Dus in he wo kplace
Lucie Koců ko á
Con en
1. In oduc ion
2. Co e de ini ions
3. Legal amewo k
4. Fac o cha ac e iza ion
5. En y, deposi ion and
e ec s on he human
o ganism
6. Occupa ional diseases
7. Heal h isk assessmen
8. P e en ion
9. Conclusion 2
Lea ning ou comes
•Cha ac e ize he isk ac o (RF) DUST
•Discuss he e ec s o he RF on he
human o ganism
•Cha ac e ize ela ed occupa ional
diseases
•De ine me hods o measu emen
(objec i ica ion) o he ac o
•Assess heal h isks
•P opose and ad oca e p e en i e
measu es
E alua ion
Syn hesis
Analysis
Applica ion
Comp ehension
Knowledge
3
1. In oduc ion
A signi ican ac o o (non)p o essional exposu e
5
Obsah ob ázku ex
Popis byl y ořen au oma icky
Obsah ob ázku ex , sníh, ex e ié , pří oda
Popis byl y ořen au oma icky

Raising impo ance
6
(ILO, 2021)
2. Co e de ini ions
O e iew o co e e ms
•Ae osol – dus , ume, smoke, ibe …
•F ac ion –inhalable, ho acic,
espi able, o al
•Occupa ional exposu e limi (OEL) –
Pe missible Exposu e Limi (PEL)
•Inhala ion exposu e –b ea hing zone,
size-selec i e sampling, g a ime ic
echnique, eal- ime sampling
(moni o ing)
•Occupa ional (Wo k- ela ed) diseases
–As hma b onchiale,
Pneumokoniosis, Silicosis, Asbes osis,
Meso helioma
8
… will be explained one by one du ing he lec u e
3. Legal F amewo k
Wo kplace haza ds
h p://ehqsconsul ing.com/wp-con en /uploads/2015/04/Occupa ionalSa e yHaza ds- low-cha .png
16

Dus Included in Chemical Fac o s (Agen s)
17
(98/24/EC)
(OHTA, 2019)
Included OR no ? … in Czech legisla ion
18
Chemical ac o s a e di ided in o:
•subs ances and mix u es in gene al,
•lead,
•dus ,
•ca cinogens,
•mu agens,
•subs ances oxic o ep oduc ion and
•Asbes os
HEAD III: Condi ions o heal h p o ec ion while wo king wi h
chemical ac o s and dus
Di ision 1 - Gene al p ocedu es and p o ec ion agains
excessi e exposi ion (Sec ions 9 - 12)
Di ision 2 - Lead (Sec ions 13 - 15)
Di ision 3 - Chemical ca cinogens, mu agens, elemen s oxic o
ep oduc ion and chemical p ocesses wi h isk o chemical
ca cinogenici y (Sec ions 16 - 18)
Di ision 4 - Asbes os (Sec ions 19 - 21)
(Go Reg 361/2007 Coll. - §2, pa . 1)
Risk ac o s in Czech legisla ion
•Dec ee 432/2003 Coll. de ines wo k ca ego iza ion c i e ia o 13 RFs:
1. Dus
2. Chemical subs ances
and mix u es
3. Noise
4. Vib a ion
5. Non-ionizing adia ion
6. Physical load
7. Body pos u e
8. Hea s ess
9. Cold s ess
10. Men al load
11. Visual load
12. Biological agen s
13. Inc eased ai p essu e
19
Dus in Occupa ional hygiene
•Dus is a polydispe se solid ae osol ha is c ea ed by human ac i i y du ing he
mechanical p ocessing o solid ma e ials (ex ac ion o aw ma e ials, cu ing,
g inding, d illing), du ing comminu ion p ocesses (g inding, c ushing), bu also
wi hou in e en ion, e.g. by dispe sing pa icles om an un ea ed ea h's
su ace due o cu en s ai , olcanic ac i i y, ae osol o ma ion on he sea coas .
•The size o dus pa icles is 1 o 100 µm, pa icles la ge han 30 µm a e e e ed
o as coa se dus and hey sedimen quickly in he en i onmen unde no mal
condi ions.
•Du ing he mal p ocesses (combus ion o o ganic subs ances) smoke wi h
pa icles o 0.01 o 0.5 µm is p oduced, du ing chemical oxida ion p ocesses
(welding) ume wi h pa icles o 0.1 o 1 µm is eleased.
•In hygienic p ac ice, he e m dus e e s o all solid ae osols.
20
Asbes os
•Collec i e designa ion o a ious ib ous silica es, he common
ea u e o which is ibe spinabili y, hea esis ance and ela i e
chemical s abili y.
•In na u e, hey a e ound in wo main g oups: amphibole (mo e
dange ous o heal h), se pen ine.
•A ypical cha ac e is ic o asbes os is he o ma ion o a long hin
ib ous s uc u e, he ibe s end o spli along hei leng h.
•Asbes os was p e iously massi ely used as a e ac o y ma e ial (i s
non- lammabili y and signi ican hea esis ance we e used in he
p oduc ion o p o ec i e i e- esis an i e igh ing equipmen and in
he cons uc ion indus y).
•P o en g oup 1 human ca cinogen (IARC) → use o asbes os
p ohibi ed.
21
Ta o o ka od au o a Neznámý au o s licencí CC BY-ND

Ae osol
•A dispe sion sys em wi h a gaseous dispe sion medium and a solid o liquid
dispe sion componen .
•Suspension o ine solid pa icles o liquid d ople s in ai o ano he gas.
22
Classi ica ion o Ae osols (1)
Acco ding o he o igin o he pa icles:
•Na u al ae osols: clouds and ogs, a mosphe ic dus , plan pollen, bac e ial
and ungal spo es (Bioae osol)
•An h opogenic ae osols:
•Ae osols in en ionally p epa ed (e.g. du ing gasi ica ion o solid o liquid uels o
du ing he applica ion o pain s and a nishes, sp aying o insec icides, ungicides and
he bicides in ag icul u e, in medicine, e c.)
•Undesi able (accompanying) phenomenon o echnological / wo k ope a ions
(welding, cu ing, g inding, e c.)
23
Classi ica ion o Ae osols (2)
Acco ding o he s a e o dispe sion componen :
•Mis s wi h a liquid dispe sion componen
•Fumes and dus s wi h a solid dispe sion componen
•Smogs and smokes ha con ain bo h solids and liquids
24
Ta o o ka od au o a Neznámý au o s licencí CC BY Ta o o ka od au o a Neznámý au o s licencí CC BY
Classi ica ion o Ae osols (3)
Acco ding o he mechanism o o ma ion:
Dispe sion me hods:
•Mechanical comminu ion (c ushing, g inding, e c.) and subsequen
sca e ing o dispe sion pa icles in he gas s eam (e.g. coal, lime, cemen ,
lou , suga )
•Liquid sp aying
•Me al spu e ing in an elec ic a c o high- equency discha ge (e.g. oxide
umes)
•Fi ewo ks explosion
25
32

33
Deposi ion o pa icles in he espi a o y sys em
34
Sel -cleaning sys em
▪Sel -cleaning o he lungs (clea ance) om solid pa icles has wo componen s:
▪In he uppe espi a o y ac , i esides in he mucus coa ing o he mucous memb ane and is anspo ed by cilia ed
mo emen .
▪The al eola componen depends bo h on a mobile co e ing ilm and on phagocy osis.
▪These physiological mechanisms anspo up o 90% o inhaled dus o he pha ynx.
▪Sel -cleaning can ail due o excessi e dus ing (o e -exposu e) o damage o he sel -cleaning
p ocesses.
▪„Dus depo “ is c ea ed when he al eola memb anes eac o dus pa icles ha ha e no been
emo ed by physiological mechanisms.
35
▪High concen a ions o dus in he ai cause dus pa icles o se le in he eyes, nose and mou h and he associa ed
discom o .Long- e mexposu e o heseconcen a ions,e en o dus wi hou speci ice ec s(some imescalled"ine "),
o e loads hesel -cleaningmechanisms o helungs, educes heo e all de ensecapaci yo ape son andcancon ibu e
o hede elopmen o ch onicb onchi is.In addi ion, hemechanicalac iono hesepa iclesand hei emo alcancause
inju y o heskino mucousmemb anes.
▪Fib ogenicdus is able o induce he o ma iono pulmona y ib osis,i.e.inc easedg ow ho issuein helungs.C ys alline
silica in he o m o qua z, c is obali e o idymi e, as well as he gamma o m o aluminum oxide, is conside ed a
ib ogeniccomponen .
▪Thee ec o i i a ingdus sis mos o enmani es edby mechanicali i a iono hemucousmemb aneso he espi a o y
ac , he conjunc i a o he eyes and he skin, and in mo e sensi i e people also by alle gic eac ions. Some dus s,
especiallyo o ganico igin,cancausehype sensi i i y,mani es ingasb onchialas hma, o example.
(SZÚ, 2008)
E ec s o dus on he human o ganism (1)
36
▪In ec ious dus , which con ains pa hogens apped on dus pa icles, can cause se ious illnesses, including bac e ial and
ungalin ec ionscausedbybioae osols.
▪In addi ion o locale ec son he espi a o ysys em, oxicdus scanalsocausesys emicin oxica ion.Dus scon aining oxic
subs ancesa eabso bedby heblood,which henleads o an ad e see ec on issuesando gans,e endis an om he
poin o en yo heha m ulsubs ance.
▪Ca cinogenicdus scancausecance wheninhaledinpeoplewhoa eexposed o hesedus s.
(SZÚ, 2008)
E ec s o dus on he human o ganism (2)
37
Classi ica ion o dus s acco ding o heal h e ec
A. Dus wi h a oxic e ec
B. Dus wi hou oxic e ec
C. Dus s wi h a p edominan ly ib ogenic e ec (qua z, g aphi e, black
coal, coke, alc)
D. Dus s wi h a possible ib ogenic e ec (amo phous SiO2, welding umes,
umes con aining ch omium (VI), ben oni e)
E. Dus s wi h a mos ly non-speci ic e ec (cemen , ma ble, b own coal,
cinde , limes one, ly ash)
F. Dus s wi h a p edominan ly i i a ing e ec (linen, cemen , u , lou ,
spices)
G. Mine al ib ous dus s (asbes os, a i icial mine al ibe s) (Go Reg 361/2007: A 3, Pa A)

6. Occupa ional diseases
Diseases caused by dus s
39
Obsah ob ázku ex
Popis byl y ořen au oma icky
Obsah ob ázku ex
Popis byl y ořen au oma icky
Eu opean Occupa ional Diseases S a is ics (EODS)
Obsah ob ázku ex
Popis byl y ořen au oma icky
Obsah ob ázku s ůl
Popis byl y ořen au oma icky
40
Occupa ional Diseases in he Czechia
Obsah ob ázku ex
Popis byl y ořen au oma icky
41
7. Heal h Risk Assessmen

49
▪Heal h isk assessmen o employees who a e exposed o dus a wo k includes
a) de ec ing he p esence o dus in he wo kplace
b) de ec ion o dange ous p ope ies o dus ha may a ec he heal h o he employee
c) asce aining he le el, ype and du a ion o exposu e
d) desc ip ion o echnological and wo k ope a ions associa ed wi h he de elopmen o dus
e) use o da a on Pe missible exposu e limi s (PELs)
) assessmen o he e ec o measu es aken o p o ec he employee's heal h a wo k
g) use o conclusions om al eady pe o med medical examina ions and o he examina ions, use o conclusions om
ex ao dina y e en s and o he in o ma ion om a ailable sou ces
h) condi ions unde which excessi e exposu e o dus may occu as a esul o an eme gency
Gene al p ocedu e (1)
(Go Reg 361/2007: §10)
50
▪The HRA o dus mus also include wo k ela ed o main enance o cleaning and wo k du ing which
he employee may be exposed o excessi e dus exposu e.
Gene al p ocedu e (2)
(Go Reg 361/2007: §10)
51
Occupa ional exposu e limi (OEL)
(98/24/EC)
Pe missible exposu e limi (PEL)
The PEL o dus is he whole-shi ime-weigh ed a e age o he concen a ions o gases,
apo s o ae osols in he wo king a mosphe e o which, acco ding o he cu en s a e o
knowledge, an employee can be exposed in an 8-hou shi o sho e weekly wo king ime,
wi hou causing heal h damage e en wi h li elong occupa ional exposu e, o endange his
wo king abili y and pe o mance. (Go Reg 361/2007: §9, pa . 1-2)
52
▪Limi alues  o ae osols a e gi en in mg.m-3 o ac ual en i onmen al condi ions in e ms o
empe a u e and p essu e.
▪Limi alues  o ibe s a e gi en in numbe o ibe s/cm3 o in numbe o ibe s/cm3 o ac ual
en i onmen al condi ions in e ms o wo kplace empe a u e and p essu e.
PELs me ics
(Go Reg 361/2007: §9, pa . 9)
PELs o espi able and o al ac ions
▪Pe missible exposu e limi o he o al concen a ion o dus is deno ed PELc
▪Pe missible exposu e limi o espi able dus ac ion PEL
(Go Reg 361/2007: A3, Pa A)
53
PELs o dus s
(Go Reg 361/2007: A3, Pa A)

54
PELs o dus mix u es
Whe e
PELs is he PEL o he mix u e,
PEL1 o PELn is he pe missible exposu e limi o indi idual subs ances 1 o n,
%x1 o %xn is he weigh sha e o indi idual subs ances 1 o n in pe cen .)
•The pe missible exposu e limi o a mix u e o dus s (PELs) wi h di e en pe missible
exposu e limi s is de e mined by calcula ion om he pe missible exposu e limi o
indi idual dus s acco ding o he o mula:
(Go Reg 361/2007: A3, Pa A)
55
PELs a y wi hin he EU … illus a ion
Obsah ob ázku s ůl
Popis byl y ořen au oma icky
(Sou ce : IMA-Eu ope. Da e : Decembe 2020)
Obsah ob ázku ex
Popis byl y ořen au oma icky
56
57
▪Exe cices (class/lab) wi h Sa ka Be na iko a
Exposu e moni o ing and measu emen
Obsah ob ázku ex , osoba, in e ié , elek onika
Popis byl y ořen au oma icky
Measu emen o he inhalable dus ac ion
(Illus a ion)
Minimum measu es - excessi e exposu e
•I , in he e en o an eme gency, he a ailable echnical measu es a e no
su icien o limi he employee's excessi e exposu e o dus o an
accep able le el, hey mus be:
a) he numbe o employees a his wo kplace is limi ed o hose who pe o m
necessa y wo k
b) he employee who pe o ms he wo k acco ding o le e a), p o ided wi h PPE
app op ia e o he dus and he expec ed le el o exposu e
c) a con amina ed a ea de ined by a con olled zone
d) he ime o dus exposu e o an employee who pe o ms necessa y wo k in he
con olled zone, educed o he smalles possible ex en
e) a e he elimina ion o he causes o he eme gency, a con ol measu emen o
dus is always ensu ed
64
(Go Reg 361/2007: §12)

Elimina ion/Subs i u ion
•Change in echnology → eplace dus -p oducing echnologies wi h
echnologies in which lowe dus iness o dus is less se ious, o no dus is
c ea ed a all (e.g. sho -blas ing s. sand blas ing, wa e -je d illing, using
pas es ins ead o powde ma e ials)
65
Enginee ing con ols
•Enclosu e o dus sou ces (e.g. hooding o machines, o e lows, e c.)
•Local ex ac ion (e.g. ock d illing wi h ex ac ion, g inding wi h ex ac ion)
•P ecipi a ion o dus by wa e sp inkling o wa e wi h we ing agen s (no e:
does no gua an ee su icien e iciency o cap u e small pa icles o he
espi able ac ion)
•Dilu ion o dus by gene al en ila ion o he space (no e he di ec ion o ai
low should be chosen so ha he wo ke is in a s eam o unpollu ed ai )
•Isola ing he wo ke om he dus y en i onmen , o example by placing him
in a closed cabin.
66
67
▪Local Exhaus Ven ila ion
Ta o o ka od au o a Neznámý au o s licencí CC BY-SA-NC
Obsah ob ázku osoba, ys a ač
Popis byl y ořen au oma icky
Enginee ing con ols → Illus a ion (1)
h ps://pa agon ools.com.au/g inding-conc e e-wi h-angle-g inde /
68
▪Maximum co e ing and he me iciza ion (i.e. isola ion om he ex e nal
a mosphe e) o p oduc ion acili ies (sou ces o pollu an s)
Enginee ing con ols → Illus a ion (2)
(Siko o á, 2008)
69
▪Adjus men o wo k aids
Enginee ing con ols → Illus a ion (3)
(Siko o á, 2008)
▪Sepa a ion o he wo ke om he
sou ce
(Siko o á, 2008)

Adminis a i e con ols
•Obse e he speci ied me hod and mode o wo k (e.g. do no emo e
deposi ed dus by blowing wi h comp essed ai )
•P e en accumula ion o se led dus by cleaning, sp aying loo s wi h wa e ,
e c.
•Limi a ion o he o al wo king ime in a dus y en i onmen : one o he basic
measu es o he p e en ion o silicosis and pneumoconiosis o coal mine s.
Fo wo k in mines whe e he e is an inc eased isk, he highes pe missible
exposu e is de e mined by an indi idual decision o he Occupa ional Heal h
Au ho i y (de ined by he numbe o shi s ha a mine is allowed o wo k in
a gi en job - a e i is exhaus ed, he mus be ans e ed o a non- isky job)
70
(Málek e . al., 2014)
71
▪Hygiene loop
Adminis a i e con ols → Illus a ion (1)
(Siko o á, 2008)
„Di y“
changing oom
„Clean“
changing oom
Wash oom wi h
showe s
A e wo k shi Lea ing wo k
72
▪Cleaning –d y s. we
Adminis a i e con ols → Illus a ion (2)
(Siko o á, 2008)
O he (Indi idual) con ols
•Use o pe sonal p o ec i e equipmen (PPE) o p o ec he espi a o y
sys em om dus (No e: PPE a e always a empo a y solu ion – educing
exposu e o dus mus be undamen ally add essed by echnical and
o ganiza ional measu es)
•P e en i e medical examina ions (in oduc ion, pe iodic and exi ) + ollow-
up examina ions a e he end o „ isky“ wo k
73
(Málek e . al., 2014)
NPO_VŠB-TUO_MSMT-16605/2022
Thank you o you a en ion
lucie.kocu ko [email p o ec ed]
This wo k is licensed unde CC BY 4.0