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A s uc u al analysis o a egional economy using
Social Accoun ing Ma ices: 1990-1999*
M. Ca men Lima1, M. Alejand o Ca dene e1, G.J.D. Hewings2y José Vallés Fe e 3
ABSTRACT: Social accoun ing ma ices (SAM) a e an ins umen ha enla ges he
in o ma ion p o ided by he inpu -ou pu analysis. These ma ices s udy he in e sec-
o al ela ionships o an economy, he beha iou o he consume s, he public sec o
o he o eign sec o , as long as hey comple e he income low o en . In his wo k,
we use he SAM o Andalusia ( egion sou he n Spain) 1990, 1995 and 1999, o con-
duc a s uc u al analysis o he Andalusian economy by means o he «pa h analysis»
me hodology and a mul iplie decomposi ion. Wi h hese echniques, we ob ain he
changes in p oduc i e s uc u e and we quan i y he in luence o sec o al shocks on
his egional economy. Finally, we also iden i y which sec o s ha e mos s ongly
con ibu ed o he egional economic ac i i y in he las decade.
JEL classi ica ion: C67, D57, R15.
Key wo ds: social accoun ing ma ix, egional accoun ing, s uc u al analysis.
Un análisis es uc u al de una economía egional a a és de ma ices
de con abilidad social: 1990-1999
RESUMEN: Las ma ices de con abilidad social (MCS) son un ins umen o que pe -
mi e amplia la in o mación p opo cionada po el análisis inpu -ou pu al ecoge
además de las elaciones in e sec o iales de una economía, el compo amien o de los
consumido es, el sec o público o el sec o ex e io , log ando así comple a el lujo
ci cula de la en a. En es e abajo u ilizamos las ma ices de con abilidad social pa a
Andalucía co espondien es a los años 1990, 1995 y 1999, elabo adas en abajos
p e ios. Con dicha in o mación ealizamos un análisis es uc u al de la economía an-
* The i s wo au ho s wish o hank he suppo om XT 2002-00037 and cen A (Fundación Cen o de
Es udios Andaluces). The second au ho also hanks o SEC 2003-05112/ECO and FEDER. Finally, we
hank o A. Man esa, F. Sancho and wo anonymous e e ees, o hei help ul commen s. All e o s a e
ou esponsibili y.
1Uni e sidad Pablo de Ola ide. 2REAL-Uni e sidad de Illinois (U bana-Champaign). 3Uni e sidad de
Se illa.
Di ección pa a co espondencia: Depa men o Economy and Business;Uni e sidad Pablo de Ola ide a
Se ille,C a. U e a, km 1. 41013-Se illa, Spain, e-mail: [email p o ec ed]
Recibido: 3 de ma zo de 2004 / Acep ado: 25 de no iemb e de 2004.
113
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 113
daluza median e la me odología denominada pa hs analysis y la descomposición de
mul iplicado es. Con es as écnicas ob end emos los cambios expe imen ados en la
es uc u a p oduc i a y cuan i ica emos la in luencia que han eje cido los shocks ex-
pe imen ados po cada sec o sob e sí mismos y sob e el es o de sec o es de es a eco-
nomía egional. Finalmen e, nos p egun a emos qué sec o es han con ibuido en ma-
yo medida a la ac i ación económica egional.
Clasi icación JEL: C67, D57, R15.
Palab as cla e: ma ices de con abilidad social, con abilidad egional, análisis es-
uc u al.
1. In oduc ion
Social accoun ing ma ices (SAM) a e da abases comp ising economic ansac ions
which enable us o ex ac in o ma ion on he di e en economic agen s such as he
p oduce s, he consume s, he go e nmen and he o eign sec o ; as well as on he
beha iou o he p oduc i e ac o s. They comple e he in o ma ion p o ided by he
inpu -ou pu analysis, whose limi a ions ha e been deeply discussed in he li e a u e1,
wi h he egional o na ional accoun ing and he su eys o amily cons ain s, among
o he da abases.
The in e es on SAMs is based on he ac ha no only do hey s udy he p oduc ion
ela ionships among he economic sec o s bu also he ansac ions ha ake place among
he di e en ins i u ions o an economic sys em in e ms o e enues o consump ion.
Besides hei s a is ical con en , he SAMs ha e became a use ul ool o he e alua-
ion o in e en ions om he poli ical economy in na ional o egional amewo ks.
I a SAM is a ailable o mo e han one yea , i is easible o ca y ou a comple e
analysis o he p oduc i e s uc u e o he economy and also o ob ain a pe spec i e o
he changes ha ha e occu ed. Se e al me hodologies a e able o ou line such analy-
sis in a pa icula economy. In sec ion wo, we p esen a me hodology based on a h-
ee-dimensional landscape2called «s uc u al pa h analysis». Th ough his me hodo-
logy, we can ex ac he main endencies in he beha iou o an economy and we can
also de elop i s co esponding s uc u al iew. Fo his pu pose, we de i e a hie a chy
o he economy by way o he calcula ion o wo ypes o indexes: he «abso p ion e -
ec s» o o wa d linkages and he «di usion e ec s» o backwa d linkages.
In sec ion h ee we analyse in e dependences and decompose he backwa d and
o wa d linkages in own, open and ci cula e ec s ollowing a classical mul iplie de-
composi ion. In sec ion ou we include an employmen mul iplie because we consi-
de ha his eal a iable will p o ide aluable in o ma ion in e ms o elas ici y be -
114 Lima, M.C., Ca dene e, M. A., Hewings, G. J. D. y Vallés, J.
1See in his espec Roland-Hols , D.W. (1990).
2Fo mo e de ails, see Hewings, G.J.D., Sonis, M. e al. (1997), o Sonis, M. e al. (1997), abou he eco-
nomies o Chicago and Indonesia espec i ely.
3See Ca dene e, M.A. (1998), and Ca dene e, M.A. and Moniche, L. (2001), espec i ely.
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 114
ween economic ac i i y and capaci y o employmen c ea ion. In sec ion i e, we
come up wi h an empi ical applica ion o bo h me hodologies on he SAMs o Anda-
lusia in he yea s 1990 and 1995, elabo a ed in p e ious wo ks3. We will also p esen
a i s app oach o 19994. This exe cise will poin ou he key sec o s o he egional
economy, he ype o in e ela ionships and he na u e o linkages inside i . Ha ing
hese mul iplie s o h ee di e en da abases, we can ex ac conclusions o each
yea , and ge a pe spec i e o he e olu ion along he whole pe iod. Finally, we ou-
line he main conclusions.
2. Me hodology: S uc u al Pa h Analysis and Mul iplie
P oduc Ma ix
The SAM accoun s a e di ided in wo blocks: exogenous and endogenous. The clas-
si ica ion in one g oup o ano he will depend on he aspec s ha a e o be s udied.
In his ype o linea gene al equilib ium models, i is possible om a ma hema ical
poin o iew, o conside all he a iables excep one as endogenous a iables
( hose whose en le el o p oduc ion we wan o explain). Ne e heless, i is no
e y ealis ic o build a model wi hou ecognizing as exogenous hose a iables ha
a e de e mined ou side o he p oduc i e sys em, o hose ha a e used as ins u-
men s o he poli ical economy (such as axes, subsidies, ans e s, public expen-
ses,...) since in ac , he changes in hese ones will de e mine he beha iou o he
endogenous a iables.
To ca y ou he s uc u al analysis o an economy, and o know wha ype o lin-
kages wo k inside i , we should obse e he changes in he in e media e low le els
among sec o s. Following Hewings and Sonis (1997), we use an ins umen o s udy
he in e ela ionships o an economy by means o he calcula ion o a «Mul iplie
P oduc Ma ix» (MPM), which we ge om he SAM mul iplie s ma ix.
I we eo de he sec o al ela ionships acco ding o hei impo ance, we can
analyse how a change in he inal demand o a sec o , a ec s he inal demand o he
economy (di usion e ec o backwa d linkage). We can also in e p e how a change
in he es o sec o s in luences one in pa icula (abso p ion e ec o o wa d lin-
kage). These e ec s p o ide a clea o ien a ion abou he key sec o s in he g ow h o
an economy. They a e use ul o design pe o mances abou poli ical economy as well,
as hey a e suppo ed by hei high mul iplie e ec and he impo an in luence o
such in e en ions.
To analyse he sec o al in e dependences in an economy, we calcula e he Mul iplie
P oduc Ma ix, MPM, s a ing om he a e age endency ma ix o he SAM. We
iden i y hese ma ices by a subindex, , acco ding o he base yea (A90, A95 and A99 in
A s uc u al analysis o a egional economy using Social Accoun ing Ma ices: 1990-1999 115
4This i s e sion has been calcula ed by he applica ion o an upda ing echnique called CEM (C oss
En opy Me hod) on he SAM o Andalusia 1995, ca ied ou by Ca dene e, M.A. and Sancho, F.
(2004). Using his me hodology, we can in oduce known in o ma ion inside he cells o he es ima ed
SAM (p io in o ma ion), le ing us o use i o s uc u al analysis because he e a e changes in he
echnical coe icien s (see Robinson e al. (2001))
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 115
his case). These ma ices ha e been calcula ed by di iding e e y SAM column ec o
by he co esponding sum o ha column, being n he numbe o endogenous a iables
( he p oduc i e sec o s, he p oduc ion ac o s and he consume s).We calcula e he as-
socia e in e se ma ix B = (I– A )–1, being Ian n ×niden i y ma ix. The sub-indexes i,
jmake e e ence espec i ely o he ows and columns o he co esponding ma ices.
Following he pa h analysis me hodology, we de i e wo ec o s o mul iplie s, whe e
each elemen co esponds o he sum o a column o a ow espec i ely:
B.j = 冱
n
i=1
bij j= 1...n[1]
Bi. = 冱
n
j=1
bij i= 1...n[2]
being bij componen s o he associa ed in e se ma ix B .
Nex we de ine he Mul iplie P oduc Ma ix as he p oduc o he ow and he
column mul iplie s co ec ed by a ac o ha we call he «global in ensi y» (V),
which co esponds o he sum o all he elemen s o he associa e in e se ma ix:
MPM =
ᎏ
V
1
ᎏ
|
Bi.B.j
|
i, j= 1...n[3]
whe e
V= 冱
n
i=1
冱
n
j=1
bij [4]
This new ma ix will iden i y hose sec o s whose s uc u al connec ions gene a e
a highe impac han he a e age upon he es o he economy, whe he hey expe-
ience a change in hei own sec o o as an answe o changes de ec ed in he es o
he sys em. Rasmussen (1956) and Hi schman (1958) classi y hese sec o s as «key
sec o s». In sho hey include wo indexes:
• Di usion e ec o backwa d linkage, BLj:
BLj=j= 1...n[5]
• Abso p ion e ec o o wa d linkage, FLi:
BLi=i= 1...n[6]
The in e p e a ion o hese coe icien s is as ollows: i he backwa d linkage is
g ea e han 1 (BLj g ea e han 100% in pe cen age e ms), a uni change in he inal
demand o sec o jwill gene a e an inc ease abo e he a e age in he global ac i i y
o he economy. I he o wa d linkage is g ea e han 1 (FLi g ea e han 100% in
pe cen age e ms), a uni change in all he sec o s o he inal demand will gene a e
an inc emen abo e he a e age in sec o i. A key sec o is he one wi h bo h indexes
g ea e han one.
Bi.
ᎏ
ᎏ
1
n
ᎏ
V
B.j
ᎏ
ᎏ
1
n
ᎏ
V
116 Lima, M.C., Ca dene e, M. A., Hewings, G. J. D. y Vallés, J.
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 116
3. Classical mul iplie decomposi ion in Social Accoun ing
Ma ices
The p esen pape is loca ed in o he mul isec o al linea models, in which we assume
he exogenei y o p ices. We wo k wi h h ee da abases co esponding o h ee SAMs
o Andalusia. We conside as endogenous hose accoun s ha a e pa o he economic
in e ela ions de e mined ou side o he economic sys em ( he p oduc ion ac o s, he
p oduc i e sec o s and y he p i a e sec o ); while he exogenous ones a e ools o he
poli ical economy (as he public sec o , he o eign sec o and he capi al)5.
The mul iplie decomposi ion was ini ially p oposed by S one (1978) and Pya
and Round (1979). La e on, De ou ney and Tho becke (1984) and again Pya and
Round (1985) ha e been wo king on i . We also ha e spanish e e ences as Polo, Ro-
land-Hols and Sancho (1991), among o he s. I is also in e es ing o highligh he
wo ks om he egional poin o iew de eloped by Ca dene e and Sancho (2003)
o Andalusia, de Miguel, Man esa and Ramajo (1999) o Ex emadu a o Llop and
Man esa (2003) o Ca alonia.
The o mula ion o hese linea models o gene al equilib ium is as ollows:
Le ynbe:
yn= (I – An)–1
⋅
x= Ma
⋅
x[7]
whe e ynis he column ec o o he o al en o he endogenous accoun s, Iis an
iden i y ma ix o o de n ×n, An is he a e age endency ma ix o expendi u e be -
ween he di e en endogenous accoun s and x is he ec o ha collec s he lows o
en ha he endogenous accoun s ecei e om he exogenous ones.
A gene ic elemen o An as aij is in e p e ed as he expense ca ied ou in i o each
uni o expense o he sec o j. Ma is he so called Accoun ing Mul iplie s Ma ix and
an elemen maij indica es he e ec ha an exogenous uni o en on an endogenous
accoun j, gene a es on he en o he endogenous accoun i. In o he wo ds, he in e -
p e a ion would be how many mone a y uni s o en a e gene a ed in sec o ibecause
o he ci cula low o en when sec o j ecei es a uni a y shock. I we sum up hese
alues o Ma by columns, we ge he o al e ec o an exogenous shock ecei ed by
one accoun on he es o he economic ac i i y. This way, he accoun wi h he g ea-
es mul iplie alue poin s ou one sec o wi h an impo an in luence on he es o
he economy when i is in ol ed in an economic de elopmen policy.
The mul iplie decomposi ion can be ca ied ou in wo ways: he addi i e o he
mul iplica i e one. Bo h o hem enable us o spli he p ocess o gene a ion o en s
in an economy. In his wo k we use he mul iplica i e p ocedu e, which dis inguishes
among he own e ec s, he open e ec s and las ly, he ci cula e ec s. To s a wi h,
we ou line he s uc u e o he SAM ha we a e using. In ou endogenous accoun s
we ind he wo p oduc i e ac o s (capi al and labou —accoun s (11) and (12), es-
A s uc u al analysis o a egional economy using Social Accoun ing Ma ices: 1990-1999 117
5Re ising he li e a u e, he e a e al e na i e classi ica ions, o example he ones p oposed by Polo, C.,
Roland-Hols , D. and Sancho, F. (1991) ha endogenizes he capi al accoun , o Llop, M. and Man esa,
A. (2003) wi h a o eign sec o endogeniza ion.
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 117

pec i ely—), he p i a e sec o ep esen ed by he consume s (13) and inally en ac-
i i y sec o s [accoun s (1) o (10)]. Ou exogenous accoun s, ollowing he mos
common app oaches in he li e a u e a e h ee: he public sec o (14), he sa ings and
in es men (15), and he o eign sec o (16).
Following Pya and Round (1979), we ha e decomposed he ma ix o accoun ing
mul iplie s in o he h ee ma ices by means o a mul iplica i e exp ession. The i s
ma ix is called ma ix o ci cula e ec s (Ma3) and e lec s he e ec ha an exoge-
nous injec ion o en gene a es on he e y accoun due o he ci cula low o he en .
The second ma ix is known as he ma ix o open o c ossed e ec s (Ma2), and he ele-
men s o i s main diagonal a e iden i y subma ices. I shows he e ec s on he es o
accoun s o a shock ecei ed by one pa icula accoun . Finally, we ha e he ma ix o
own o in e nal e ec s (Ma1), also known as ma ix o ans e s because he i s ele-
men o he main diagonal is an iden i y subma ix ( he e a e no ans e s among he
p oduc i e ac o s), he second shows he ansac ions among ins i u ions and he la e
includes he in e indus ial ansac ions, and is in ac he in e se o Leon ie .
To in e p e he mul iplica i e decomposi ion in e ms o ela i e impo ance o
each elemen on he o al e ec , we can exp ess i in an addi i e o m as:
Ma = I+ (Ma1–I) + (Ma2–I) Ma1+ (Ma3–I) Ma2Ma1[8]
In he p e ious exp ession, he iden i y ma ix enable us o discoun he ini ial injec ion
o en o each o he e ec s, so ha we wo k wi h a ne mul iplica i e decomposi ion.
4. Employmen Mul iplie s
Mo eo e i is possible o calcula e one mo e mul iplie o ex ac he accoun s ha
gene a e mo e employmen when ecei ing a uni a y exogenous injec ion o en .
The employmen mul iplie s a e he esul , in he i s place, o a new diagonal ma ix
ha we call E. This ma ix includes he quo ien s be ween he olume o employmen
and he o al esou ces o each p oduc i e sec o . In he second place, we mul iply
his ma ix wi h he pa o Ma ha inco po a es he ows and columns co esponding
o he p oduc i e sec o s (in ou case he o de o his ma ix is 10 ×13). When inc e-
asing he en o an endogenous accoun , we will ob ain he e ec s o his change in
he co esponding column o he pa i ion o Ma and, by means o he diagonal ma-
ix E, we con e his impac in o numbe o jobs. This way he exp ession o he em-
ploymen mul iplie ,Me, is he ollowing:
Me = E * Ma [9]
An elemen meij, is he inc emen in he olume o employmen o he sec o i
when he sec o j ecei es a uni a y exogenous injec ion6. I we analyse he sum o
118 Lima, M.C., Ca dene e, M. A., Hewings, G. J. D. y Vallés, J.
6Addi ional in o ma ion abou he employmen mul iplie and a compa ison wi h o he ype o mul i-
plie s, is p o ided in A ango (1979).
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 118
columns, we ha e he e ec on he employmen a a global le el, which en ails he e-
cep ion o an exogenous mone a y uni on a pa icula sec o . As a as ows is con-
ce ned, hey show he inc emen ha he ac i i y sec o in ques ion expe iences in i s
employmen i he es o sec o s ecei e he exogenous mone a y uni . As we a e de-
aling wi h e y small igu es in absolu e e ms, we p oceed o he no maliza ion o
he mul iplie s based on he a e age alues by ow and column and o al a e age a-
lue. We ge he new esul s by ollowing hese s eps:
• We calcula e he columns and ow a e age alues.
• We de i e he o al a e age alue by means o he sum o all he alues o Me
di ided by he numbe o elemen s o Me.
• We di ide he a e age alues by ows and columns by he o al a e age alue.
I he esul is g ea e han 1, he no malized igu e indica es an employmen
mul iplie o e he a e age.
This p ocess enables us o ca y ou compa isons ha can be easily in e p e ed.
Acco dingly, hey can be used as a e e ence o con as i a alue is g ea e han wha
we conside an a e age eac ion o no . The eby, we ge a classi ica ion o sec o s
ha a e able o ans o m hei ac i i y inc emen s in o new employmen .
5. Empi ical applica ion
5.1. S uc u al Pa h analysis: backwa d and o wa d linkages
A e he MPM calcula ions o he h ee da abases, we each a classi ica ion ollo-
wing he de ini ion o key sec o s, by means o he analysis o he backwa d and o -
wa d linkages. We can selec hose cases in which an o e -a e age eac ion is expec-
ed o he whole economy due o a modi ica ion in a sec o demand, o as a
consequence o a demand change in he es o he economy.
The g ea es o wa d linkage alue in pe cen age e ms is 312.50% o 1990 and
i co esponds o «Consume s (13)». The one o backwa d linkages is 125.50% o
«Comme cial se ices (9)». Applying he MPM ma ix, he g ea es coe icien is
p ecisely loca ed in (13,9) posi ion7. We can eo de he MPM so ha he highes
mul iplie s a e loca ed in he main diagonal in o de o ob ain a g aphical ep esen a-
ion o he MPM wi h his new so ing.
In able 1, he backwa d and o wa d linkages ha e been calcula ed o 1990,
1995 and 1999 om he g ea e o he smalle alues. In o de o analyse he in o -
ma ion om an agg ega e poin o iew, we p esen one h ee-dimensional g aphic
—landscape—, o each pe iod. These landscapes a e d awn wi h he p e iously
men ioned eo de ing o an easie compa ison be ween one pe iod and ano he .
In he h ee landscapes in he Appendix a he end o he wo k, we obse e an ac-
i i y educ ion in 1995 and a eco e y ha sligh ly exceeds he ini ial si ua ion o
1990. These esul s show he be e beha iou o he Andalusian economy o he las
A s uc u al analysis o a egional economy using Social Accoun ing Ma ices: 1990-1999 119
7MPM calcula ion has no been included in he pape in o de o a oid a wide Appendix, any consul a-
ion will be a ended.
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 119
SAM co esponding o 1999, on accoun o he eco e y om he c isis o he i s
yea s o he nine ies. F om he alues o he mul iplie s, he policy make can de i e
he in ensi y o in e ac ions be ween sec o s and, also, he local demand in e ac ions
and mo eo e o de elop s a egic plans o inc ease he ac i i y in he keysec o s
iden i ied.
120 Lima, M.C., Ca dene e, M. A., Hewings, G. J. D. y Vallés, J.
Table 1. Backwa d and o wa d linkages 1990, 1995 y 1999 (in pe cen age e ms)
Andalusia 1990 Andalusia 1995 Andalusia 1999
Backwa d linkages Fo wa d linkages Backwa d linkages Fo wa d linkages Backwa d linkages Fo wa d linkages
BLj anking Fli anking BLj anking Fli anking BLj anking Fli anking
1s 9 125.50% 1s 13 312.50% 1s 9 129.02% 1s 13 318.90% 1s 9 136.53% 1s 13 367.74%
2nd 8 121.86% 2nd 4 177.23% 2nd 6 121.17% 2nd 12 186.13% 2nd 10 126.49% 2nd 12 215.08%
3 d 11 113.45% 3 d 12 152.34% 3 d 10 120.10% 3 d 4 151.09% 3 d 6 123.83% 3 d 11 126.81%
4 h 12 113.45% 4 h 11 139.55% 4 h 8 114.63% 4 h 11 148.80% 4 h 11 121.14% 4 h 6 108.21%
5 h 10 109.59% 5 h 6 117.87% 5 h 5 113.63% 5 h 6 119.61% 5 h 12 121.14% 5 h 8 96.61%
6 h 1 108.00% 6 h 8 81.00% 6 h 12 111.46% 6 h 8 73.00% 6 h 5 108.21% 6 h 9 81.73%
7 h 5 107.40% 7 h 7 65.03% 7 h 7 102.14% 7 h 9 59.80% 7 h 3 103.43% 7 h 4 71.70%
8 h 7 101.33% 8 h 2 58.28% 8 h 3 100.74% 8 h 7 55.16% 8 h 8 101.36% 8 h 3 51.50%
9 h 6 95.44% 9 h 1 51.17% 9 h 1 100.45% 9 h 3 50.21% 9 h 13 95.29% 9 h 7 51.41%
10 h 13 92.84% 10 h 9 49.85% 10 h 13 88.86% 10 h 1 44.39% 10 h 7 94.09% 10 h 1 35.78%
11 h 3 84.91% 11 h 3 42.79% 11 h 11 88.39% 11 h 2 35.83% 11 h 1 92.77% 11 h 5 31.79%
12 h 4 72.78% 12 h 5 31.57% 12 h 4 70.78% 12 h 5 33.38% 12 h 2 40.67% 12 h 2 31.63%
13 h 2 53.45% 13 h 10 20.82% 13 h 2 38.63% 13 h 10 23.70% 13 h 4 35.06% 13 h 10 30.02%
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion h ough SAMs o Andalusia 1990, 1995 and 1999.
No e he meaning o key sec o using he case o «Capi al (12)» in 1990 as an
example. By consul ing Table 1, we can see ha one change in he inal demand o
his sec o gene a es an inc ease in he ac i i y o he economy, ha is, he es o he
sec o s ge a 13% abo e he expec ed a e age eac ion. This ac means ha when ca-
pi al inc eases in he Andalusian economy, i gene a es a pulling e ec in he es o
sec o s e en abo e i s own expe ienced shock. This is called «di usion e ec » o
backwa d linkage. As o he «abso p ion e ec » o o wa d linkage, a change o one
uni in he inal demand o all he sec o s p oduces an inc ease o «Capi al (12)» ac i-
i y o mo e han 52%; again abo e he a e age. We could conclude ha capi al
s ongly eac s in momen s o economic good-beha iou and, i is also pushed by he
es o sec o s o a la ge ex end han he a e age eac ion.
As he wo p e ious beha iou s a e g ea e han 100%, «Capi al (12)» accoun is
classi ied as a key sec o o he Andalusian economy in 1990. O he key sec o s o
his yea a e «Labou (11)» and «Consume s (13)» (al hough i s «di usion e ec » did
no exac ly each 100%, we conside ha 92.84% is a high enough pe cen age, spe-
cially when he sec o p esen s he highes «abso p ion e ec » wi h a iple eac ion
o e he expec ed a e age when eac ing o an inc ease in he es o he ac i i y sec-
o s). Finally, «Comme ce (6)» also egis e s a simila beha iou o he consume s.
In 1995 he igu es o «Capi al (12)» and «Comme ce (6)» emain among he e-
le an sec o s in e ms o gene a ion o economic ac i i y. «Consume s (13)» a e a-
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 120
ken ou as a key sec o because, al hough hey show an e en highe abso p ion e ec
han in 1990 (close o 318.90%), hey con inue he dec easing endency o he di u-
sion e ec o he p e ious pe iod. A simila p ocess appea s in «Labou (11)» sec o .
In 1999, we highligh he g ow h o he «di usion e ec » and «abso p ion e ec »
in «Capi al (12)» accoun ha s ongly beha es as a key sec o o he Andalusian
economy. «Labou (11)» ecap u es i s posi ion o 1990 as a key sec o , and «Com-
me ce (6)» consolida es i s place as a key sec o . «Consume s (13)» eco e posi ions
ending up imp o ing hei capaci y o in luence he es o sec o s h ough inc eases
in he demand. They also imp o e hei capaci y o ake ad an age o he expansion
momen s e lec ed in inc emen s in he inal demand o he es o sec o s. Finally,
«O he se ices (8)» joins he g oup o g ow h accele a o s in his egion.
We will now s udy hose sec o s ha , al hough hey do no beha e as key sec o s
because hey egis e a low o wa d linkage alue, hey ce ainly do ha e a g ea ca-
paci y o accele a e he economic ac i i y when hey expe ience a change in hei
own inal demand, ha is o say, hey ha e a high «di usion e ec » o backwa d lin-
kage. Such is he case o «Comme cial se ices (9)», wi h he highes alue in his
ca ego y, and «O he Se ices (8)» in 1990; once again «Comme cial se ices (9)»
and «Non Comme cial se ices (10)» in 1995; and, inally o 1999, «Comme cial
se ices (9)» which epea s again, con o ming i s posi ion as a sec o o high «di u-
sion e ec » o he whole decade- We ge he same beha iou o «Non Comme cial
se ices (10)» in 1995. These da a show he high ele ance o se ices in he Andalu-
sian economy, once we ha e con i med he impo an in luence o a demand inc e-
men bo h in p i a e and public se ices, on he es o ac i i y sec o s.
I we ocus on he sec o s ha exe he leas impulse on ac i i y when hey expe-
ience an inc ease on hei inal demand, ha is, hose ha a e no able o ansmi
hei g ow h o he es because o hei low «di usion e ec ». We can highligh «Ex-
ac i es (2)» and «Manu ac u ing indus y (4)» o he h ee yea s. We would like o
poin ou ha he i s sec o keeps a specially ma ked downwa d endency in 1995
which is s ill p esen in 1999. «Manu ac u ing indus y (4)» which egis e ed a 27%
below a e age, also expe iencing a d as ic all in he ea ly nine ies, concluding wi h
an «di usion e ec » o only 35.06%, he smalles alue among hose egis e ed in
1999. Wi h his esul we see he educed capaci y o he seconda y sec o o eac i-
a e he Andalusian economy.
Rega ding he e olu ion along ime o he sec o s ha gene a e impo an back-
wa d linkages, he decade shows ha «Comme cial se ices (9)»(whe e hi ing house
se ices and machine y en ing a e included) is in he i s posi ion h oughou he
whole ime. This beha iou con i ms he huge capaci y o impulse he es o he an-
dalusian ac i i y sec o s along he nine ies. «O he Se ices (8)» ( inancial in e me-
dia ion se ices, insu ance se ices and pensions), mo e om second posi ion a he
beginning o he nine ies, o ou h place in 1995 and inishes he decade in eigh h
place, being an example o con inuous descen . A simila beha iou is obse ed as o
«Ag icul u e, Ca le & Fo es y and Fishing (1)». The opposi e case is ue o «Com-
me ce (6)», which begins in nin h posi ion, ge ing second place by he middle o he
nine ies and eaching he op posi ions in 1999. We highligh he ola ili y o «Labou
(11)» sec o ha mo es om hi d place in 1990 o ele en h posi ion in 1995, e u -
A s uc u al analysis o a egional economy using Social Accoun ing Ma ices: 1990-1999 121
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 121
(6)» seems o be mo e ecep i e in momen s o good economic ac i i y, which will
en ail he c ea ion o new employmen .
Table A.2, p esen s he employmen mul iplie s co esponding o 1995. Reading he
igu es o he columns, we ind again he accoun s o he p eceden yea wi h he excep-
ion o «Cons uc ion (5)» which egis e s a so slope ha loca es i below he a e age
eac ion. Re ising he da a by ows, we ind he same accoun s o 1990. The employ-
men gene a ion capaci y o «Comme cial se ices (9)» wi h 2.7 imes he a e age eac-
ion, is only su passed by «Comme ce (6)». I in 1990 «Manu ac u ing indus y (4)» e-
gis e ed alues below ou e e ence, du ing his yea he si ua ion becomes e en wo se.
Finally, Table A.3 comp ises he employmen mul iplie s o 1999. To begin wi h
he columns, he sec o s ha , when ecei ing an inc emen in hei inal demand o a
mone a y uni , a e able o impulse he employmen in he es o ac i i y sec o s; a e
he same ones han in 1995. Howe e , he e is a new inco po a ion ha can suppose an
impo an change o Andalusian economic ac i i y. Fo he i s ime in he decade o
he nine ies, he accoun o «Manu ac u ing indus y (4)» expe iences a change ha
makes i join he g oup o ac i i y sec o s ha p oduce new igu es o employmen .
As o ows, he e a e h ee accoun s ha a e g ea e han he es ablished s anda d
and egis e mul iplie s g ea e han one: on he one hand «Comme ce (6)» oge he
wi h «Comme cial se ices (9)» which is s eng hened as a key sec o in e ms o em-
ploymen , and on he o he hand «Manu ac u ing indus y (4)» ha doubles he a e-
age. This way, he sec o (4) is a key accoun o he employmen c ea ion in 1999
and we also conside i as a key sec o o he egional economic planning.
Following he e olu ion o he employmen mul iplie s in he decade, we can
summa ize such in o ma ion in able 2 and able 3:
128 Lima, M.C., Ca dene e, M. A., Hewings, G. J. D. y Vallés, J.
Table 2. Employmen mul iplie s o Andalusia in he nine ies. Column analysis.
12345678910
1990 1.542 0.222 0.468 0.553 1.057 1.202 0.769 0.842 1.278 2.936
1995 1.275 0.294 0.521 0.485 0.813 1.278 0.921 0.860 2.026 2.662
1999 1.317 0.575 0.573 1.021 0.891 1.496 0.834 0.753 1.612 1.566
∆ 1995/90 –17% 33% 11% –12% –23% 6% 20% 2% 59% –9%
∆ 1999/90 –15% 159% 23% 85% –16% 24% 9% –11% 26% –47%
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion s a ing om calcula ion o he mul iplie s o employmen 1990-95-99.
Table 3. Employmen mul iplie s o Andalusia in he decade o he nine ies.
Row analysis.
12345678910
1990 1.699 0.049 0.109 0.805 0.517 2.907 0.555 0.456 1.102 1.800
1995 1.101 0.213 0.092 0.539 0.219 2.323 0.665 0.548 2.711 1.587
1999 0.823 0.413 0.060 1.999 0.191 2.552 0.460 0.644 2.107 0.750
∆ 1995/90 –35% 334% –15% –33% –58% –20% 20% 20% 146% –12%
∆ 1999/90 –52% 740% –45% 148% –63% –12% –17% –41% 91% –58%
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion s a ing om calcula ion o he mul iplie s o employmen 1990-95-99.
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 128

A s uc u al analysis o a egional economy using Social Accoun ing Ma ices: 1990-1999 129
We ha e calcula ed some a ia ion a es om 1990 o 1995 and om 1990 o
1999, so we es ablish a compa ison o he si ua ion om he beginning o he pe iod
un il he end. We ound e y he e ogeneous beha iou s, o example he impo an
g ow h expe ienced by «Ex ac i es (2)» which is ollowed by «Manu ac u ing in-
dus y (4)» al hough i we obse e he da a in de ail, he ake o o his mul iplie e-
mains s able om 1995 onwa ds. The es o accoun s egis e a mode a e g ow h
be ween 10% and 25%. Such is he case o (3), (6), (7) and (9). The mos signi ican
all is a 47% o «Comme cial se ices»(10).
In ela ion o he e olu ion by ows, again we highligh «Ex ac i es (2)», ollo-
wed by «Manu ac u ing indus y (4)» and «Comme cial se ices (9)». Simila educ-
ions ake place in he mul iplie s o he p ima y sec o , he ene gy p oduc ion, he
cons uc ion o he non comme cial se ices.
To summa ize wi h, we ha e ound ele an in o ma ion om hese mul iplie s.
Fi s ly, he e is one sec o ha beha es as a key sec o bo h in e ms o backwa d and
o wa d linkages and employmen . Tha is he case o «Comme ce (6)». Any poli ical
decision ocused on inc easing he inal demand o his sec o —i.e. iscal incen i es o
p omo ion o new i ms able o widen he ac ual supply, oge he wi h subsidies o
hese ini ia i es o public in es men on physical in as uc u e o hei es ablishmen —,
is expec ed o induce a e y good eac ion in e ms o ac i i y and employmen o he
egional economy. The e is no doub ha he egional go e nmen has aken ad an age
o his oppo uni y, p obably se ing aside some s uc u al e o ms ha could ha e im-
p o ed he poo eac ion o indus ial sec o s in e ms o gene a ion o alue added.
We ha e ound a e y s able g oup o sec o s esponsible o employmen gene a-
ion in he es o he economy: he p i a e and public se ices. Once again ou esul s
desc ibe he Andalusian economy as a egion whe e se ice ac i i ies monopolize he
highe pe cen age o gene a ion o en and employmen .
We ha e also de ec ed ha he nice igu es in e ms o employmen mul iplie s
ha e became be e all along he pe iod, p obably induced by a mo e lexible labou
ma ke amewo k ha could be pa ially esponsible o a mo e elas ic beha iou o
accoun s like «Manu ac u ing indus y (4)».
6. Concluding ema ks
The goal o combining ields o indus ial concen a ion wi h a de elopmen s a egy
which akes ad an age o he endogenous cha ac e o each egion and i s dynamics9,
compels us o s udy hose sec o s ha a e able o gene a e g ow h and dis ibu e he
added alue in a na ional o egional economy.
In his wo k we ha e ou lined a s uc u al analysis o he Andalusian economy using
Social Accoun ing Ma ices. The empo al scena io conside ed was he decade o he ni-
ne ies, and we ha e used he SAMs o he yea s 1990, 1995 and a i s e sion o 1999.
F om «s uc u al pa h analysis» me hodology, we ex ac a g aphical ep esen a-
ion o a « h ee-dimensional landscape» ha cap u es he s uc u e o ela ionships
9Fo mo e in o ma ion see Cu belo, J.M. (1988).
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 129
among he p oduc i e sec o s o he Andalusian economy. These linkages p o ide in-
o ma ion o analyse he e ec o a change in he inal demand o a sec o on he
whole Andalusian economy o o measu e he in luence o he expansion o one sec-
o on he es o hem. All he necessa y in o ma ion has been collec ed in he back-
wa d linkages o «di usion e ec s» and he o wa d linkages o «abso p ion e ec s».
Mo eo e , he esul s ob ained o he Andalusian economy show ha he p oduc-
i e ac o s, he consume s accoun and some comme cial sec o s, gene a e impo an
mul iplie e ec s on economic ac i i y all h ough he decade, wi h he e y small ex-
cep ions. F om 1995 on, g ow h-employmen elas ici y dec eased conside ably ( he
labou ac o was displaced o hi d place a he end o he anking as ega ds gene a-
ion o he «di usion e ec s» in his yea ). I is also impo an o ema k ha «Cons-
uc ion (5)» s ayed be ween se en h and i h posi ions as ega ds he «di usion e -
ec », showing i s capaci y as an s imula o o he economic ac i i y.
I is impo an o ou line ha «Manu ac u ing indus y (4)» is unable o wo k as a
de elope o economic ac i i y on he Andalusian economy, ending up he decade
wi h a e y limi ed capaci y o in luence on he es o sec o s, e en in momen s
when manu ac u ing demand inc eased. This weakness is e en mo e ema kable i
we keep in mind ha i s eac ion in momen s o op imal beha iou o he es o he
sec o s becomes wo se as ime goes by. Such beha iou es ic s he e ec i eness o
ce ain in es men policies, due o he appa en igidi y o he seconda y sec o .
As o se ices, hey show a high «abso p ion e ec » in he whole pe iod. This e-
sul was expec ed in his esea ch due o he weigh o his sec o in he Andalusian
economy. We mus poin ou he good beha iou o «Comme cial se ices» (9) as
well as «Non-Comme cial se ices»(10) o public se ices. The sec o wi h an exem-
pla y capaci y o gene a e added alue is he one o «Comme ce (6)», which includes
ou is ac i i ies, since i is able o egis e huge linkages in bo h senses.
In his wo k we ha e also in oduced a me hodology o classic mul iplie decom-
posi ion om SAMs, by means o a mul iplica i e disagg ega ion ha sepa a es he
ne e ec s o an ini ial shock in he own, open and ci cula e ec s. The use o he
SAM enables us o comple e he in o ma ion de i ed om Leon ie echnology, and
quan i y he impo ance o he eedback e ec s gene a ed by he own ci cula low o
en . In ela ion o he mul iplie decomposi ion, we ha e come ac oss wi h a all o
he o al e ec s o 25% in he whole decade ( he own ne e ec s and he ci cula e -
ec s ended up egis e ing a educ ion o 60%). We ha e also no iced ha in spi e o
his alling e olu ion, he ci cula e ec s keep he g ea e alues, which p o es he
impo ance o he eedback ha is aking place in he Andalusian economy.
Fu he mo e, we ha e comple ed he analysis o mul iplie s wi h a ou h mul i-
plie in e ms o c ea ion o new jobs. La e we ha e ca ied ou an empi ic applica-
ion ob aining he co esponding mul iplie s o he h ee ep esen a i e yea s o he
decade o he nine ies: 1990, 1995 and 1999. The esul s show he eac ion o he p i-
a e sec o , he go e nmen o he sa ings and in es men s when acing a change in
he inal demand. We ha e also ound in e es ing answe s in ela ion o he elas ici y
o each o he p oduc i e sec o s as o hei capaci y o gene a e employmen . The
employmen key sec o s a e hose ha eac gene a ing employmen abo e he a e-
age alue when hey ecei e an exogenous injec ion o when he es o he economy
130 Lima, M.C., Ca dene e, M. A., Hewings, G. J. D. y Vallés, J.
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 130
expe iences he shock. Such accoun s emain in a iable du ing he decade and hey
a e he p ima y sec o and se ices in gene al. I is impo an o unde line ha in 1999
we de ec a new dynamic accoun , he one o «Manu ac u ing indus y (4)» which o
he i s ime becomes an employmen key sec o . Such a beha iou means a new
s age o he seconda y sec o in Andalusia.
I is impo an o ema k ha , employmen keysec o s, do no coincide wi h clas-
sical mul iplie decomposi ion keysec o s and he policy make mus balance whe he
o push one ac i i y sec o o ano he . The p e ious esul makes us hink i i is ea-
sonable o inance he seconda y sec o s h ough egional policy unds like Eu opean
Regional De elopmen Fund (ERDF) o Eu opean Social Fund (ESF), specially once
we ha e poin ed ou hei igidi y. In ac , i we ollow ou p e ious easoning, he e-
gion o Andalusia, —classi ied as Objec i e 1 o he eu opean egional policy—,
should concen a e on ac i i ies able o gene a e a high alue added, as hose we ha e
highligh ed, in o de o ge he bes esul s om he eu opean suppo . Bu in his
case, he egional g ow h model would be e y dependen on a ew se ice sec o s. In
his sense, we hink ha , wi h he aim o educing u u e obs acles o egional de e-
lopmen , policy make s should di ec hei e o s in combining ac ions able o cap-
u e he highe mul iplie e ec s, wi h o he s ha imp o ed he low eac ion o ine-
las ic sec o s. Such decision would p obably mean a ede ini ion o he p io i ies in
he cu en egional policy. This long un be , would de i e in changes in in e en ion
axes o Regional De elopmen Plans (RDP) and Communi y Suppo F amewo k
(CSF) o 2000-06 and in he one in cu en nego ia ion o 2007-2013.
In conclusion, we conside ha i is necessa y o wo k wi h he esul s o his pa-
pe in a double sense: ying o ca ch up he ad an ages o mul iplie s and a he same
ime, designing an s a egy o imp o e he beha iou o less dynamic accoun s. Fu -
he mo e, he ad an age o his wo k is ha we can ex ac s eng hs and weaknesses
o a egional economy.
Ob iously, we mus keep in mind ha we a e wo king wi h he limi a ions o a li-
nea model de i ed om a SAM. O cou se, we mus in e p e ou esul s unde he
cau ion o he limi a ion o he s a is ical da abases. Mo eo e , he pa h analysis ech-
nique ha we ha e de eloped, can be complemen ed wi h a p ices model o a be e
unde s anding o he esul s. To deepen in o he aspec s as o asses he impac o an
speci ic poli ical decision —i.e. a change o he amoun o Eu opean Funds ecei ed
in Andalusia— in e ms as consume ’s wel a e, income, GDP o again p ice le els;
we could de elop a Compu able Gene al Equilib ium (CGE) model. In hese models,
we se a g oup o unc ional ela ions ha desc ibe he beha iou o di e en agen s
and hen sea ch o he co esponding solu ion. This mo e sophis ica ed ool would
be help ul o polish he inal esul s. CGE models ad ance in o ma ion on he esul s
ha can be expec ed a e an in e en ion, and hey poin ou he p ospec i e eac ion
o he mos impo an egional economic linkages.
To inish wi h, in his wo k we ha e ou lined hose keysec o s o an economy
which can be used o analyse p oblems o egional planning by means o lineal gene-
al equilib ium models om SAMs. The main objec i e has been o s udy he in e nal
a angemen s wi hin he Andalusian ac i i y sec o s om an agg ega e poin o iew,
in o de o de e mine hei po en iali ies and weaknesses. This ype o exe cise can
A s uc u al analysis o a egional economy using Social Accoun ing Ma ices: 1990-1999 131
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 131
p o ide wi h ex-an e and ex-pos exe cises o he objec o assessing he e ec s o
choosing ce ain in es men p ojec s ins ead o o he s. Decisions o his ype can
condi ion egional g ow h in he long e m, gene a ing s angula ions in he p oduc-
i e ac i i y i an adap ed de elopmen s a egy is no p ope ly designed.
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A s uc u al analysis o a egional economy using Social Accoun ing Ma ices: 1990-1999 133
Table A.1. Employmen mul iplie s o Andalusia in 1990
Accoun s 12345678910111213
Sum A e age To al No maliz.
o ow alue a e age alue
1 0.950 0.023 0.049 0.116 0.095 0.092 0.080 0.094 0.099 0.087 0.108 0.108 0.108 2.008 0.154 0.091 1.699
2 0.002 0.028 0.007 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.058 0.004 0.049
3 0.004 0.002 0.079 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.129 0.010 0.109
4 0.074 0.019 0.036 0.173 0.089 0.059 0.069 0.068 0.071 0.070 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.951 0.073 0.805
5 0.016 0.007 0.015 0.009 0.413 0.015 0.015 0.020 0.022 0.021 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.611 0.047 0.517
6 0.233 0.068 0.153 0.131 0.233 0.795 0.200 0.243 0.272 0.234 0.291 0.291 0.291 3.437 0.264 2.907
7 0.036 0.017 0.028 0.023 0.039 0.033 0.245 0.039 0.041 0.040 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.657 0.051 0.555
8 0.024 0.010 0.018 0.016 0.028 0.026 0.026 0.221 0.039 0.042 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.539 0.041 0.456
9 0.060 0.026 0.038 0.031 0.056 0.065 0.055 0.074 0.609 0.061 0.076 0.076 0.076 1.303 0.100 1.102
10 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002 2.108 0.002 0.002 0.002 2.128 0.164 1.800
Sum o columns 1.402 0.202 0.426 0.503 0.961 1.093 0.699 0.766 1.162 2.670 0.646 0.646 0.646
A e age alue 0.140 0.020 0.043 0.050 0.096 0.109 0.070 0.077 0.116 0.267 0.065 0.065 0.065
To al a e age 0.091
No malized alue 1.542 0.222 0.468 0.553 1.057 1.202 0.769 0.842 1.278 2.936 0.710 0.710 0.710
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion h ough SAM o Andalusia 1990.
Appendix
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134 Lima, M.C., Ca dene e, M. A., Hewings, G. J. D. y Vallés, J.
Table A.2. Employmen mul iplie s o Andalusia in 1995
Accoun s 12345678910111213
Sum A e age To al No maliz.
o ow alue a e age alue
1 0.598 0.006 0.023 0.072 0.046 0.042 0.031 0.033 0.037 0.038 0.028 0.038 0.038 1.033 0.079 0.072 1.101
2 0.004 0.130 0.023 0.009 0.007 0.004 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.200 0.015 0.213
3 0.003 0.001 0.060 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.086 0.007 0.092
4 0.036 0.007 0.024 0.106 0.058 0.041 0.033 0.034 0.036 0.033 0.026 0.036 0.036 0.506 0.039 0.539
5 0.004 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.171 0.004 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.206 0.016 0.219
6 0.131 0.024 0.105 0.068 0.131 0.584 0.137 0.138 0.179 0.169 0.141 0.191 0.191 2.179 0.168 2.323
7 0.023 0.010 0.023 0.019 0.033 0.042 0.313 0.028 0.030 0.028 0.020 0.027 0.027 0.624 0.048 0.665
8 0.019 0.005 0.021 0.014 0.024 0.032 0.025 0.226 0.031 0.041 0.021 0.028 0.028 0.514 0.040 0.548
9 0.099 0.027 0.092 0.057 0.110 0.166 0.114 0.147 0.135 0.166 0.116 0.157 0.157 2.543 0.196 2.711
10 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.006 0.005 1.444 0.004 0.005 0.005 1.489 0.115 1.587
Sum o columns 0.920 0.212 0.376 0.350 0.587 0.922 0.664 0.621 1.462 1.921 0.363 0.491 0.491
A e age alue 0.092 0.021 0.038 0.035 0.059 0.092 0.066 0.062 0.146 0.192 0.036 0.049 0.049
To al a e age 0.072
No malized alue 1.275 0.294 0.521 0.485 0.813 1.278 0.921 0.860 2.026 2.662 0.504 0.680 0.680
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion h ough SAM o Andalusia 1995.
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A s uc u al analysis o a egional economy using Social Accoun ing Ma ices: 1990-1999 135
Table A.3. Employmen mul iplie s o Andalusia in 1999
Accoun s 1 2 345678910111213
Sum A e age To al No maliz.
o ow alue a e age alue
1 1.157 0.004 0.020 0.013 0.026 0.035 0.021 0.024 0.037 0.039 0.040 0.040 0.040 1.499 0.115 0.140 0.823
2 0.003 0.628 0.082 0.003 0.007 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.752 0.058 0.413
3 0.002 0.001 0.081 0.000 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.110 0.008 0.060
4 0.209 0.057 0.155 1.352 0.341 0.209 0.186 0.146 0.195 0.191 0.200 0.200 0.200 3.640 0.280 1.999
5 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.313 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.347 0.027 0.191
6 0.232 0.047 0.213 0.029 0.264 1.449 0.241 0.244 0.371 0.341 0.406 0.406 0.406 4.647 0.357 2.552
7 0.024 0.014 0.029 0.004 0.033 0.042 0.481 0.026 0.037 0.035 0.038 0.038 0.038 0.838 0.064 0.460
8 0.048 0.011 0.054 0.007 0.061 0.079 0.055 0.403 0.087 0.096 0.091 0.091 0.091 1.173 0.090 0.644
9 0.153 0.040 0.157 0.021 0.188 0.254 0.166 0.191 1.501 0.272 0.298 0.298 0.298 3.836 0.295 2.107
10 0.011 0.002 0.011 0.001 0.013 0.016 0.011 0.013 0.019 1.205 0.021 0.021 0.021 1.365 0.105 0.750
Sum o columns 1.844 0.805 0.803 1.430 1.248 2.096 1.169 1.054 2.257 2.193 1.102 1.102 1.102
A e age alue 0.184 0.081 0.080 0.143 0.125 0.210 0.117 0.105 0.226 0.219 0.110 0.110 0.110
To al a e age 0.140
No malized alue 1.317 0.575 0.573 1.021 0.891 1.496 0.834 0.753 1.612 1.566 0.787 0.787 0.787
Sou ce: Own elabo a ion h ough SAM o Andalusia 1999.
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 135
136 Lima, M.C., Ca dene e, M. A., Hewings, G. J. D. y Vallés, J.
Figu e A.1. Landscape Andalusia 1990
(nume ai e 1990)
9 Comme cial Se ices
8 O he se ices
11 Labou
12 Capi al
10 Non-comme cial se ices
1 Ag icul u e, ca le & o es y
5 Cons uc ion
7 T anspo and Comunica ions
6 Comme ce
13 Consumme s
3 Elec ici y and na u al gas
9 Comme cial Se ices
4 Manu ac u ing indus y
2 Ex ac i es
10 Non-comme cial se ices
5 Cons uc ion
3 Elec ici y and na u al gas
1 Ag icul u e, ca le & o es y
2 Ex ac i es
7 T anspo and Comunica ions
8 O he se ices
6 Comme ce
11 Labou
12 Capi al
4 Manu ac u ing indus y
13 Consume s
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 136
A s uc u al analysis o a egional economy using Social Accoun ing Ma ices: 1990-1999 137
Figu e A.2. Landscape Andalusia 1995
(nume ai e 1990)
9 Comme cial Se ices
8 O he se ices
11 Labou
12 Capi al
10 Non-comme cial se ices
1 Ag icul u e, ca le & o es y
5 Cons uc ion
7 T anspo and Comunica ions
6 Comme ce
13 Consumme s
3 Elec ici y and na u al gas
9 Comme cial Se ices
4 Manu ac u ing indus y
2 Ex ac i es
10 Non-comme cial se ices
5 Cons uc ion
3 Elec ici y and na u al gas
1 Ag icul u e, ca le & o es y
2 Ex ac i es
7 T anspo and Comunica ions
8 O he se ices
6 Comme ce
11 Labou
12 Capi al
4 Manu ac u ing indus y
13 Consume s
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
05 Lima 7/6/05 08:37 Página 137