figu es 5.1 and 5.2 [17].
5 CONCLUSION
The abo e-p esen ed ac s show he in ini e po en ial o he use o was e ma e ials and he possibili y o using
hem o eplace na u al inpu s. The aim is o p o ec na u e and people, o educe he bu den o anspo and
mining, as well as o sa e public budge s om ha ing o land ill haza dous was e. I is a complex change in he
app oach and he concep o was e managemen , whe e he subsequen use o was e mus be add essed be o e he
beginning o he ac ual p ocess o gene a ing he ma e ials ha la e become was e. And, i hey a e gene a ed, i
is necessa y o hink o hem as aw ma e ials, no was e o be s o ed o disposed o somewhe e. Only his change
o app oach is a sus ainable solu ion o he u u e, and i is in line wi h he ideas o he ci cula economy. This
should be e lec ed in he ele an legisla ion, which should de ine and suppo his change o app oach. I is o en
done only heo e ically, and un easonable demands a e o en imposed on people who wan o use was e as a
subs i u e o na u al esou ces.
REFERENCES
[1] Zákon č. 541/2020 Sb., o odpadech [Ac No. 541/2020 Coll., on Was e]. Zákony p o lidi [online]. 2020 [acc.
2023-04-26]. A ailable a : h ps://www.zakonyp olidi.cz/cs/2020-541
[2] ČIHÁK, Jan. Milníky ecyklace kameni a kolejo ého lože [Miles ones in Agg ega e Recycling o Railbed].
In: Železniční dop a ní ces a 2018: Ap il 10–12, 2018, Ús í nad Labem, Czech Republic [online]. P aha:
Sp á a železniční dop a ní ces y, 2018 [acc. 2023-04-26]. A ailable a :
h ps://www.sp a azeleznic.cz/documen s/50004227/50157286/18-cihak-szdc-o13.pd
[3] ČUPR, Pa el. S a is ika spo řeby a ecyklace kameni a p o železniční s a by [S a is ics on Agg ega e
Consump ion and Recycling o Railway Cons uc ion]. P aha: Sp á a železniční dop a ní ces y, Technická
ús ředna dop a ní ces y.