h ps://doi.o g/10.14311/APP.2022.38.0235
Ac a Poly echnica CTU P oceedings 38:235–240, 2022 ©2022 The Au ho (s). Licensed unde a CC-BY 4.0 licence
Published by he Czech Technical Uni e si y in P ague
THE POTENTIAL USE OF GIANT REED FROM PORTUGAL AS
A THERMAL INSULATION MATERIAL
Raphaele Malhei oa, Au o a Mo illab, Ad iana Ansolinc,
Jo ge Fe nandesc, Sand a Sil ac, Rica do Ma eusc,∗
aUni e si y o Minho, Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, CTAC, Campus de Azu ém, 4800-058, Guima ães,
Po ugal
bUni e si a Poli ècnica de Ca alunya, Ca e de Jo di Gi ona, 31, 08034, Ba celona, Spanish
cUni e si y o Minho, Depa men o Ci il Enginee ing, ISISE, Campus de Azu ém, 4800-058, Guima ães,
Po ugal
∗co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac . The cons uc ion sec o plays an impo an ole in clima e change. Thus, he e is
a p essing need o cons uc buildings ha educe hea losses, use na u al and local ma e ials, exploi
enewable sou ces and ensu e high com o le els wi h a minimum en i onmen al impac . Reed,
conside ed ca bon-neu al and a ca bon dioxide sink ma e ial, has been used o cen u ies o di e se
uses. I s p ope ies and high a ailabili y made i a popula building ma e ial, as seen in Po uguese
e nacula a chi ec u e. Knowing he p ope ies o he eed is a c ucial s ep o ensu e success ul he i age
conse a ion, op imising hese ma e ials, and de eloping inno a i e solu ions. This pape s udies he
po en ial o using gian eed om di e en Po uguese egions as a he mal insula ion ma e ial. Gian
eed boa d p o o ypes (15 ×15 ×5cm, abou 235 kg/m3) we e buil . Thei he mal pe o mance was
es ed in a ho box, acco ding o ASTM C1363 19. The esul s show ha he gian eed ha es ed on
he no he n coas o Po ugal has be e he mal pe o mance han eeds om o he egions. Howe e ,
ega dless o he egion o he coun y whe e he gian eed was ha es ed, i has a sa is ac o y he mal
esis ance (Re ≥0.30 (m2·°C)/W), allowing i s use as a he mal insula ion ma e ial in he buildings.
Keywo ds: Gian eed, he mal insula ion ma e ial, na u al ma e ial, low cos , sus ainabili y.
1. In oduc ion
The cons uc ion sec o is one o he la ges ene gy
consume s. I is unde p essu e o imp o e i s ene gy
e iciency and en i onmen al pe o mance and educe
non- enewable esou ce use. The la ges pa o build-
ings ene gy consump ion is ela ed o he ope a ion
phase. Ene gy po e y is s ill high in he Eu opean
Union (EU), and Po ugal is one o he EU coun ies
whe e he consequences o ene gy po e y a e mos
e iden . A la ge pa o he Po uguese building s ock
was buil be o e he i s he mal egula ion came
in o o ce DL 40/90 [
1
], esul ing in educed he mal
insula ion and inadequa e adap a ion o he clima ic
con ex .
The use o na u al ma e ials in cons uc ion can be
a g ea ad an age. Using hese ma e ials in cons uc-
ion can educe he en i onmen al impac compa ed
wi h non-na u al ma e ials, eaching simila o be -
e cha ac e is ics in some cases. Reed, conside ed
ca bon-neu al and a ca bon dioxide sink ma e ial, has
been used o cen u ies o di e se uses. I s p ope ies
and high a ailabili y made i a popula building ma-
e ial, as seen in Po uguese e nacula a chi ec u e.
The A undo donax, gian eed, has been iden i ied in
Po uguese e nacula a chi ec u e, mainly in walls [
2
]
and oo s [
3
], o p o ide be e he mal insula ion o
he buildings.
Se e al au ho s ha e s udied he he mal insula ion
p ope ies o na u al ma e ials (co k, eed, bagasse,
ca ail, co n cob) o assess he oppo uni y o use
hem in he buildings [
4
]. The po en ial o using eed
as he mal insula ion has also been in es iga ed [
5
–
7
].
Some s udies ha e e alua ed he he mal po en ial o
boa ds whe e he eed is he main ma e ial [
6
], and
o he s ha e e alua ed boa ds made only wi h eed [
7
].
Boa ds o gian eed ha es ed in Po ugal we e used
in a p o o ype o a building solu ion based on ea h
and eeds (s em and ib es) [
8
]. The p o o ype, buil
in Lisbon, had i s indoo and ou doo empe a u es
moni o ed du ing di e en seasons. The esea che s
concluded ha he solu ion con ibu ed o con ol-
ling he indoo ai empe a u e, gi en he he mal
ampli udes ha we e egis e ed ou side. Rega ding
boa ds made only wi h eeds ha es ed in Po ugal,
no esul s we e ound. The s udies highligh ed he
he mal insula ion po en ial o he eed a ound he
wo ld.
Since he p ope ies o na u al ma e ials can be si e-
dependen [
9
], i is impo an o know he he mal
insula ion p ope ies o eeds ha es ed in Po ugal.
The plan g ow h and de elopmen a e in luenced by
se e al en i onmen al ac o s, such as empe a u e
and humidi y [
10
,
11
]. Thus, he o igin o he plan can
in luence i s cha ac e is ics. In his sense, his pape
235
R. Malhei o, A. Mo illa, A. Ansolin e al. Ac a Poly echnica CTU P oceedings
Figu e 1. Gian eed ha es egions: Se pa (I), San a C uz do Dou o (II) and Apúlia (III).
s udies he po en ial o using gian eed om di e en
egions o Po ugal as a he mal insula ion ma e ial.
This in es iga ion assessed he he mal beha iou o
eed, aiming o p oduce knowledge ha can be used o
design new solu ions o mo e sus ainable cons uc ion
and he i age conse a ion.
2. Reed: specie iden i ica ion and
clima e cha ac e isa ion o
ha es ing egions
Reed species s udied is A undo donax, also called as
gian eed. This species is widesp ead h oughou he
Po uguese e i o y, being an in asi e plan . Consid-
e ing he coun y clima ic di e ences, h ee di e en
egions we e chosen o ha es ing he eed: Se pa (I),
San a C uz do Dou o (II) and Apúlia (III) (Figu e 1).
Se pa is a ci y loca ed a 200 m abo e sea le el [
12
]
and i is cha ac e ized o ha ing a empe a e clima e
– Type C – acco ding o Köpp-Geige Clima e Classi-
ica ion, sub ype Csa ( empe a e wi h ho and d y
summe ) [
13
]. Se pa is he leas ainy and ho es
egion s udied. The a e age o al annual p ecipi a ion
is 400 mm, and he annual a e age mean empe a u e
is 17.5
°
C. Rega ding he ex emes, he annual a e -
age minimum and maximum empe a u e a e 12.5
and 25.0
°
C, [
13
]. San a C uz do Dou o is a Pa ish
loca ed a 400 m abo e sea le el [
12
]. Acco ding o he
Köppen-Geige i s clima e is also Type C, sub- ype
Csa [
13
]. The a e age o al annual p ecipi a ion is 800
mm and annual a e age mean empe a u e is 15.0
°
C.
Rega ding he ex emes, he annual a e age minimum
and maximum empe a u es a e 10.0 and 17.5
°
C, e-
spec i ely [
13
]. Apúlia is a illage on he no he n
coas o Po ugal loca ed a 10 m abo e sea le el [
12
].
Acco ding o he Köppen-Geige i s clima e is also
Type C, bu he sub- ype is Csb ( empe a e wi h d y
o empe a e summe ) [
13
]. Apúlia is he ainies
egion s udied. The a e age o al annual p ecipi a ion
is 1400 mm, and annual a e age mean empe a u e is
15.0
°
C. Rega ding he ex emes, he annual a e age
minimum and maximum empe a u es a e 10.0 and
17.5 °C, espec i ely [13].
3. Expe imen al p og am
3.1. Reed boa ds p epa a ion
Th ee eed boa d p o o ypes we e de eloped o e alu-
a e he pe o mance o gian eed ha es ed in di e en
egions o Po ugal as an insula ion ma e ial. One
boa d wi h 150
×
150
×
50 mm was buil o each
s udied egion (Figu e 2). The gian eed boa d p o-
o ypes we e p epa ed using a h ee s age p ocess:
cu he eed s ems in pa s wi h 150 mm leng h; s eel
wi e ame p epa a ion using he p e de ined dimen-
sions (Figu e 3); accommoda ion o eeds cu in o
s eel wi e ame (Figu e 4).
The wi e ame was de eloped using s eel wi e only
in he boa d’s bo de s o minimise i s in luence on
he hea lux du ing he es s. Fu he mo e, he se-
236
ol. 38/2022 The po en ial use o gian eed om Po ugal . . .
ID
Quan i y o eed
in he boa d
[uni ]
S eel wi e
mass [g]
Boa d mass
(ini ial):
eed + wi e [g]
Final hickness
[mm]
Densi y o boa d
[kg/m3]
I 41 19.50 295.1 55 237.1
II 33 19.50 260.5 50 231.6
III 29 19.50 287.9 50 255.9
Table 1. Cha ac e is ics o he eed boa d p o o ypes.
Figu e 2. Reed boa d p o o ype.
lec ion o eeds was made conside ing hei egula i y
along he leng h. I was also used di e en diame e s
o eed o achie e a be e accommoda ion be ween
hem. The inal hickness o he eed boa d p o o-
ype is ela ed o he accommoda ion o eeds in o he
ame. Conside ing he eed as a hyg oscopic ma e ial,
he eed boa ds mass we e e i ied be o e (ini ial mass)
and a e ( inal mass) he es s. The main cha ac e -
is ics o he eed boa d p o o ypes (including ini ial
mass) a e p esen ed in Table 1.
3.2. The mal pe o mance
The he mal pe o mance o gian eed boa d p o-
o ypes was e alua ed conside ing hei he mal e-
sis ance (
Re
) and he mal conduc i i y (
λ
). These
pa ame e s we e de e mined using a calib a ed ho box
designed and buil a he Depa men o Ci il Engi-
nee ing o he Uni e si y o Minho, based on ASTM
speci ica ions C1363 [14].
The ho box is composed o wo chambe s, he cold
and he ho one, and one moun ing ing placed be-
ween he wo chambe s. The gian eed boa d p o o-
ype was placed in he cen e o he moun ing ing. I
Figu e 3. S eel wi e ame.
Figu e 4. Accommoda ion o eeds in o he ame.
was enclosed be ween wo Medium Densi y Fib eboa d
(MDF) boa ds o p o ide a la su ace o ins alling
he lux me e and con olling he ai pe meabili y
be ween he wo chambe s [
15
]. Since in a p e ious
s udy, Malhei o e al. [
16
] concluded ha geome ic
con igu a ion has no in luence on he he mal pe o -
mance o he gian eed boa d p o o ype, i was es ed
in a e ical posi ion. The a ia ion o he gian eed
boa d p o o ypes mass du ing he es was e alua ed.
The es s we e ca ied ou conside ing he hea low
me e me hod, de ined in ISO 9869-1 s anda d [
17
].
The hea lux is measu ed h ough a hea lux senso
ins alled in he gian eed boa d p o o ype’s cen al
237
R. Malhei o, A. Mo illa, A. Ansolin e al. Ac a Poly echnica CTU P oceedings
Figu e 5. Region I eed boa d p o o ype: empe a-
u es and hea low.
pa , and he mocouples measu ed he empe a u es.
Wi h he alues o he hea lux (
q
) and he su ace
empe a u es (
T
), i was possible o de e mine he
he mal esis ance (
Re
) o he se o ma e ials (gian
eed boa d p o o ype + MDF), using Equa ion (1).
∆
T
is he di e ence be ween he su ace empe a u e
o he MDF in he ho and cold chambe s. The he -
mal esis ance o he gian eed boa d p o o ype was
de e mined using Equa ion (2). The eed boa d p o-
o ype’s he mal conduc i i y (
λ
) was assessed using
Equa ion (3), whe e eis he boa d’s hickness.
Rese [(m2·°C)/W] = ∆T
q(1)
Re eed [(m2·°C)/W] = Rese −(2 ∗ReM DF )(2)
λ eed [W/(m ·°C)] = e
Re eed
(3)
4. Resul s
4.1.
The mal pe o mance o eed boa d
p o o ype
Figu es 5 o 7 ep esen empe a u es and hea low
eached du ing 72 hou s es [
17
] in he ho box o
each boa d s udied.
F om Figu es 5 o 7, i is possible o see ha em-
pe a u e in he cold chambe and hea low emained
e y s able du ing he es pe iod, ega dless o he
gian eed boa d s udied. Conce ning he empe -
a u e in he ho chambe , a sligh pe u ba ion is
obse ed du ing he es , being mo e e iden in he
gian eed boa d om Region III. This a ia ion in
he ho chambe empe a u e does no in luence he
hea low du ing all es pe iods. The hea low e-
mained e y s able, main aining an a e age alue o
4.36 W/m
2
, 5.35 W/m
2
and 4.39 W/m
2
o Regions I,
II and II, espec i ely.
Table 2 summa ises he inal mass o p o o ypes
and he a e age alues ob ained o hei he mal
Figu e 6. Region II eed boa d p o o ype: empe a-
u es and hea low.
Figu e 7. Region III eed boa d p o o ype: empe a-
u es and hea low.
p ope ies. These alues we e calcula ed based on he
esul s om Figu es 5 o 7, using Equa ions (1) o (3).
Table 2 shows ha he eed boa d p o o ype om
Region III has he g ea es he mal esis ance and he
leas he mal conduc i i y be ween he boa d s udied.
The boa ds om Regions I and II show e y simila
alues o he he mal p ope ies s udied. Compa ing
inal and ini ial (Table 1) boa d mass, i is clea ha
he mass a ia ion has no signi icance, being he loss
always less han 0.70 %.
5. Gian eed boa d p o o ype as
insula ion ma e ial
The esul s p esen ed in Sec ion 4 show a sa is ac-
o y he mal pe o mance o he gian eed boa d
p o o ypes, ega dless o he egion om whe e he
eeds we e ha es ed. The alues achie ed o he mal
conduc i i y a e e y close o he alues p esen ed in
he cu en li e a u e, 0.045–0.056 W/m
·°
C [
23
]. Fu -
he mo e, compa ing he pe o mance o boa ds made
using only eeds, he he mal conduc i i y achie ed in
his s udy is lowe han ha achie ed by Asd ulali e
al. [5] using he ho box es me hod, 0.065 W/m.ºC.
238
ol. 38/2022 The po en ial use o gian eed om Po ugal . . .
ID
Boa d mass
( inal): eed +
wi e [g]
Rese
[m2
·°C/W]
ReM DF
[m2
·°C/W]
Re eed
[m2
·°C/W]
λ eed
[W/m ·°C]
I 293.4 1.313 0.147 1.019 0.049
II 258.7 1.247 0.147 0.953 0.052
III 287.0 1.501 0.147 1.207 0.041
Table 2. Cha ac e is ics o he eed boa d p o o ypes.
Ma e ial Thickness [mm] Densi y [kg/m3]Re [m2
·°C/W] Re e ence
Rock-wool 60 25 1.60 [18]
XPS 50 32 1.40 [19]
EPS 50 20 1.30 [20]
Co k 50 110 1.25 [21]
Gian eed 50–55 237–266 0.95–1.21 This s udy
Table 3. Cha ac e is ics o he he mal insula ion ma e ials (adap ed om [22]).
The boa d de eloped by Asd ulali e al. [
5
] has a simi-
la hickness, 56 mm, a lowe densi y, a ound 90 kg/m
3
,
and di e en eed species, Ph agmi es aus alis (com-
mon eed). The di e ence in he densi y is p obably
ela ed o he eed species used and, consequen ly, he
numbe o eeds used and accommoda ion be ween
hem. Common eed and gian eed ha e a ma ked di -
e ence in hei a e age diame e : a ound 1.0–2.5 cm
and 2.5–5.0 cm [
24
], espec i ely. In his sense, he
compa ison o esul s om di e en s udies should be
made wi h cau ion.
Conside ing he Po uguese he mal egula ion,
he he mal esis ance and he mal conduc i i y al-
ues achie ed a e in acco dance wi h he equi e-
men s de ined o he mal insula ion ma e ial, ha
is
Re ≥
0.30 (m
2·°¸
C)/W [
25
]. Fu he mo e, when
compa ing he gian eed boa d p o o ypes s udied
wi h some insula ion ma e ials comme cially used in
Po ugal, a simila pe o mance is obse ed (Table 3).
Conside ing simila hickness, he he mal esis ance
o eed boa d ep esen s a leas 60 % o he he -
mal esis ance o ock-wool and 76 % o he he mal
esis ance o co k, o ins ance.
Conce ning he gian eeds o igin, obse ing Table 2
da a, i is possible o say ha he clima e o he eed
ha es egion has no signi ican in luence on he he -
mal pe o mance o he gian eed boa d p o o ypes
s udied. Despi e ha , he boa d made wi h eed ha -
es ed in Region III, he ainies egion s udied, has
he highes he mal esis ance and he leas he mal
conduc i i y. This beha iou may be ela ed o he
densi y o he boa d since he eed boa d made wi h
eed ha es ed in Region III has he highes densi y.
I is impo an o know ha he eed boa d p o o ype
III eached a highes densi y using ewe eeds han
p o o ypes I and II (Table 1).
These esul s con i m he po en ial o he gian
eed ha es ed in Po ugal o be used as a he mal
insula ion ma e ial. In addi ion o he ad an ages
in e ms o insula ion, eeds ha e o he ecological
bene i s. They a e conside ed a ca bon-neu al and
a ca bon dioxide sink ma e ial and ha e he ad an age
o being biodeg adable and low-cos .
6. Conclusions
An expe imen al in es iga ion was ca ied ou o e al-
ua e he po en ial o using gian eed (A undo donax)
ha es ed in Po ugal as a he mal insula ion ma e-
ial. Conside ing he in luence o clima e in he plan
g ow h, eed boa d p o o ypes we e made using gian
eed om h ee di e en egions om Po ugal.
The esul s show a sa is ac o y he mal pe o mance
o all he eed boa d p o o ypes, ega dless he egion
whe e he eeds we e ha es ed. The alues achie ed
o he mal esis ance, 0.9–1.2 m
2·°
C/W, a e in acco -
dance wi h he equi emen s de ined o he mal insu-
la ion ma e ials in he Po uguese he mal egula ion.
Compa ing hese eed boa ds wi h some insula ion
ma e ials comme cially used, i is obse ed a simila
he mal beha iou . Conce ning he gian eed o igin,
he eed boa d p o o ype made wi h eeds om Re-
gion III shows a sligh ly be e he mal pe o mance
han he o he s.
Analysing he esul s, i is possible o conclude ha ,
unde he s udied condi ions, ega dless he ha es ing
egion s udied, he eed boa ds showed sa is ac o y
he mal pe o mance. Howe e , i is impo an o
conside di e en possibili ies o con ain he boa ds
(wood boa ds, plas e boa ds, mo a s). Addi ionally,
as he eed is abundan h oughou Po ugal, i s use
is an eco- iendly and low-cos op ion ha ga he s all
condi ions o be used in he cons uc ion ma ke .
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s would like o acknowledge he suppo g an ed
by he FEDER unds h ough he Compe i i ely and In-
e na ionaliza ion Ope a ional P og amme (POCI) and by
na ional unds h ough FCT ( he Founda ion o Science
239

R. Malhei o, A. Mo illa, A. Ansolin e al. Ac a Poly echnica CTU P oceedings
and Technology) wi hin he scope o he p ojec wi h he
e e ence POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029328, which we e un-
damen al o he de elopmen o his s udy. The au ho s
would also like o acknowledge he suppo g an ed by
DANOSA “De i ados as ál icos no malizados, S.A.” indus-
y o p o iding all he necessa y insula ion ma e ial o
he ho box cons uc ion.
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