O iginal a icle
The use o oli e mill pomace compos inc eases he popula ion o ce ain
g ound/soil o ganisms in oli e g o es
Jos´
e E. Gonz´
alez-Zamo a
*
, Jos´
e M. Game o-Monge, Rosa P´
e ez-de la Luz
Depa amen o de Ag onomía, Uni e sidad de Se illa, Ca e e a de U e a, km 1.5, 41013, Se illa, Spain
ARTICLE INFO
Handling Edi o : M Ha mann
Keywo ds:
Aca i
A aneae
Coleop e a
Gas opoda
Sus ainable ag icul u e
ABSTRACT
Oli e is one o he la ges c ops in Spain, p ima ily o oil ex ac ion om d upes. This p ocess p oduces a by-
p oduc called ‘alpe ujo’, which can be compos ed and used as e ilize . This s udy in es iga ed he impac o
‘alpe ujo’ compos on g ound/soil in e eb a e inhabi an s compa ed o mine al e iliza ion in wo g o es wi h
di e en c op managemen ypes (supe in ensi e and adi ional) du ing 2021 and 2022. Anys idae/E y h-
aeidae (Aca i; T ombidi o mes) and Aca i (O he ) we e mo e abundan in he compos ea men in bo h g o es,
bu signi ican only in he supe in ensi e g o e. Some o he g ound/soil inhabi an s, such as An hicidae
(Coleop e a), A aneae, and Gas opoda we e gene ally mo e p esen in he compos ea men o he supe -
in ensi e g o e. No signi ican e ec o e ilise ea men was obse ed o o he g ound/soil o ganisms. Fu u e
s udies wi h mo e eplicas and o e a longe pe iod o ime should be pe o med o con i m hese esul s, bu
hey can be conside ed o in e es o push o wa d he implemen a ion o ‘alpe ujo’ compos in he oli e
e iliza ion, a ou ing a ci cula economy and a sus ainable ag icul u e.
1. In oduc ion
Spain had a ound 25 % o he global su ace o he oli e c op in 2021
[1], wi h 2.76 ×10
6
ha, mos o i (a ound 2.55 ×10
6
ha) dedica ed o
he ex ac ion o oil om he d upe [2]. The a e age annual p oduc ion
o oli e oil in Spain in ecen yea s is a ound 1.4 ×10
6
onnes (al hough
e y a iable depending on ain all), which ep esen s 70 % o he EU’s
p oduc ion and 45 % o he global p oduc ion [3]. The oil ex ac ion
p ocess (when using he mos mode n wo-phase ex ac ion) gene a es
se e al by-p oduc s, especially a semi-solid pomace was e called
‘alpe ujo’ (in Spanish), which con ains all solids o he d upe and wa e
(up o 60–65 % is wa e ) [4]. Howe e , he alpe ujo is an en i on-
men ally haza dous p oduc due o di e en chemical p ope ies [4].
This alpe ujo, al hough p oduced in high quan i ies (500–800 kg pe
on o p ocessed oli e has been epo ed) [4,5], can be compos ed (alone
o wi h o he by-p oduc s) and ans o med in o a alue-added p oduc
ha has a ac ed a lo o in e es because i can be used in he e il-
iza ion o di e en c ops [6–10], and he e o e could help o educe he
use o ino ganic e ilize s and con ibu e o a ci cula economy o e-
sou ces and sus ainable ag icul u e [11], bu wi h o he in e es ing
quali ies [5]. The use o his compos has imp o ed soil enzyma ic ac-
i i y ha con ols he pa e ns o o ganic ma e decomposi ion [12]
and he wa e -soluble ca bon o he soil [13], he physical and chemical
p ope ies o he soil [14] and he quali y o oli e oil [15]. O ganic
e iliza ion a ises as a necessi y o a sus ainable app oach o his c op
[16,17] in ain ed and i iga ed o cha ds wi h in ensi e, supe in ensi e
o adi ional managemen o he u u e in he Medi e anean basin
[18]. The clima ic change ha is cu en ly de eloping needs esilien
c opping sys ems ha can ace i [19], and se e al o hem can e en play
an impo an ole in supp essing pes s and/o imp o ing biological
con ol, o example co e c opping, applica ion o o ganic e ilize s
(such as compos s and manu e), and he implemen a ion o wa e
managemen p ac ises [20].
Many s udies ha e ocused in how he implemen a ion o compos s
(as well as o he by-p oduc s o ag icul u e, such as manu e and sewage)
in luence he g ound/soil inhabi an s in di e en c ops [21–24] wi h
ex ensi e e iews. The mos impo an meso- and mac oo ganisms ha
can be ound in g ound/soil a e nema odes, ea hwo ms and a h opods,
including mi es (O de s O iba ida, Mesos igma a, and P os igma a),
spide s, insec s (especially Collembola, Psocop e a, bu also Coleop e a
o di e en amilies, like Ca abidae), bu s udies speci ically aimed a
he e ec o alpe ujo compos on he g ound/soil in e eb a e in-
habi an s o oli e g o es a e a he sca ce.
The oli e c op can be a g ea consume o he compos p oduced
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add esses: [email p o ec ed] (J.E. Gonz´
alez-Zamo a), [email p o ec ed] (J.M. Game o-Monge), [email p o ec ed] (R. P´
e ez-de la Luz).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Eu opean Jou nal o Soil Biology
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/ejsobi
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2024.103668
Recei ed 19 Ma ch 2024; Recei ed in e ised o m 23 Augus 2024; Accep ed 25 Augus 2024
Eu opean Jou nal o Soil Biology 122 (2024) 103668
A ailable online 27 Augus 2024
1164-5563/© 2024 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie Masson SAS. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC license
( h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ).
om i s own by-p oduc s (alpe ujo) and hence con ibu e o sus ainable
ag icul u e by educing bo h he impac o alpe ujo in he en i onmen
and he use o mine al e ilize s. Few o no s udies ha e been ca ied
ou analysing he e ec o such compos on he meso- and mac o-
o ganisms o oli e g ound/soil, bu in Gonzalez-Zamo a e al. [25] i was
s udied ex ensi ely he pa icula e ec on he Fo micidae (o de Hy-
menop e a) species assemblage bo h in he g ound and in he canopy,
included in he same s udy ca y ou in his wo k. We hypo hesise ha
compos can a ec some speci ic g oups dwelling in he g ound and soil,
especially wi hin a h opods, and mo e p obably inc emen ing hei
numbe s. The p esen wo k has he main objec i e o illing his
knowledge gap while inco po a ing wo dis inc ypes o oli e cul i a-
ion: supe in ensi e hedge ow managemen and mo e adi ional
managemen .
2. Ma e ials and me hods
2.1. Loca ion
This esea ch was de eloped in he expe imen al a m “La Hampa”
loca ed in Co ia del Río (Se ille, Spain, 37◦17.010
′
N 6◦3.936’ W) (Supp.
F ig. S1) a an a e age o 20 m a.s.l. I belongs o he Ins i u e o Na u al
Resou ces and Ag obiology o Se ille (Ins i u o de Recu sos Na u ales y
Ag obiologia de Se illa). The soil was a calcic Cambisol [26] cha ac-
e ised by a sandy clay loam ex u e, low e ili y, and low o ganic
ma e con en (pH: 7.5; TOC: 8 g kg
−1
; N: 0.8 g kg
−1
; Olsen P: 10 mg
kg
−1
; a ailable K: 200 mg kg
−1
) [27]. O he gene al cha ac e is ics o
he loca ion a e in Re . [25].
2.2. Expe imen al design
The compos used in he s udy was made o 60 % oli e mill pomace
o igina ing om he ex ac ion o he oli e ui oil (‘alpe ujo’) and 40 %
o p uning was es and legumes. A de ailed desc ip ion o he main pa-
ame e s o he compos can be ound in he supplemen a y ma e ial
(Supp. Ta ble S1). The p oduc was supplied by an oli e oil coope a i e
a e a compos ing p ocess o mo e han 12 mon hs.
Two expe imen al g o es o he a m ─ a supe in ensi e oli e g o e
and a adi ional oli e g o e ─ we e used o ca y ou his s udy. The
supe in ensi e g o e (37◦17.001
′
N 6◦4.020
′
W, Fig. 1, S1) has a supe -
high densi y o 1667 ees ha
−1
o ming a hedge ow, and he adi ional
g o e (37◦16.896
′
N 6◦5.283
′
W, Supp. Fi gs. 2 and S1) a mo e usual
densi y o 238 ees ha
−1
, wi h ees o med on a single oo and 3.5–4 m
canopy diame e . A mo e de ailed desc ip ion o bo h g o es (supe -
in ensi e and adi ional) is gi en in Re . [26]. Six plo s o he supe -
in ensi e g o e we e used in his esea ch (Fig. 1a); h ee o hem we e
e ilized wi h compos ed esidues o oli e mill pomace ( ea men
named ‘Compos ’), while he o he h ee plo s we e e ilized wi h
mine al p oduc s ( ea men named ‘Mine al’) (Supp. Ta ble S2). The six
plo s we e andomly dis ibu ed because he soil cha ac e is ics wi hin
each g o e we e simila (desc ibed abo e), allowing his design and
hen inc easing he powe o he expe imen . Bo h ea men s (Compos
and Mine al) we e d ip i iga ed ollowing a egula ed de ici i iga ion
p ocedu e (wi h 360.4 ±27.7 mm and 197.0 ±14.6 mm (Compos ) and
308.1 ±8.7 mm and 203.1 ±3.5 mm (Mine al) in 2021 and 2022
espec i ely) and oge he wi h he gene al managemen o soil, pes ,
diseases, and e iliza ion, a e desc ibed in Re . [25] and supplemen a y
ma e ial (Supp. Ta bles S2, S3, and S4). The addi ion o compos in he
supe in ensi e g o e was made o he i s ime (in he eco d o his
g o e) in July 2021, and hen in Ma ch 2022 (Supp. Ta bles S2 and S3).
Eigh plo s o he adi ionally managed g o e we e used in his
esea ch (Fig. 2a); ou o hem we e e ilized wi h compos ed esidues
om oli e mill pomace ( ea men named ‘Compos ’), while he o he
ou plo s we e e ilized wi h mine al p oduc s ( ea men named
‘Mine al’) (Supp. Tabl e S2). The eigh plo s we e andomly dis ibu ed
in he g o e o he same easons indica ed wi h he supe in ensi e
g o e and so inc easing he powe o he expe imen . The g o e was
ain- ed (366.1 mm om Oc obe 2020 o Sep embe 2021 and 303.3
mm om Oc obe 2021 o Sep embe 2022) and oge he wi h he
gene al managemen o soil, pes , diseases, and e iliza ion, a e
desc ibed in Re . [25] and supplemen a y ma e ial (Supp. T ables S2, S3,
and S4). The adi ional g o e was ecei ing compos in a schedule o
e e y wo yea s, s a ing in Feb ua y 2018, ollowed in Decembe 2020
(some mon hs be o e his s udy s a ed) and in Ma ch 2022 (Supp. Ta
bles S2 and S3).
2.3. Sampling
A pi all ap sampling me hod was used o s udy he e ec o he
ype o e iliza ion on su ace-ac i e in e eb a e auna (mainly a -
h opods) dwelling on he g ound, al hough o he in e eb a es mo e
speci ic o soil (as Collembola and Aca i) can be collec ed. The pi all
aps consis ed o polye hene cups o 105 mm heigh and 90 mm
diame e in he opening, inse ed in o he soil a g ound le el and illed
wi h 25–30 mL o an e hylene glycol/wa e solu ion (1:1) and co e ed
wi h a 25 cm diame e plas ic dish (a 2–4 cm heigh om he cup wi h
Fig. 1. Supe in ensi e g o e: a) loca ion o he plo s (C, Compos , g een illing; M, Mine al, whi e illing; yellow bo de means de ici i iga ion p ocedu e); plo s no
used in his s udy wi h blue bo de means ull i iga ion and wi h ed bo de means ain- ed; b) loca ion o he pi all aps in he cen al ee ow o each plo .
J.E. Gonz´
alez-Zamo a e al.
Eu opean Jou nal o Soil Biology 122 (2024) 103668
2
he help o se e al s ones whe e he dish es ed) o a oid e apo a ion
and deb is. Two aps we e placed in each plo , in he supe in ensi e
g o e we e loca ed in he same cen al ow o he plo a ound 10 m apa
(Fig. 1b), and in he adi ional g o e we e loca ed in he diagonal o he
plo a ound 5 m apa (Fig. 2b). They emained in he plo s o 72 h, and
hen he specimens apped and he liquid was ans e ed o a smalle
cup wi h a lid and b ough o he labo a o y.
The samples collec ed we e e alua ed in he labo a o y acco ding o
o de and amily/species, i possible, wi h he help o a s e eomic o-
scope (45 ×) and di e en keys [28,29]. A he supe in ensi e g o e,
eigh (in 2021) and nine (in 2022) sampling da es we e pe o med om
Ap il o mid-Oc obe . A he adi ional g o e, six sampling da es we e
pe o med in 2021 ( om June o mid-Oc obe ) and nine we e pe o med
in 2022 ( om Ap il o mid-Oc obe ) (Supp. Ta ble S3).
2.4. Da a analysis
A mul i a ia e p incipal esponse cu e (PRC) was used o syn hesis
and o gain a global iew o he possible e ec s o he ea men s s udied
when mul iple a iables a e in ol ed. This me hod has been used in
ag icul u al en omology o analyse he e ec o a ea men on he
a h opod communi y [30–34]. The communi y esponse unde s udy is
ep esen ed by a canonical coe icien , which measu es i s esponse o
abundance in a designa ed con ol, exp essed as de ia ions om a
con ol communi y o e ime [35]. A plo wi h weigh s o he species o
axonomic g oups unde s udy is also gene a ed, and hey a e used o
indica e which o hem ollow he plo ed communi y pa e n (see Aube
e al. [36] o a g aphical in e p e a ion), bu only weigh s g ea e han |
0.4–0.5| a e conside ed signi ican .
Repea ed-measu es ANOVA was used o analyse each yea sepa a ely
in he g o es abou how axons we e a ec ed by he e iliza ion ea -
men wi h a me hod o analysis o he ime-se ies abundance da a. I
was e alua ed whe he e iliza ion ea men (be ween-subjec e ec ,
wi h wo ea men s, Compos and Mine al), ime (wi hin-subjec e ec ,
9, 8 o 6 sampling da es), and in e ac ion o ime and e iliza ion
ea men we e signi ican in he esponse a iables. A gene alised
linea model wi h he nega i e binomial unc ion (wi log link) was used
o analyse he disc e e da a o he wo yea s oge he in each g o e o
each esponse a iable, wi h e iliza ion ea men as he only ac o , as
in e ac ion ea men ×yea was no signi ican in almos any o he
g oups analysed.
Quan i a i e es s o de e mine whe he a PRC diag am displays
signi ican a iance due o ea men we e pe o med in R ( 4.2.2) wi h
he egan package ( 2.5-2), which uses a Mon e Ca lo p ocedu e o
gene a e up o 999 pe mu a ions. Fo he wo yea s oge he , i was used
he MASS package ( 7.3–58.3) wi h he nega i e binomial unc ion
(wi h he unc ion ‘glm.nb’). SPSS ( 15.0 o Windows) was used in he
epea ed-measu es ANOVA. The da a we e ans o med wi h log (x +1)
be o e applying PRC [35].
3. Resul s
Pi all aps PRC showed no signi ican e ec o he e ilizing
ea men s (P >0.05) in he wo yea s and g o es (Fig. 3). Se e al
g oups adjus ed be e o he g aph (wi h weigh s on he igh axis abo e
|0.4–0.5|), such as O iba ida and Anys idae (supe in ensi e g o e,
2021), Collembola, An hicidae, C us acea and Anys idae (supe -
in ensi e g o e, 2022), Pseudoesco pionida ( adi ional g o e, 2021)
and Anys idae, Aca i (O he ) and O iba ida ( adi ional g o e, 2022).
The mos equen cap u es wi h pi all aps in he supe in ensi e
g o e (Table 1) we e Fo micidae, Aca i (mainly O iba ida) and Col-
lembola (wi h 36.7, 33.5 (25.9 % O iba ida) and 8.5 %, espec i ely, o
he o al cap u es). In he adi ional g o e, he mos equen ly
cap u ed we e Aca i (mainly O iba ida and seconda ily Anys idae),
Collembola and Fo micidae (wi h 47.0 (30.5 % O iba ida and 11.8 %
Anys idae), 23.7 and 14.8 %, espec i ely, o he o al cap u es).
Pi all ap cap u es showed signi ican di e ences be ween e il-
izing ea men s in ew g oups (Table 1, and Ta ble S5 o de ailed s a-
is ics), bu depending on he g o e. This is obse ed in he o al numbe
o Coleop e a in he supe in ensi e g o e (cap u es in he Compos
ea men we e highe han in he Mine al ea men conside ing he
wo yea s oge he , wi h z = − 2.5, d =100, P =0.013, Tabl e S5), which
con as wi h he adi ional g o e (Mine al ea men cap u es we e
highe han in he Compos ea men conside ing he wo yea s
oge he , wi h z =2.4, d =118, P =0.015, Ta ble S5). The e we e also
di e ences in he amilies eco ded: An hicidae was he mos abundan
g oup in he supe in ensi e g o e, wi h mo e ca ches in he Compos
ea men han in he Mine al ea men in he analysis o he wo yea s
oge he (z = − 2.3, d =100, P =0.020), wi h g ea di e ences wi h
o he amilies, while a he adi ional g o e, Teneb ionidae (and o he
amilies) we e he mos abundan bu no signi ican di e ences be ween
ea men s we e ob ained in 2022 ─ when da a we e mo e de ailed ─,
especially due o he high a iabili y be ween epe i ions, and An hici-
dae was a he seconda y (bu mo e equen in he Mine al ea men
Fig. 2. T adi ional g o e: a) loca ion o he plo s (C, Compos , g een illing; M, Mine al, whi e illing) (plo s wi h black bo de we e no used in his s udy); b)
loca ion o he pi all aps in he diagonal o each plo .
J.E. Gonz´
alez-Zamo a e al.
Eu opean Jou nal o Soil Biology 122 (2024) 103668
3
wi h z =2.1, d =118, P =0.039). The Polyphaga g oup be e e lec s
his si ua ion; in he supe in ensi e g o e he e we e signi ican ly mo e
ca ches in he Compos ea men han in he Mine al ea men in he
wo-yea analysis (z = − 2.5, d =100, P =0.012, wi h 2021 and 2022
being almos signi ican , Tab le S5), bu in he adi ional g o e i was
he opposi e, wi h signi ican ly mo e ca ches in he Mine al ea men
han in he Compos ea men in he wo-yea analysis (z =2.5, d =
118, P =0.013). The low cap u es o Ca abidae a bo h g o es is
ema kable, wi h only 17 (supe in ensi e) and 7 ( adi ional) in-
di iduals in wo yea s (Table 1).
The o he g oup wi h signi ican di e ences in he numbe o cap-
u es was A achnida (Table 1), bu especially in wo g oups: A aneae,
which p esen ed signi ican ly mo e cap u es (z = − 2.2, d =100, P =
0.029) in he Compos ea men han in he Mine al ea men in he
supe in ensi e g o e (bu no in he adi ional g o e) in he wo yea s
oge he ; and he cap u es o Anys idae (plus E y h aeidae) (Aca i;
T ombidi o mes) ha we e signi ican ly highe in he Compos ea -
men han in he Mine al ea men (z = − 2.6, d =100, P =0.009, Ta
ble S5) in he supe in ensi e g o e conside ing he wo yea s oge he
(and nea ly signi ican in 2021, wi h P =0.070, and in 2022, wi h P =
0.086, Tab le S5). The di e ence was nea ly signi ican in he adi ional
g o e only in 2022 (F =5.4, d =1, 6, P =0.059), again highe in he
Compos ea men han in he Mine al ea men (Table 1). The ca e-
go y o ‘Aca i (O he )’ was signi ican only in 2022 in bo h g o es, wi h
mo e cap u es in he Compos ea men han in he Mine al ea men
in he supe in ensi e (F =33.1, d =1, 4, P =0.005) and adi ional (F
=11.3, d =1, 6, P =0.015) g o es. O iba ida was he mos abundan
mi e g oup cap u ed in he pi all aps in bo h g o es (Table 1), bu no
signi ica i e di e ences we e ound be ween e ilizing ea men s (Ta
ble S5). Pseudoesco pionida we e p esen almos exclusi ely a he
adi ional g o e, bu in e y low numbe s, being almos signi ican in
2021 (P =0.072) and signi ican (z =2.3, d =116, P =0.021) in he
analysis o he wo yea s oge he , wi h, in gene al, mo e cap u es in he
Mine al ea men han in he Compos ea men . Aca i o he O de
Mesos igma a we e a e in he samples, and no sepa a e g oup was
assigned o hem.
Ano he g oup cap u ed in he pi all aps ha showed he e ec o
he e ilizing ea men was Gas opoda (Mollusca, Table 1), bu only in
he supe in ensi e g o e, wi h mo e cap u es in he Compos ea men
han in he Mine al ea men (z = − 2.3, d =100, P =0.020, wi h he
wo-yea analysis, Ta ble S5), and he di e ences we e almos signi ican
in 2022 (wi h epea ed measu es F =7.4, d =1, 4, P =0.053, Tab le S5)
bu , as in o he g oups, wi h high a iabili y in he Compos ea men in
2021.
Se e al g oups, such as Fo micidae and Collembola, we e e y
abundan in he pi all aps (Table 1), bu showed no signi ican e ec
o he e ilizing ea men on cap u es a bo h g o es (P >0.05 in each
g o e in he wo-yea analyses, Table S5). O he g oups o seconda y
impo ance (Hemip e a, Dip e a, Psocop e a o C us acea) also showed
no signi ican e ec o he e ilizing ea men s a bo h g o es. Finally,
he o al cap u es ob ained wi h he pi all aps (Table 1) showed no
signi ican di e ences (wi h P >0.05, Ta ble S5) be ween e ilizing
ea men s wi hin g o es in each yea o o he wo yea s analysed
oge he .
4. Discussion
In a gene al and global iew, no signi ican e ec o he addi ion o
Fig. 3. P incipal esponse cu es (PRCs) o he mos impo an a h opod and mollusc axa ecupe a ed in he g ound wi h pi all ap sampling a he wo oli e
g o es (supe in ensi e and adi ional) in he wo yea s o his s udy (2021 and 2022). The P alues deno e he signi icance o e ilizing ea men ‘Compos ’,
ep esen ed as a plo ed line, ela i e o e ilizing ea men ‘Mine al’ on all da es based on an F− ype pe mu a ion es . Taxa a e shown on he igh e ical axis
wi h hei weigh s, which ha e he same scale as canonical coe icien s on he le e ical axis.
J.E. Gonz´
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Eu opean Jou nal o Soil Biology 122 (2024) 103668
4
Table 1
Means (wi h he s anda d e o s be ween b acke s) pe sampling plo and da e o he di e en in e eb a e g oups cap u ed wi h pi all aps in he wo e ilizing ea men s (Compos , Mine al), o al pe yea and o al o
he wo yea s (TOTAL) a he wo g o es (Supe in ensi e, T adi ional).
Supe in ensi e T adi ional
2021 2022 TOTAL 2021 2022 TOTAL
Compos Mine al To al Compos Mine al To al Compos Mine al To al Compos Mine al To al
Mean s.e. Mean s.e. Mean s.e. Mean s.e. Mean s.e. Mean s.e. Mean s.e. Mean s.e.
COLEOPTERA 0.50 (0.30) 0.25 (0.18) 18 2.00 (.) (0.97) 0.67 (0.23) 72 90(*) 0.38 (0.24) 0.50 (0.25) 21 0.81 (0.38) 2.56 (0.77) 121 142 (*)
Ca abidae 0.25 (0.25) 0.21 (0.14) 11 0.11 (0.06) 0.11 (0.08) 6 17 0.00 (0.00) 0.04 (0.04) 1 0.03 (0.03) 0.14 (0.06) 6 7
Polyphaga (To al) 0.21 (.) (0.21) 0.04 (0.04) 6 1.89 (.) (0.99) 0.56 (0.21) 66 72(*) 0.04 (0.04) 0.29 (0.21) 8 0.64 (0.38) 2.39 (0.72) 109 117 (*)
An hicidae 0.21 (.) (0.21) 0.04 (0.04) 6 1.59 (.) (1.04) 0.33 (0.20) 52 58(*) 0.04 (0.04) 0.29 (0.21) 8 0.00 (0.00) 0.22 (0.19) 8 16 (*)
Teneb ionidae nd nd 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0 nd nd 0.11 (0.07) 1.19 (0.61) 47
Ela e idae nd nd 0.19 (0.13) 0.07 (0.07) 7 nd nd 0.03 (0.03) 0.53 (0.47) 20
S aphylinidae nd nd 0.00 (0.00) 0.04 (0.04) 1 nd nd 0.36 (0.33) 0.17 (0.12) 19
COLLEMBOLA 2.04 (0.76) 3.17 (2.04) 125 8.00 (2.50) 5.63 (1.48) 368 493 8.21 (7.86) 8.17 (6.75) 393 10.67 (4.68) 11.69 (3.96) 805 1198
HYMENOPTERA 25.38 (9.92) 20.25 (4.72) 1095 19.63 (3.69) 19.56 (3.22) 1058 2153 6.13 (1.03) 8.17 (1.58) 343 6.75 (1.19) 5.14 (0.90) 428 771
Fo micidae 25.13 (9.96) 19.88 (4.69) 1080 19.37 (3.72) 19.44 (3.22) 1048 2128 5.92 (0.93) 8.13 (1.59) 337 6.50 (1.07) 4.94 (0.82) 412 749
ARACHNIDA 32.38 (18.25) 23.58 (8.66) 1343 17.48 (3.38) 11.85 (2.47) 792 2135 6.79 (3.57) 8.46 (4.60) 366 32.03 (17.14) 30.19 (13.19) 2240 2606
A aneae 2.75 (0.91) 1.42 (0.61) 100 2.04 (0.34) 1.37 (0.45) 92 192(*) 1.71 (0.43) 1.71 (0.35) 82 1.42 (0.31) 1.69 (0.47) 112 194
Aca i 29.63 (18.22) 22.13 (8.86) 1242 15.41(*) (3.27) 10.48 (2.32) 699 1941 4.92 (3.63) 5.88 (4.68) 259 30.36 (17.13) 28.31 (13.23) 2112 2371
O iba ida 25.13 (18.06) 20.13 (8.61) 1086 9.07 (3.42) 6.33 (1.95) 416 1502 3.54 (3.54) 4.54 (4.49) 194 17.31 (11.85) 20.06 (11.73) 1345 1539
Anys idae
a
4.50 (.) (0.97) 2.00 (0.60) 156 4.37 (.) (1.25) 3.04 (0.66) 200 356(*) 1.38 (0.35) 1.33 (0.29) 65 8.81 (.) (3.70) 6.00 (1.68) 533 598
O he nd nd 1.96(*) (0.90) 1.11 (0.50) 83 nd nd 4.25(*) (1.79) 2.25 (0.42) 234
Pseudoesco pionida 0.00 (0.00) 0.04 (0.04) 1 0.04 (0.04) 0.00 (0.00) 1 2 0.17 (0.08) 0.71 (.) (0.32) 21 0.25 (0.09) 0.17 (0.11) 15 36 (*)
DIPTERA 0.96 (0.38) 0.88 (0.32) 44 3.00 (1.27) 3.44 (1.17) 174 218 0.13 (0.13) 0.17 (0.08) 7 2.89 (2.11) 1.64 (0.96) 163 170
Nema oce a 0.46 (0.30) 0.42 (0.20) 21 1.00 (0.45) 2.07 (1.08) 110 131 0.04 (0.04) 0.13 (0.06) 4 2.69 (1.98) 1.44 (0.90) 149 153
B achyce a 0.50 (0.15) 0.46 (0.14) 23 2.00 (1.34) 1.37 (0.81) 64 87 0.08 (0.08) 0.04 (0.04) 3 0.19 (0.14) 0.19 (0.17) 14 17
HEMIPTERA 0.75 (0.43) 0.42 (0.28) 28 1.07 (0.50) 1.04 (0.38) 57 85 0.13 (0.09) 0.21 (0.12) 8 0.19 (0.12) 0.44 (0.25) 23 31
PSOCOPTERA 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0 2.04 (1.33) 4.11 (3.18) 166 166 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0 0.56 (0.25) 0.44 (0.18) 36 36
THYSANOPTERA 0.08 (0.08) 0.17 (0.17) 6 0.07 (0.05) 0.074 (0.05) 4 10 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0 0.11 (0.08) 0.00 (0.00) 4 4
NEUROPTERA 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0 0.00 (0.00) 0(0.00) 0 0 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0 0.03 (0.03) 0.11 (0.08) 5 5
CHILOPODA 0.42 (0.12) 0.50 (0.15) 22 0.33 (0.11) 0.30 (0.14) 17 39 0.29 (0.12) 0.21 (0.16) 12 0.28 (0.11) 0.22 (0.09) 18 30
DIPLOPODA 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0 0.04 (0.04) 0(0.00) 1 1 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0 0.03 (0.03) 0.00 (0.00) 1 1
GASTROPODA 5.33 (3.10) 1.79 (0.96) 171 0.48 (.) (0.22) 0.15 (0.08) 17 188(*) 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0 0.00 (0.00) 0.00 (0.00) 0 0
CRUSTACEA 1.58 (0.94) 2.04 (0.60) 87 2.15 (0.82) 1.33 (0.76) 94 181 0.04 (0.04) 0.04 (0.04) 2 0.14 (0.07) 0.03 (0.03) 6 8
OTHER 0.25 (0.16) 0.42 (0.16) 16 0.48 (0.21) 0.30 (0.12) 21 37 0.58 (0.35) 0.54 (0.32) 27 0.22 (0.11) 0.28 (0.11) 18 45
TOTAL 69.67 (20.71) 53.46 (11.39) 2955 56.78 (8.68) 48.44 (6.90) 2841 5796 22.67 (11.54) 26.46 (11.02) 1179 54.69 (19.78) 52.75 (15.43) 3868 5047
Nd =no de e mined; (*)Signi ican , wi h P <0.05; (.) wi h 0.05 >P <0.10.
Figu es in bold wi hin a yea wi h (*) indica e ha means cap u ed in he Compos ea men we e signi ican ly g ea e han in he Mine al ea men , whe eas igu es in no mal wi h (*) indica e ha means in he Mine al
ea men we e signi ican ly g ea e han in he Compos ea men ; in he “TOTAL” column, igu es in bold wi h (*) indica e ha numbe s cap u ed in he combina ion o bo h yea s in he Compos ea men we e
signi ican ly g ea e han in he Mine al ea men , whe eas igu es in no mal on wi h (*) indica e ha cap u es in he Mine al ea men we e signi ican ly g ea e han in he Compos ea men ; each yea was analysed
sepa a ely wi h a epea ed-measu es ANOVA and he wo yea s oge he o each g o e wi h a gene alised linea model using he nega i e binomial unc ion.
a
Coun include he amily E y h aeidae.
J.E. Gonz´
alez-Zamo a e al.
Eu opean Jou nal o Soil Biology 122 (2024) 103668
5

‘alpe ujo’ compos as e ilize was obse ed in he g ound/soil in e -
eb a e communi y a bo h g o es compa ed o he mine al ea men , as
he PRC g aphs show. Bu his gene al analyses can hide no e y s ong
e ec s o he e iliza ion on some g oups; only when axons we e
analysed sepa a ely such e ec was ound, especially in Aca i (Any-
s idae/E y h aeidae and O he s), A aneae, Coleop e a (in some g oups),
and Gas opoda, al hough wi h di e ences be ween he wo g o es.
Aca i was one o he mos impo an a h opods g oup apped in he
pi all aps a bo h g o es. O iba ida was he p edominan g oup o
mi es, a esul simila o o he au ho s in an oli e soil su ey [37].
O iba ida we e cap u ed in simila numbe s and showed no e ec o he
e ilizing ea men a bo h g o es in ou s udy, which is consis en wi h
a simila esul ound by Seniczak e al. [38] in a ineya d, who also
obse ed ha O iba ida we e no sensi i e o soil managemen , as could
also be deduced om ou esul s. Vike o e al. [39], in con as , ound
ha O iba ida we e mo e abundan in mine al e ilized ea men s
compa ed o o ganic ea men s. The o he impo an g oup o Aca i in
ou s udy was he Anys idae amily (including E y h aeidae), which
was, in gene al, mo e abundan in he Compos ea men han in he
Mine al ea men (wi h nea s a is ical signi icance) in bo h g o es in
2022, and in he supe in ensi e g o e i was signi ican ly mo e abun-
dan in he Compos ea men in he wo yea s oge he . Simila esul s
appea ed o Aca i (O he ) a bo h g o es, which showed signi ican ly
mo e numbe s in he Compos ea men han in he Mine al ea men
only in 2022. The Anys idae amily (plus E y h aeidae) belongs o he
P os igma a o de o Aca i, and Vike o e al. [39] ound ha some
o ganic e ilize s p omo ed a signi ican ly highe p esence o P os-
igma a, al hough wi hou speci ying any pa icula g oup. Anys idae
(wi h E y h aeidae) is o med mainly by species wi h p eda o y/pa -
asi ic ways o li e [40], and some species ha e been s udied as in e -
es ing biological con ol agen s in some c ops [41,42], al hough no
speci ic impo ance has been highligh ed in oli e ela ed o biological
con ol o any pa icula pes s o he c op.
Mesos igma a is an impo an o de o he Aca i ha no mally dwell
in he soil [39], bu hey we e no included in ou s udy because o hei
e y low/lack o p esence. This lack o cap u es o his g oup is no easy
o in e p e , al hough o he s udies ha ob ained la ge amoun s o
Mesos igma a specimens [39,43] used Be lese unnels o sample he soil
aca i auna, collec ing soil samples and placing hem inside he unnels,
ins ead o using pi all aps as in ou s udy. The impo ance o se e al
species o Mesos igma a has been in es iga ed o con ol some
soil-dwelling a h opods, wi h in e es ing esul s, pa icula ly in
g eenhouse c ops [43–46].
The A aneae cap u ed in he pi all aps o he supe in ensi e g o e
we e also mo e abundan in he Compos ea men han in he Mine al
ea men each yea (al hough no signi ican ly) and we e signi ican in
he wo-yea s analysis, which ag ees wi h he abundance o A aneae in
sweep ne eco ds in he canopy (no included in his s udy); bu again,
no di e ences be ween e ilizing ea men s we e obse ed in he
adi ional g o e.
In he supe in ensi e g o e, mo e Coleop e a we e apped in he
Compos ea men han in he Mine al ea men (bu in low numbe s
compa ed o o he g oups), and he An hicidae amily was he only one
cap u ed wi h ela i e impo ance, while he Ca abidae amily was
poo ly cap u ed in bo h yea s, in con as wi h o he s udies whe e
Ca abidae we e signi ican in he oli e su ace-dwelling o abo e-
g ound a h opods [37,47,48]. In he adi ional g o e, he con a y
happened; he Mine al ea men cap u ed mo e indi iduals han he
Compos ea men and wi h mo e di e si y o g oups (An hicidae,
Teneb ionidae, Ela e idae and S aphylinidae amilies a e ep esen ed in
he specimens cap u ed) bu always wi h e y high a iabili y be ween
he plo s, and wi h low numbe s compa ed wi h o he g oups. Again, he
Ca abidae amily was poo ly ep esen ed a his g o e.
This esul o pi all aps indica es an e ec o e ilizing ea men
in some g oups, such as Coleop e a, A aneae and Gas opoda, bu
especially in Aca i. Aca i was he only g oup ha showed consis en
esul s in bo h g o es, especially ega ding he Anys idae amily
(including E y h aeidae) and Aca i (O he ). Anys idae (plus E y h-
aeidae) a e mainly p eda o s o many small a h opods in he g ound/
soil and a e no used o mo e on plan s. The e is no clea answe because
Coleop e a we e mo e abundan in he Mine al ea men han in he
Compos ea men in he adi ional g o e, al hough a high a iabili y
was ound be ween plo s.
The wo k sugges s ha he addi ion o ‘alpe ujo’ compos had a
limi ed bu posi i e e ec on some su ace-dwelling and soil a h opods
inhabi an s. In he supe in ensi e g o e, he e was an inc ease in a -
h opods in he compos ea men o e he wo yea s, including
An hicidae (gene al de i i o es), A aneae (gene alis p eda o s), and
Anys idae/E y h aeidae (gene alis p eda o s), di e se Aca i, and Gas-
opoda (Mollusca). In he adi ional g o e, Coleop e a we e mo e
abundan in he mine al ea men ( he con a y han in he supe -
in ensi e g o e), bu wi h low cap u es and high a iabili y; Anys idae/
E y h aeidae and Aca i (o he ) we e, in gene al, mo e abundan in he
Compos ea men , which is almos he only e ec ha was simila in
bo h g o es. The highe impac o compos addi ion on g ound/soil
auna in he supe in ensi e g o e, compa ed o he adi ional g o e,
can be a ibu ed o i s pa icula managemen : i iga ion in he ee
ows, no illage, and a co e c op, among o he ac o s.
Following wi h his easoning, he di e en ag onomic managemen
o each g o e could help o explain he signi ican di e ences in some
a h opods ound in he g ound/soil in each g o e (and no om he
e ilizing ea men ), as was obse ed in Fo micidae ─ s udied speci -
ically in [25] o his same esea ch. Fo micidae is a hymenop e an
amily e y well ep esen ed in oli e o cha ds [37,48–50], bu ha is
g ea ly in luenced by soil managemen , especially illage and he p es-
ence o co e c ops, wo ac o s ha a e opposing in each g o e o his
esea ch: no illage and he p esence o co e c ops (as in he supe -
in ensi e g o e) p omo e he abundance o Fo micidae in he g ound
and he canopy [51–54].
The addi ion o compos o he soil signi ican ly inc eased he p es-
ence o some bene icial g oups, pa icula ly in he supe in ensi e g o e,
wi hou showing clea de imen al e ec s o he popula ions o o he
g ound/soil inhabi an s. These esul s a e encou aging o he imple-
men a ion o ‘alpe ujo’ compos as a e ilize in oli e c ops, bo h in
eme gen in ensi e managemen and adi ional c op managemen ,
ins ead o mine al e ilize s, which is a clea s ep owa ds achie ing
sus ainable ag icul u e. This s udy was conduc ed in only one g o e o
each ype o managemen . The e o e, hese conclusions should be
conside ed p elimina y and con i med by u u e s udies using mo e
g o es ( eplicas) o e a longe pe iod o ime.
Funding
This s udy was unded by he Jun a de Andalucía (Regional Go -
e nmen o Andalusia egion, Spain) wi hin he amewo k o he p ojec
‘Al e na i e managemen o ensu e he sus ainabili y o able oli e
g o es in Andalusia’ (p ojec code P20-00492).
Da a a ailabili y
The comple e aw da a o he esea ch can be accessed a his public
eposi o y:
h ps://hdl.handle.ne /11441/156835
h ps://doi.o g/10.12795/11441/156835.
CRediT au ho ship con ibu ion s a emen
Jos´
e E. Gonz´
alez-Zamo a: W i ing – e iew & edi ing, W i ing –
o iginal d a , Visualiza ion, Supe ision, Resou ces, Me hodology,
In es iga ion, Fo mal analysis, Da a cu a ion, Concep ualiza ion. Jos´
e
M. Game o-Monge: W i ing – o iginal d a , Visualiza ion, In es iga-
ion, Fo mal analysis, Da a cu a ion. Rosa P´
e ez-de la Luz: W i ing –
J.E. Gonz´
alez-Zamo a e al.
Eu opean Jou nal o Soil Biology 122 (2024) 103668
6
o iginal d a , Visualiza ion, In es iga ion, Fo mal analysis, Da a
cu a ion.
Decla a ion o compe ing in e es
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial
in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence
he wo k epo ed in his pape .
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s hank J. M. Du ´
an and A. Se ano om he En omology
Labo a o y o he Conseje ía de Ag icul u a de la Jun a de Andalucia in
Mon equin o (Se illa, Spain) o hei help in iden i ying se e al
a h opod species. Au ho s also hank he collabo a ion o D . I. Gi ´
on
and he labo e s o he La Hampa a m.
Appendix A. Supplemen a y da a
Supplemen a y da a o his a icle can be ound online a h ps://doi.
o g/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2024.103668.
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