Academic Edi o s: Xiang Zhao and
Luis He nández-Callejo
Recei ed: 23 No embe 2024
Re ised: 23 Janua y 2025
Accep ed: 31 Janua y 2025
Published: 7 Feb ua y 2025
Ci a ion: Lopes, H.S.; Remoaldo,
P.C.; Vidal, D.G.; Ribei o, V.; Sil a,
L.T.; Ma ín-Vide, J. Sus ainable
Placemaking and The mal Com o
Condi ions in U ban Spaces: The Case
S udy o A enida dos Aliados and
P aça da Libe dade (Po o, Po ugal).
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/u bansci9020038
Copy igh : © 2025 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license
(h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/
licenses/by/4.0/).
A icle
Sus ainable Placemaking and The mal Com o Condi ions in
U ban Spaces: The Case S udy o A enida dos Aliados and P aça
da Libe dade (Po o, Po ugal)
Hélde Sil a Lopes 1,2,* , Paula C. Remoaldo 1, Diogo Guedes Vidal 3,4 , Ví o Ribei o 1, Lígia To es Sil a 5
and Ja ie Ma ín-Vide 2
1
Labo a o y o Landscape, He i age and Te i o y (Lab2PT), Associa e Labo a o y o Resea ch and Inno a ion
in He i age, A s, Sus ainabili y and Te i o y (IN2PAST), Depa men o Geog aphy, In i u e o Social
Sciences (ICS), Uni e si y o Minho, 4800-058 Guima ães, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed] (P.C.R.);
i o [email p o ec ed] (V.R.)
2
IdRA—Clima ology G oup, Depa men o Geog aphy/FGH, Uni e si y o Ba celona, 08001 Ba celona, Spain;
[email p o ec ed]
3Cen e o Func ional Ecology—Science o People and he Plane (CFE), Associa e Labo a o y TERRA,
Depa men o Li e Sciences (DCV), Uni e si y o Coimb a, 3000-456 Coimb a, Po ugal;
[email p o ec ed]
4Depa men o Social Sciences and Managemen , Uni e sidade Abe a, 1250-100 Lisbon, Po ugal
5Cen e o Te i o y, En i onmen and Cons uc ion (CTAC), School o Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Minho,
4800-058 Guima ães, Po ugal; [email p o ec ed]
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac : The u ban mic oclima e o A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade was sub-
jec ed o comp ehensi e examina ion h ough wel e measu emen campaigns a six s a e-
gic obse a ion poin s o e he cou se o wo seasons, namely summe and win e , be ween
2019 and 2020. The s udy employed an objec i e app oach based on measu emen s o
e alua e key mic oclima ic ac o s, including ai empe a u e, which anged om 15
◦
C in
win e o a peak o 38
◦
C in summe , and Rela i e Humidi y (RH), which a ied om 50%
o 85%. Addi ionally, wind speed was eco ded be ween 1.0 m/s and 2.5 m/s, along wi h
sola adia ion le els, which signi ican ly impac ed Su ace Tempe a u es (T
su
), eaching
up o 38.0
◦
C in some a eas. A pa allel subjec i e su ey ques ionnai e was conduc ed wi h
123 pa icipan s. In pa icula , he p e e ence o shaded a eas was highligh ed h ough
a he mal sensa ion map, wi h some places in P aça da Libe dade being a a o ed spo
du ing summe due o i s ege a ion and lowe T
su
. The s udy iden i ied sola exposu e,
wind pa e ns, and T
su
as he key de e minan s o he mal com o . I is no ewo hy ha
shaded a eas, pa icula ly hose wi h a subs an ial amoun o g eene y, we e ound o
alle ia e discom o om he hea , he eby making hem he p e e ed choice o pedes-
ians. Fu he mo e, he s udy unde sco ed he signi icance o inco po a ing adap i e
elemen s, such as g eene y, shading s uc u es, and en ila ion co ido s, in o u ban design
o enhance com o ac oss di e en seasons. Resul s con ibu e wi h aluable insigh s o
u ban planne s. The da a indica e ha u ban design should p io i ize he inclusion o
pedes ian- iendly elemen s, such as shaded walkways and sea ing a eas, o p omo e he
ac i e use o public spaces. This app oach is pa icula ly ele an in he con ex o clima e
change, whe e seasonal a ia ions and inc easing empe a u es may exace ba e discom o
in u ban en i onmen s.
Keywo ds: placemaking; he mal com o analysis; pedes ian beha io ; objec i e and
subjec i e dimensions; adap a ion
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/u bansci9020038
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 2 o 24
1. In oduc ion
Placemaking, g ounded in he knowledge o enowned au ho s like Why e (1980) [
1
],
Gehl (1987) [
2
], Ca mona (2014, 2019) [
3
,
4
], and Wesene e al. (2020) [
5
], emphasizes an
in e disciplina y app oach, conside ing physical, social, ecological, and cul u al quali ies
in u ban en i onmen s. O e ecen decades, placemaking goals ha e shi ed, no ably in
adap ing public spaces o di e se uses, in luenced by p essu es ha challenge adi ional
u ban design [
6
–
8
]. The concep o sus ainable placemaking eme ges he e as a key app oach
ha in eg a es u ban design wi h en i onmen al, social, and cul u al conside a ions o c e-
a e esilien public spaces. Gehl’s (1987) [
2
] wo k unde lines he impo ance o public spaces
ha p omo e heal h and well-being h ough balanced social–en i onmen al in e ac ions.
Why e (1980) [
1
] demons a ed ha well-designed spaces wi h com o able sea ing
and g eene y a ac mo e use s, emphasizing he impo ance o designing appealing public
a eas. This in e disciplina y app oach, highligh ing physical, social, and ecological ac o s,
has aised ques ions on sus ainable placemaking [
9
]. Policy shi s o e decades e eal
e ol ing goals in adap ing spaces o bo h esiden s and isi o s [10,11].
Bo h quali a i e and quan i a i e ac o s a e c ucial o e alua ing com o in public
spaces. This is suppo ed in Cos a (2013) [
12
], Nou i & Cos a (2017) [
13
],
Mon ei o e al.
(2018a, 2018b) [
14
,
15
], and Madu ei a e al. (2021) [
16
], who ad oca e o speci ic ecom-
menda ions in u ban planning. Place design should conside psychological and sociological
pe cep ions in con ex -sensi i e en i onmen s [17,18].
E ell e al. (2011) [
19
] iden i ied h ee ypes o p e e ences in public spaces: (i) clima ic
en i onmen , in luenced by Ai Tempe a u e (AT), sola adia ion, ela i e humidi y (RH),
and wind pa e ns; (ii) buil en i onmen , shaped by u ban s uc u es; and (iii) human
en i onmen , a ec ing he mal p e e ences h ough beha io and sa is ac ion h esholds.
F om hese analyses, six key indica o s a e iden i ied: (1) mic oclima ic da a; (2) u ban
mo phology; (3) ege a ion and ec ea ional a eas; (4) use choice; (5) su ounding con ex ;
and (6) clima e isk scena ios. Mic oclima ic da a, such as AT, T
su
, and RH play a pi o al
ole in u ban com o [
20
,
21
]. T
su
e e s o he empe a u e measu ed on he ex e nal
su aces o ma e ials, such as pa emen s, walls, o o he u ban s uc u es, which abso b
and e- adia e hea om sola adia ion. The Heigh –Wid h Ra io (H/W) and Sky View
Fac o (SVF) a e also signi ican , a ec ing sola exposu e and shaded a eas [22–24].
As clima e change impac s u ban planning, g een spaces a e ecognized o enhancing
com o [
20
,
25
]. T ee con igu a ions and species, a ec ing shading and cooling, a e c ucial,
as is ege a ion choice based on g ow h cha ac e is ics [26,27].
Fo his, en i onmen al con ex and la ge -scale me eo ological beha io a e essen ial
o assessing com o , wi h ac o s like p oximi y o g een spaces and pe meabili y a ec ing
public space use [28].
Conside ing u u e clima e ends and U ban Hea Island (UHI) e ec s, public space
design s a egies should ocus on c ea ing socially ib an , economically iable, and en-
i onmen ally adap ed a eas. Lopes e al. (2022) [
11
] emphasized he need o p oac i e
clima e adap a ion in Po o (Po ugal), highligh ing a cyclical p ocess o e alua ion and
in e en ion o ensu e ongoing esilience.
The impo ance o designing u ban spaces ha espond e ec i ely o local clima ic
condi ions has been widely ecognized in ecen yea s. Sus ainable u ban planning inc eas-
ingly inco po a es bioclima ic p inciples o add ess he challenges posed by U ban Hea
Islands (UHIs) and clima e change. No ably, s udies such as Nou i & Cos a (2017) [
20
]
ha e demons a ed he e ec i eness o in eg a ing bo om-up me hodologies ha combine
mic oclima ic measu emen s and subjec i e pe cep ions o he mal com o . Thei wo k,
ocusing on Rossio Squa e in Lisbon, highligh ed he impo ance o iden i ying mic o-
clima ic isk ac o s and ansla ing hese in o ac ionable design in e en ions, such as
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 3 o 24
shading and ege a ion con igu a ions, o imp o e pedes ian com o du ing ex eme
summe condi ions.
This s udy builds on hese app oaches, expanding hem o a compa a i e analysis o
seasonal a ia ions in he mal com o ac oss summe and win e in A enida dos Aliados
and P aça da Libe dade. The emphasis on linking objec i e da a wi h subjec i e pe cep ions
aligns wi h Nou i & Cos a’s (2017) amewo k [
20
], which unde sco es he need o u ban
design solu ions ha a e bo h clima ically adap i e and con ex ually speci ic.
This s udy explo es he in e sec ion o placemaking, clima e change, and leisu e in his
e i o y (Po o, Po ugal). U ban mic oclima e measu emen s a e key o unde s anding
ac o s a ec ing he mal com o and quali y o li e. S udies by San amou is e al. (2013) [
22
]
and E ell e al. (2011) [
19
] ein o ce he impo ance o de ailed measu emen s ac oss
u ban con ex s o in o m sus ainable u ban planning. Fu he mo e, i is impo an o
use subjec i e me hods o explo e he indi idual pe cep ion (namely, men al maps o
su eys) [10,29–31].
To add ess hese conside a ions, he s udy aims o explo e he ollowing esea ch ques ions:
Wha a e he di e ences in he mal com o pe cep ion be ween summe and win e in
Po o’s public spaces?
Which mic oclima ic ea u es mos in luence use beha io in public spaces such as
A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade?
Co espondingly, he s udy es s he ollowing hypo heses:
H1: The e a e signi ican seasonal di e ences in he mal com o pe cep ion among use s o u ban
public spaces, wi h highe discom o le els epo ed in summe compa ed o win e .
H2: Mic oclima ic ac o s, including sola exposu e, wind pa e ns, and shaded a eas, signi ican ly
in luence use beha io and p e e ence in public spaces.
The s udy is based on he collec ion o mic oclima ic da a in A enida dos Aliados
and P aça da Libe dade, a eas po en ially equen ed by indi iduals, be ween he yea s
2019 and 2020. Measu emen s we e aken du ing he summe and win e seasons o bo h
yea s in 8 ieldwo k campaigns conduc ed be ween 10:00 GMT + 00 and
17:00 GMT + 00
,
allowing o a comp ehensi e analysis o clima ic condi ions. Addi ionally, he s udy
inco po a es he pe spec i e o indi iduals h ough su eys and men al maps e ealing
hei pe cep ions o ho and cool a eas, along wi h obse a ion me hod conduc ed by he
esea ch eam.
The analysis o he ela ionship be ween mic oclima ic condi ions and human be-
ha io is de i ed om his app oach, conside ing ac o s such as mo emen and dwell
ime in di e en poin s o he s udy a ea. The esul s e eal dis inc mic oclima ic pa -
e ns h oughou he seasons, wi h signi ican in luences om sola exposu e, en ila ion,
and shaded a eas. The analysis o human p e e ences highligh s disc epancies be ween
objec i e and subjec i e he mal com o condi ions. Wind pa e ns and he ela ionship
be ween ai empe a u e (AT) and Su ace Tempe a u e (T
su
) eme ge as c ucial elemen s
in unde s anding he mal com o . Fu he mo e, he s udy unde sco es he impo ance o
g eene y and ac ical u banism in c ea ing mo e pleasan spaces, especially du ing pe iods
o clima ic a ia ions.
This pape is s uc u ed in o i e sec ions. Following his in oduc o y poin , Sec ion 2
de ails he me hods adop ed o da a collec ion and analysis, while he esul s (Sec ion 3)
highligh he main ela ionships be ween public space use and mic oclima ic measu emen s.
The discussion and conclusions, in Sec ion 4, in e p e he esul s in he heo e ical and
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 4 o 24
p ac ical con ex , summa izing he s udy’s con ibu ions and sugges ing possible u u e
di ec ions in in eg a ing placemaking, clima e change, and u ban planning.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Case S udy
The municipali y o Po o is pa o he Po o Me opoli an A ea (PMA) and is loca ed
in he no hwes o mainland Po ugal. I is he second mos economically dynamic
municipali y in Po ugal and he second mos popula ed a ea in Po ugal (Figu e 1). This
municipali y has a p i ileged loca ion on he coas , wi h he A lan ic Ocean o he wes
and he i e Dou o o he sou h. I also aces he A lan ic Ocean, wi h an al i ude ange o
160 m. I has a empe a e ma i ime clima e, wi h an a e age AT be ween 15
◦
C and 25
◦
C.
Acco ding o he Köppen and Geige clima e classi ica ion sys em, Po o is in he Csb zone
(Lopes e al., 2021) [10].
This s udy was conduc ed on A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade, loca ed in
he cen e o Po o. The choice o A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade was made
o s a egic easons in e ms o u ban cha ac e is ics and because i is one o he a eas wi h
he highes con e gence o indi iduals. I should be no ed ha his a ea is conside ed a
po en ial hub o pedes ians h oughou he yea , especially due o i s impo ance in e ms
o in a- and in e -mobili y. The p esence o buses (some o which a e ou is buses), he
me o s a ion ha connec s o la ge a eas o he ci y, as well as he p oximi y o he ailway
line (S. Ben o s a ion), allow a conside able numbe o people o pass h ough his a enue.
They can s ay while wai ing o a bus, walk along he a enue, enjoy a e ace o obse e
he landscape, o simply ha e lunch, a snack, o dinne . This a ea is subjec o di e en
bioclima ic com o condi ions (daily and in di e en seasons), depending on i s di e se
cha ac e is ics. I is impo an o no e ha esea ch has al eady been conduc ed in his
a ea o s udy. This esea ch has demons a ed he ele ance o a mo e ocused s udy o
unde s and he objec i e and subjec i e dimensions o he use o public space. Fi s ly, he
s udy conduc ed by Lopes e al. (2021) [
10
] e ealed he he mal pe cep ions o 563 ou is s.
Then, a mo e ecen s udy e ealed ha his a ea is one o he mos p oblema ic o he mal
com o in he ci y o Po o [32].
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 5 o 24
U ban Sci. 2025, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 26
Figu e 1. S udy a ea. A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade (C); Po ugal in he wo ld (A) and sub- egional loca ion o Po o (B). Sou ce: own elabo a-
ion.
Figu e 1. S udy a ea. A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade (C); Po ugal in he wo ld (A) and sub- egional loca ion o Po o (B). Sou ce: own elabo a ion.
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 6 o 24
2.2. E alua ion Assessmen F amewo k
The e alua ion assessmen amewo k uses an objec i e and subjec i e app oach,
d awing inspi a ion om me hodologies applied by Nou i & Cos a (2017) [
20
]. The ob-
jec i e assessmen was made using mic oclima e measu emen s, while he quali a i e
app oach employs he beha io s’ mapping and pe cep ions o indi iduals in he s udy
a ea. The selec ion o mic oclima ic measu emen s aligns wi h he esea ch objec i es by
p o iding objec i e da a on he mal condi ions, which is c i ical o unde s anding seasonal
and spa ial a ia ions in com o le els. These me hods we e chosen because hey o e
eliable, quan i iable me ics o en i onmen al condi ions, such as AT, RH, Wx, and ST,
which a e di ec ly linked o he mal com o pe cep ion. The inclusion o mul iple Poin s
o In e es ensu es he cap u e o mic oclima ic di e si y, which is c ucial o de eloping
a ge ed u ban design in e en ions. On he o he hand, he subjec i e app oach, including
men al mapping and beha io obse a ion, was selec ed o cap u e he indi idual and
nuanced pe cep ions o he mal com o , which canno be quan i ied h ough ins umen al
measu emen s alone. This me hod ensu es he in eg a ion o he human dimension in
u ban planning by e ealing beha io al pa e ns and indi idual p e e ences. Collec ing
da a h ough su eys and men al maps p o ides insigh s in o how mic oclima ic condi-
ions in e ac wi h subjec i e expe iences, ul illing he s udy’s goal o unde s anding bo h
objec i e and subjec i e ac o s in luencing public space use.
2.3. Objec i e App oach
The mic oclima ic measu emen s we e conduc ed a six s a egically selec ed Poin s
o In e es (POIs) on A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade (Figu e 2). These
poin s we e chosen o e lec he di e si y o mic oen i onmen s in he a ea, allowing o a
comp ehensi e analysis o how u ban mo phology and ege a ion co e in luence he mal
com o . Fo ins ance, POI 1 ep esen ed a shaded en i onmen due o a linea plan a ion
o magnolia ees, while POIs 2, 3, and 6 we e open pa ed a eas wi h exposu e o sola
adia ion and p oximi y o a ic lanes. T ansi ional zones, such as POIs 4 and 5, ea u ed
a ying le els o ege a ion and u ban s uc u es, p o iding an in e media e pe spec i e
on u ban condi ions (Table 1).
Measu emen s we e conduc ed o e a 12-day pe iod, dis ibu ed ac oss he summe
o 2019, he win e o 2019–2020, and he summe o 2020, cap u ing seasonal a ia ions in
he mal com o . Da a collec ion ook place be ween 10:00 GMT + 00 and
17:00 GMT + 00
,
wi h six measu emen cycles pe day a each POI. Each cycle las ed 10 min, ensu ing
su icien a e ages o hou ly and diu nal analysis. To main ain consis ency, in e als o
app oxima ely 15 days we e obse ed be ween measu emen sessions.
The ins umen a ion used adhe ed o ISO 7726 (2006) [
24
] and ASHRAE guidelines [
33
]
o ensu e accu acy and eliabili y. Senso s we e posi ioned a a heigh o 1.1 m, ep esen -
ing pedes ian-le el condi ions, and shielded om di ec sunligh o minimize adia i e
in e e ence. A s abiliza ion pe iod o 1.5 min was obse ed p io o da a eco ding o allow
he ins umen s o each he mal equilib ium. Measu emen s included ai empe a u e
(AT), ela i e humidi y (RH), wind speed (Wx), and Su ace Tempe a u e (T
su
). Vx calcu-
la ions ollowed he me hodology p oposed by And ade e al. (2011), combining maximum
wind speed (MWS) and s anda d de ia ion (SD) using he o mula Wx = MWS + SD. This
app oach, as p oposed by And ade e al. (2011) [
34
], de ines Wx as a composi e a iable
designed o e alua e he a iabili y o wind condi ions and hei impac on he mal pe cep-
ion. Unlike he usual measu emen o a e age wind speed, Wx inco po a es luc ua ions in
wind pa e ns, cap u ing he dynamic na u e o ai low and i s in luence on human com o ,
aking accoun o he measu emen occu ing o e 10 min a he same POI. This makes
i pa icula ly ele an o assessing how a ying wind condi ions, including gus iness,
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 7 o 24
con ibu e o pedes ian he mal sensa ions in u ban spaces. T
su
measu emen s adhe ed
o es ablished guidelines om p e ious s udies, such as hose by San amou is (2013) [
22
]
and Nou i & cos a (2017) [20]. The ins umen al de ices used a e lis ed in Table 2.
U ban Sci. 2025, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 26
including gus iness, con ibu e o pedes ian he mal sensa ions in u ban spaces. Tsu
measu emen s adhe ed o es ablished guidelines om p e ious s udies, such as hose by
San amou is (2013) [22] and Nou i & cos a (2017) [20]. The ins umen al de ices used a e
lis ed in Table 2.
Figu e 2. Ins umen al loca ions in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade. Poin s o In e es
(POIs) in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade (A) and POI 1–6 and su ounding a eas (B).
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion, based on pho os aken on A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade.
The Sky View Fac o (SVF) a each POI was assessed using Rayman So wa e ( e sion
1.2) and confi med h ough he g id me hod ou lined by Ma ín-Vide e al. (2015) [35].
This analysis p o ided aluable insigh s in o he spa ial configu a ion o he s udy a ea
and i s impac on sola exposu e. Pa icula aen ion was paid o en i onmen al and cli-
ma ic condi ions du ing da a collec ion.
Twel e measu emen days we e selec ed unde s able a mosphe ic condi ions, p e-
dominan ly influenced by he Azo es High. Daily o ecas s om he Po o Ped as Rub as
S a ion (loca ed a he F ancisco Sá Ca nei o Ai po ) and e alua ing he ECMWF (Eu o-
pean Cen e o Medium-Range Wea he Fo ecas s) me eo ological maps wi h he model-
based o ecas s a ailable a IPMA (Po uguese Ins i u e o he Sea and A mosphe e),
along wi h hei e ical p ofiles, we e used o ensu e a o able condi ions o measu e-
men s. No ably, wind pae ns du ing win e we e mo e i egula (p edominan ly ESE-
E), con as ing wi h he p e ailing NNO winds obse ed du ing summe campaigns (Ta-
ble 3).
Figu e 2. Ins umen al loca ions in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade. Poin s o In e es
(POIs) in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade (A) and POI 1–6 and su ounding a eas (B).
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion, based on pho os aken on A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade.
The Sky View Fac o (SVF) a each POI was assessed using Rayman So wa e ( e -
sion 1.2) and con i med h ough he g id me hod ou lined by Ma ín-Vide e al. (2015) [
35
].
This analysis p o ided aluable insigh s in o he spa ial con igu a ion o he s udy a ea and
i s impac on sola exposu e. Pa icula a en ion was paid o en i onmen al and clima ic
condi ions du ing da a collec ion.
Twel e measu emen days we e selec ed unde s able a mosphe ic condi ions, p e-
dominan ly in luenced by he Azo es High. Daily o ecas s om he Po o Ped as Rub as
S a ion (loca ed a he F ancisco Sá Ca nei o Ai po ) and e alua ing he ECMWF (Eu opean
Cen e o Medium-Range Wea he Fo ecas s) me eo ological maps wi h he model-based
o ecas s a ailable a IPMA (Po uguese Ins i u e o he Sea and A mosphe e), along wi h
hei e ical p o iles, we e used o ensu e a o able condi ions o measu emen s. No ably,
wind pa e ns du ing win e we e mo e i egula (p edominan ly ESE-E), con as ing wi h
he p e ailing NNO winds obse ed du ing summe campaigns (Table 3).
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 8 o 24
Table 1. Gene al desc ip ions o he Poin s o In e es in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade.
POI
Vege a ion/Shel e Canopies/Wa e
Condi ions Desc ip ion
Vege a ion Shel e
Canopies Wa e
1
U ban Sci. 2025, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 26
Table 1. Gene al desc ip ions o he Poin s o In e es in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da
Libe dade.
POI
Vege a ion/Shel e Canopies/Wa e
Condi ions Desc ip ion
Vege a ion
Shel e
Canopies Wa e
1
Exis ing linea plan a ion o e e g een Magnolia. I lowe s be ween Ma ch and
Sep embe . A walkable a ea wi h benches a ailable o sea ing. The e is a sp inkle
sys em. A cobbled a ea.
2 Loca ion in a cobbled a ea, wi hou ees and close o a
a ic lane. Wi h a place o
si nex o he measu ing poin .
3
T ansi ional a ea wi h buildings 12 me es high and cobbles ones on he pa emen .
The e a e no sea ing a eas, and i is an a ea wi h hea y ca a ic (wi h a junc ion).
4
Loca ed in an open a ea (be ween To e dos Clé igos and Rua de San a Ca a ina),
in on o he In e con inen al Ho el (12 me es high). T ansi a ea, no sea s.
5
La ge wooded a ea. S u dy oak ees, la ge in size, wi h a ounded c own and a
illing e ec in he a ea. Flowe ing in May, wi h shady a eas o linge . The e a e a
ew benches sca e ed a ound. The pa h is cobbled.
6
Loca ion in a cobbled a ea wi hou ees and close o a oad. Wi h a place o si nex
o he measu ing poin . Cen al pa emen a ea, a place no mally used by ou
guides o ga he people o a isi .
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion. No e: The ep esen s he p esence o his ype o condi ion.
Table 2. Ins umen s used o mic oclima ic measu emen s.
# Ins umen /Model Name Measu emen Ou pu M
easu emen
Uni Accu acy Resolu ion
1
HANNAH THERMOHIGROMETER HI 9565©
AT
RH
°C
% ± 0.5 °C (AT) 3% ±0.1 0.1 °C
0.1%
2
AIR FLOW METER PCE
-
007©
AT
W
Flow
°C
m/s
--
±1
±3% ±0.1 calcula ed
om wind speed and
su ace
0.01 m/s
3
BENETECH GM550©
ST °C 1.5% 0.1 °C
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
The me hodology adop ed o his s udy aligns closely wi h bes p ac ices es ablished
in p e ious esea ch, such as he app oach used by Nou i & Cos a (2017) [20] o Rossio
squa e in Lisbon, as well as s udies by Alco o ado e al. (2009) [36], Oli ei a e al. (2011)
[37], and Rod íguez-Algeci as e al. (2016) [38]. These s anda dized p ocedu es ensu ed
consis ency and eliabili y ac oss all measu emen s, acili a ing a obus analysis o mic o-
clima ic condi ions in he s udy a ea.
This selec ion was c ucial o analyze how diffe en u ban ea u es— ege a ion, shad-
ing, and open spaces—affec mic oclima ic a iables, such as AT, RH, and wind pae ns,
in alignmen wi h he s udy’s objec i es o unde s anding u ban com o di e si y.
U ban Sci. 2025, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 26
Table 1. Gene al desc ip ions o he Poin s o In e es in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da
Libe dade.
POI
Vege a ion/Shel e Canopies/Wa e
Condi ions Desc ip ion
Vege a ion
Shel e
Canopies Wa e
1
Exis ing linea plan a ion o e e g een Magnolia. I lowe s be ween Ma ch and
Sep embe . A walkable a ea wi h benches a ailable o sea ing. The e is a sp inkle
sys em. A cobbled a ea.
2 Loca ion in a cobbled a ea, wi hou ees and close o a
a ic lane. Wi h a place o
si nex o he measu ing poin .
3
T ansi ional a ea wi h buildings 12 me es high and cobbles ones on he pa emen .
The e a e no sea ing a eas, and i is an a ea wi h hea y ca a ic (wi h a junc ion).
4
Loca ed in an open a ea (be ween To e dos Clé igos and Rua de San a Ca a ina),
in on o he In e con inen al Ho el (12 me es high). T ansi a ea, no sea s.
5
La ge wooded a ea. S u dy oak ees, la ge in size, wi h a ounded c own and a
illing e ec in he a ea. Flowe ing in May, wi h shady a eas o linge . The e a e a
ew benches sca e ed a ound. The pa h is cobbled.
6
Loca ion in a cobbled a ea wi hou ees and close o a oad. Wi h a place o si nex
o he measu ing poin . Cen al pa emen a ea, a place no mally used by ou
guides o ga he people o a isi .
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion. No e: The ep esen s he p esence o his ype o condi ion.
Table 2. Ins umen s used o mic oclima ic measu emen s.
# Ins umen /Model Name Measu emen Ou pu M
easu emen
Uni Accu acy Resolu ion
1
HANNAH THERMOHIGROMETER HI 9565©
AT
RH
°C
% ± 0.5 °C (AT) 3% ±0.1 0.1 °C
0.1%
2
AIR FLOW METER PCE
-
007©
AT
W
Flow
°C
m/s
--
±1
±3% ±0.1 calcula ed
om wind speed and
su ace
0.01 m/s
3
BENETECH GM550©
ST °C 1.5% 0.1 °C
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
The me hodology adop ed o his s udy aligns closely wi h bes p ac ices es ablished
in p e ious esea ch, such as he app oach used by Nou i & Cos a (2017) [20] o Rossio
squa e in Lisbon, as well as s udies by Alco o ado e al. (2009) [36], Oli ei a e al. (2011)
[37], and Rod íguez-Algeci as e al. (2016) [38]. These s anda dized p ocedu es ensu ed
consis ency and eliabili y ac oss all measu emen s, acili a ing a obus analysis o mic o-
clima ic condi ions in he s udy a ea.
This selec ion was c ucial o analyze how diffe en u ban ea u es— ege a ion, shad-
ing, and open spaces—affec mic oclima ic a iables, such as AT, RH, and wind pae ns,
in alignmen wi h he s udy’s objec i es o unde s anding u ban com o di e si y.
U ban Sci. 2025, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 26
Table 1. Gene al desc ip ions o he Poin s o In e es in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da
Libe dade.
POI
Vege a ion/Shel e Canopies/Wa e
Condi ions Desc ip ion
Vege a ion
Shel e
Canopies Wa e
1
Exis ing linea plan a ion o e e g een Magnolia. I lowe s be ween Ma ch and
Sep embe . A walkable a ea wi h benches a ailable o sea ing. The e is a sp inkle
sys em. A cobbled a ea.
2 Loca ion in a cobbled a ea, wi hou ees and close o a
a ic lane. Wi h a place o
si nex o he measu ing poin .
3
T ansi ional a ea wi h buildings 12 me es high and cobbles ones on he pa emen .
The e a e no sea ing a eas, and i is an a ea wi h hea y ca a ic (wi h a junc ion).
4
Loca ed in an open a ea (be ween To e dos Clé igos and Rua de San a Ca a ina),
in on o he In e con inen al Ho el (12 me es high). T ansi a ea, no sea s.
5
La ge wooded a ea. S u dy oak ees, la ge in size, wi h a ounded c own and a
illing e ec in he a ea. Flowe ing in May, wi h shady a eas o linge . The e a e a
ew benches sca e ed a ound. The pa h is cobbled.
6
Loca ion in a cobbled a ea wi hou ees and close o a oad. Wi h a place o si nex
o he measu ing poin . Cen al pa emen a ea, a place no mally used by ou
guides o ga he people o a isi .
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion. No e: The ep esen s he p esence o his ype o condi ion.
Table 2. Ins umen s used o mic oclima ic measu emen s.
# Ins umen /Model Name Measu emen Ou pu M
easu emen
Uni Accu acy Resolu ion
1
HANNAH THERMOHIGROMETER HI 9565©
AT
RH
°C
% ± 0.5 °C (AT) 3% ±0.1 0.1 °C
0.1%
2
AIR FLOW METER PCE
-
007©
AT
W
Flow
°C
m/s
--
±1
±3% ±0.1 calcula ed
om wind speed and
su ace
0.01 m/s
3
BENETECH GM550©
ST °C 1.5% 0.1 °C
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
The me hodology adop ed o his s udy aligns closely wi h bes p ac ices es ablished
in p e ious esea ch, such as he app oach used by Nou i & Cos a (2017) [20] o Rossio
squa e in Lisbon, as well as s udies by Alco o ado e al. (2009) [36], Oli ei a e al. (2011)
[37], and Rod íguez-Algeci as e al. (2016) [38]. These s anda dized p ocedu es ensu ed
consis ency and eliabili y ac oss all measu emen s, acili a ing a obus analysis o mic o-
clima ic condi ions in he s udy a ea.
This selec ion was c ucial o analyze how diffe en u ban ea u es— ege a ion, shad-
ing, and open spaces—affec mic oclima ic a iables, such as AT, RH, and wind pae ns,
in alignmen wi h he s udy’s objec i es o unde s anding u ban com o di e si y.
Exis ing linea plan a ion o e e g een Magnolia. I lowe s
be ween Ma ch and Sep embe . A walkable a ea wi h benches
a ailable o sea ing. The e is a sp inkle sys em. A cobbled a ea.
2
Loca ion in a cobbled a ea, wi hou ees and close o a a ic lane.
Wi h a place o si nex o he measu ing poin .
3
T ansi ional a ea wi h buildings 12 m high and cobbles ones on
he pa emen . The e a e no sea ing a eas, and i is an a ea wi h
hea y ca a ic (wi h a junc ion).
4
Loca ed in an open a ea (be ween To e dos Clé igos and Rua de
San a Ca a ina), in on o he In e con inen al Ho el
(12 m high). T ansi a ea, no sea s.
5
U ban Sci. 2025, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 26
Table 1. Gene al desc ip ions o he Poin s o In e es in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da
Libe dade.
POI
Vege a ion/Shel e Canopies/Wa e
Condi ions Desc ip ion
Vege a ion
Shel e
Canopies Wa e
1
Exis ing linea plan a ion o e e g een Magnolia. I lowe s be ween Ma ch and
Sep embe . A walkable a ea wi h benches a ailable o sea ing. The e is a sp inkle
sys em. A cobbled a ea.
2 Loca ion in a cobbled a ea, wi hou ees and close o a
a ic lane. Wi h a place o
si nex o he measu ing poin .
3
T ansi ional a ea wi h buildings 12 me es high and cobbles ones on he pa emen .
The e a e no sea ing a eas, and i is an a ea wi h hea y ca a ic (wi h a junc ion).
4
Loca ed in an open a ea (be ween To e dos Clé igos and Rua de San a Ca a ina),
in on o he In e con inen al Ho el (12 me es high). T ansi a ea, no sea s.
5
La ge wooded a ea. S u dy oak ees, la ge in size, wi h a ounded c own and a
illing e ec in he a ea. Flowe ing in May, wi h shady a eas o linge . The e a e a
ew benches sca e ed a ound. The pa h is cobbled.
6
Loca ion in a cobbled a ea wi hou ees and close o a oad. Wi h a place o si nex
o he measu ing poin . Cen al pa emen a ea, a place no mally used by ou
guides o ga he people o a isi .
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion. No e: The ep esen s he p esence o his ype o condi ion.
Table 2. Ins umen s used o mic oclima ic measu emen s.
# Ins umen /Model Name Measu emen Ou pu M
easu emen
Uni Accu acy Resolu ion
1
HANNAH THERMOHIGROMETER HI 9565©
AT
RH
°C
% ± 0.5 °C (AT) 3% ±0.1 0.1 °C
0.1%
2
AIR FLOW METER PCE
-
007©
AT
W
Flow
°C
m/s
--
±1
±3% ±0.1 calcula ed
om wind speed and
su ace
0.01 m/s
3
BENETECH GM550©
ST °C 1.5% 0.1 °C
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
The me hodology adop ed o his s udy aligns closely wi h bes p ac ices es ablished
in p e ious esea ch, such as he app oach used by Nou i & Cos a (2017) [20] o Rossio
squa e in Lisbon, as well as s udies by Alco o ado e al. (2009) [36], Oli ei a e al. (2011)
[37], and Rod íguez-Algeci as e al. (2016) [38]. These s anda dized p ocedu es ensu ed
consis ency and eliabili y ac oss all measu emen s, acili a ing a obus analysis o mic o-
clima ic condi ions in he s udy a ea.
This selec ion was c ucial o analyze how diffe en u ban ea u es— ege a ion, shad-
ing, and open spaces—affec mic oclima ic a iables, such as AT, RH, and wind pae ns,
in alignmen wi h he s udy’s objec i es o unde s anding u ban com o di e si y.
U ban Sci. 2025, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 26
Table 1. Gene al desc ip ions o he Poin s o In e es in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da
Libe dade.
POI
Vege a ion/Shel e Canopies/Wa e
Condi ions Desc ip ion
Vege a ion
Shel e
Canopies Wa e
1
Exis ing linea plan a ion o e e g een Magnolia. I lowe s be ween Ma ch and
Sep embe . A walkable a ea wi h benches a ailable o sea ing. The e is a sp inkle
sys em. A cobbled a ea.
2 Loca ion in a cobbled a ea, wi hou ees and close o a
a ic lane. Wi h a place o
si nex o he measu ing poin .
3
T ansi ional a ea wi h buildings 12 me es high and cobbles ones on he pa emen .
The e a e no sea ing a eas, and i is an a ea wi h hea y ca a ic (wi h a junc ion).
4
Loca ed in an open a ea (be ween To e dos Clé igos and Rua de San a Ca a ina),
in on o he In e con inen al Ho el (12 me es high). T ansi a ea, no sea s.
5
La ge wooded a ea. S u dy oak ees, la ge in size, wi h a ounded c own and a
illing e ec in he a ea. Flowe ing in May, wi h shady a eas o linge . The e a e a
ew benches sca e ed a ound. The pa h is cobbled.
6
Loca ion in a cobbled a ea wi hou ees and close o a oad. Wi h a place o si nex
o he measu ing poin . Cen al pa emen a ea, a place no mally used by ou
guides o ga he people o a isi .
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion. No e: The ep esen s he p esence o his ype o condi ion.
Table 2. Ins umen s used o mic oclima ic measu emen s.
# Ins umen /Model Name Measu emen Ou pu M
easu emen
Uni Accu acy Resolu ion
1
HANNAH THERMOHIGROMETER HI 9565©
AT
RH
°C
% ± 0.5 °C (AT) 3% ±0.1 0.1 °C
0.1%
2
AIR FLOW METER PCE
-
007©
AT
W
Flow
°C
m/s
--
±1
±3% ±0.1 calcula ed
om wind speed and
su ace
0.01 m/s
3
BENETECH GM550©
ST °C 1.5% 0.1 °C
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
The me hodology adop ed o his s udy aligns closely wi h bes p ac ices es ablished
in p e ious esea ch, such as he app oach used by Nou i & Cos a (2017) [20] o Rossio
squa e in Lisbon, as well as s udies by Alco o ado e al. (2009) [36], Oli ei a e al. (2011)
[37], and Rod íguez-Algeci as e al. (2016) [38]. These s anda dized p ocedu es ensu ed
consis ency and eliabili y ac oss all measu emen s, acili a ing a obus analysis o mic o-
clima ic condi ions in he s udy a ea.
This selec ion was c ucial o analyze how diffe en u ban ea u es— ege a ion, shad-
ing, and open spaces—affec mic oclima ic a iables, such as AT, RH, and wind pae ns,
in alignmen wi h he s udy’s objec i es o unde s anding u ban com o di e si y.
La ge wooded a ea. S u dy oak ees, la ge in size, wi h a ounded
c own and a illing e ec in he a ea. Flowe ing in May, wi h
shady a eas o linge . The e a e a ew benches sca e ed a ound.
The pa h is cobbled.
6
Loca ion in a cobbled a ea wi hou ees and close o a oad. Wi h
a place o si nex o he measu ing poin . Cen al pa emen a ea,
a place no mally used by ou guides o ga he people o a isi .
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion. No e: The
U ban Sci. 2025, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 26
Table 1. Gene al desc ip ions o he Poin s o In e es in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da
Libe dade.
POI
Vege a ion/Shel e Canopies/Wa e
Condi ions Desc ip ion
Vege a ion
Shel e
Canopies Wa e
1
Exis ing linea plan a ion o e e g een Magnolia. I lowe s be ween Ma ch and
Sep embe . A walkable a ea wi h benches a ailable o sea ing. The e is a sp inkle
sys em. A cobbled a ea.
2 Loca ion in a cobbled a ea, wi hou ees and close o a
a ic lane. Wi h a place o
si nex o he measu ing poin .
3
T ansi ional a ea wi h buildings 12 me es high and cobbles ones on he pa emen .
The e a e no sea ing a eas, and i is an a ea wi h hea y ca a ic (wi h a junc ion).
4
Loca ed in an open a ea (be ween To e dos Clé igos and Rua de San a Ca a ina),
in on o he In e con inen al Ho el (12 me es high). T ansi a ea, no sea s.
5
La ge wooded a ea. S u dy oak ees, la ge in size, wi h a ounded c own and a
illing e ec in he a ea. Flowe ing in May, wi h shady a eas o linge . The e a e a
ew benches sca e ed a ound. The pa h is cobbled.
6
Loca ion in a cobbled a ea wi hou ees and close o a oad. Wi h a place o si nex
o he measu ing poin . Cen al pa emen a ea, a place no mally used by ou
guides o ga he people o a isi .
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion. No e: The ep esen s he p esence o his ype o condi ion.
Table 2. Ins umen s used o mic oclima ic measu emen s.
# Ins umen /Model Name Measu emen Ou pu M
easu emen
Uni Accu acy Resolu ion
1
HANNAH THERMOHIGROMETER HI 9565©
AT
RH
°C
% ± 0.5 °C (AT) 3% ±0.1 0.1 °C
0.1%
2
AIR FLOW METER PCE
-
007©
AT
W
Flow
°C
m/s
--
±1
±3% ±0.1 calcula ed
om wind speed and
su ace
0.01 m/s
3
BENETECH GM550©
ST °C 1.5% 0.1 °C
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
The me hodology adop ed o his s udy aligns closely wi h bes p ac ices es ablished
in p e ious esea ch, such as he app oach used by Nou i & Cos a (2017) [20] o Rossio
squa e in Lisbon, as well as s udies by Alco o ado e al. (2009) [36], Oli ei a e al. (2011)
[37], and Rod íguez-Algeci as e al. (2016) [38]. These s anda dized p ocedu es ensu ed
consis ency and eliabili y ac oss all measu emen s, acili a ing a obus analysis o mic o-
clima ic condi ions in he s udy a ea.
This selec ion was c ucial o analyze how diffe en u ban ea u es— ege a ion, shad-
ing, and open spaces—affec mic oclima ic a iables, such as AT, RH, and wind pae ns,
in alignmen wi h he s udy’s objec i es o unde s anding u ban com o di e si y.
ep esen s he p esence o his ype o condi ion.
Table 2. Ins umen s used o mic oclima ic measu emen s.
# Ins umen /Model Name Measu emen
Ou pu
Measu emen
Uni
Accu acy Resolu ion
1
HANNAH
THERMOHIGROMETER HI 9565©
U ban Sci. 2025, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 26
Table 1. Gene al desc ip ions o he Poin s o In e es in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da
Libe dade.
POI
Vege a ion/Shel e Canopies/Wa e
Condi ions Desc ip ion
Vege a ion
Shel e
Canopies Wa e
1
Exis ing linea plan a ion o e e g een Magnolia. I lowe s be ween Ma ch and
Sep embe . A walkable a ea wi h benches a ailable o sea ing. The e is a sp inkle
sys em. A cobbled a ea.
2 Loca ion in a cobbled a ea, wi hou ees and close o a
a ic lane. Wi h a place o
si nex o he measu ing poin .
3
T ansi ional a ea wi h buildings 12 me es high and cobbles ones on he pa emen .
The e a e no sea ing a eas, and i is an a ea wi h hea y ca a ic (wi h a junc ion).
4
Loca ed in an open a ea (be ween To e dos Clé igos and Rua de San a Ca a ina),
in on o he In e con inen al Ho el (12 me es high). T ansi a ea, no sea s.
5
La ge wooded a ea. S u dy oak ees, la ge in size, wi h a ounded c own and a
illing e ec in he a ea. Flowe ing in May, wi h shady a eas o linge . The e a e a
ew benches sca e ed a ound. The pa h is cobbled.
6
Loca ion in a cobbled a ea wi hou ees and close o a oad. Wi h a place o si nex
o he measu ing poin . Cen al pa emen a ea, a place no mally used by ou
guides o ga he people o a isi .
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion. No e: The ep esen s he p esence o his ype o condi ion.
Table 2. Ins umen s used o mic oclima ic measu emen s.
# Ins umen /Model Name Measu emen Ou pu M
easu emen
Uni Accu acy Resolu ion
1
HANNAH THERMOHIGROMETER HI 9565©
AT
RH
°C
% ± 0.5 °C (AT) 3% ±0.1 0.1 °C
0.1%
2
AIR FLOW METER PCE
-
007©
AT
W
Flow
°C
m/s
--
±1
±3% ±0.1 calcula ed
om wind speed and
su ace
0.01 m/s
3
BENETECH GM550©
ST °C 1.5% 0.1 °C
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
The me hodology adop ed o his s udy aligns closely wi h bes p ac ices es ablished
in p e ious esea ch, such as he app oach used by Nou i & Cos a (2017) [20] o Rossio
squa e in Lisbon, as well as s udies by Alco o ado e al. (2009) [36], Oli ei a e al. (2011)
[37], and Rod íguez-Algeci as e al. (2016) [38]. These s anda dized p ocedu es ensu ed
consis ency and eliabili y ac oss all measu emen s, acili a ing a obus analysis o mic o-
clima ic condi ions in he s udy a ea.
This selec ion was c ucial o analyze how diffe en u ban ea u es— ege a ion, shad-
ing, and open spaces—affec mic oclima ic a iables, such as AT, RH, and wind pae ns,
in alignmen wi h he s udy’s objec i es o unde s anding u ban com o di e si y.
AT
RH
◦C
%
±0.5 ◦C (AT) 3%
±0.1
0.1 ◦C
0.1%
2
AIR FLOW METER PCE-007©
U ban Sci. 2025, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 26
Table 1. Gene al desc ip ions o he Poin s o In e es in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da
Libe dade.
POI
Vege a ion/Shel e Canopies/Wa e
Condi ions Desc ip ion
Vege a ion
Shel e
Canopies Wa e
1
Exis ing linea plan a ion o e e g een Magnolia. I lowe s be ween Ma ch and
Sep embe . A walkable a ea wi h benches a ailable o sea ing. The e is a sp inkle
sys em. A cobbled a ea.
2 Loca ion in a cobbled a ea, wi hou ees and close o a
a ic lane. Wi h a place o
si nex o he measu ing poin .
3
T ansi ional a ea wi h buildings 12 me es high and cobbles ones on he pa emen .
The e a e no sea ing a eas, and i is an a ea wi h hea y ca a ic (wi h a junc ion).
4
Loca ed in an open a ea (be ween To e dos Clé igos and Rua de San a Ca a ina),
in on o he In e con inen al Ho el (12 me es high). T ansi a ea, no sea s.
5
La ge wooded a ea. S u dy oak ees, la ge in size, wi h a ounded c own and a
illing e ec in he a ea. Flowe ing in May, wi h shady a eas o linge . The e a e a
ew benches sca e ed a ound. The pa h is cobbled.
6
Loca ion in a cobbled a ea wi hou ees and close o a oad. Wi h a place o si nex
o he measu ing poin . Cen al pa emen a ea, a place no mally used by ou
guides o ga he people o a isi .
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion. No e: The ep esen s he p esence o his ype o condi ion.
Table 2. Ins umen s used o mic oclima ic measu emen s.
# Ins umen /Model Name Measu emen Ou pu M
easu emen
Uni Accu acy Resolu ion
1
HANNAH THERMOHIGROMETER HI 9565©
AT
RH
°C
% ± 0.5 °C (AT) 3% ±0.1 0.1 °C
0.1%
2
AIR FLOW METER PCE
-
007©
AT
W
Flow
°C
m/s
--
±1
±3% ±0.1 calcula ed
om wind speed and
su ace
0.01 m/s
3
BENETECH GM550©
ST °C 1.5% 0.1 °C
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
The me hodology adop ed o his s udy aligns closely wi h bes p ac ices es ablished
in p e ious esea ch, such as he app oach used by Nou i & Cos a (2017) [20] o Rossio
squa e in Lisbon, as well as s udies by Alco o ado e al. (2009) [36], Oli ei a e al. (2011)
[37], and Rod íguez-Algeci as e al. (2016) [38]. These s anda dized p ocedu es ensu ed
consis ency and eliabili y ac oss all measu emen s, acili a ing a obus analysis o mic o-
clima ic condi ions in he s udy a ea.
This selec ion was c ucial o analyze how diffe en u ban ea u es— ege a ion, shad-
ing, and open spaces—affec mic oclima ic a iables, such as AT, RH, and wind pae ns,
in alignmen wi h he s udy’s objec i es o unde s anding u ban com o di e si y.
AT
W
Flow
◦C
m/s
--
±1
±3% ±0.1 calcula ed
om wind speed and
su ace
0.01 m/s
3
BENETECH GM550©
U ban Sci. 2025, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 26
Table 1. Gene al desc ip ions o he Poin s o In e es in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da
Libe dade.
POI
Vege a ion/Shel e Canopies/Wa e
Condi ions Desc ip ion
Vege a ion
Shel e
Canopies Wa e
1
Exis ing linea plan a ion o e e g een Magnolia. I lowe s be ween Ma ch and
Sep embe . A walkable a ea wi h benches a ailable o sea ing. The e is a sp inkle
sys em. A cobbled a ea.
2 Loca ion in a cobbled a ea, wi hou ees and close o a
a ic lane. Wi h a place o
si nex o he measu ing poin .
3
T ansi ional a ea wi h buildings 12 me es high and cobbles ones on he pa emen .
The e a e no sea ing a eas, and i is an a ea wi h hea y ca a ic (wi h a junc ion).
4
Loca ed in an open a ea (be ween To e dos Clé igos and Rua de San a Ca a ina),
in on o he In e con inen al Ho el (12 me es high). T ansi a ea, no sea s.
5
La ge wooded a ea. S u dy oak ees, la ge in size, wi h a ounded c own and a
illing e ec in he a ea. Flowe ing in May, wi h shady a eas o linge . The e a e a
ew benches sca e ed a ound. The pa h is cobbled.
6
Loca ion in a cobbled a ea wi hou ees and close o a oad. Wi h a place o si nex
o he measu ing poin . Cen al pa emen a ea, a place no mally used by ou
guides o ga he people o a isi .
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion. No e: The ep esen s he p esence o his ype o condi ion.
Table 2. Ins umen s used o mic oclima ic measu emen s.
# Ins umen /Model Name Measu emen Ou pu M
easu emen
Uni Accu acy Resolu ion
1
HANNAH THERMOHIGROMETER HI 9565©
AT
RH
°C
% ± 0.5 °C (AT) 3% ±0.1 0.1 °C
0.1%
2
AIR FLOW METER PCE
-
007©
AT
W
Flow
°C
m/s
--
±1
±3% ±0.1 calcula ed
om wind speed and
su ace
0.01 m/s
3
BENETECH GM550©
ST °C 1.5% 0.1 °C
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
The me hodology adop ed o his s udy aligns closely wi h bes p ac ices es ablished
in p e ious esea ch, such as he app oach used by Nou i & Cos a (2017) [20] o Rossio
squa e in Lisbon, as well as s udies by Alco o ado e al. (2009) [36], Oli ei a e al. (2011)
[37], and Rod íguez-Algeci as e al. (2016) [38]. These s anda dized p ocedu es ensu ed
consis ency and eliabili y ac oss all measu emen s, acili a ing a obus analysis o mic o-
clima ic condi ions in he s udy a ea.
This selec ion was c ucial o analyze how diffe en u ban ea u es— ege a ion, shad-
ing, and open spaces—affec mic oclima ic a iables, such as AT, RH, and wind pae ns,
in alignmen wi h he s udy’s objec i es o unde s anding u ban com o di e si y.
ST ◦C 1.5% 0.1 ◦C
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion.
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 9 o 24
Table 3. The eg ession o he s udied a iables on A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade—o e all pe iod, summe and win e season 2019–2020.
Day AT (Max)
(◦C)
AT (Min)
(◦C)
RH (%) max
RH (%) min Wind (MpH)
Max Speed
P e ailing Wind
Di ec ion
Sea Le el
P essu e (Hg) Type o A mosphe ic Ci cula ion Nebulosi y
Condi ions
14.07.2019 22 17 100 78 19 WNW–NW 1007.23 Dep ession egions cen e ed wes o mainland Po ugal o o
he mal o igin o e he Ibe ian Peninsula Pa ly/Mos ly
cloudy
21.07.2019 24 13 100 69 22 NNW–NW 1011.20
An icyclone loca ed sou hwes o o e he Azo es
A chipelago, some imes ex ending idge o he B i ish Isles o
wi h mul iple co es, in ac ion combined wi h he mal
dep ession o e he eas e n pa o he Ibe ian Peninsula
Fai
15.08.2019 24 15 100 57 24 NNW–NW 1012.19
An icyclonic c es , associa ed wi h a high p essu e cen e
whose loca ion oscilla ed in he A lan ic be ween he no heas
and sou hwes egions o he Azo es a chipelago. The mal
dep ession, cen e ed in he in e io o he Ibe ian Peninsula
Fai
21.08.2019 28 17 94 47 22 NNW 1009.58
An icyclonic c es , associa ed wi h a high p essu e cen e
whose loca ion oscilla ed in he A lan ic be ween he no heas
and sou hwes egions o he Azo es a chipelago. The mal
dep ession, cen e ed in he in e io o he Ibe ian Peninsula
Fai
24.12.2019 119 12 100 68 24 ESE–E 1018.50
Blocking an icyclone o e he Ibe ian Peninsula, No h A ica
and Wes e n Eu ope.
Eas quad an cu en Fai
28.12.2019 219 8 81 32 26 ESE–E 1019.49
Blocking an icyclone o e he Ibe ian Peninsula, No h A ica
and Wes e n Eu ope Fai
23.02.2020 320 5 100 49 9 WNW–NNW 1023.46 An icyclone loca ed in he Ibe ian Peninsula o in he Azo es
ex ending along he idge owa ds he peninsula Fai
11.07.2020 30 16 94 40 22 VAR (namely,
NNW–NW–WNW) 1004.62 An icyclone loca ed o e he B i ish Isles. App oaching o
passing h ough low ac i i y on al su aces Fai
05.08.2020 25 13 100 57 28 NNW–NW 1005.61
An icyclone loca ed in he egion o he Azo es a chipelago,
ex ending in o he c es o he Bay o Biscay o o he B i ish
Isles. The mal dep ession and/o in e ed alley
ex ending om no he n Mo occo o he Ibe ian Peninsula
Fai
08.08.2020 23 16 100 73 19 S 1010.57 An icyclone loca ed in he egion o he Azo es a chipelago,
ex ending in o he c es o he Bay o Biscay o he B i ish Isles
Fog/Mis
13.08.2020 22 13 100 68 19 NNW–WNW 1010.57 An icyclone loca ed o e he Azo es a chipelago Fai /Pa ly
cloudy
21.08.2020 23 16 100 69 19 VAR (namely, SE,
SSW, SW) 1013.54
An icyclone loca ed in he Azo es a chipelago, o sou h o i
Dep essions cen e ed o he wes o on he Ibe ian Peninsula,
wi h exp ession in al i ude and/o app oaching o passing
on al su aces
Pa ly
cloudy/Fai
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion, based on IPMA (Po uguese Ins i u e o Sea and A mosphe e da a) Impo an e en s: 1Ch is mas E e; 2S. Sil es e Running; 3Ca ni al Sunday.
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 16 o 24
be ween spaces, bo h wi h di ec e ec s in he s udy a ea and wi h di ec and/o indi ec
e ec s in adjacen a eas. As expec ed, AT and RH (%) showed a e y s ong co ela ion
( = −0.887; p≤0.001).
In he ea ly mo ning, because o he coole ai being close o sa u a ion, AT and RH
(%) eco ded an “excellen ” a e age nega i e coe icien a all POIs. These esul s a e in
line wi h o he s udies conduc ed o o he ci ies, such as Blooming on (Indiana, USA),
Tel-A i (Is ael), Genoa, Milan, Rome (I aly), and Lisbon (Po ugal—e.g., Souch & Souch,
1993 [
40
]; Shashua-Ba & Ho man, 2000 [
39
]; Pe ini & Magliocco, 2014 [
41
]; Nou i &
Cos a, 2017b [
20
]). Simila ly, a s ong ela ionship be ween AT and T
su
was iden i ied
in he o e all analysis and du ing he summe season. This ela ionship is a ibu ed o
he sensible hea eleased in o he a mosphe e when T
su
exceeds AT [
22
,
42
]. In con as ,
he ela ionship be ween wind pa e ns and o he mic oclima ic a iables e ealed he
ollowing cha ac e is ics:
•
Wind pa e ns gene ally ha e a weak e ec among o he a iables o all obse a-
ion poin s.
•
The weakness in he s a is ical ela ionship be ween he se o a iables is co obo a ed
based on highe p- alues (e.g., AT s. W
speed
); no e ha ne e heless, POIs 1 and 3
show s onge co ela ions, because o he alues.
I should be no ed ega ding wind speed ha alues be ween 1.0 and 2.0 m
·
s
−1
demons a e, du ing he summe pe iod, a s ong in luence on he mal sensa ion when
he pedes ian is unde he di ec sola adia ion. They also e eal a conside ably weak
e ec in shaded condi ions. Du ing win e , he e ec o highe wind speed accen ua es
discom o in any o he loca ions, whe he unde he in luence o di ec sola adia ion
o no . Despi e being in di ec exposu e o sola adia ion, POI 2 showed a highe wind
in ensi y in bo h seasons.
3.2. Subjec i e Dimension—An Analysis Based on Decisions and Adjus men s o
The mal Com o
The pe cep ion o he mal com o a ies signi ican ly be ween di e en places in
he squa e/a enue. The pe cep ion o ho and cool a eas is shown in Figu e 5 h ough
men al maps d awn by indi iduals. These esul s ha e been supe imposed o highligh he
seasonal di e ences (summe 2019, win e 2019–2020, and summe 2020). The de ec ed
clues did no always coincide wi h he esul s ob ained om he me eo ological ins umen s
used in he mic oclima ic measu emen s. The people who pa icipa ed in he c ea ion o
he men al maps main ained he ollowing:
(i)
The cen al a eas o A enida dos Aliados a e conside ed wa me ;
(ii)
The a eas sou h o A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade we e iden i ied as
coole poin s.
Figu e 6shows he numbe o pedes ians a he Poin s o In e es (POIs) whe e
mic oclima ic measu emen s we e aken.
This coun di e en ia ed be ween pedes ians who we e s anding o si ing. The
highes numbe o pedes ians was loca ed sou h o A enida dos Aliados and P aça da
Libe dade, speci ically a POIs 5 and 6. POI 4 and 5 we e he a eas wi h he highes
pedes ian a ic du ing he win e o 2019–2020. In some o he POIs, people ook he
oppo uni y o si down. This di e en ia ion ex ends h oughou he in aday pe iod, wi h
a educ ion in pedes ians in di e en poin s o A enida dos Aliados du ing he day and
a signi ican inc ease be ween 16:00 GMT + 00 and 17:00 GMT + 00. POI 5 p o es o be
c ucial du ing he day due o he shading e ec caused by he ee canopy, esona ing wi h
he documen ed peaking phenomenon in public spaces by Pushka e & Zupan (1975) [
43
],
sugges ing hey we e leas used in he mo ning, mos used nea noon, and mode a e
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 17 o 24
in he a e noon. This is also co obo a ed by Gehl’s s udies [
2
], which highligh how
mic oclima ic ac o s in luence he pe manence and mo emen o people in u ban a eas.
U ban Sci. 2025, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 o 26
Figu e 5. The mal sensa ion map in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade. (A) Pe cep ion
o coole a eas; (B) pe cep ion o wa me a eas; (C–E) pe cep ion o coole a eas in summe 2019,
win e 2019–2020, and summe 2020, espec i ely; (F–H) pe cep ion o wa me a eas in summe
Figu e 5. The mal sensa ion map in A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade. (A) Pe cep ion
o coole a eas; (B) pe cep ion o wa me a eas; (C–E) pe cep ion o coole a eas in summe 2019,
win e 2019–2020, and summe 2020, espec i ely; (F–H) pe cep ion o wa me a eas in summe
2019, win e 2019–2020, and summe 2020, espec i ely. Sou ce: own elabo a ion, based on campaign
measu emen s ca ied ou on A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade.
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 18 o 24
U ban Sci. 2025, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 o 26
2019, win e 2019–2020, and summe 2020, espec i ely. Sou ce: own elabo a ion, based on cam-
paign measu emen s ca ied ou on A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade.
Figu e 6 shows he numbe o pedes ians a he Poin s o In e es (POIs) whe e mi-
c oclima ic measu emen s we e aken.
Figu e 6. Pedes ian coun s (a e age pedes ian) a mic oclima e moni o ing si es and ques ionnai e
su ey si es. (A) Summe 2019; (B) win e 2019–2020; (C) summe 2020; and (D) o al. Sou ce: own
elabo a ion, based on pedes ian coun s by obse a ion me hod.
Figu e 6. Pedes ian coun s (a e age pedes ian) a mic oclima e moni o ing si es and ques ionnai e
su ey si es. (A) Summe 2019; (B) win e 2019–2020; (C) summe 2020; and (D) o al. Sou ce: own
elabo a ion, based on pedes ian coun s by obse a ion me hod.
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 19 o 24
These esul s indica e ha many pedes ians in all a eas o A enida dos Aliados and
P aça da Libe dade made a psychological decision o expose hemsel es o such s imuli
o de ined pe iods o ime, based on he he mal com o a he ime o he su ey. The e
was a g ea e ela ionship be ween he ime spen in a pa icula POI and he highe
le el o com o . The esul s indica e ha a signi ican p opo ion o pedes ians made
psychological decisions based on he he mal com o o he momen . These esul s a e
in line wi h he s udies by Nikolopoulou & S eeme s (2003) [
44
], which add ess how he
subjec i e pe cep ion o he mal com o in luences he choice o s ay in ce ain loca ions
wi hin public spaces.
4. Discussion and Conclusions
The esea ch highligh s he p onounced mic oclima ic a iabili y ha cha ac e izes
A enida dos Aliados and P aça da Libe dade, demons a ing he complex in e play be-
ween u ban s uc u es, sola exposu e, and wind pa e ns. Seasonal di e ences ha e
a signi ican impac on he mal com o , wi h disce nible pa e ns in bo h summe and
win e . Shaded a eas, especially wi hin he P aça da Libe dade, eme ge as p e e ed lo-
ca ions du ing wa me seasons, indica ing he in luence o en i onmen al elemen s on
pedes ian p e e ences. Du ing win e , he mal pa e ns di e signi ican ly, wi h lowe
AT and ST obse ed, pa icula ly in shaded o no he n a eas. Pedes ian beha io adap s
acco dingly, wi h a no able p e e ence o sunli loca ions, such as he no he n sec ion o
A enida dos Aliados, which exhibi ed highe T
su
alues du ing midday due o g ea e
sola exposu e. Con e sely, sou he n a eas o P aça da Libe dade we e less equen ed due
o coole condi ions and highe RH, highligh ing he ole o mic oclima ic a iabili y in
shaping use choices.
A no able inding is he disc epancy be ween ins umen al measu emen s and
pedes ian-gene a ed men al maps, emphasizing he subjec i e na u e o he mal com-
o pe cep ion. Indi iduals o en p io i ize shaded a eas, de ia ing om he in luence
o pu ely me eo ological condi ions. Indeed, a p e ious s udy conduc ed by Vidal e al.
(2022) [
45
] ound ha indi iduals p e e o be close o shaded a eas, pa icula ly ees,
ega dless o whe he i is sunny o no . Fo ins ance, he popula i y o shaded a eas in
summe and sunli spo s in win e demons a es he impo ance o designing spaces ha
encou age p olonged s ays, as highligh ed by Gehl’s emphasis on in eg a ing mic ocli-
ma ic ac o s in o public space design [
2
]. This obse a ion unde sco es he impo ance
o conside ing bo h objec i e clima ic da a and indi idual pe cep ions and p e e ences
when e alua ing he com o o u ban spaces. As Be ge & Luckmann (2016) [
46
] sugges ed
in hei sociological heo y o he “social cons uc ion o eali y”, indi iduals in e p e
and de ine hei eali y based on hei subjec i e expe iences. In his con ex , indi iduals
pe cei ing di e en he mal sensa ions despi e iden ical me eo ological condi ions illus-
a e how pe sonal expe iences in luence pe cep ions o com o and discom o in u ban
se ings. This inding also suppo s Hen i Le eb e’s hesis o “pe cei ed space” agains
“concei ed space”. Pe cei ed space is how people subjec i ely expe ience and in e p e
space, whe eas concep ualized space e e s o he objec i e, measu ed cha ac e is ics o
space. The dispa i y be ween subjec i e pe cep ions and objec i e measu emen s e eals
how people’s men al maps and subjec i e expe iences shape hei spa ial pe cep ions and
decisions in u ban en i onmen s [
47
]. While objec i e da a iden i ied coole a eas wi h
ege a ion as he mally com o able, subjec i e p e e ences e ealed a s onge inclina ion
o sunli loca ions in win e . This highligh s he need o u ban designs ha add ess bo h
measu able clima ic condi ions and human expe ien ial ac o s.
Pedes ians exhibi adap i e beha io by s a egically selec ing ce ain loca ions based
on hei pe cei ed he mal com o . The highe pedes ian in lux in shaded a eas sugges s
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 20 o 24
he c i ical ole o en i onmen al ea u es in shaping mo emen and dwell decisions. This
beha io al aspec adds a nuanced laye o he unde s anding o u ban mic oclima es,
highligh ing he need o a holis ic app oach ha in eg a es bo h clima ic da a and human
expe ience. Also, indi iduals’ endency o adjus hei s ay in a loca ion based on en i-
onmen al s imuli is like he concep o “ ac ical u banism” in sociology, e e ing o how
people ac i ely and adap i ely in e ac wi h hei en i onmen , modi ying o ede ining he
use o u ban places in esponse o immedia e demands o p e e ences. When people choose
o seek al e na i e loca ions o eloca e due o discom o , i demons a es hei agency in
na iga ing and nego ia ing u ban en i onmen s o mee hei com o equi emen s [
48
].
The in eg a ion o s a egies ha ad ance sus ainabili y, such as he inco po a ion o ege-
a ion o enhance he mal com o and en i onmen al quali y, empowe s u ban planne s
o c ea e spaces ha no only mee p esen -day needs bu a e also equipped o add ess
he u u e challenges posed by clima e change. As p oposed by au ho s such as Nou i &
Cos a (2017) [
13
], sus ainable placemaking should be a p ima y objec i e in con empo a y
u ban planning.
The esul s p o ide in o ma ion o op imizing public spaces o imp o e he mal
com o . Conside a ion o elemen s such as ege a ion, shading s uc u es, and spa ial
con igu a ions will be essen ial in c ea ing u ban en i onmen s ha mee he di e se
needs and p e e ences o pedes ians. Addi ionally, i will be c ucial in a clima e change
scena io o acknowledge he seasonal a ia ions in he mal com o and usage pa e ns
by designing ooms ha can wi hs and bo h summe and win e empe a u es, such as
using adap i e shade componen s o wind ba ie s. This can be complemen ed h ough
he iden i ica ion and es ablishing o key spo s in public se ings ha p o ide inc eased
com o le els and imp o e he o e all use expe ience. These nodes can be ou i ed
wi h shade componen s, si ing con igu a ions, and landscaping o encou age ex ended
in e ac ion. Mos impo an ly, and some imes unde es ima ed in u ban planning, is he
need o design s ee s and public spaces wi h pedes ian com o in mind o encou age
ac i e use. Pu ing pedes ian- iendly elemen s i s , such as shaded walkways, lounging
a eas, and windb eaks, can help o a ac and e ain oo a ic all day [
2
,
49
,
50
]. I is
impo an o conside he po en ial o u ban spaces as sus ainable e uges wi hin a la ge
u ban en i onmen , as pos ula ed by Foucaul ’s ‘he e o opias’ pa adox [51].
In ac , he ela ionships be ween key mic oclima ic a iables—such as AT, RH, and
Tsu —and beha io al pa e ns e eal ac ionable insigh s o u ban planning:
1.
The s ong co ela ion be ween AT and T
su
emphasizes he need o ma e ial selec ion
in u ban su aces. Su aces wi h high he mal emissi i y should be p io i ized in
win e o e ain hea , while ma e ials wi h low hea abso p ion a e ecommended
o summe .
2.
The c i ical ole o g eene y in mi iga ing hea du ing summe and p o iding aes he ic
alue in win e . S a egically placed deciduous ees could o e shade in summe
while allowing sunligh in win e , suppo ing yea - ound usabili y.
3.
While wind p o ided cooling elie in summe , i s in ensi ica ion du ing win e
inc eased discom o , pa icula ly in open a eas like POI 6. The inclusion o ege a ion
ba ie s o a chi ec u al windb eaks could mi iga e his e ec , ensu ing mo e pleasan
win e condi ions.
4.
The p e e ence o shaded a eas in summe and sunli zones in win e sugges s he
need o modula , seasonally adap i e spaces. Fea u es such as e ac able shading
s uc u es and lexible sea ing a angemen s can add ess hese dynamic equi emen s.
Despi e his, he s udy’s na ow ocus on speci ic seasons (summe and win e o
2019–2020) may no ully encompass long- e m clima ic a ia ions o excep ional e en s
ha could po en ially in luence pedes ian beha io and he mal com o . Addi ionally, he
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 21 o 24
s udy’s emphasis on mic oclima ic ac o s and he mal pe cep ion may ha e o e looked
o he po en ial in luences, such as ai quali y, noise, and socioeconomic ac o s, which
could also a ec pedes ian beha io . Encou aging collabo a ion among u ban planne s,
a chi ec s, en i onmen al scien is s, and sociologis s o c ea e holis ic designs ha con-
side mic oclima e a iables, beha io al elemen s, and social equi emen s, may esul
in inclusi e and lexible u ban a eas. Fu u e u ban planning e o s in Po o and simila
ci ies should (1) inco po a e seasonally esponsi e elemen s such as deciduous ege a ion,
windb eaks, and sola -abso bing ma e ials; (2) design lexible public spaces wi h mo able
sea ing and adjus able shading o accommoda e bo h summe and win e p e e ences; and
(3) engage local communi ies in pa icipa o y design p ocesses o align u ban de elopmen
wi h use needs and pe cep ions.
Despi e he ad ancemen s in he s udy, ce ain limi a ions highligh he need o
u he assessmen :
(1)
Expanding empo al scope—a b oade empo al scope is needed o cap u e yea -
ound a ia ions and ex eme wea he e en s, which can signi ican ly a ec pedes-
ian beha io and he usabili y o public spaces. Fu u e esea ch should include
longi udinal assessmen s o e mul iple yea s o be e unde s and he adap abil-
i y o u ban spaces unde di e en clima e scena ios, pa icula ly in he con ex o
clima e change.
(2)
Inco po a ing addi ional a iables— he emphasis on mic oclima ic ac o s and he -
mal pe cep ion, while essen ial, o e looks o he c i ical in luences, such as ai quali y,
noise, and socioeconomic condi ions. In u u e s udies, hese a iables would p o ide
a mo e holis ic unde s anding o he ac o s shaping u ban space use and enable
he de elopmen o u ban design s a egies ha add ess mul iple dimensions o he
u ban expe ience.
Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, H.S.L., P.C.R., D.G.V., V.R., L.T.S. and J.M.-V.; me hodology,
H.S.L.; so wa e, H.S.L.; alida ion, H.S.L., P.C.R., D.G.V., V.R., L.T.S. and J.M.-V.; o mal analysis,
H.S.L., P.C.R., D.G.V., V.R., L.T.S. and J.M.-V.; in es iga ion, H.S.L. and D.G.V.; esou ces, H.S.L.,
P.C.R., D.G.V., V.R., L.T.S. and J.M.-V.; da a cu a ion, H.S.L., P.C.R., D.G.V., V.R., L.T.S. and J.M.-V.;
w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, H.S.L., P.C.R., D.G.V., V.R., L.T.S. and J.M.-V.; w i ing— e iew
and edi ing, H.S.L., P.C.R., D.G.V., V.R., L.T.S. and J.M.-V.; isualiza ion, H.S.L., P.C.R., D.G.V., V.R.,
L.T.S. and J.M.-V.; supe ision, H.S.L., P.C.R., D.G.V., V.R., L.T.S. and J.M.-V.; p ojec adminis a ion,
H.S.L., P.C.R., D.G.V., V.R., L.T.S. and J.M.-V.; unding acquisi ion, H.S.L., P.C.R. and J.M.-V. All
au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding: This publica ion was suppo ed by he Mul iannual Funding o he Labo a o y o Land-
scapes, He i age and Te i o y (Lab2PT), Re . UIP/04509/2020, inanced by na ional unds (PIDDAC)
h ough FCT/Q3 MCTES.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : The da a p esen ed in his s udy a e a ailable on eques om he
co esponding au ho .
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es .
U ban Sci. 2025,9, 38 22 o 24
Appendix A
U ban Sci. 2025, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 o 26
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : The da a p esen ed in his s udy a e a ailable on eques om he
co esponding au ho .
Conflic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no conflic s o in e es .
Appendix A
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Disclaime /Publishe ’s No e: The s a emen s, opinions and da a con ained in all publica ions a e solely hose o he indi idual
au ho (s) and con ibu o (s) and no o MDPI and/o he edi o (s). MDPI and/o he edi o (s) disclaim esponsibili y o any inju y o
people o p ope y esul ing om any ideas, me hods, ins uc ions o p oduc s e e ed o in he con en .
