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How o ci e his a icle in bibliog aphies / Re e ences
S Sola-Mo ales, V He nández-San aolalla (2017): ―Vo e Tu nou and New Fo ms o Poli ical
Pa icipa ion o Young People: A Compa a i e Analysis be ween Chile and Spain‖. Re is a
La ina de Comunicación Social, 72, pp. 629 o 648.
h p://www. e is ala inacs.o g/072pape /1183/33en.h ml
DOI: 10.4185/RLCS-2017-1183
Vo e Tu nou and New Fo ms o Poli ical
Pa icipa ion o Young People: A Compa a i e
Analysis be ween Chile and Spain
Salomé Sola-Mo ales [CV] [ORCID : h p://o cid.o g/0000-0001-7085-4595] [
h ps://schola .google.es/ci a ions?use =S4jCqkkAAAAJ&hl=es] P o eso a Con a ada Doc o a -
Uni e sidad San iago de Chile (San iago, Chile)
Víc o He nández-San aolalla [CV] [ORCID : h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-2207-4014] [
h ps://schola .google.es/ci a ions?use =U5ORjCYAAAAJ&hl=es] P o eso Ayudan e Doc o -
Uni e sidad de Se illa (Se illa, España).
Abs ac s
In oduc ion. The objec i e o his esea ch is o explo e he ela ionship be ween he o e u nou
and he new o ms o pa icipa ion o young Chileans and Spania ds, as well hei pe cep ion abou
poli ics and he o ms o pa icipa ion which seem mos ele an o hem. Me hodology. In o de o
do his, a compa a i e analysis be ween he wo coun ies, wi h a sample o 928 uni e si y s uden s
be ween he ages o 18 and 24 is ealized. Resul s. The da a showed some dis us o he cu en
democ a ic sys em. Addi ionally, while o e u nou dec eases in Chile and Spain, o he
uncon en ional –o line and online– poli ical ac i i ies inc ease. Conclusions. De ini i ely, young
people a e seeking g ea e pa icipa ion as ci izens in poli ical a ai s. Likewise, al hough many
s uden s use social ne wo ks as channels o keep ab eas o he ac i i ies o poli icians, his use is s ill
low compa ed o ha o o he public igu es.
Keywo ds
Chile; Spain; o e u nou ; poli ical pa icipa ion; you h; new media.
Con en s
1. In oduc ion. 1.1. The Chilean case. 1.2. The Spanish case. 1.3. Objec i es and esea ch ques ions.
2. Me hods. 3. Resul s. 3.1. Fo ms o poli ical pa icipa ion. 3.2. Pe cep ions, mo i a ions and
eelings in ela ion o poli ics. 3.3. New media and you h pa icipa ion. 4. Discussion. 5.
Conclusions. 6. Re e ences.
T asla e by F ancisco Uceda, New Yo k U ni e si y.
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1. In oduc ion
Young people‘s indi e ence o poli ics in ecen decades and abo e all he high a e o abs en ion in
he elec ions a e impo an issues o analysis (Ca lin, 2006; O‘Toole e al., 2003; Phelps, 2006;
Skel on and Valen ine, 2003; Wiseman, 2006). They show ha he e is a possible ―c isis‖ o he
Wes e n democ a ic sys em wo ldwide (Alcán a a, 1995; B omley e al., 2004; C ozie e al, 1975;
Pha and Pu nam, 2000; Pha e al., 2000; Shields, 2006). Vo e u nou , ha is o say, he o e, is
one o he g ea es e idences o he heal h o a poli ical sys em (Mille , 1980; Payne e al., 2002).
Howe e , i is necessa y o ques ion and ind he socio-poli ical and cul u al mo i a ions o his
alleged widesp ead elec o al abs en ion. The inc easingly high indi e ence o ejec ion o young
people owa ds he poli ical sys em highligh s he need o e lec ion and a close examina ion o he
possible causes o his phenomenon.
An hony Downs‘s wo k on he a ional abs en ion p oblem (1957) launched a deba e on poli ical
pa icipa ion ha con inues oday. In his sense, could elec o al abs en ion be seen as an indi idual
a ional choice o , on he con a y, as a symp om o a global ci ic c isis? In his ega d, i is
necessa y o e ise he meaning o he concep o poli ical pa icipa ion beyond he adi ional
elec o al o e. As is e iden , he e may be many easons why young people a e no o ing, and he e
is b oad in e na ional scien i ic li e a u e ha sugges s possible causes and mo i a ions (Ca lin, 2006;
Delli, 2000; Hea h, 2007; Kimbe lee, 2002; O‘Toole e al., 2003; Pacheco, 2008; Wilkinson and
Mulgan, 1995). Howe e , each coun y has i s own peculia i ies, and he e a e s ill many un esol ed
ques ions. The e o e, abs en ion mus be analyzed in ela ion o a wide ange o explana o y
a iables o di e en na u e (Sáez, 1998) such as: coun y o esidence, age, educa ion, socio-
economic s a us, ideology o gende . In ac , in compa ing di e en sys ems and coun ies‘ quali y o
democ acy, he Economis In elligence Uni o F eedom House, o example, include poli ical
pa icipa ion as one o he a iables. Rega ding ideology, i has been claimed o be one o he
g ounds o abs en ion, especially in coun ies ha ha e s ong pa isan a ilia ion (Anduiza Pe ea,
1999; Boix and Riba, 2000; Jus el, 1995). This is no o say ha being igh -wing o le -wing
condi ions o e beha iou , bu a he ha some con ex s may ha e poli ical o e s ha a e no
equally sa is ac o y o he igh o o he le . (Ba ei o 2002). Gende is a key a iable in explo ing
he ela ionship be ween abs en ion and pa icipa ion (Vasallo, 2012). Howe e , i p esen s new
heo e ical and me hodological challenges (Ga cía Esc ibano and F u os Balib ea, 1999). Gi en he
pa ia chy dominance and he p eponde ance o he masculine cul u e, i could be in e ed a weake
o lowe le el o emale pa icipa ion. In ac , some esea che s ha e ca ego ized emale
pa icipa ion as anonymous and wi h al uis ic ends (As ela a, 1990). Ne e heless, some empi ical
esea ch has shown ha his a iable appea s o be insigni ican (No is, 1991). The e o e, u he
analysis is equi ed. Thus, each case mus be examined on i s own me i s.
Poli ical pa icipa ion no only makes possible he e ec i e exe cise o ci izenship (Ma shall and
Bo omo e, 1998) and allows o ―pa ake‖ in ins i u ional o social a ai s (Me ino, 1996), bu also
implies o exe cise con ol and mode a e he powe o ep esen a i es (Guillen e al., 2009). I is
impo an o unde s and poli ical pa icipa ion as a se o p ac ices ha go beyond he elec o al o e,
such as: he a ilia ion wi h any ci ic associa ion, membe ship in poli ical pa ies, pa icipa ion in a
s uden demons a ion, ally o p o es , he c ea ion o a websi e o pa icipa ion in an In e ne o um
o social ne wo k, o name only a ew. In ac , ci izen pa icipa ion, o wha e e kind i may be, is a
he hea o democ acy (Ve ba e al., 1995). Mo eo e , i is a good indica o o wel a e and he
ma u i y o he democ a ic sys em i sel (Ge odimos, 2010; Ge odimos and Wa d, 2007). This
implies, in u n, he de elopmen o a good concep o ci izenship, which necessa ily in ol es
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sha ing esponsibili ies, becoming in ol ed in public li e, o ge ing conce ned wi h issues o gene al
in e es .
Speci ically, some au ho s ha e indica ed ha while o e u nou dec eases, o he uncon en ional
poli ical ac i i ies expand, bu mo e in line wi h he way ha people expe ience communi y li e and
ways o pa icipa e in poli ics (No is, 2002). Resea ch in o poli ical pa icipa ion is a mul i ace ed
phenomenon (Teney and Hanquine , 2012). Poli ical engagemen is cu en ly di ided in o se e al
epe oi es: ―con en ional pa icipa ion‖ e sus ―uncon en ional pa icipa ion‖ (Con e as-Ibáñez e
al., 2005; Del ino e al., 2007; Golds one, 2003; Heaney and Rhodas, 2006; Ma a all, 1981;
McFa land and Thomas, 1996; Milb a h, 1965); indi idual ―ins i u ionalized‖ e sus ―non-
ins i u ionalized‖ pa icipa ion (Ganuza and F ancés, 2008; Hooghe and Ma ien 2013); o online
e sus o line pa icipa ion (Dahlg en, 2011; Gibson and Can ijoch, 2013; Kim e al., 2016; Resina
de la Fuen e, 2010; Vise s, 2014; Za zu i, 2005). Howe e , he e is no heo e ical consensus abou
hese ca ego ies ha a e cu en ly changing.
In ac , he In e ne has begun o ans o m poli ical li e (Co a elo and C espo, 2012; Chadwick,
2013) and has s a ed o ha e a majo impac on democ acy (Ba be , 1998; Hacke and Van Dijk,
2000; Hagen, 2000; Pal, 1997; Subi a s, 2002). Likewise, he inc easingly impo an ole o new
media among young people has led o a deba e on he po en ial o he in e ne as a means o poli ical
communica ion ha encou ages you h pa icipa ion (Anduiza Pe ea e al. 2000; Banaji and
Buckinjam, 2010; Colombo Villa asa, 2007; Co a elo and C espo, 2012; Ga cía Gale a and
Hu ado, 2013; Ge odimos, 2010; Hill and Hughes, 1998; Ka akaya, 2005; Rudenko, 2009;
Samped o, 2011; Shad in, 2000; Si kkunen and Ko ilainen, 2004; Uga e, 2007; Wa d 2005).
Wi h espec o p e ious esea ch, he e a e nume ous s udies ha link you h, new media, and
poli ical pa icipa ion (Coleman, 1999; Coleman and Rowe, 2005; Collin, 2008; Dahlbe g, 2001;
Ge odimos, 2010; Robles, 2006) ha combine heo e ical and empi ical analysis. E en so, he e a e
speci ic s udies in Spain which ha e ocused on he o ing beha io o young people (Ma eos and
Mo al, 2006) o he link be ween he In e ne , you h, and poli ics (Au ho , 2015; Rubio-Gil, 2012;
Subi a s e al., 2015). Recen empi ical esea ch –especially in Eu ope– is ques ioning he ela ion
be ween us in poli ics and new o ms o pa icipa ion poin ing ou a iables such as socio-
economic s a e and le el o educa ion (Dejaeghe e and Hooghe, 2006; Thijssen e al., 2016).
Howe e , he e s ill exis s a lack o empi ical esea ch o analyze he causes o abs en ion o young
people in ela ion o he new ways in which he you h pa icipa es in poli ics in Spain and Chile.
Simila ly, he e is a lack o compa a i e s udies on he link be ween ci ic mo i a ions o young
people and hei ways o pa icipa ing in poli ics, a ac ha demons a es he need o con inue
wo king on hese a eas.
Ul ima ely, in o de o ully unde s and he ela ion be ween low o e u nou and new o ms o
pa icipa ion, solid and con incing esul s will be gene a ed o ex apola e he analysis o possible
policy al e na i es in he Chilean and he Spanish case. To ha end, he ollowing ou c i e ia ha e
been explo ed, which will gi e he keys o unde s anding he possible ―c isis‖ o pa icipa ion in he
wo coun ies su eyed: 1) Fo ms o poli ical pa icipa ion (con en ional e sus uncon en ional and
o line e sus online), 2) Pe cep ions, mo i a ions and eelings associa ed wi h poli ics, and 3) new
media and you h pa icipa ion.
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1.1. The Chilean con ex
Fo decades Chile has had high o e abs en ion a es. Speci ically, since 1989 he e has been a
s eady decline in o e u nou , especially among young people acco ding o he 2014 ―Democ acy
Audi ‖, ca ied ou by he Uni ed Na ions o De elopmen P og am (PNUD). Jus in he las elec ion
o mayo s in 2012, o example, 44% o he popula ion did no o e and 3% spoiled hei ballo s o
cas a NOTA o e acco ding o he 2012 ―Democ acy Audi ‖, conduc ed by he Cen e o Public
S udies (CEP). Wha eally s ands ou wi hin his 44% o non- o e s is ha he majo i y (69%) a e
young people be ween 18 and 24 yea s and young adul s be ween 25 and 34 yea s o age (61%).
Indeed, i is no only ha he e is 47% o he popula ion exp essing hei dissa is ac ion wi h he
poli ical sys em and no pa icipa ing in poli ics on Elec ion Day, bu also, ha his sec o o he
popula ion is e y young, which makes i a e y non-accu a e indica o .
Abs en ion is heo e ically linked o socioeconomic s a us. In ac , pa icula ly in he me opoli an
a ea, he bo oughs wi h highe le els o abs en ion in he 2013 p esiden ial elec ions we e: Puen e
Al o (66.30%), Alhue (67.80%) and La Pin ana (65.45%), ha is o say, low socioeconomic s a us
communi ies. Howe e , he uly ele an ques ion ha should be aised he e is whe he he ailu e
a e implies a disa ec ion o disin e es in poli ics i sel . I his s a emen we e ue, he ques ion ha
should be aised is: wha a e he easons o a democ a ic poli ical sys em o no in e es o engage
young people? This apa hy and disin e es may be due o a lack o pa icipa o y policies o poo
gene al ope a ion o he elec o al sys em, bu i may also be ela ed o poo in o ma ion p o ided by
he mass media o ine icien use o new media.
While he e a e many academics who ha e analyzed a ious possible mo i a ions o poli ical
disa ec ion and apa hy owa ds o ing in he case o Chile (Mad id, 2005; Pa ke , 2000, 2003;
To cal, 2001; To o, 2007), he e a e ewe app oaches ha y o ind ou i his disin e es is owa ds
he elec o al sys em o o he poli ical and an h opological ounda ion. Indeed, in he Chilean case,
se e al esea che s ha e analyzed he si ua ion o he poli ical sys em and exp essed i s in insic
limi a ions (Ga e ón, 1990, 2002; Mayol, 2012; Mayol and Azóca , 2011; Moulian 1997). O he s
ha e ques ioned whe he poli ical pa icipa ion mus be unde s ood beyond he me ely ins i u ional
(Ma dones, 2014). I is p obably o his eason ha abs en ion can be associa ed wi h eelings o
disa ec ion, caused by he ine iciency o ins i u ions, he lack o con idence in poli icians o
aliena ion (Mon e o e al., 1999; To cal 2001)– phenomena ha equi e u he esea ch.
Since compulso y o ing exis ed in Chile un il 2013, any s udy on he Chilean o e u nou can be
pe cei ed as biased by he elec o al sys em i sel – a hind ance o measu e pa icipa ion (Al man,
2004; Fuen es and Villa , 2005; Huneeus, 2005; Na ia 2004; To o, 2007). Thus, ou s udy assumes a
much mo e complex and ex ensi e idea o pa icipa ion. In his con ex , he idea ha democ acy is
no jus o ing gains alue. E iden ly, o decades many Chilean ci izens ha e seen he ac o o ing
as an imposed obliga ion, which hey ha e some imes p e e ed o a oid ines o ha ing o mo e o
a el o o e. Howe e , abs en ion a es ha e always emained low among young Chileans,
ega dless o whe he hei o ing was compulso y o olun a y.
1.2. The Spanish Con ex
Simila o wha happened in Chile, Spain‘s elec o al abs en ion has become a majo p oblem. Fo
example, in he municipal elec ions o May 2011, a 33.8% abs en ion was eco ded, as i appea ed in
he websi e o he Minis y o In e io o Spain. Meanwhile, in he gene al elec ion held in No embe
o he same yea , he abs en ion a e was 31.1%, despi e he esul s o a s udy published by he
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Cen e o Sociological Resea ch in Oc obe , which indica ed ha 83.6% o esponden s su eyed
we e likely o o e (CIS, 2011a). In any case, he highes a e o abs en ion comes when deciding he
ep esen a i es o he Eu opean Pa liamen . In his ega d, in he las elec ions held on May 25,
2014, 56.2% o hose eligible o o e did no go o he polls. Howe e , beyond he low u nou , he
ac is ha his elec ion ma ked a u ning poin in he Spanish democ acy, as i glimpsed he
b eakdown o bipa isanship. Thus, he su p ising p og ess o Podemos pa y as a poli ical o ce
appea ed o be a esponse o he complain s shown by a la ge segmen o he public, disappoin ed
wi h he managemen o he o he pa ies (U quizu, 2015). A he same ime, policy make s ealized
ha new imes, ha equi ed new aces, we e coming. The day a e he Eu opean Pa liamen
elec ions, Al edo Pé ez Rubalcaba esigned as leade o he Spanish Socialis Wo ke s Pa y, while
Juan Ca los I abdica ed he c own a week la e (Díez, 2014).
Re u ning o he p oblem o abs en ion, his has adi ionally been associa ed wi h socioeconomic
s a us. In his ega d, while i is e iden ha he di e ences a e no as ex eme as in o he coun ies
(Gallego, 2013), he ac is ha he middle and uppe classes do seem o ha e a highe pa icipa ion
a e in Spain, as seen in he da a om he pos -elec ion polls ha we e conduc ed by he Cen e o
Sociological Resea ch (CIS 2011b, 2014). Meanwhile, wi h ega d o age, i should be no ed ha ,
simila o wha happened in he Chilean case, his is s ill mo e signi ican in he case o young people
unde hi y yea s o age (Alconchel, 2011; F ancés Ga cía and San ac eu Fe nández, 2014; Ma eos
and Mo al, 2006; Se ano and Sempe e, 1999), simila o wha is happening in mos Eu opean
coun ies (Anduiza Pe ea, 2001; Laiz Cas o, 2011). Al hough one can no ule ou ha his
disa ec ion is in luenced by ce ain cha ac e is ics o his age (Ma ín He nández, 2006), his
appea s o be a consequence o high dis us o young people owa ds he cu en democ a ic sys em
(F ancés Ga cía and San ac eu Fe nández, 2014), no owa ds democ acy as poli ical egime,
ega dless o whe he he majo i y s ill see he o e as a ci ic and mo al du y. This idea is ein o ced
by he ac ha al hough his sec o o he popula ion goes he leas o he polls, ye i is he mos
in ol ed in uncon en ional o ms o pa icipa ion such as demons a ions o p o es s. In o he wo ds,
as a ejec ion o he adi ional poli ical o e , young Spania ds mo e away om he ins i u ionalized
mechanisms o poli ical pa icipa ion, bu s ill ac i ely pa icipa e in na ional poli ical li e. The e o e,
i canno be a gued ha young Spania ds a e no in e es ed in poli ics, bu a he ha hey concei e i
di e en ly. Thus, compa ed o cas ing a o e o being a ilia ed o a adi ional pa y, hey p e e o
ca y ou o he ac ions, which hey conside mo e e ec i e, as well as connec ing o ce ain poli ical
o ganiza ions ha p opose a ‗b eak‘, o example, om he cu en pa y sys em (F ancés Ga cía and
San ac eu Fe nández, 2014).
1.3. Objec i es and esea ch ques ions
The o e all objec i e o his esea ch is o unde s and he ela ionship be ween o e u nou and new
o ms o pa icipa ion o young Chileans and Spania ds. In o de o do his, we analyze wha he
pe cep ions abou poli ics and he mos ele an o ms o you h pa icipa ion a e, and e alua e how
he new media a e ans o ming he o m o pa icipa ion. Speci ically, his pape aims o answe he
ollowing esea ch ques ions:
RQ1. Wha a e he o ms o poli ical pa icipa ion mos equen ly used by Chilean and
Spanish s uden s?
RQ2. Wha is he opinion o he Chilean and Spanish s uden s abou he elec o al sys em and
he ac i i y o poli ical pa ies?

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RQ3. Do Chileans and Spanish s uden s use social ne wo ks and new communica ion
echnologies o poli ical pu poses?
2. Me hods
In o de o add ess hese ques ions, a quan i a i e me hodology was de eloped o de e mine he
iews and pe cep ions o young Chileans and Spania ds. In o al, 1,200 su eys we e conduc ed on
uni e si y s uden s be ween 18 and 24 yea s o age. 600 o he su eys we e ca ied ou in he
Me opoli an Region o San iago de Chile, and he o he 600 we e conduc ed in Mad id, Ba celona
and Se ille. In he Chilean case he sample size was de e mined om a o al popula ion o
1.1152,125 en olled uni e si y s uden s, wi h a con idence le el se o 95% and a ma gin o e o o
±4. In he Spanish case, he sample size was de e mined om a o al popula ion o 1.532,728
en olled uni e si y s uden s wi h a con idence le el se o 95% and a ma gin o e o o ±4. In o de
o gi e a quali a i e ep esen a i eness o he sample wo di e ences we e delimi ed be ween
coun ies. Fi s , as Chile is a e y cen alized coun y he su ey was conduc ed only in San iago, he
mos popula ed egion wi h he mos impo an uni e si ies and he mos uni e si y s uden s.
Howe e , Spain is a mo e decen alized coun y, and he e a e impo an and anked uni e si ies in
di e en egions. Thus, he su ey was conduc ed in h ee o he mos popula ed egions in he
coun y wi h he mos impo an uni e si ies, in he cen e (Mad id), he no h (Ba celona) and he
sou h (Se ille). Second, in Chile, in addi ion o ou public uni e si ies, he e a e nume ous p i a e
schools whe e a high pe cen age o s uden s en oll. Thus, he su ey was conduc ed in he wo public
and p i a e ins i u ions wi h he la ges en ollmen . In Spain, on he con a y, he majo i y o s uden s
en oll in he public sys em, so he h ee ins i u ions selec ed o he sample a e public.
Table I. Gende , age and ideology o he pa icipan s.
Chile (n=414)
Spain (n=514)
To al (n=928)
Gende
Male
40.1%
35.4%
37.5%
Female
59.2%
63.4%
61.5%
ND/NA
0.7%
1.2%
1.0%
Age
M=21.3; SD=1.6
M=20.5; SD=1.3
M=20.8; SD=1.5
Ideology*
M=4.4; SD=2.9
M=3.6; SD=2.3
M=4.0; SD=2.6
Le
67.9%
82.6%
77.1%
Mode a e-le
65.6%
75.3%
72.5%
Mode a e
58.2%
61.9%
60.0%
Mode a e- igh
75.0%
50.9%
61.9%
Righ
87.5%
64.3%
78.9%
*The ideology a iable was measu ed on a scale o 0 a 10 (le - igh ), being 5 he cen e. The
a e age and he s anda d de ia ion we e calcula ed wi hou conside ing he subjec s ha
ma ked he op ion DN/NA (Chile, 26,3%; Spain, 15,6%).
The da a we e collec ed be ween June and Augus 2014, o Chile, and be ween No embe 2014 and
Janua y 2015, o he Spanish case. Responden s we e solici ed o pa icipa e du ing class pe iod in
hei educa ional ins i u ion by ained polls e s. As hey gi e e y simple ins uc ions, and he
ques ionnai e was anonymous, i is easonable o in e ha he e we e no in luence esponses o he
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epo ed esul s. The mas e ques ionnai e was d a ed in Spanish wi h minimal di e ences o
language in he Chilean e sion o a oid misunde s anding due o linguis ic codes.
A e comple ion o he da a collec ion pe iod, we had o emo e a se ies o ques ionnai es ha
con ained e o s and/o we e no p ope ly answe ed. Thus, he o al was 928 su eys (414 young
uni e si y s uden s, esiden s in Chile and 514 young uni e si y s uden s, esiden s in Spain). The
Table 1 also p o ides da a on age, gende and ideology o he pa icipan s, which oge he wi h he
coun y o esidence a e he explana o y a iables.
3. Resul s
3.1. Fo ms o poli ical pa icipa ion
Only 11.4% o young s uden s su eyed –16.9% o esiden s in Chile and 7.0% o esiden s in
Spain– indica ed ha hey we e no in e es ed in poli ics, highligh ing he appa en lack o in e es in
ac i e pa icipa ion. In his ega d i is wo h no ing ha hei main in e es is o s ay in o med and o
be able o exp ess hei opinions, bo h in he Chilean and in he Spanish case (49.1% o young
esponden s), while only 11.6 % o he you h pa icipa e in poli ical o ganiza ions, especially a wo k
o in a uni e si y con ex . Fu he mo e, only 9.7% o young people in Chile and 16.9% in Spain
acknowledged hey we e only in e es ed o o e in na ional elec ions. In connec ion o his ques ion,
70.3% o s uden s in Chile had pa icipa ed in a gene al elec ion, while only 44.6% o s uden s in
Spain had cas a ballo . This disc epancy in he esul s could be due in pa o he age o he
esponden s, as he elec ions we e no held in he same yea in bo h coun ies. In ac , when asked:
―Did you o e in he las elec ion?‖ he pe cen age o asse ions was no he same, dec easing o
65.2% o Chile and ising o 68.7% in Spain. Thus, in esponse o he p e ious elec ions, i can be
obse ed immedia ely ha he beha io o young s uden s in bo h coun ies is e y simila .
Mo eo e , as i was al eady men ioned, a small pe cen age o young people indica ed ha hey we e
no in e es ed a all in poli ics. Acco dingly, i is expec ed ha , ega dless o he u nou , s uden s
will ca y ou o he ac i i ies ela ed o poli ics. Wi hin his con ex , c oss-coun y di e ences mus
be made be ween he le el o poli ical pa icipa ion and he o m o engagemen : con en ional e sus
uncon en ional, and online e sus o line pa icipa ion. In e e ence o he le el o poli ical
pa icipa ion, signi ica i e di e ences we e ound wi h espec o he coun ies (p<0,023), bu no
wi h espec o he gende . E en hough Chilean and Spanish youngs e s ha e an a e age le el o
pa icipa ion, he o me a e a on he ex eme poin s o he possible ange (being e y pa icipa i e
o less). Addi ionally, he e a e signi ican di e ences conce ning he le el o pa icipa ion acco ding
o he ideology, bo h in he wo coun ies and wi h espec o he o al (p<0,001). Indi iduals ha a e
loca ed on he le and on he cen e-le a e he mos pa icipa i e. This is pa icula ly ele an
because he u nou is simila ac oss he whole ideological spec um.
In e e ence o he o ms o pa icipa ion (con en ional e sus uncon en ional, online e sus o line),
c oss-coun y di e ences we e ound, bu no wi h espec o he gende . I is wo h men ioning, on
he one hand, ha Spanish youngs e s de eloped mo e uncon en ional ac ions, bo h online and
o line, such as using he social media o ollow poli ical pa ies, boyco ing p oduc s...). On he
o he hand, Chilean youngs e s ha e a p e e ence on con en ional o ms o pa icipa ion, ega dless
he channel, as o example pa icipa ing in su eys o belonging o o ganiza ions o poli ical pa ies.
In connec ion wi h he in e es and eal pa icipa ion o he esponden s, hey we e asked wha h ee
ac ions hey el would impac he mos in he decisions o go e nmen . Acco dingly, s uden s om
bo h coun ies iden i ied as he mos impo an majo pa icipa ion in a peace ul demons a ion and
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all he ep esen a i es o e o a speci ic poli ical pa y. Howe e , while 50.6% o s uden s in Spain
ega ded pa icipa ing in a s ike as a powe ul ac ion (only 26.1% o Chileans hough so), 52.9% o
esponden s in Chile belie ed ha he hi d mos ousing ac ion was pa icipa ion in ci ic g oups
such as unions o assemblies, an ac i i y ha was suppo ed by 35.4% o Spania ds. In his sense, i
we ocus on his las ac ion, i is clea how, despi e conside ing hem ac i i ies ha can ha e a g ea
impac , hey do no ake he ini ia i e o pu hem in o p ac ice, which makes clea he lack o
consis ency be ween opinion and beha io .
3.2. Pe cep ions, mo i a ions and eelings in ela ion o poli ics
In gene al, s uden s in bo h coun ies a o a g ea e ole o ci izens in poli ics and ag eed ha he
go e nmen should pay mo e a en ion o hei eques s, as hey eel ha poli icians do no ca e abou
hei opinions, while a he same ime ci izens should o ganize hemsel es o exe cise hei igh s.
Mo eo e , less han hal o esponden s in bo h coun ies belie e ha elec ions a e he ideal way o
ci izens o in luence policy, an idea ha is less popula in Spain (29.0%) han in Chile (40.1%).
Finally, i should be poin ed ou ha in bo h cases, s uden s would no o e o a young candida e
who could de end hei in e es s i he belonged o a poli ical pa y ha was no o hei liking. The
la e –al hough i can be unde s ood as a p e e ence o he pa y o e he poli ical candida e– mus
be ega ded wi h cau ion, since i is possible ha he s uden s would hink ha i he poli ical
candida e belonged o a pa y con a y o hei ideology, he candida e would no igh o hei own
in e es s, bu o o he s. As shown in Table 2, ques ions ela ed wi h ci izen pa icipa ion a e hose
who ha e a la ge di e ence o opinion in ela ion o he le el o pa icipa ion o he esponden s.
Howe e , ques ions ela ed o poli ical leade s‘ ac ions a e compa ably alued, i espec i e o he
le el o pa icipa ion.
Table II. Opinions abou poli ics o you h Chilean and Spanish by le el o pa icipa ion.
Chile
Spain
To al
p
p
p
Ou coun y would be be e go e ned i ou poli icians lis en o
wha he people wan .
0.004
0.010
0.000
I would like he ci izens o ha e mo e oppo uni ies o pa icipa e
in poli ical decisions.
0.016
0.000
0.000
I p e e a coun y whe e ci izens o ganize o exe cise hei igh s.
0.013
0.011
0.000
I would be in e es ed in sending my opinions egula ly o he
go e nmen i i is easie han i is now.
0.012
0.006
0.000
Elec ions a e he mos e icien oppo uni y o a ci izen o
in luence he poli ical.
0.001
0.118
0.002
I is he aul o poli icians i young people do no pa icipa e in
poli ical and democ a ic a ai s.
0.495
0.456
0.107
I hink ha young people a e no in e es ed in poli ical
pa icipa ion.
0.163
0.046
0.012
Poli ical issues a e oo complex o ha e an opinion.
0.009
0.000
0.000
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To de end my in e es s I would p e e o choose someone younge
e en i belonging o a poli ical pa y ha I do no like.
0.055
0.170
0.002
Poli icians wo y abou he opinions o people like me.
0.510
0.520
0.150
As i was al eady no ed, only 270 young esponden s in Chile and 353 esponden s in Spain o ed in
he immedia ely p eceding elec ion. I is wo h no ing ha , while Chile had a highe o e u nou
among hose who we e sel -posi ioned o he igh o he cen e o he ideological spec um, in Spain
i was he le and cen e -le wing o e s he ones who exe cised hei igh o o e he mos . I
should also no be o e looked ha mo e han hal o hose who did no iden i y wi h any ideology
did no o e in he p e ious elec ions (see Table 3). Also, i is in e es ing o see how he e is a
co espondence be ween pa icipa ion in p e ious elec ions and he ision hey ha e o he sys em. In
his ega d, he e was a highe pe cen age o s uden s om bo h coun ies who o ed when hey
ecognized ha poli icians we e conce ned wi h hei opinions when hey pe cei ed ha he elec ions
we e he mos e ec i e way o ci izens o in luence policy o when hey showed a keen in e es o
cu en issues and poli ical deba es. By con as , hose who el ha ―poli ical issues a e oo complex
o ha e a speci ic opinion on hem‖ led he lowes u nou a he polls.
Table III. Vo e u nou o you h Chilean and Spanish based on he ideology (%).
Chile
(n=414)
Spain
(n=514)
To al
(n=928)
Le
67.9
82.6
77.1
Mode a e-le
65.6
75.3
72.5
Mode a e
58.2
61.9
60.0
Mode a e- igh
75.0
50.9
61.9
Righ
87.5
64.3
78.9
DK/NA
53.2
52.5
52.9
*The ideology a iable was measu ed on a scale o 0 a 10 (le - igh ).
Howe e , beyond he ideology and opinions, uni e si y s uden s o bo h coun ies ag eed on he
main easons ha led hem o o e in he las elec ion. A subs an ial majo i y said hey el i was
impo an o exp ess hei opinion by o ing (73.3% in Chile, 65.7% in Spain), while o he s jus
assumed hey o ed because i was hei du y (55.2% in Chile, 62.6% in Spain). Mo eo e , a high
pe cen age o young people in Chile no ed ha hey cas hei ballo s because hey wan ed a
pa icula candida e o pa y o ei he win (59.3%) o lose (41.5%), an op ion ha did no enjoy much
accep ance among he Spanish s uden s (36.8% o he o me , 26.6% o he la e ). Finally, bo h
g oups coincided again in ejec ing he idea o o ing because hey had no hing be e o do o did
no ha e in o ma ion on he candida es o a clea idea abou o whom hey would o e.
In ega d o he easons ha led he o he g oup no o o e (132 people in Chile and 155 in Spain), i
is clea e in he case o Chile as he h ee mos o ed op ions we e, in o de : he lack o ag eemen
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Published on 15 June 2017.