ene gies
A icle
The Role o Inno a ion in Indus y P oduc
Deploymen : De eloping The mal Ene gy S o age o
Concen a ed Sola Powe
C is ina P ie o 1,2,* , Sonia Fe e es 1and Luisa F. Cabeza 3,*
1Abengoa, c/Ene gía Sola 1, 41012 Se illa, Spain; sonia. e [email p o ec ed]
2Depa men o Ene gy Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Se ille, Camino de Los Descub imien os s/n,
41092 Se ille, Spain
3GREiA Resea ch G oup, Uni e si a de Lleida, Pe e de Cab e a s/n, 25001 Lleida, Spain
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed] (C.P.); [email p o ec ed] (L.F.C.)
Recei ed: 2 May 2020; Accep ed: 3 June 2020; Published: 8 June 2020


Abs ac :
Indus ies wi h as -de eloping echnologies and knowledge-in ensi e business se ices
ely on he de elopmen o scien i ic knowledge o hei g ow h. This is also ue in he enewable
ene gy indus y such as in concen a ing sola powe (CSP) plan s, which ha e unde gone in ense
de elopmen and expansion in he las wo decades. Ye knowledge gene a ion is no su icien ;
i s dissemina ion and in e naliza ion by he indus y is indispensable o new p oduc de elopmen .
This pape con ibu es o p o iding empi ical e idence on he known link be ween knowledge
de elopmen and i m g ow h. In 10 yea s he cos o elec ici y p oduced h ough CSP has dec eased
i e- old. This dec ease has only been possible due o inno a ion p ojec s de eloped h ough
a complex ne wo k o esea ch and de elopmen (R&D) collabo a ions and in ense in es men ,
bo h public and ( o a g ea e ex en ) p i a e. The de elopmen and cons uc ion o pilo plan s and
demons a ion acili ies a e shown o be key in ma u ing inno a ions o comme cializa ion. This is
an example o how he p i a e sec o is con ibu ing o he deca bonisa ion o ou ene gy sys em,
con ibu ing o he objec i es o clima e change mi iga ion.
Keywo ds: inno a ion; concen a ed sola powe ; p oduc deploymen ; pilo plan
1. In oduc ion
The impo ance o basic and applied esea ch o economic g ow h is clea a na ional le el and
a i m-le el [
1
]. This link o scien i ic knowledge is especially impo an o i ms wo king wi h
as -de eloping echnologies such as bio echnology, in o ma ion and communica ions echnology
(ICT), and o he high- ech sec o s [
2
,
3
] and knowledge-in ensi e business se ices i ms [
4
]. I is a
undamen al ins umen o inc easing he pene a ion o enewable ene gy in a highly compe i i e
echnological ma ke , as shown by some go e nmen ini ia i es such as Sunsho 2020 which ha e
d i en as -paced inno a ions h ough esea ch unding.
This ac has been s udied in dep h in some enewable ene gy case s udies such as he pho o ol aic
inno a ion sys em in China. Shubbak 2019 [
5
] highligh s ha esea ch and de elopmen (R&D)
ac i i ies we e one o he main ac o s in shaping hese inno a ion sys em dynamics. Ano he example
in he clean- ech sec o is he Danish company Ves as, which has elied on hea ily in es ing on bo h
in e nal and ex e nal R&D o become a wind u bine ma ke leade , cu en ly holding 27% o he
wo ldwide o sho e wind a m ins alla ions [
6
], iling o e 780 pa en s—including he pa en o he
h ee-blade u bine design domina ing he ma ke —and exceeding he o al wind powe ins alled by
Gene al Elec ic o Siemens Wind Powe .
Ene gies 2020,13, 2943; doi:10.3390/en13112943 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ene gies
Ene gies 2020,13, 2943 2 o 19
The impo ance o co po a e inno a ion is also highligh ed in he li e a u e [
7
] as a ool o imp o e
p oduc i i y and o achie e highe po en ial ou pu wi h lowe manu ac u ing cos s in a mo e e icien
and en i onmen ally iendly way [
8
] and as a ool o long- e m business su i al [
9
]. Bu co po a e
inno a ion is e y cos ly, equi ing massi e ixed in es men s a he ea ly s age o he p oduc /p ocess
de elopmen o o e come he “ alley o dea h”. Li e a u e highligh s he ac ha companies do no
always ha e he needed skills inside/in-house in o de o de elop new inno a i e p oduc s/p ocesses,
and he e o e collabo a ion wi h uni e si ies and esea ch cen e s appea s as an a ac i e ool [
10
,
11
].
F amewo ks such as ‘open inno a ion’ ha e appea ed o le e age an o ganiza ion in e nal R&D by
b inging ex e nal knowledge since an app oach whe e companies “do i all hemsel es” o inno a e
is no possible o all o e en di icul o sus ain [
12
]. Bu pa ne ship oppo uni ies also include
cus ome s, supplie s, compe i o s and o he s akeholde s [13].
In addi ion o exploi ing a ailable knowledge, acqui ing new knowledge, abso bing i , and inally
in e nalizing i , is essen ial o ad ancing and de eloping new business oppo uni ies as well as
a oiding lock-in [
14
]. This knowledge ad ancemen needs o iden i y knowledge gaps, ha ing
he capabili y and lexibili y o in eg a e new wi h exis ing knowledge. Ad ancing knowledge is
conside ed c i ically impo an o su i al in an e a o sho p oduc li e cycles, ad anced echnological
de elopmen s and conside able economic unce ain y [
15
]. Mo eo e , echnological de elopmen s a e
conside ed c ucial o inc ease he pene a ion o enewables in spi e o e a ic go e nmen policies and
cons an compe i ion o educe cos s o subs i u e ossil uels.
Howe e , his o ically much mo e emphasis (and unding) is pu on knowledge gene a ion o
alue c ea ion as he main d i e o inno a ion, while he dissemina ion and abso p ion o his
knowledge ( alue cap u ing) h ough ac ual indus ial de elopmen s is p esumed o ollow e o lessly
o equi ed o be pe o med wi h p i a e in es men . Fo example, al hough US Fede al spending on
R&D has s ayed mo e o less cons an (wi h he esea ch pa sligh ly inc easing abo e 0.4% o he US
GDP (g oss domes ic p oduc ) since he 1970s), he e has also been a s eady decline in de elopmen
(D) in es men s om almos 1% o he US GDP be ween he 1970–1990s o a cu en alue below 0.3%
o 2018 [
12
]. Al hough p i a e in es men complemen s hese igu es, he eali y is ha co po a e
R&D spending is gene ally meag e and elian on public money. I seems widely accep ed now ha
mo e a en ion should be gi en o how o ake hese new ideas, in e nalizing and u ilizing hem o
de elop new p oduc s and se ices.
Despi e he ac ha he link be ween knowledge and i m g ow h has been deeply s udied in he
li e a u e, he e is a clea lack o empi ical e idence [
16
]. This pape con ibu es in illing his gap by
p esen ing a case s udy which shows ha inno a ion in a company wo king a apidly g owing ma ke
was he key poin o achie e success ul comme cializa ion o new echnologies.
2. Inno a ion in Concen a ing Sola Powe (CSP)
Concen a ing sola powe (CSP) o sola he mal ene gy (STE) uses e lec i e su aces o
concen a e he inciden sola adia ion o hea a hea ans e luid (HTF). This he mal ene gy can be
s o ed and deli e ed o a hea engine o gene a e elec ici y whene e i is needed o in eg a ed in o
o he applica ions, such as supplying indus ial p ocess hea . Since inexpensi e and la ge-scale he mal
ene gy s o age (TES) can be easily in eg a ed, i allows o indus ial-scale dispa chable sola ene gy
p oduc ion well beyond dayligh hou s. I is a ma u ing echnology wi h widesp ead deploymen
depending on he echnological solu ion. Abengoa has a leading ole in his ma ke , wi h 34% o he
he mosola powe ins alled capaci y wo ldwide (Figu e 1).
Ene gies 2020,13, 2943 3 o 19
Ene gies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 o 19
ene gy s o age, p o iding ope a ional lexibili y in high enewable pene a ed sys ems. Howe e , he
93
ole ha CSP will play in he ene gy mix is unclea o his da e [18].
94
95
Figu e 1. Concen a ing sola powe (CSP) ins alled capaci y in 2018. 96
97
Figu e 2. Global le elised cos o elec ici y and auc ion p ice ends o sola pho o ol aic (PV), CSP, 98
onsho e and o sho e wind om p ojec and auc ion da a, 2010–2022 [17].
99
The CSP business is a global one compe ing wi h global ma ke s. Bu wha i is di e en in his
100
business compa ed o o he s is he incessan and an ic echnological ad ance di e en in he las
101
decades. Companies and s a mus main ain cons an echnological igilance, keeping up wi h up o
102
da e echnology and o be able o be on i . In his ma ke , echnological p og ess can e ode he
103
ma gins o a p oduc and elimina e a ma ke p oduc , bu i can also open up new ma ke s. The
104
cu en a e o echnological eplacemen in CSP is unp eceden ed in his o y.
105
To compe e in such ma ke , s a egic planning o echnological inno a ion is needed, in ol ing
106
esou ces, ime, ma ke , business model, compe encies, an inno a ion ne wo k, pa ne s, inno a ion
107
clus e s, and knowledge. This success ul indus ial case o inno a ion was based on six ac o s:
108
1. A case based on he acquisi ion o new compe ences in he ield o sola ene gy bu
109
ha in eg a ed and enhanced he exis ing compe ences in con en ional powe plan
110
enginee ing.
111
Figu e 1. Concen a ing sola powe (CSP) ins alled capaci y in 2018.
In he pas 15 yea s, CSP has e ol ed om small scale R&D p ojec s and demons a o s
o a ma u e indus y p oducing elec ici y a he u ili y-scale wi h o e 5 GW ins alled capaci y
wo ldwide. The cos o elec ici y gene a ion wi h CSP has e ol ed om 0.35 USD/kWh in 2010 o
0.07 USD/kWh in 2020 [
17
], see Figu e 2. This has only been possible h ough nume ous echnological
de elopmen s. Al hough many echnological a ge s ha e been me , his cos educ ion has been
necessa y bu insu icien o compe e wi h con en ional powe gene a ion and he e e -dec easing
cos o pho o ol aics. CSP has comme cially demons a ed he easibili y o la ge-scale he mal ene gy
s o age, p o iding ope a ional lexibili y in high enewable pene a ed sys ems. Howe e , he ole ha
CSP will play in he ene gy mix is unclea o his da e [18].
Ene gies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 o 19
ene gy s o age, p o iding ope a ional lexibili y in high enewable pene a ed sys ems. Howe e , he
93
ole ha CSP will play in he ene gy mix is unclea o his da e [18].
94
95
Figu e 1. Concen a ing sola powe (CSP) ins alled capaci y in 2018. 96
97
Figu e 2. Global le elised cos o elec ici y and auc ion p ice ends o sola pho o ol aic (PV), CSP, 98
onsho e and o sho e wind om p ojec and auc ion da a, 2010–2022 [17].
99
The CSP business is a global one compe ing wi h global ma ke s. Bu wha i is di e en in his
100
business compa ed o o he s is he incessan and an ic echnological ad ance di e en in he las
101
decades. Companies and s a mus main ain cons an echnological igilance, keeping up wi h up o
102
da e echnology and o be able o be on i . In his ma ke , echnological p og ess can e ode he
103
ma gins o a p oduc and elimina e a ma ke p oduc , bu i can also open up new ma ke s. The
104
cu en a e o echnological eplacemen in CSP is unp eceden ed in his o y.
105
To compe e in such ma ke , s a egic planning o echnological inno a ion is needed, in ol ing
106
esou ces, ime, ma ke , business model, compe encies, an inno a ion ne wo k, pa ne s, inno a ion
107
clus e s, and knowledge. This success ul indus ial case o inno a ion was based on six ac o s:
108
1. A case based on he acquisi ion o new compe ences in he ield o sola ene gy bu
109
ha in eg a ed and enhanced he exis ing compe ences in con en ional powe plan
110
enginee ing.
111
Figu e 2.
Global le elised cos o elec ici y and auc ion p ice ends o sola pho o ol aic (PV), CSP,
onsho e and o sho e wind om p ojec and auc ion da a, 2010–2022 [17].
The CSP business is a global one compe ing wi h global ma ke s. Bu wha i is di e en in his
business compa ed o o he s is he incessan and an ic echnological ad ance di e en in he las
decades. Companies and s a mus main ain cons an echnological igilance, keeping up wi h up o
da e echnology and o be able o be on i . In his ma ke , echnological p og ess can e ode he ma gins
Ene gies 2020,13, 2943 4 o 19
o a p oduc and elimina e a ma ke p oduc , bu i can also open up new ma ke s. The cu en a e o
echnological eplacemen in CSP is unp eceden ed in his o y.
To compe e in such ma ke , s a egic planning o echnological inno a ion is needed, in ol ing
esou ces, ime, ma ke , business model, compe encies, an inno a ion ne wo k, pa ne s, inno a ion
clus e s, and knowledge. This success ul indus ial case o inno a ion was based on six ac o s:
1.
A case based on he acquisi ion o new compe ences in he ield o sola ene gy bu ha in eg a ed
and enhanced he exis ing compe ences in con en ional powe plan enginee ing.
2.
A p oduc inno a ion o o e enewable sola plan s wi h ene gy dispa chabili y. A p ocess
inno a ion o excellence in manu ac u ing and ope a ion p ocesses.
3.
A sys em inno a ion (sola plan pa abolic h ough collec o and owe plan s) bu also a
componen inno a ion. In a sola plan he e a e many c i ical componen s designed, “ad-hoc”
ha cons i u e in hemsel es new p oduc s/equipmen o he alue chain. Sola ecei e s, he mal
ene gy s o age sys ems, sola acke s, speci ic measu emen equipmen , e c.
4.
A dis up i e inno a ion (PS-10 he i s comme cial sola he mal plan in he wo ld) bu also
an inc emen al inno a ion o cos educ ion and e iciency imp o emen : pa abolic ough
sola he mal plan s wi h la ge opening mani olds, owe plan s wi h supe hea ed s eam and
mol en sal s.
5.
Technological isks: ma e ials in ex eme condi ions o empe a u e and p essu e, co osion
associa ed wi h hea ans e luids, dese en i onmen s and subjec o wind loads, physical
limi s on op ical p ope ies, he modynamic limi s.
6. Non- echnological componen : geog aphies and i s o ma ke .
The s a egic planning o inno a ion in CSP is p esen ed in Table 1. Bu o achie e success,
inno a ion p ocesses need o be in eg a ed in he company managemen when d i ing new p oduc s
in o he ma ke . The s age-ga e p ocess enabled Abengoa o de e mine he momen in which new
echnologies would become ully p o i able by hemsel es. S age-ga e is a obus s anda dized and
sequen ial p ocedu e o de e mine he deg ee o de elopmen o a gi en p ojec and he amoun o
in es men equi ed o ake i o he nex s ep [
19
,
20
]. Each p ocess/s age has a co esponding se o
equi emen s and objec i es o be accomplished in de e mining p ojec success o ansi ion o he nex
s age. The s age-ga e p ocedu e is applicable o e e y p oduc o p ocess de elopmen , and i s s eps
a e p esen ed in Figu e 3.
Ene gies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 o 19
2. A p oduc inno a ion o o e enewable sola plan s wi h ene gy dispa chabili y. A
112
p ocess inno a ion o excellence in manu ac u ing and ope a ion p ocesses.
113
3. A sys em inno a ion (sola plan pa abolic h ough collec o and owe plan s) bu
114
also a componen inno a ion. In a sola plan he e a e many c i ical componen s
115
designed, “ad-hoc” ha cons i u e in hemsel es new p oduc s/equipmen o he
116
alue chain. Sola ecei e s, he mal ene gy s o age sys ems, sola acke s, speci ic
117
measu emen equipmen , e c.
118
4. A dis up i e inno a ion (PS-10 he i s comme cial sola he mal plan in he wo ld)
119
bu also an inc emen al inno a ion o cos educ ion and e iciency imp o emen :
120
pa abolic ough sola he mal plan s wi h la ge opening mani olds, owe plan s
121
wi h supe hea ed s eam and mol en sal s.
122
5. Technological isks: ma e ials in ex eme condi ions o empe a u e and p essu e,
123
co osion associa ed wi h hea ans e luids, dese en i onmen s and subjec o
124
wind loads, physical limi s on op ical p ope ies, he modynamic limi s.
125
6. Non- echnological componen : geog aphies and i s o ma ke .
126
The s a egic planning o inno a ion in CSP is p esen ed in Table 1. Bu o achie e success,
127
inno a ion p ocesses need o be in eg a ed in he company managemen when d i ing new p oduc s
128
in o he ma ke . The s age-ga e p ocess enabled Abengoa o de e mine he momen in which new
129
echnologies would become ully p o i able by hemsel es. S age-ga e is a obus s anda dized and
130
sequen ial p ocedu e o de e mine he deg ee o de elopmen o a gi en p ojec and he amoun o
131
in es men equi ed o ake i o he nex s ep [19,20]. Each p ocess/s age has a co esponding se o
132
equi emen s and objec i es o be accomplished in de e mining p ojec success o ansi ion o he
133
nex s age. The s age-ga e p ocedu e is applicable o e e y p oduc o p ocess de elopmen , and i s
134
s eps a e p esen ed in Figu e 3.
135
The inno a ion in Abengoa would no ha e been possible wi hou he alida ion o he new
136
echnologies a demons a ion-scale. The de elopmen o new echnologies ha can be applied o
137
sola powe plan s be hey p op ie a y o sold o hi d pa ies, is one o he compe i i e ad an ages
138
on which Abengoa is basing g ow h and iabili y o he business in he u u e. Technological
139
de elopmen s in sola ene gy a e occu ing e y quickly and, o his e y eason, he need o iable
140
and e icien al e na i es o cope wi h new p ojec s and ma ke needs.
141
142
Figu e 3. The s age-ga e inno a ion p ocedu e de ailed s eps. 143
Figu e 3. The s age-ga e inno a ion p ocedu e de ailed s eps.
Ene gies 2020,13, 2943 5 o 19
Table 1. S a egic planning o inno a ion in CSP a Abengoa.
S a egy Ho izon 1 (2007) Ho izon 2 (2012) Ho izon 3 (2020)
Business and
p oduc s
Sa u a ed and supe hea ed
owe s: PS10, PS20,
and PS50
- Pa abolic ough collec o
- Mol en sal owe and
supe hea e owe
Dispa chabili y: e ec i e
esponse o he “elec ici y
peak demand”
Objec i es: mas e
echnologies
- Pa abolic ough
echnology
- Supe hea ed s eam owe s
- Sa u a ed s eam owe s
- Helios a s
- Mol en sal s he mal
ene gy s o age
- Sola ield calcula ion
codes
- Mol en sal owe
- Ad anced cycles
- Helios a o he u u e
- Collec o o he u u e
- Design ecei e s a highe
empe a u e
- Seek b eak h ough
inno a ions
- Hyb id solu ions
Main ac ions
- Suppo PS10 and PS20
- New unding o esea ch
and de elopmen (R&D)
acili ies
- Manage IP po olio
- Manage cos s and g an s
ollow up
- Ope a ion o mol en sal
pilo plan
- Enginee ing o a
comme cial mol en sal
owe plan
- Ope a ion o ai ecei e
sola plan Solugas
- Po en maps and IP gap
iden i ica ion
- Assess easibili y o
new concep s
(high empe a u e,
ligh managemen )
- New luids and ma e ials
- Technical su eillance
- File pa en s in key
echnologies
The inno a ion in Abengoa would no ha e been possible wi hou he alida ion o he new
echnologies a demons a ion-scale. The de elopmen o new echnologies ha can be applied o sola
powe plan s be hey p op ie a y o sold o hi d pa ies, is one o he compe i i e ad an ages on which
Abengoa is basing g ow h and iabili y o he business in he u u e. Technological de elopmen s
in sola ene gy a e occu ing e y quickly and, o his e y eason, he need o iable and e icien
al e na i es o cope wi h new p ojec s and ma ke needs.
The Soluca Pla o m (Figu e 4), loca ed in Sanluca la Mayo , Se ille, is a unique acili y whe e
sola he mal and pho o ol aic echnology powe plan s a e ope a ing comme cially and which
also ea u es pilo plan s whe e echnologies can be es ed be o e being b ough in o comme cial
use. This pla o m has become he la ges R&D&I cen e in he wo ld o sola ene gy echnologies,
and Abengoa is he only company ha possesses a cen e o i s kind.
Se e al acili ies we e designed, buil , and alida ed and a e summa ized in Table 2. Fo he
ough echnology, he i s one was Repow, a 2.1 MW
ough echnology plan (Figu e 4). I was
used o alida e he pa abolic ough collec o s (PTC) componen s used in he 50 MW comme cial
plan Solno a 1, loca ed in Spain. The alida ion included key componen s, high op ical and
acking accu acy, educed hea losses, manu ac u ing simplici y, educed weigh and cos , inc eased
o sional and bending s i ness unde wind loads, educed numbe o pa s and assembly op imiza ion,
and co osion esis ance.
The second one is he 9 MWh mol en sal s dual ank he mal ene gy s o age plan (Figu e 4) [
21
].
The alida ion included he s o age medium (composi ion, impu i ies, speci ica ions, e c.) [
22
], he anks’
design (i.e., hea losses and co osion) [
23
,
24
], he hea exchange , he mol en sal s pumps, he eeze
p o ec ion sys ems [
25
], ins umen a ion and con ol (I&C), and ope a ion and main enance (O&M).
The p ojec was co- inanced by he Cen e o he De elopmen o Indus ial Technology (CDTI).

Ene gies 2020,13, 2943 6 o 19
Ene gies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 19
163
Figu e 4. Abengoa Soluca R&D complex wi h he acili ies o echnologies alida ed. 164
Figu e 4. Abengoa Soluca R&D complex wi h he acili ies o echnologies alida ed.
Ene gies 2020,13, 2943 7 o 19
Table 2. De ails o he demo acili ies used in he oadmap o comme cializa ion.
Type o CSP Name Powe Sola Collec o s
Hea
T ans e
Fluid
Maximum
Wo king
Tempe a u e
Ope a ion Hou s o
Ope a ion
Used in
Comme cial
Plan
Re e ence
T ough echnology Repow 2.1 MW
1 loop o 600 m
(4 collec o ) Oil 400 ◦C 2007–2012 30,000 h in
2014
PTC componen s
used in Solno a 1
(Spain)
Xina Sola One
[26]
2 la ge ape u e
collec o s o 300 m
Oil 400 ◦C 2014–2016 500 h
DEWA
Hyb id sola -gas
plan WAS (Waad
Al-Shamal)
[27]
[28]
Indi ec mol en sal
s o age
Mol en sal s
dual ank TES 9 MWh — Oil/MS 400 ◦C 2009–2012 >32,000 Solana Powe
Plan [21–24]
Supe hea e s eam
ecei e Eu eka 5 MW 60 helios a s o
120 m2Sola sal 550 ◦C 2009–2011 >2000 Khi Sola One [29]
Di ec s eam gene a ion Eu eka-DSG 8 MW
3 loops sa u a ed;
2 loops
supe hea ed
Wa e 550 ◦C 2009–2011 2000 P ocess hea [30]
Mol en sal ecei e CRS Sales 5 MW 85 helios a s o
120 m2Sola sal 565 ◦C 2012–2015 3600 Ce o Dominado [31]
New HTF A anza2 — — Te na y
ca bona e 700 ◦C 2014–2015 1000 — [32]
Gas ecei e ( ubula
ecei e and olume ic
p essu ized ai ecei e )
Solugas 3 MW 69 helios a s o
120 m2Ai
800 2012–2014 1200 — [33]
Ce sol 105 kWh 1000 2014 100 — —
Sol ec 3 MW 1000 2015 200 — [34]
Ene gies 2020,13, 2943 8 o 19
Also, wo mo e loops we e buil , a 3 MW HTF-loop and an 8 MW di ec s eam gene a ion
(DSG) loop, co- inanced by CDTI, (ITC20111061) (Figu e 4) [
30
]. Abengoa has designed a new la ge
ape u e collec o and has implemen ed au omo i e-s yle high- a e ab ica ion and au oma ed assembly
echniques o achie e a subs an ial educ ion in he deploymen cos .
The second demo acili y is he 5 MW h CRS mol en sal s ecei e [
31
] (Figu e 4). The p ojec
was co- inanced by CDTI (IDI-20090393). Be ween 2012 and 2015 i alida ed he ecei e , he s eam
gene a ion, and o he main componen s o he Ce o Dominado comme cial plan , loca ed in Chile.
This plan AVANZA2 was e u bished in 2015 o es a mol en sal loop using di e en composi ion
sal s (a ca bona e mix u e) wo king a empe a u es abo e 700
◦
C o design key componen s o highe
empe a u e mol en sal powe plan s [
32
]. The p ojec was co- inanced by he CDTI (EXP 00064290 /
ITC-20131017).
Ano he acili y is he 3 MW h Solugas si e. The Solugas p ojec comp ises a pilo owe plan
a he Soluca Pla o m in Se ille, Spain, o demons a e he po en ial o hyb id sola -gas echnology,
wi h di ec sola hea ing o he p essu ized ai om a gas u bine [
33
]. The p ojec has been inanced by
he Eu opean Union (EU) 7 h F amewo k P og amme. New ecei e echnologies aimed a inc easing
he wo king empe a u e and allowing new geome ies o he mochemical eac ions ha e also been
es ed a he Solugas si e (Figu e 4). Ce sol is a 105 kW h ce amic ubula ecei e wo king wi h
ai a 20 ba and 400–1000
◦
C. Sol ec is a 1.5 MW h olume ic p essu ized ai ecei e wo king a
1000 ◦C [34].
The alida ion o he op ical quali y and acking accu acy o new helios a s is unde aken in
Pon ones, an ins alla ion whe e he p ocessing o an image ocused on a a ge is done o measu e he
op ical accu acy o he helios a (Figu e 4). The Solno a 1 R&D a ea allows he op ical alida ion o
new collec o s (de lec ome y and au oma ic pho og amme ic quali y sys em), wi h an on-si e es
me hod o he mal and op ical pe o mances o a new pa abolic- ough s uc u e (Figu e 5).
This would no be possible wi hou building an ex ensi e R&D ne wo k. The Abengoa CSP R&D
ne wo k includes R&D cen es (such as CSIC, Tecnalia, CENER, CTM, CIEMAT, IMDEA Ene g
í
a,
and AICIA in Spain; Sandia Na ional Labo a o ies and NREL in USA; CNRS in F ance, F aunho e and
DLR in Ge many; CSIRO in Aus alia; o he Paul Sche e Ins i u in Swi ze land), uni e si ies (such as
Uni e si a Poli
è
cnica de Ca alunya, Uni e si a de Lleida, Uni e sidad de Za agoza, Uni e sidad
de Huel a, and Uni e sidad Rey Juan Ca los in Spain; Uni e si
é
de Bo deaux in F ance; School
o Mines Colo ado in USA; Technische Uni e si ä D esden and Technisch Uni e si ä München in
Ge many; and Uni e si y o Ba h in UK), and o he companies (such as AKO, SQM, AalbogCSP,
P oma , Fe ibe ia, BASF, Tok, Qne gy, SQM, Sola Tu bines o San -Gobain).
The esul s o such in ensi e e o in R&D a e e lec ed in he accumula ed R&D in es men and
pa en s g an ed (Figu e 6). Al hough he slope in he g ow h o in es men and g an ed pa en s is
no he same, i is clea ha bo h pa ame e s ollow a pa allel g ow h in he p esen ed pe iod o ime.
Coad and Rao 2008 [3] al eady s a ed ha R&D and pa en ing is c ucial o as -g owing i ms.
Se e al demons a ion acili ies we e also buil o alida e he owe echnology. The i s one is
he 3 MW
h
Eu eka supe hea ed s eam ecei e (Figu e 4). I is a supe hea ed s eam cen al ecei e
loca ed a he op o a 49.8 m high owe wo king wi h 35 helios a s o 120 m
2
each. Be ween 2009
and 2011 i eached 1800 hou s o ope a ion and i alida ed he ecei e design o he 50 MW Khi
Sola One comme cial plan , loca ed in Sou h A ica [
29
]. The con igu a ion and low condi ions a e
p esen ed in Table 3.
A he ea ly s ages o a echnology i is common o ind di e en designs compe ing wi h each
o he , because he ideal/winning solu ion has no ye been iden i ied among he a ailable echnologies.
This could explain he in es men inc ease om 2013 o 2014, whe e Abengoa doubled he in es men
o con inue o ma u e di e en echnological op ions in pa allel, spanning om pa abolic ough
cos educ ions o de elopmen o mol en sal owe s wi h TES, o high p essu e ai ecei e s o
he mochemical eac ions o hyb id PV-CSP plan s. In addi ion, Abengoa c ea ed in 2013 a speci ic R&D
Lab, Abengoa Resea ch, wi h mo e han 400 high-le el esea che s and he mos ad anced labo a o ies
Ene gies 2020,13, 2943 9 o 19
o complemen he knowledge gene a ed a demo scale wi h a mo e undamen al knowledge o basic
science (ma e ials s udies, luid dynamic s udies, e c.), which also con ibu ed o he in es men
inc ease in hose yea s.
Ene gies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 19
undamen al knowledge o basic science (ma e ials s udies, luid dynamic s udies, e c.), which also
218
con ibu ed o he in es men inc ease in hose yea s.
219
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figu e 5. Solno a 1 R&D a ea o quali y con ol: (a) and (b) geome ic quali y pa ame e s by 220
de lec ome y and (c) and (d) jig calib a ion by pho og amme y. 221
Table 3. Con igu a ion o he 3 MW
h
Eu eka supe hea ed s eam ecei e echnology o owe powe 222
plan . 223
Recei e Panel Condi ions Flow Condi ions
Pa hs 2 HTF Supe hea ed s eam
Panels 6 Inle empe a u e 300 °C
Passes pe panel 4 Ou le empe a u e 530 °C
Tubes pe pass 7 Inle p essu e 85 ba
– – Mass low 3.4 kg/s
224
225
Figu e 6. Accumula ed R&D in es men s. g an ed pa en s in he pe iod 2008–2015.
226
Figu e 5.
Solno a 1 R&D a ea o quali y con ol: (
a
) and (
b
) geome ic quali y pa ame e s by
de lec ome y and (c) and (d) jig calib a ion by pho og amme y.
Table 3.
Con igu a ion o he 3 MW
h
Eu eka supe hea ed s eam ecei e echnology o owe
powe plan .
Recei e Panel Condi ions Flow Condi ions
Pa hs 2 HTF Supe hea ed s eam
Panels 6 Inle empe a u e 300 ◦C
Passes pe panel 4 Ou le empe a u e 530 ◦C
Tubes pe pass 7 Inle p essu e 85 ba
– – Mass low 3.4 kg/s
Ene gies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 19
undamen al knowledge o basic science (ma e ials s udies, luid dynamic s udies, e c.), which also
218
con ibu ed o he in es men inc ease in hose yea s.
219
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figu e 5. Solno a 1 R&D a ea o quali y con ol: (a) and (b) geome ic quali y pa ame e s by 220
de lec ome y and (c) and (d) jig calib a ion by pho og amme y. 221
Table 3. Con igu a ion o he 3 MW
h
Eu eka supe hea ed s eam ecei e echnology o owe powe 222
plan . 223
Recei e Panel Condi ions Flow Condi ions
Pa hs 2 HTF Supe hea ed s eam
Panels 6 Inle empe a u e 300 °C
Passes pe panel 4 Ou le empe a u e 530 °C
Tubes pe pass 7 Inle p essu e 85 ba
– – Mass low 3.4 kg/s
224
225
Figu e 6. Accumula ed R&D in es men s. g an ed pa en s in he pe iod 2008–2015.
226
Figu e 6. Accumula ed R&D in es men s. g an ed pa en s in he pe iod 2008–2015.
Ene gies 2020,13, 2943 16 o 19
A he same ime, he cos and inancial isk o sus ain a pipeline o inno a ions h ough con inuous
R&D a e high. Many o he key companies ha ha e d i en he cu en ma u i y o he CSP echnologies
(Abengoa, Sola Rese e, B igh Sou ce Ene gy) ha e been inancially impac ed by bo h he cons an
need o inno a e o educe cos s and he la ge scale o he inancial backing o such p ojec s, leading
hem o educing o ceasing ope a ions in many cases. A he same ime, small and medium en e p ises
(SMEs) and s a -ups do no ha e he muscle (o inancial backing) o unde ake complex in eg a ed
p ojec s o such kinds and ha e o ocus on small elemen inno a ions. Consequen ly, indus y
con inui y is s ill a majo obs acle o a obus , mains eam and cos -e ec i e deploymen .
5. Conclusions
Concen a ed sola powe has e ol ed in he pas 15 yea s om small-scale R&D p ojec s o
demons a ion pilo plan s o comme cializa ion. The cos o elec ici y p oduced h ough CSP has
dec eased om 0.35 USD/kWh in 2010 o 0.07 USD/kWh in 2020. This has been achie ed by majo
playe s in he ma ke , la ge and small, h ough a combina ion o public and (a la ge amoun o )
p i a e unding, emb acing inno a ion om and o he companies h ough a complex ne wo k o
R&D collabo a ions.
In spi e o all hese achie emen s, only possible by in e nalizing he inno a ion p ocess wi hin he
company, CSP is unques ionably s ill oo expensi e o compe e wi h o he enewable ene gies.
Howe e , by inco po a ing (and helping de elop) inexpensi e long- e m he mal ene gy s o age,
i o e s a pa h o ope a ional lexibili y in highly pene a ed enewable decen alized powe sys ems
and op ions o deca bonisa ion o ou socie y.
In Abengoa, he ole o s o age is key o gua an ee he compe i i eness o he CSP, hanks o he
dispa chabili y i o e s. The mal s o age gi es he necessa y s abili y in he g id wi h high pene abili y
o non-dispa chable enewables such as PV o wind. Abengoa made an impo an commi men o
de elop his p oduc h ough a esea ch and inno a ion s a egy, wi h a sho - and long- e m s a egy
implemen ed du ing he same pe iod o ime. This s a egy was ully suppo ed by public unds,
al hough he necessa y de elopmen s would no ha e been possible wi hou a s ong disbu semen
om he company. This disbu semen is no always easible o p i a e companies, which limi s
he echnological ad ances necessa y o socie y. S ong public inancing policies a e necessa y o
gua an ee he de elopmen o new s a egic echnological p oduc s.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
Concep ualiza ion, C.P. and L.F.C.; me hodology, C.P. and S.F.; in es iga ion, C.P., S.F.
and L.F.C.; esou ces, C.P. and L.F.C.; da a cu a ion, C.P.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, C.P. and S.F.;
w i ing— e iew and edi ing, L.F.C.; isualiza ion, C.P.; unding acquisi ion, C.P. and L.F.C. All au ho s ha e ead
and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip .
Funding:
The wo k was pa ially unded by he by he Minis e io de Ciencia, Inno aci
ó
n y Uni e sidades
de España (RTI2018-093849-B-C31- MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) and by he Minis e io de Ciencia, Inno aci
ó
n y
Uni e sidades - Agencia Es a al de In es igaci
ó
n (AEI) (RED2018-102431-T). Abengoa hanks he Spanish Minis y
o Science and Inno a ion ha has allowed us o inance R&D in CSP: CDTI (IDI-20090402, ITC-20111050,
ConSOLida CENIT 2008-1005, CDTI IDI-20090393, ITC-20131017); and Eu opean Commission: H2020 p og amme
(H2020-LCE-2015 Sun- o Liquid, H2020-LCE-2015 Solpa ). We hank he pa ne s o he conso ium who ha e
allowed hese de elopmen s and hank all membe s o he Abengoa CSP depa men .
Acknowledgmen s:
Cabeza would like o hank he Ca alan Go e nmen o he quali y acc edi a ion gi en o he
esea ch g oup GREiA (2017 SGR 1537). GREiA is ce i ied agen TECNIO in he ca ego y o echnology de elope s
om he Go e nmen o Ca alonia. This wo k is pa ially suppo ed by ICREA unde he ICREA Academia
p og amme. We would like o hank he pa ne s o he conso ium who ha e allowed hese de elopmen s and
hank all membe s o he Abengoa CSP depa men .
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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