A s and Design S udies www.iis e.o g
ISSN 2224-6061 (Pape ) ISSN 2225-059X (Online)
Vol.82, 2020
24
Types and Roles o Models in Adap i e A chi ec u e
Ma ie Ulbe 1 Mona Mahall1 Asli Se bes 2
1.A chi ec u e and A , Ha enCi y Uni e si y Hambu g, Übe seeallee 16, 20457 Hambu g, Ge many
2.Tempo a y Spaces, Uni e si y o he A s B emen, Am Speiche XI 8, 28217 B emen, Ge many
Abs ac
I adap i e a chi ec u e is bo h, a echno-spa ial en i onmen and a se o en i onmen al beha io s and p ac ices,
i s design equi es he collabo a ion o di e se disciplines. Du ing he p ocess o collabo a i ely de eloping an
adap i e high- ise, models u n ou o be he cen al medium in he mul idisciplina y eamwo k. They con ibu e
o disciplina y ques ions o de elopmen and ealiza ion; hey also gene a e and ans e knowledge and ac as
ansla o s by acili a ing exchange and coope a ion be ween disciplines. The p esen s udy examines asks and
ela ions om he i s design model o di e en unc ional models o he adap i e high- ise. I shows he ini ial
a chi ec u al model as an o e all ole model and ision. While unc ional models pe o m isola ed dynamic asks,
analy ical models a e used o e iew and discussion.
Keywo ds: adap i e a chi ec u e, mul idisciplina y esea ch, design p ocess, ansla ion models, knowledge
ans e
DOI: 10.7176/ADS/82-04
Publica ion da e:May 31s 2020
1. In oduc ion
Adap i e a chi ec u e undamen ally changes ou idea o buildings as well as ou expe ience o and in e ac ion
wi h he buil en i onmen (Ulbe , Mahall, Se bes , 2020). Fo a chi ec s, his ype o a chi ec u e b ings wi h i
p e iously unknown oppo uni ies and challenges. Adap i e buildings, which espond dynamically and in eal
ime o changing en i onmen al o use condi ions, a e s ill a ecen de elopmen . So a , his includes adap i e
s uc u es, shells, açades, spa ial con igu a ions, u nishings o in e io clima e. Adap i e echnology challenges
he a chi ec u al design wo k and equi es new app oaches, me hods and coope a ion. The e o e his case s udy
analyzes he oles and uses o di e se models in he Collabo a i e Resea ch Cen e “Adap i e Skins and S uc u es
o he Buil En i onmen o Tomo ow” a he Uni e si y o S u ga . I explo es he ela ions o a ious model
ypes o he demons a o high- ise s uc u e ha is cu en ly being buil . The de elopmen o he adap i e high-
ise is he cen al p ojec o he esea ch g oup, equi ing mul idisciplina y coope a ion and in ol ing new
in e connec ed design and de elopmen p ocesses. In hese p ocesses, ou ini ial hypo hesis s a es ha models play
a c ucial ole as a medium be ween di e en disciplina y knowledge cul u es: ha is, be ween design and
echnological ields. The case s udy also p o ides insigh in o he design and de elopmen p ocesses o an adap i e
building and discusses he ole o a chi ec u e and i s models in a mul idisciplina y p ojec . I s esul s can he e o e
also poin o a new design app oach o adap i e a chi ec u e.
Buildings ha e always been adap ed h ough use s changing hem acco ding o hei needs and cu en
si ua ion, e.g., en s ha can be se up in di e en loca ions o wi h closable openings o en ila ion o ligh . The
e m adap i i y was ini ially associa ed wi h he euse and ans o ma ion o building s uc u es in o ano he
ela i ely cons an s a e, ep esen ing a linea adap a ion sequence. This includes "adap able a chi ec u e" which
discusses a ious adap able mechanisms and s a egies, including adjus able, e sa ile, e i able, con e ible,
scalable and mo able buildings (Schmid III, Aus in, 2016, p. 146). Ac i e adap a ion p inciples o buildings,
howe e , include eac ion o building s uc u es, shells and in e io design o cu en en i onmen al and use
equi emen s. Cu en ly, he adap a ion p inciples a e designed and de eloped in ad ance, bu he in ensi y o he
adap i e ac ion depends on he si ua ion in eal- ime.
Ac i e adap i e eac ions a y. One op ion is o use ma e ials wi h adap i e p ope ies, such as in he
Hyg oSkin: Me eo osensi i e Pa ilion by he Ins i u e o Compu a ional Design (ICD, 2013), in which hin
wooden lea es open and close depending on humidi y, hus p o iding an adap i e en ila ion concep . The
adap i e eac ions can also be ca ied ou by engines, as in he adap i e ex e nal açades o he Al Bah owe s.
Senso s de e mine he wind and sun in ensi y and acco dingly he açade elemen s a e opened o closed by
compu e con ol (Hill, 2018, pp.118-121). Adap i e esponses a e linked o adap a ion objec i es, ei he
en i onmen al condi ions and/o use needs. In he ECO-29 e en oom by FoxLin and B ahma A chi ec s, 2012,
he inne lexible shell o he oom can be adap ed wi h mo o s and allows a a ie y o spa ial con igu a ions
depending on he e en (Fox, 2016, pp. 106-13). In con as , he Beng Sjos om S a ligh Thea e by S udio Gang
A chi ec s in Rock o Illinios, 2003, shows an adap i e eac ion o he en i e oo cons uc ion which opens he
audi o ium o he sky (Yiannoudes, 2016, pp.40-41). In he Sha ifi-ha house in Teh an, I an, designed by
Nex o fice, 2013, an en i e oom pe le el can o a e ou and hus shi he bounda ies be ween inside and ou side
(Kola e ic, Pa lac, 2015, p.7). The ac ha adi ionally a he immobile massi e a chi ec u al elemen s become
A s and Design S udies www.iis e.o g
ISSN 2224-6061 (Pape ) ISSN 2225-059X (Online)
Vol.82, 2020
25
mo able and lexible means a undamen al change. In his sense, he Sma Shell buil in 2012 by he Ins i u e o
Ligh weigh Cons uc ion a he Uni e si y o S u ga ep esen s a u he de elopmen al s ep. The ou
cen ime e hick wooden shell wi h a span o 10m has one ixed and h ee hyd aulic base poin s o "compensa e
o bo h s a ic and dynamic s ains" (Sobek, 2016, p. 167). This makes o me s a ic elemen s dynamically lexible
by eac ing o di e en load cases depending on he si ua ion. The buildings men ioned he e mos ly exhibi only
one adap a ion p inciple, bu he discussed dimensions o adap i i y show ha , in he u u e, buildings will be able
o adap o di e en en i onmen al si ua ions and uses. In addi ion o ex ending he li e ime o buildings, ma e ials
and ene gy a e ac i ely sa ed depending on he adap a ion p inciples, hus conse ing na u al esou ces. In imes
o global ecological change, adap i e buildings enable a mo e sus ainable and esilien a chi ec u e. Bu how does
adap i e a chi ec u e change he way a chi ec s wo k? The model s udy on he design and de elopmen genesis
o he adap i e demons a o high- ise aims o p o ide new insigh s in his ega d.
Models play an impo an ole in he p ocess o designing and planning a chi ec u e (Yane a, 2009, 158). As
ep esen a ional media, models and d awings a e essen ial ools in he a chi ec u al design p ocess (Schilling, 2018,
p. 31). Models a e h ee-dimensional exp essions o a design and a e used ini ially o spa ial explo a ion,
examina ion and co ec ion. Albena Yane a (2005) analyzed in an e hnog aphic s udy a he O ice o
Me opoli an A chi ec u e (OMA) he design p ocess o he Whi ney Museum addi ion wi h scaling models o ind
he bes solu ion on a ious scales. The ‘P ada Genealogy’ shows he design genesis h ough models beginning
wi h he u ban posi ioning o a olume, in e io and açade s udies up o he inal model o he P ada S o e in
Tokyo 2003 by he a chi ec s He zog & de Meu on (U sp ung, 2012). Bo h s udies show a chi ec u al o m- inding
p ocesses h ough models. The design genesis concludes wi h an a chi ec u al o m ha insepa ably uni es all he
conside a ions and ideas o he designe s wi h ega d o building si e, use, spa ial s uc u e, ma e ials, e c. (Zum ho ,
2006, 69). Finally, he inished design is p esen ed in a model alongside d awings o con ince he clien o a
compe i ion ju y. These “ideal” models a e a communica ion medium o he ou side wo ld o illus a e he
a chi ec u al idea. Today, a chi ec u al design wo k is done wi h bo h physical and digi al models. Fo adap i e
a chi ec u e, his design wo k wi h models is challenging because se e al s a es, appea ances and o ms mus be
designed. The ques ion a ises, how models in adap i e a chi ec u e p ojec s ake o e wha kind o asks and uses?
2. Adap i e high- ise as a common ision
In he design, de elopmen and implemen a ion o he adap i e demons a o high- ise, a wide a ie y o
disciplines a e in ol ed and wo king oge he . The in es iga ed Collabo a i e Resea ch Cen e ’s (CRC 2017)
"Adap i e Skins and S uc u es o he buil En i onmen o Tomo ow" a he Uni e si y o S u ga pu sues a
sus ainable and ecological a chi ec u e wi h ega d o clima e change and sca ci y o aw esou ces. Based on
ligh weigh cons uc ion, ma e ial and ene gy consump ion a e educed and new adap i e concep s o an
a chi ec u e o he u u e a e de eloped. The demons a o high- ise plays a cen al ole in he esea ch p ojec , as
all adap i e de elopmen s e e o i . Wi h he adap i e suppo ing s uc u e, he high- ise eac s ac i ely o wind
loads o ea hquakes. Since ac ua o s educe maximum load cases, he cons uc ion can be educed in dimension
and ma e ial. Va ious adap i e componen s a e de eloped, ins alled and es ed in he high- ise including açade
elemen s, shells and an adap i e indoo clima e which eac in elligen ly and adap i ely o he en i onmen and
use s. In addi ion, he con ol and eliabili y o adap i e concep s, as well as inno a i e me hods o designing and
implemen ing adap i e a chi ec u e mus be de eloped.
The esea che s in ol ed in he demons a o high- ise p ojec and in e iewed o he model s udy wo k in
he disciplines o a chi ec u e, ci il enginee ing, s uc u al enginee ing, mechanical enginee ing, sys em dynamics,
ae ospace enginee ing, isualiza ion echnology, building physics and polyme chemis y. The p ojec s uc u e o
he Collabo a i e Resea ch Cen e is di ided in o ou p ojec s: (A) Design and planning me hodology, (B) Sys em
enginee ing and design, (C) In eg a i e componen s and (D) Economic, ecological and socio-cul u al aspec s. Wi h
hei sub-p ojec "A chi ec u al Design Concep s o Adap i e Skins and S uc u es", he au ho s belong o p ojec
A "Design and Planning" and egula ly ake pa in p ojec mee ings and doc o al colloquia. The in ol ed
depa men s and esea che s o he Uni e si y o S u ga a e spa ially sepa a ed om each o he on campus and
in he ci y. In addi ion o di ec collabo a ions o speci ic design solu ions, he pa icipan s egula ly exchange
insigh s and p og ess a p ojec mee ings, doc o al colloquia and he yea ly summe school. I is ou hypo hesis
ha models play a special ole in his exchange, which is examined in his s udy.
A s and Design S udies www.iis e.o g
ISSN 2224-6061 (Pape ) ISSN 2225-059X (Online)
Vol.82, 2020
26
Figu e 1. Adap i e high- ise building in model pho o and 3D ende ings. C edi : Ins i u e o Ligh weigh
S uc u es and Concep ual Design (ILEK), Uni e si y o S u ga .
The design o he demons a o high- ise en isions an adap i e s uc u e ha in ol es many disciplines in i s
de elopmen and ealiza ion. The i s model pho o shows he a chi ec u al design wi h he winning o
demons a o and s ai owe (Figu e 1). The blue colo ed pic u e is a mosphe ically cha ged, he anspa en
ac ylic glass owe shines. The isualiza ion embodies he i educible o e all idea. In he second ende ing some
adap i e unc ions ind hei exp ession. The isola ed demons a o building wi h changing açades indica es ha
he expe imen al building will in eg a e a ious new adap i e de elopmen s. The hi d ende ing shows he design
o he i s implemen a ion o he demons a o high- ise wi h a homogeneous açade. Wi h he in oduc ion o he
esea ch p ojec including o ganisa ional s uc u es, pa icipa ing disciplines and he sho p esen a ion o he
cen al building p ojec , he backg ound o his s udy is e ealed. S a ing om his poin , he case s udy examines
he use o a ious models in he de elopmen and implemen a ion o he adap i e high- ise.
Figu e 2. T ansla ions o model indings in o ske ches and d awings.
3. Me hodological app oach
In he case s udy wi hin he Collabo a i e Resea ch Cen e , semi-s uc u ed in e iews and in e p e a i e g aphic
ansla ion we e combined as a me hodological app oach. The au ho s hemsel es a e wo king on a sub-p ojec on
a chi ec u al concep s and egula ly ake pa in p ojec mee ings and doc o al colloquia, which led o he
hypo hesis ha he models a e o pa icula impo ance in he mul idisciplina y esea ch p ojec . In o de o gain
u he insigh s, semi-s uc u ed in e iews wi h colleagues we e conduc ed (Hel e ich, 2014, pp. 559-74). The
A s and Design S udies www.iis e.o g
ISSN 2224-6061 (Pape ) ISSN 2225-059X (Online)
Vol.82, 2020
27
esea che s we e asked abou he use o models in hei sub-p ojec , including challenges o su p ises, abou he
ela ionship o he demons a o building, and abou he ype and ole o hei own and o he models in exchange
wi h o he esea che s. The in e iews we e conduc ed acco ding o he p inciple “ ollow he ac o s” om he ac o
ne wo k heo y, which is based on he assump ion ha human and non-human beings a e equally in ol ed in
ac ions, hus also in design and esea ch p ocesses (Yane a, 2009, pp. 23-27). Wi h his app oach, he ques ion o
con ibu ions o he models o he design and de elopmen p ocess o he demons a o building we e being kep
open. S a ing wi h in e iews in ou own p ojec g oup, he selec ion was la e based on in o ma ion om
esponden s who o en e e ed us di ec ly o colleagues and models who we e also in ol ed in he design,
de elopmen and implemen a ion p ocess o he demons a o high- ise. A o al o 20 ou o 25 esea che s we e
in e iewed, which shows ha he wo k o many pa icipan s is closely ela ed o he demons a o building. The
esul s o he obse a ions and in e iews we e ansla ed in o ske ches. This o m o in e p e a i e esea ch eco ds
he mos impo an indings in g aphics (Ulbe , 2017, p. 84). Subsequen ly, he ske ches we e a anged in a i s
e e ence sys em showing he model ypes in he ela ional con ex (Figu e 2). The p ocessing o he ske ches in o
d awings makes he esea ch ne wo k ound in his s udy eadable o o he s. E e y single d awing ep esen s a
model wi h ce ain cha ac e is ics ha a e e ealed in he desc ip ion. The esul s o his model s udy we e
elabo a ed bo h in discou se and in g aphics. The s udy and he su ey we e communica ed in p ojec mee ings,
la e i s esul s and ske ches o he model cosmos we e shown and inally he d awings and esul s we e p esen ed.
This enabled a discussion in which ou esul s could be e iewed by ou esea ch colleagues (Dö ing, Bo z, 2016,
p. 70).
Figu e 3. Model cosmos wi h analyzed models in ela ion o he demons a o high- ise.
A s and Design S udies www.iis e.o g
ISSN 2224-6061 (Pape ) ISSN 2225-059X (Online)
Vol.82, 2020
28
4. Model cosmos
The model cosmos documen s all models o he Collabo a i e Resea ch Cen e ound in he s udy in a ela ion o
he demons a o high- ise (Figu e 3). The d awing gi es an o e iew o he models de eloped wi hou scaling
and used in wo and a hal yea s o ongoing esea ch. Like an abs ac map, i shows de ec ed e e ences and
connec ions o he models in hei all-dimensional and simul aneous de elopmen . The e ical and ho izon al axes
display all models o he demons a o building, he lowe hal gi es space o models o de eloped adap i e
componen s, and e lec i e and analy ical models a e p esen ed as su ounding sa elli es. Unde s ood as h ee
ca ego ies, he indi idual models and hei asks as well as hei ela ionship o he demons a o high- ise a e
discussed sepa a ely. These include physical and digi al design, calcula ion, simula ion and unc ional models,
mockups, samples and heo e ical p ocess models. Each indi idual model d awing un olds i s asks, meaning and
e e ences in he desc ip ion and discussion.
Figu e 4. Models o he demons a o high- ise in model cosmos.
4.1 Models o he demons a o high- ise
The i s conside a ion o he model cosmos ocuses on comple e models o he demons a o building ha we e
ound in he model s udy (Figu e 4). The a chi ec u al design models lead om he op down o he cen ally
depic ed demons a o high- ise. The i s model, made o ac ylic glass, is an u ban planning model on a scale o
1:1000. This model and i s blue pho os se e as a ision and ole model in he Collabo a i e Resea ch Cen e
(Figu e 1, le ). The a chi ec u al design p esen ed in his model pe sis s h oughou he mul idisciplina y planning
p ocess and is he e o e unde s ood as a posi ioning. This can be seen in he second a chi ec u al model made o
wood in he scale o 1:500, which conc e izes he design in e ms o he numbe o loo s and cons uc ion ype.
Bo h models s and in an u ban con ex , which is no shown in he g aphic, bu can be seen o example on he
model pho o (Figu e 1, le ). Below he cen al demons a o , he building model is iewed h ough augmen ed
eali y glasses ha enable he wea e o expe ience he high- ise building in ad ance in a mixed eali y, i ually
in ull size a he eal cons uc ion si e. The cu en ende ing o he demons a o building is based on he same
3D model (Figu e 1, igh ). Bo h p o ide a p e iew o he appea ance o he possible u u e.

A s and Design S udies www.iis e.o g
ISSN 2224-6061 (Pape ) ISSN 2225-059X (Online)
Vol.82, 2020
29
Ho izon ally, he d awing depic s he unc ional models ound in his s udy o he demons a o high- ise. The
ini e elemen model (FEM) shown o he igh o he demons a o building p o ides he necessa y knowledge o
he adap i e s uc u e. The digi al model o he load-bea ing s uc u e is used o calcula e he occu ing loads,
bending and o sion, ha means he de o ma ion igu e. The esea che also use his model o de e mine he
posi ion o he ac ua o s, as shown on he igh . To he le o he adap i e high- ise, he 1:18 model demons a es
i s beha io wi h adap i e eac ions. Wi h he wo ib a ion pla es, he model is se in o oscilla ions, which a e
ac i ely compensa ed by he ac ua ed columns and diagonals. I is also used o eco d he mo emen s by came a
and o de elop a edundan su eillance sys em. The adap i e beha io o he 1:18 model and he demons a o
high- ise is coo dina ed ia sys em con ol. Shown on he le , he de eloped sys em model con ols he ac ua o s
based on he incoming senso da a. The sys em model and 1:18 model a e used o analyze occu ing e o s and o
de elop a ailu e-sa e sys em, as shown on he a le .
The models o he e ical and ho izon al axis ha e undamen ally di e en cha ac e is ics. The a chi ec u al
models e e o a whole, he ision o he ealized and con ex ualized demons a o high- ise. The ini ial
a chi ec u al models can be unde s ood as a conc e ion, as hey ei y an idea o he i s ime. Bo h, he i s ac ylic
glass model and also he second wooden model wi h a owe su ounded by anspa en pape de ine he olume
spa ially. In hei abs ac , some imes exagge a ed design, hey bea mani old e e ences no only o place, local
building cul u e, use, bu also o a chi ec u al his o y. Bo h models a e se in he u ban con ex ; he augmen ed
eali y model is also bes iewed a he building si e. All h ee in ol e he su oundings and open up pe spec i es
o he u u e high- ise and possible quali ies, shape, and use. The a chi ec u al design is o ma i e o he u he
design p ocess, as he i s model is a posi ioning and unc ions as a ision and ole model o he u he
in e disciplina y design p ocess. The ollowing unc ional models educe he a chi ec u al concep ion o he
bene i o a unc ion, hey conc e ize in pa icula he adap i e dimensions o he a chi ec u al design. I becomes
appa en ha a chi ec u al models ollow a holis ic app oach, while unc ional models educe he o e all design
o execu e and ep esen he adap i e beha io .
Figu e 5. Model cosmos wi h adap i e componen s o he demons a o high- ise.
4.2 Models o he de elopmen o adap i e componen s
In second conside a ion o he model cosmos, he models ound in his s udy, which we e c ea ed in he cou se o
he de elopmen o a ious adap i e componen s o he demons a o high- ise building, a e discussed (Figu e 5).
The 1:1 ame p o o ype on he le has one qua e o he heigh and he açade wid h o he demons a o building.
I was buil o es he unc ionali y o he ac ua ed componen s on a s uc u al uni . As planned o he high- ise,
he de eloped ac ua o s a e se ially in eg a ed in o he diagonals and connec ed in pa allel inside he s eel column.
Wi h he cons uc ion o he ame p o o ype, he sys em o he ac i a ed s uc u e was success ully es ed and he
measu emen da a could alida e he s a ic calcula ions. The esea che s imp o ed he design o he ac ua o s o
A s and Design S udies www.iis e.o g
ISSN 2224-6061 (Pape ) ISSN 2225-059X (Online)
Vol.82, 2020
30
he high- ise on he basis o he knowledge gained om he 1:1 ame. In he de elopmen o he ac ua o s,
comp essi e o ces om he hyd aulics had o be edi ec ed in o ensile o ces o he diagonals. The esea che s
ound ha he 1:10 models o he ac ua o s om he 3D p in e con eyed he unc ional p inciple much be e han
ende ings.
The high- ise design allows adap i e componen s o be g adually ins alled and es ed such as adap i e açades,
as shown on he igh . A i s açade p ojec looks o sma ma e ials and echnical con ols o eplace he
p ope ies o he missing mass in ligh weigh cons uc ion. Concep s o adap i e açade elemen s a e i s
e alua ed in e ms o building physics in a combina ion o di e en so wa e, since hese can only simula e ixed
s a es and no hei ansi ions. Be o e ealiza ion, mockup models illus a e he unc ional p inciple, e.g. a
empe a u e-dependen su ace change om ligh o da k. A second p ojec de elops sandwich açade elemen s
wi h in e nal olding s uc u es, which mus i s unde go endu ance es ing. The es ed olded s uc u es indica e
possible ac u es and a e used o demons a e he olding p inciple. A u he p ojec is expe imen ing wi h
elec oac i e polyme ac ua o s (EPA) o swi chable b ea habili y in building skins. The EPA memb ane samples
p o e he possible p oduc ion and con ol be o e unc ion-op imized p o o ypes a e ab ica ed. In addi ion, senso y
and anspa en ibe -ma ix composi e ma e ials a e de eloped o gas- illed and adap i e açade cushions. Based
on chemical calcula ions, ma e ial samples a e p epa ed, whose analysis and indings imp o e u he samples.
G adually, he desi ed adap i e ma e ial p ope ies a e app oached. All unc ionally op imized açade sys ems will
be ins alled and es ed on he demons a o high- ise. This also includes conc e e beams wi h in eg a ed luid
ac ua o s, whose unc ionali y and esiliency a e examined wi h es objec s. While a simula ion is ma hema ically
exac , ole ances a ise du ing he p ac ical implemen a ion, which explains why physical unc ional models a e
necessa y. De ia ions allow esea che s o d aw conclusions on inaccu a e simula ion, on la ge ole ances in he
implemen a ion o w ong assump ions.
The s udy shows ha i is an impo an in eg a i e ea u e o he a chi ec u al design ha he high- ise is open
o he successi e ex ension o adap i i y. Tha means, he ins alla ion o he de eloped adap i e componen s one
a e he o he . In he de elopmen o hose componen s, concep s and echnical calcula ions a e ans o med in o
models o samples. In he s udy i becomes clea , ha while mockups only illus a e he adap i e p inciple,
unc ional models and ma e ial samples con i m and p o e he possible p oduc ion and pe o m an adap i e
unc ion. The impe ec samples p o ide he esea che s wi h impo an in o ma ion o possible imp o emen s in
calcula ion o implemen a ion. Wi h each new es , he esea che s app oach he desi ed adap i e ma e ial
p ope ies and quali ies. Wi h he ins alla ion o he adap i e açades and beams in he demons a o high- ise, a
comple e measu emen alida ion becomes possible. As a esul , he deg ee o adap a ion o he adap i e high- ise
building g adually inc eases.
Figu e 6: Model cosmos wi h analy ic p ojec s o he demons a o high- ise.
4.3 Theo e ical, e lec i e and p ojec i e p ojec s on he demons a o high- ise
The hi d ca ego y shows analy ical models ound in he s udy ha e lec he design, planning and de elopmen
A s and Design S udies www.iis e.o g
ISSN 2224-6061 (Pape ) ISSN 2225-059X (Online)
Vol.82, 2020
31
p ocess o he high- ise o ea i as a case s udy (Figu e 6). The complex design and planning p ocess o he
demons a o high- ise is e lec ed in a p ocess model and ecommends ea ly mul idisciplina y coope a ion
be ween a chi ec u e, s uc u al design, sys em dynamics and mechanical enginee ing o adap i e building ( op
le ). As shown on he igh , a pa ame e -based compu a ional design ool is de eloped o in eg a e he di e en
and some imes con adic o y adap a ion goals in o he design p ocess om he e y beginning. Fo his pu pose,
op imiza ion algo i hms de eloped on he high- ise a e in eg a ed in o he p og am, bu also au onomous design
in e en ions by a chi ec s a e made possible. In he hi d p ojec , he ecological sus ainabili y o he high- ise is
balanced wi hin he amewo k o he li e cycle analysis (LCA), and i is examined o see whe he a d i en s uc u e
is mo e sus ainable han a con en ional one, whe eby adap i e ope a ion mus also be included in he calcula ion.
Fo his pu pose, esea che s de e mine he CO2 balance o building ma e ials, cons uc ion, ope a ion phase and
ecycling in he calcula ion model. As a ou h p ojec , he de elopmen and con ol o an adap i e indoo clima e
is shown, which is linked o esea ch on adap i e açades. The adap i e indoo clima e eac s o indi idual use
needs and en i onmen al condi ions, i s in he simula ion and la e on one loo in he demons a o high- ise.
Finally, ou own subp ojec should be men ioned he e, since he model cosmos e lec s he use o di e en model
ypes and hei ela ions o each o he as well as hei con ibu ion o he implemen a ion o he high- ise.
The analy ical models ound in he s udy a e no only used o e lec and isualize p ocesses bu also o
calcula e and simula e p ocedu es. The eby, he analy ical models indica e ha he en i e esea ch p ojec can be
unde s ood as a model om whose de elopmen s and indings, algo i hms, compu e p og ams, echnical sys ems,
secu i y s anda ds, s anda diza ion, me hods and p ocess models a e de i ed. The publica ions o he a ious
de elopmen s and conside a ions ha e he e ec ha he adap i e high- ise is al eady placed in he esea ch
discou se be o e i s implemen a ion. The buil demons a o high- ise will in u n be a "model" o o he adap i e
buildings.
Figu e 7: Design p ocess wi h a chi ec u al and unc ional models o he demons a o high- ise.
5. Design and de elopmen models in he adap i e design p ocess
The a chi ec u al design and de elopmen p ocess o adap i e s uc u es uns in pa allel, so a chi ec u al planning
mus be open o he p og ess o he disciplines in ol ed. The a chi ec u al models (Figu e 7, model 1 and 3) show
he owe as mass and space, he second one wi h a s a emen abou he cons uc ion. The s uc u al models (2 and
5) desc ibe s a ic o con ol sys ems and a e ma hema ically unc ional models. In he 1:18 model and he 1:1 ame
p o o ype (4 and 6), he de elopmen s om building cons uc ion, mechanical enginee ing and con ol echnology
come oge he , o a s a ically adap i e eac ion. All models g adually con ibu e o he implemen a ion o he
adap i e high- ise s uc u e (7).
The i s a chi ec u al model, as a ole model, de e mines he u he design p ocess. The quali a i e
e alua ion o he a chi ec u al models is based on a chi ec u al, spa ial and aes he ic c i e ia. The a chi ec u al
models e e o a planned whole, he demons a o high- ise, and a e open and in ended o in eg a e he upcoming
( echnically) de elopmen s and de ailing o o he disciplines. The unc ional models conside ably educe he
a chi ec u al design in o de o de elop selec ed unc ions, mo emen s o beha io s. As ac i a ed models, hey
pe o m o simula e he beha io o he adap i e s uc u e o calcula ion and dimensioning, de elopmen and
con ol, and o in es iga ion. The e o e, unc ional models a e always quan i a i ely e alua ed and op imized
acco dingly.
Rega ding he adap i e design in he analyzed p ojec , he a chi ec s a e esponsible o he holis ic
conside a ion and o m inding, unde s ood as an ini ial ision; he necessa y in eg a ed unc ional, sys emic and
echnical solu ions a e de eloped in close in e disciplina y coope a ion. In his p ojec , he adap i e beha io is
cu en ly only ca ied ou by he unc ional models and has been omi ed in he a chi ec u al models. In u u e
adap i e a chi ec u e p ojec s his could change. Associa ed wi h his, new asks o bo h he a chi ec u al models
and he a chi ec u e become appa en . Adap i e a chi ec u e needs new o addi ional models ha pe o m. In
A s and Design S udies www.iis e.o g
ISSN 2224-6061 (Pape ) ISSN 2225-059X (Online)
Vol.82, 2020
32
addi ion o he de e mined models, dynamic models a e needed ha show changing s a es o adap a ion.
Figu e 8. Models and esea che in he mul idisciplina y design ne wo k.
6. Models as signi ican ac o s in he mul idisciplina y p ojec de elopmen
In addi ion o hei di ec con ibu ion o he design, de elopmen and ealiza ion o he demons a o high- ise,
he models ha e u he essen ial unc ions and asks ha a e impo an o he success o he p ojec . These a e
so and inhe en dimensions ha hey ake on as non-human ac o s and which a e e ealed in he join
conside a ion wi h he esea che s in he esea ch p ocess (Figu e 8). The models and hei images also ha e an
essen ial social dimension. The holis ic a chi ec u al design app oach ma ks he beginning o he p ojec and uni es
esea che s om a ious disciplines because he o e all a chi ec u al idea p o ides o ien a ion and mo i a ion
o all pa icipan s by o mula ing a common ision. While he esea ch p ocess con inues, all o he models and
hei illus a ions emain as impo an miles ones in he p ojec de elopmen .
The design p ocess is a mul idimensional, simul aneous and collabo a i e de elopmen wi h a ious
discipline-speci ic con ibu ions o he implemen a ion o he high- ise. The e o e, he a chi ec u al design is open
so ha a join de elopmen and de ailing is possible. In he adap i e high- ise p ojec , he ea ly coope a ion o he
disciplines, especially a chi ec u e, s uc u al mechanics and sys em dynamics, was new o e e yone, and hus
also he ch onological coo dina ion and specialized communica ion. Bu pa icula ly o adap i e a chi ec u e,
close and ea ly in e disciplina y coope a ion p omo es well in eg a ed design solu ions (Honold, Leis ne e al.
2019). All models in he model cosmos s and o he mul idisciplina y asks and coope a ion o ealize he adap i e
high- ise.