LETTER
Fusion p oduc losses due o ishbone ins abili ies
in deu e ium JET plasmas
To ci e his a icle: V.G. Kip ily e al 2018 Nucl. Fusion 58 014003
View he a icle online o upda es and enhancemen s.
Rela ed con en
MeV- ange as ion losses induced by
ishbones on JET
C. Pe ez on Thun, A. Pe ona, T. Johnson
e al.
-
Recen p og ess in as ion s udies on JET
V.G. Kip ily, C.P. Pe ez on Thun, S.D.
Pinches e al.
-
Ene ge ic pa icle physics in usion
esea ch in p epa a ion o bu ning plasma
expe imen s
N.N. Go elenko , S.D. Pinches and K. Toi
-
Recen ci a ions
Syn he ic diagnos ic o he JET scin illa o
p obe los alpha measu emen s
J. Va je e al
-
Full-o bi and d i calcula ions o usion
p oduc losses due o explosi e ishbones
on JET
M. Fi zge ald e al
-
JET diagnos ic enhancemen s es ing and
commissioning in p epa a ion o DT
scien i ic campaigns
J. Figuei edo e al
-
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1 © EURATOM 2017 P in ed in he UK
Nuclea Fusion
V.G. Kip ily e al
P in ed in he UK
014003
NUFUAU
© EURATOM 2017
58
Nucl. Fusion
NF
10.1088/1741-4326/aa9340
1
Nuclea Fusion
Fusion p oduc losses due o ishbone
ins abili ies in deu e ium JET plasmas
V.G.Kip ily1, M.Fi zge ald1, V.Golobo odko2, S.E.Sha apo 1, C.D.Challis1,
D.F igione3, J.G a es4, M.J.Man sinen5,6, P.Beaumon 1, M.Ga cia-
Munoz7, C.Pe ez on Thun8,9, J.F.R.Rod iguez7, D.Da ow10,a, D.Keeling1,
D.King1, K.G.McClemen s1, E.R.Solano11, S.Schmuck1, G.Sips12,
G.Szepesi1 and JET Con ibu o sb
1 Culham Cen e o Fusion Ene gy, UKAEA, Culham Science Cen e, Abingdon, OX14 3DB,
Uni ed Kingdom
2 OEAW, Ins i u e o Theo e ical Physics, Uni e si y o Innsb uck, Innsb uck, Aus ia
3 Uni à Tecnica Fusione, ENEA C. R. F asca i, ia E. Fe mi 45, 00044 F asca i (Roma), I aly
4 Ecole Poly echnique Fédé ale de Lausanne, Swiss Plasma Cen e , CH-1015 Lausanne, Swi ze land
5 Ba celona Supe compu ing Cen e , Ba celona, Spain
6 ICREA, Pg. Liuis Companys 23, 08010 Ba celona, Spain
7 Facul y o Physics, FAMN Depa men , Uni e si y o Se ille, 41012 Se ille, Spain
8 EURO usion P og amme Managemen Uni , Culham Science Cen e, Culham, OX14 3DB,
Uni ed Kingdom
9 Fo schungszen um Jülich GmbH, Ins i u ü Ene gie-und Klima o schung—Plasmaphysik,
52425 Jülich, Ge many
10 P ince on Plasma Physics Labo a o y, P ince on, NJ 08543, Uni ed S a es o Ame ica
11 Labo a o io Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Mad id, Spain
12 Eu opean Commission, B-1049 B ussels, Belgium
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Recei ed 20 July 2017, e ised 9 Oc obe 2017
Accep ed o publica ion 13 Oc obe 2017
Published 8 No embe 2017
Abs ac
Du ing de elopmen o a high-pe o mance hyb id scena io o u u e deu e ium– i ium
expe imen s on he Join Eu opean To us, an inc eased le el o as ion losses in he MeV
ene gy ange was obse ed du ing he ins abili y o high- equency n = 1 ishbones. The
ishbones a e exci ed du ing deu e ium neu al beam injec ion combined wi h ion cyclo on
hea ing. The equency ange o he ishbones, 10–25 kHz, indica es ha hey a e d i en
by a esonan in e ac ion wi h he NBI-p oduced deu e ium beam ions in he ene gy
ange ⩽120 keV. The as pa icle losses in a much highe ene gy ange a e measu ed wi h a
as ion loss de ec o , and he da a show an expulsion o deu e ium plasma usion p oduc s, 1
MeV i ons and 3 MeV p o ons, du ing he ishbone bu s s. An MHD mode analysis wi h he
MISHKA code combined wi h he nonlinea wa e-pa icle in e ac ion code HAGIS shows ha
he loss o o oidal symme y caused by he n = 1 ishbones a ec s s ongly he con inemen
o non- esonan high ene gy usion-bo n i ons and p o ons by pe u bing hei o bi s and
expelling hem. This modelling is in a good ag eemen wi h he expe imen al da a.
Keywo ds: okamak, usion p oduc s, MHD
(Some igu esmay appea in colou only in he online jou nal)
Le e
IOP
In e na ional A omic Ene gy Agency
a Now deceased.
b See he au ho lis o [20].
2018
1741-4326
1741-4326/18/014003+6$33.00
h ps://doi.o g/10.1088/1741-4326/aa9340
Nucl. Fusion 58 (2018) 014003 (6pp)
2
V.G. Kip ily e al
Fusion eac ions as well as addi ional hea ing o usion-g ade
okamak plasmas gene a e la ge numbe s o as ions in he
plasma co e ha can in e ac wi h he magne o-hyd o-dynamic
(MHD) pe u ba ions o he plasma discha ge. The MHD
ins abili ies can ejec usion p oduc s (FP), in pa icula alpha-
pa icles, which a e he p incipal sou ce o plasma hea ing in
bu ning deu e ium– i ium (D–T) plasmas. The in e ac ions
be ween MHD pe u ba ions and alpha-pa icles could be
esonan i he alpha-pa icles a e in esonance wi h high-
equency wa es, e.g. To oidal Al én Eigenmodes (TAE) o
non- esonan , when MHD pe u ba ions a e d i en by he -
mal plasma o as pa icles o he han he alpha-pa icles.
Bo h esonan and non- esonan in e ac ions be ween alpha-
pa icles and MHD pe u ba ions could lead o he pa icle
edis ibu ion and losses [1] hus a ec ing he usion plasma
Q = Pou /Pin and he i s wall.
The de elopmen o high usion pe o mance scena ios,
bo h ‘baseline’ saw oo hing H-mode wi h sa e y ac o a he
magne ic axis q0 ⩽ 1 and he so-called ‘hyb id’ wi h q0 ⩾ 1,
o he o hcoming high-powe D–T expe imen s was a main
p io i y o ecen deu e ium and hyd ogen expe imen al cam-
paigns on he Join Eu opean To us (JET) wi h ITER-like
wall. In he hyb id scena io wi h a low magne ic shea in he
plasma cen e [2], he saw oo h oscilla ions a e almos always
a oided bu a s ong beam ion p essu e d i es ishbones (FB)
wi h o oidal mode numbe n = 1, an ins abili y wi h bu s ing
ampli ude and sweeping equency in he ange ≈10–25 kHz.
The ishbones occu in plasmas wi h high-βpoloidal ( a io o
plasma p essu e o poloidal magne ic ield p essu e) and hey
a e des abilized by ene ge ic ions p oduced om pe pend-
icula and angen ial neu al beam injec ion [3, 4], which in
he case o JET expe imen s had p ima y ene gies 90 keV and
110 keV. As i has been shown [5, 6], apped and ci cula -
ing beam ions can esona e wi h ishbone pe u ba ion, he
co e-localised m = 1/n = 1 mode. In JET and o he oka maks
wi h usion eac i i y domina ed by beam-plasma usion eac-
ions, neu on a e d ops up o 10% we e obse ed and linked
o he esonan in e ac ion be ween he beam ions and ish-
bones [7, 8].
In addi ion o he well-unde s ood esonan in e ac ion
desc ibed in [5–8], he p esence o ishbones also a ec s sig-
ni ican ly he con inemen o non- esonan ions in he MeV
ene gy ange. These ions a e p, and 3He p oduced in he deu-
e ium plasma due o he ollowing usion eac ions:
D + D = p (3 MeV) + (1 MeV) D + D = n (2.5 MeV) +
3He (0.82 MeV). Du ing he ishbone pe iods, a ‘bu n-up’ o
i ons and 3He was educed. The educ ion o he bu n-up was
measu ed ia 14.1 MeV neu ons p oduced in he D( , n)4He
usion eac ion and 14.7 MeV p o ons gene a ed in ano he
usion eac ion D(3He, p)4He. The anomalously low bu n-up
a e du ing ishbones has been explained by p omp and non-
p omp losses o MeV-pa icles [9–11]. Howe e , a pa o he
non-p omp losses, e.g. slow i ons, could be due o he eso-
nan mechanism o in e ac ion wi h ishbones ( he c oss-sec-
ion has a maximum a E ≈ 160 keV), as i was obse ed wi h
he esonan beam pa icles. An ea ly s udy o usion p oduc
losses ia he 3He bu n-up measu emen s ( he c oss-sec ion
has a maximum a
E
3
He
≈ 650 keV) was made on okamak
PDX [10]. In spi e o he small size o he machine (a low a e
o he D(3He, p)4He eac ion), i was possible o iden i y he
non- esonan cha ac e o he 3He losses, and d aw a conclu-
sion on he possible applicabili y o he loss mechanism o
igni ion expe imen s.
A non- esonan loss mechanism due o high ampli ude
ishbones causing a dis o ion o he o oidal symme y wi h
he m = 1/n = 1 pe u ba ion, was p edic ed o non- esonan
alphas in bu ning plasmas in [12]. Expe imen ally, such non-
esonan losses o as ions in he MeV ene gy ange caused
by he ishbones d i en by he beam deu e ons wi h ene gy
80–100 keV we e obse ed in JET discha ges wi h ion cyclo-
on ange o equencies (ICRF) hea ing [13]. The high ene gy
pa icles ejec ed om he plasma du ing he FB oscilla ions
we e iden i ied as H-ions accele a ed du ing ICRH. The losses
we e enhanced by abou a ac o o ≈10–20 wi h espec o
Figu e 1. Wa e o ms o he deu e ium plasma discha ge #92394 a
BT(0) = 2.8 T, IP = 2.2 MA wi h 26 MW deu e ium NBI and 5 MW
hyd ogen 1s ha monic ICRH a ICRH = 42.5 MHz. Losses eco ded
wi h FILD PMTs co ela e wi h ishbones exci ed du ing pe iod
indica ed by shaded a ea.
Figu e 2. Fishbones wi h o oidal mode numbe n = 1 de ec ed
wi h Mi no coils in he JET discha ge #92394.
Nucl. Fusion 58 (2018) 014003
3
V.G. Kip ily e al
he MHD-quiescen le els, and he magni ude o he losses
was ound o inc ease quad a ically wi h he FB ampli ude.
In his Le e , we epo on di ec ly measu ed non- esonan
losses o usion p o ons and i ons in high pe o mance expe -
imen s wi h hyb id plasmas. The ishbones we e obse ed o
igge saw oo h-like econnec ion e en s and neoclassical
ea ing modes (NTM), he la e subs an ially educing he
plasma pe o mance.
JET is equipped well o he s udies o con ined and escaped
as ions [14]. The los ion measu emen s a e ca ied ou wi h a
scin illa o p obe [15], which is called ‘ as ion loss de ec o ’,
o FILD. FILD is loca ed abou 28 cm below he mid-plane o
he o us, jus ou side he plasma and p o ides in o ma ion on
he los ion pi ch angle,
θ
=
cos−1 
/

, wi h 5% esolu ion
in he ange 35°–85° and gy o- adius be ween 3 cm and 14 cm
wi h 15% esolu ion ( o 12 cm gy o- adius ~2 cm). The ligh
emi ed by he scin illa o (decay ime ~0.5 µs) du ing an ion
collision, is ans e ed h ough a cohe en ib e bundle o a
cha ge-coupled de ice (CCD) came a and a pho omul iplie
ube (PMT) 4 × 4 a ay. The 128 × 256 pixel CCD came a
can p o ide 20 kHz snapsho s o ligh emission on he pi ch-
angle—gy o- adius g id calcula ed wi h he E ipDesign code
[16]. The FILD has ecen ly been upg aded, so he as PMT
signals a e digi ised by 2 MHz hus allowing a loss spec o-
g am o be made wi h he MHz bandwid h. Such loss spec-
og ams could be hen compa ed o magne ic spec og ams
showing he MHD pe u ba ions.
In he hyb id scena io expe imen s, wi h plasma cu en s in
he ange IP = 2.0–2.4 MA a cen al o oidal ield BT(0) = 2.8
T, deu e ium neu al beam injec ion (NBI) and H-mino i y
hea ing o deu e ium plasmas wi h ICRF a = ω/(2π) ≈ 42.5
MHz o dipole phasing wi h hyd ogen concen a ion nH/
(nH + nD) ≈ 1–3% we e used. Fishbones we e obse ed in
discha ges wi h no malized poloidal be a βN > 1.9, how-
e e no all o hem led o he FP losses. A ypical example
o a discha ge wi h as ion losses du ing pe iod o s ong FB
ins abili ies is shown in igu e1. The MHD ins abili y in his
discha ge has been iden i ied as n = 1 ishbones by means o a
compa ison o he signal phase in o oidally-sepa a ed Mi no
coils. The esul o he mode analysis is p esen ed on igu e2.
An example o losses measu ed wi h he FILD in discha ge
#92394 is shown in he gy o- adius (Rgy ) e sus he pi ch-
angle g id in igu e3(a). This is a ypical usion p oduc i s
o bi (FO) loss oo p in eco ded wi h CCD came a in he
FB- ee pe iod 7.843 s–7.860 s jus be o e a ishbone. I is
clea ly seen ha he maxima o losses a e localised along he
gy o- adius ( ed dash line), co esponding o he FP bi h ene -
gies, 1 MeV o i ons and 3 MeV o p o ons. P omp ICRH
losses, H-ions and D-NBI ions accele a ed a ω = ωcH = 2ωcD,
would be expec ed o occu along he ed solid line, co e-
sponding o he IC esonance laye in he plasma, bu such
losses appea o be a he low. The image o losses eco ded
du ing he ishbone pe iod 7.860 s–7.877 s is p esen ed in
igu e3(b). This image was ob ained by a sub ac ion o he
signal eco ded du ing he p e ious no ishbone ime bin
shown in igu e3(a). I is impo an o no e ha he loss ion
image ob ained by he sub ac ion o he signal eco ded a e
he FB pe iod, 7.877 s–7.893 s, is indis inguishable om he
one shown in igu e3(b). One can see ha he losses ela ed
o he FB ins abili y a e localised along he ed do line, which
is a sepa a ix be ween apped and ci cula ing o bi s in he
phase space. This indica es ha he ishbone pe u ba ion
causes losses by pushing co e-localised usion p oduc s wi h
con ined passing o bi s o a phase space a ea co esponding o
he uncon ined apped o bi s.
The FILD da a analysis shows ha in he FB pe iod he
usion i ons and p o on p omp losses a e localised a he
pi ch-angle θ ~ 55° and he gy o- adius RG ~ 11 cm ha is
ela ed o a maximal signal. The gy o- adius dis ibu ion
associa ed wi h he ene gy dis ibu ion has oughly he same
Figu e 3. Foo p in s o losses in he discha ge #92394 eco ded wi h CCD came a: (a) in he pe iod 7.843 s–7.860 s be o e a ishbone; ed
solid line—a posi ion o he IC esonance on he gy o- adius e sus pi ch-angle g id; ed dash line—gy o- adius ela ed o usion p oduc s:
1 MeV i ons and 3 MeV p o ons; (b) du ing he ishbone pe iod 7.860 s–7.877 s ob ained by sub ac ion o he signal in p e ious ime bin
(see (a)); he ed do line ela ed o a sepa a ix be ween apped and ci cula ing o bi s in he phase space; he whi e a eas show ields o
iew by PMT #6, #10 and #14.
Nucl. Fusion 58 (2018) 014003
4
V.G. Kip ily e al
shape as dis ibu ions be o e and a e his pe iod (al hough
he o al losses a e highe ); o i ons, he maximum o he
losses is a E ~ 1 MeV, o p o ons a Ep ~ 3 MeV. Howe e ,
he pi ch-angle dis ibu ion o he p omp losses du ing he
ishbone is sligh ly shi ed ela i e o he FB- ee dis ibu-
ions, om θ ~ 57° o ~55°. Assuming he losses a e o he
pa icles wi h apped o bi s, i is impo an o no e ha he
majo adius a he bounce e lec ion poin o hese pa icles
and he pi ch-angle alue on he scin illa o pla e a e ela ed
by R(θ) = RFILD[1 − cos2(θ)], whe e RFILD is adial posi ion
o he scin illa o . As can be seen om he di e en ial loss
oo p in in igu e3(b), pa icles escaped du ing he FB pe iod
a e mos ly coming om he plasma egion nea 55° ela ed o
R(55°) = 2.45 m. A back-in- ime FP o bi calcula ion s a -
ing om he FILD scin illa o pla e ( igu e 4(a)) shows ha
bounce poin s o hese pa icles a e close o he apped/passing
Figu e 4. (a) o bi s o i ons/p o ons wi h gy o- adii 8, 10 and 12 cm and pi ch-angle 55° calcula ed back in ime om he FILD
scin illa o pla e; hese pa ame e s a e ela ed o he oo p in p esen ed in igu e3(b); black dash line—a posi ion o he IC esonance
ω = ωcH; (b) o bi s o H-ions wi h gy o- adii 8, 10 and 12 cm and pi ch-angle 63° (posi ion o he IC esonance on he g id in igu e3)
calcula ed back in ime om he FILD scin illa o pla e.
Figu e 5. HAGIS calcula ion showing he egion o cons an s-o -
mo ion space (Λ,
ZR=Rmag
, E) in which 3.0 MeV coun e s eaming
p o ons unde go o bi opology changes as a esul o hei
in e ac ion wi h an ideal MHD n = 1 in e nal kink mode. The ed
poin s co espond o los pa icles and he yellow poin s o apped
pa icles, which emain con ined.
Figu e 6. HAGIS calcula ion o pe u bed p o on o bi s due o
he assumed ideal in e nal kink mode. The o bi s a e chosen o
co espond o hose ound nea he mode-induced loss egion
o phase space gi en in igu e9, wi h he same colou ing
classi ica ion. The backg ound shows he s uc u e o he in e nal
kink mode elec os a ic po en ial.
Nucl. Fusion 58 (2018) 014003

5
V.G. Kip ily e al
bounda y in he mid-plane a ~2.45 m. Howe e , he o bi s
o H-ions accele a ed by ICRH, calcula ed wi h pi ch-angle
θ ~ 63° a e apped and hei u ning poin s a e on he IC eso-
nance laye a R ≈ 2.97 m ( igu e 4(b)). These calcula ions
gi e us a p oo ha ions escaped om he plasma du ing he
ishbone pe iod a e mos ly usion p oduc s.
An n = 1 ideal in e nal kink mode was ound wi h he
MISHKA-1 code [17] o a JET equilib ium econs uc ion
ob ained wi h EFIT [18]. The HAGIS [19] code was used o
compu e he usion p oduc d i o bi s assuming he EFIT
equilib ium, and he d i o bi changes we e compu ed
assuming he MISHKA-1 solu ion ( ull de ails o hese calcul-
a ions will be he subjec o a ollowing publica ion). The
la ges losses a e p edic ed o pa icles nea he bounda y
be ween apped and coun e passing los o bi s. The esul s
a e shown in igu e5, whe e
Z
R=Rmag deno es he Z pa icle
loca ion in he uppe midplane whe e i c osses R = Rmag.
This is used in place o he canonical momen um Pϕ. The
h ee cons an s o mo ion used in he plo s a e Z (canonical
momen um), Λ (magne ic momen ) and ene gy E. The plo s
a e a ixed E co esponding o he p o on bi h ene gy igno -
ing he mal sp ead. One can see ha he lack o pa icles a he
pa ame e Λ = 1 (Λ ≡ µmB(Rmag)/E = B(Rmag)[1 − cos2θ]/B)
ela ed o on-axis apped o bi s o H- and D-beam ions accel-
e a ed by ICRH is consis en wi h he oo p in in igu e3(b).
Figu e 6 gi es an illus a ion o he o bi ypes, whe e he
g ea es p omp usion p oduc losses a e p edic ed o occu .
The coun e a elling usion p oduc o bi s nea he apped/
passing/los iple-poin c oss he in e nal kink mode. So, he
ishbone is p oducing a adial con ec ion o hese non- eso-
nan usion p o ons in o loss egions.
I is impo an o emphasise ha he D–D neu on a e was
no a ec ed by he n = 1 MHD ac i i y ela ed o he ish-
bones al hough Te(0) d ops ~5%, which looks like saw ee h.
Howe e , his Te d op is no so as (~3–5 ms) as in a ypical
saw ee h (<1 ms). In igu e7 one can see ha he no malised
neu on a e ollows he con inuous losses ela ed o p omp
losses o usion p oduc s and he e a e no e iden d ops o
he a e du ing he loss spikes. So, despi e he ishbones being
d i en by a esonan in e ac ion wi h NBI ions, hey do no
appea o a ec signi ican ly he D-beam ion con inemen ,
since no changes in he neu on a e a e appa en . Also, i is
likely some loss o H-mino i y ions ha canno be clea ly
iden i ied wi h FILD is esponsible o he ela i ely g adual
d op in Te.
The FP loss signals ela ed o PMT #6, #10 and #14,
whose ields o iew a eas a e shown in igu e3(b) as whi e
ec angles a e oughly p opo ional o he FB oscilla ion
ampli ude ( igu e 8). Howe e , a compa ison wi h he MeV
H-ion loss indings ob ained by au ho s in [13], in pa icula
Figu e 7. Fishbones lead o Te d ops in he plasma cen e like
saw ee h; neu on a e no malised o FILD losses du ing ishbone-
ee pe iod is no a ec ed by ishbones.
Figu e 8. The i s ishbone in he discha ge (see igu e7): loss
signals eco ded wi h PMT #6, #10 and #14 (see igu e3(b)) d op
a he same ime as he ishbone ampli ude.
Figu e 9. Fou ie spec og ams o an in- essel magne ic pickup
coil wi h bu s ing ishbones and he FILD loss spec og am ha
cohe en o he ishbones in PMT #10 (see igu e3(b)).
Nucl. Fusion 58 (2018) 014003
6
V.G. Kip ily e al
he quad a ic inc ease wi h he FB ampli ude, is no possi-
ble in his case; an accu a e dependence o he FP loss e sus
he FB ampli ude canno be de e mined because mos o he
magne ic signals we e sa u a ed. One can see ha he highes
loss signals we e eco ded wi h PMT #10 and #14 and hey
a e ele an o he p omp i on/p o ons losses. The measu ed
losses a e cohe en o m = 1/n = 1 FB oscilla ions ha can be
clea ly seen by compa ing magne ic and FILD-PMT spec o-
g ams shown in igu e9. This is ye u he e idence o obse -
a ion o usion p oduc s loss induced by ishbones in he JET
deu e ium hyb id plasma.
The expe imen al obse a ion and modelling o he non-
esonan losses o usion p oduc s caused by low- equency
ishbones a e con i ming he loss mechanism p oposed in
[12]. This e ec could be impo an o usion alpha-pa icles
in bu ning plasma scena ios wi h ishbones e.g. hyb ids.
Acknowledgmen s
This wo k has been ca ied ou wi hin he amewo k o he
EURO usion Conso ium and has ecei ed unding om he
Eu a om esea ch and aining p og amme 2014–2018 unde
g an ag eemen No 633053 and om he RCUK Ene gy P o-
g amme (g an No EP/P012450/1). To ob ain u he in o -
ma ion on he da a and models unde lying his le e please
con ac [email p o ec ed]. The iews and opin-
ions exp essed he ein do no necessa ily e lec hose o he
Eu opean Commission.
Re e ences
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