INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON REQUIREMENTS REUSE
IN SYSTEM FAMILY ENGINEERING
July 5 h, 2004, Ca los III Uni e si y o Mad id, Mad id, Spain
Co-loca ed wi h In e na ional Con e ence on So wa e Reuse 8
POSITION PAPERS
O ganise s: Juan C. Dueñas, Klaus Schimd
Con en s
In e na ional Wo kshop on Requi emen s Reuse in Sys em Family Enginee ing………………………………………………………….1
P og am commi ee…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2
P og amme……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3
P oduc Line Requi emen s based on Goals, Fea u es and Use cases……………………………………………………………………..4
B uno González-Baixauli, Miguel A. Laguna, Yania C espo.
A Me a-model o Requi emen s Enginee ing in Sys em Family Con ex …………………………………………………………………..8
Rod igo Ce ón, Jose L. A ciniegas, Jose L. Ruiz, Juan C. Dueñas.
Va iabili y Desc ip ion in Requi emen s o P oduc Family Suppo ……………………………………………………………………….13
Ra ael Capilla.
The Use o Sa is ac ion A gumen s o T aceabili y in Requi emen s Reuse o Sys em Families: Posi ion Pape ………………….18
Ka ina A wood, Tim Kelly, John McDe mid.
T aceabili y o P oduc Family Sys ems An XQue y App oach…………………………………………………………………………….22
Wa apo n Ji apan hong, And ea Zisman.
SPL Needs an Au oma ic Holis ic Model o So wa e Reasoning wi h ea u e models………………………………………………...27
Da id Bena ides, An onio Ruiz-Co és, Ra ael Co chuelo, and Oc a io Ma ín-Díaz.
Tools Requi emen s o Requi emen s Enginee ing in Sys em Family Con ex …………………………………………………………...33
Rod igo Ce ón, F ancisco Valse a, Jose L. A ciniegas, Jose L. Ruiz, Juan C. Dueñas.
Expe ience-based App oach o Requi emen s Reuse in P oduc Families wi h DOORS………………………………………………38
An onio Monzón, Juan C. Dueñas.
Requi emen s Re-Use in he IT Business P ocess WEB Implemen a ion P oduc Family………………………………………………..44
Law ence E. Day.
In e na ional Wo kshop on Requi emen s Reuse in Sys em
Family Enginee ing
h p://www.di .upm.es/iw eq am
July 5, 2004, Ca los III Uni e si y o Mad id, Mad id, Spain
Co-loca ed wi h In e na ional Con e ence on So wa e Reuse 8
Goals
Requi emen s enginee ing can be nowadays conside ed as a ma u e b anch o so wa e
enginee ing ha deals wi h he e icien elici a ion, desc ip ion and managemen o sys ems and
so wa e equi emen s. Ano he in e es ing app oach o he de elopmen o complex so wa e
sys ems is he sys em amily enginee ing (also called p oduc line enginee ing), ha p oposes
echniques and me hods o mass p oduc ion o sys ems, ocusing on he euse aspec s o
de elopmen and guiding he c ea ion o p oduc s (applica ion enginee ing) om a la ge so wa e
base (domain enginee ing).
The join o bo h disciplines leads o he concep o equi emen s enginee ing o sys em amilies;
he i s wo kshop speci ically de o ed o he issue was o ganised in 2002 in conjunc ion wi h he
In e na ional Requi emen s Enginee ing Con e ence. This wo kshop is he second o ha ack.
Family enginee ing adds some axis o complexi y o he adi ional equi emen s enginee ing,
especially in he elici a ion o equi emen s, classi ica ion and analysis, which a e he mos
ad anced ields o wo k. The managemen o la ge se s o equi emen s, hei in e ac ion wi h
s akeholde s in he amily enginee ing con ex , he aceabili y o o he phases in de elopmen
appea as p oblems o which esea ch is ye open, especially as ega ds he p o ision o p ac ical
me hods and ool suppo .
This wo kshop b ings oge he so wa e p oduc line esea che s, equi emen s enginee ing
p ac i ione s, ool builde s, indus y and academia, in o de o exchange ideas and expe iences,
explo es he s a e o he p ac ice, discuss cu en and eme ging p ac ices and in oduce new
concep s in he a ea o equi emen s enginee ing in he con ex o sys em amilies, assis ed wi h
ools. A summa y o he applicabili y o ool suppo in he equi emen s enginee ing o p oduc
amilies will be ob ained. A lis o echniques applied in p ac ice is also sough .
Topics o in e es include -among o he s-:
* ools o equi emen s enginee ing in sys em amilies,
* a iabili y desc ip ion in equi emen s,
* echniques o de i a ion o applica ion equi emen s om domain equi emen s,
* decision models in equi emen s enginee ing,
* eco e y o equi emen s in sys em amilies,
* aceabili y o equi emen s in sys em amily enginee ing.
The wo kshop is mainly discussion-o ien ed; b ie p esen a ions by pa icipan s (20 minu es) a e
sough ha os e discussions. Second, hi d and ou h sessions will be de o ed o p esen a ions o
pa icipan s and discussions and u he discussion on he issues p esen ed.
O ganize s
* Juan C. Dueñas. Uni e sidad Poli écnica de Mad id, Spain. [email p o ec ed]
* Klaus Schmid. F aunho e IESE, Ge many. [email p o ec ed]
P og am commi ee
Jan Bosch, Uni e si y o G oningen. The Ne he lands.
[email p o ec ed]
Juan C. Dueñas. Uni e sidad Poli écnica de Mad id, Spain.
[email p o ec ed]
Julio Cesa Lei e, PUC-RIO, B azil.
[email p o ec ed]
F ank an de Linden, Philips, The Ne he lands.
[email p o ec ed]
Bi gi Geppe , A aya, USA.
[email p o ec ed]
Klaus Schmid. F aunho e IESE, Ge many.
[email p o ec ed]
P og amme
10:00 In oduc ion and p esen a ion
10:15 Session 1 Requi emen s euse
S a e o he a and p ac ice in equi emen s euse in sys em amilies. Juan C. Dueñas.
11:00 Discussion 1
11:30 Session 2 Requi emen s modelling
P oduc Line Requi emen s based on Goals, Fea u es and Use cases. B uno González-
Baixauli, Miguel A. Laguna, Yania C espo.
A Me a-model o Requi emen s Enginee ing in Sys em Family Con ex . Rod igo Ce ón, Jose
L. A ciniegas, Jose L. Ruiz, Juan C. Dueñas.
Va iabili y Desc ip ion in Requi emen s o P oduc Family Suppo . Ra ael Capilla.
12:30 Discussion 2
13:00 Lunch b eak
14:00 Session 3 T aceabili y
The Use o Sa is ac ion A gumen s o T aceabili y in Requi emen s Reuse o Sys em Families:
Posi ion Pape . Ka ina A wood, Tim Kelly, John McDe mid.
T aceabili y o P oduc Family Sys ems An XQue y App oach. Wa apo n Ji apan hong &
And ea Zisman.
SPL Needs an Au oma ic Holis ic Model o So wa e Reasoning wi h ea u e models. Da id
Bena ides, An onio Ruiz-Co és, Ra ael Co chuelo, and Oc a io Ma ín-Díaz.
15:00 Discussion 3
15:30 B eak
16:00 Session 4 Tool suppo
Tools Requi emen s o Requi emen s Enginee ing in Sys em Family Con ex . Rod igo Ce ón,
F ancisco Valse a, Jose L. A ciniegas, Jose L. Ruiz, Juan C. Dueñas.
Expe ience-based App oach o Requi emen s Reuse in P oduc Families wi h DOORS.
An onio Monzón, Juan C. Dueñas.
Requi emen s Re-Use in he IT Business P ocess WEB Implemen a ion P oduc Family.
Law ence E. Day.
16:30 Discussion 4
16:45 Summa y and end o mee ing

P oduc Line Requi emen s based on Goals, Fea u es
and Use cases
B uno González-Baixauli, Miguel A. Laguna, Yania C espo
Depa men o Compu e Science, Uni e si y o Valladolid,
Campus M. Delibes, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
{bbaixauli, mlaguna, yania}@in o .u a.es
Abs ac . T adi ional PL equi emen s app oaches p esen se e al p oblems in
equi emen s analysis, mainly in a ian s analysis and selec ion. The eason is
undamen ally he di icul o deal wi h non- unc ional equi emen s. These
p oblems can be sol ed wi h he in oduc ion o he goal/so goal pa adigm.
This pa adigm in oduces in en ionali y ( he “whys”) and allows ela ing
unc ional and non- unc ional equi emen s, he basis o he a ian analysis.
This p oposal imp o es he PL equi emen s in oducing goal/so goal
pa adigm and ela ing i wi h well-known echniques as ea u e modeling, and
use case ex end mechanism.
1 In oduc ion
So wa e euse has been a e y p omising discipline o many yea s, bu he esul s
ha e no been so good as expec ed. Recen ly, P oduc lines (PL) appea as he mo e
success ul app oach in he euse ield, as hey combine coa se-g ained componen s,
i.e. so wa e a chi ec u es and so wa e componen s, wi h a op-down sys ema ic
app oach, whe e he so wa e componen s a e hough a p io i and in eg a ed in a
high-le el s uc u e [6].
Conce ning equisi es, he mo e used echniques a e ela ed wi h ea u es. These
echniques a e ocused in commonali y and a iabili y o ind he main componen s
(common o he en i e PL). Howe e , we hink hese echniques a e oo much design
o ien ed, and complex o apply wi hou a mo e equi emen s o ien ed echnique.
Recen ly, equi emen s enginee ing (RE) has aken g owing impo ance inside
so wa e enginee ing. One o i s mos impo an app oach is he goal-o ien ed RE. I
p oposes o model explici ly he in en ionali y o he sys em ( he “whys”). The
in en ionali y has been widely ecognized as an impo an poin o he sys em, bu
usually i is no modeled. The main ad an ages o he goal-o ien ed app oach a e ha
can be used o s udy al e na i es in so wa e equi emen s (i uses AND/OR models
ha models he di e en al e na i es) and ha can ela e unc ional and non-
unc ional equi emen s in e o lessly.
Then , he e a e wo impo an cha ac e is ics o goals ha can be use ul o he PL
app oach: i s , hey exp ess he in en ionali y o he sys em, he e o e hey gi e a
e y na u al way o ake decisions. We can ake decisions om “wha we wan ”,
e sus “wha he sys em do”. Second, hey can model al e na i es in sys em
equi emen s, wha can be easily mapped o a ian s in PL.
Howe e , his concep mus be linked o PL, mainly wi h PL a chi ec u es. An easy
way o do his is o ela e goals wi h adi ional ea u es. He e, he e is a lo o wo k
done ela ing goals and use-cases/scena ios and use-cases/scena ios wi h ea u es.
Consequen ly, use-cases/scena ios can be a good join poin .
In his con ex , we p opose an app oach o PL equi emen s whe e he concep o
goal as a guide o he selec ion o a ian s.
2 Using Goals, Fea u es and Use Cases o Requi emen Va iabili y
PL Requi emen s de ine he p oduc s de elopable in he PL and hei ea u es.
The e a e wo speci ic cha ac e is ics di e en om adi ional equi emen s: he
main equi emen s o e e y PL p oduc should be de e mined, e en he equi emen s
o he p oduc s no de eloped (mus be o ecas ed); and i is undamen al o know
hei commonali y and a iabili y, and he dependencies be ween hem.
To ep esen his kind o in o ma ion, he equi emen s a e usually s uc u ed in
de ini ion hie a chies [7] o ea u e models as in FORM (Fea u e-O ien ed Reuse
Me hod) [4]. Thus, each PL equi emen is a p ominen and dis inc i e concep o
cha ac e is ic ha is isible o a ious s akeholde s, o ea u e. These ea u es a e
o ganized by a g aphical AND/OR hie a chy diag am, and se i manda o y, op ional,
o al e na i e. The main p oblems wi h his echnique a e ha a la ge domain
expe ience is needed, and i is also mo e o ien ed o he a chi ec u e de ini ion han o
clien p esen a ion o equi emen s de ini ion.
Requi emen elici a ion can also be based on use case analysis (usually a mo e
amilia echnique). The basis o he use case suppo o he a iabili y is he ex end
mechanism [3]. Al hough his echnique is mo e o ien ed o equi emen s, he ex end
mechanism is no enough o ep esen complex a iabili y.
The common cha ac e is ic o hese wo echniques is hei solu ion-space
o ien a ion. I is al eady ecognized ha an in en ional iewpoin ha esponses he
“whys” is also necessa y. In o de o add ess his issue, la ge wo k has been done in
he ield o goal-o ien ed RE. A goal is an objec i e he sys em unde conside a ion
should achie e [8]. The e a e wo ypes o goals: (ha d) goals and so goals: goals
sa is ac ion can be es ablished h ough e i ica ion echniques [9], bu sa is ac ion o
so goals canno be es ablished in a clea -cu sense (usually used o model non-
unc ional cha ac e is ics o he sys em) [8]. The dependences be ween goals and
so goals can be es ablished. The NFR amewo k de ines hese co ela ions [1].
I is necessa y o ga he hese h ee iewpoin s: in en ional (goals), ope a ional (use
cases) and unc ional ( ea u es). To achie e his, he use case and scena ios a e he
na u al common poin . The e a e al eady se e al wo ks ha ela e goals wi h use
cases o scena ios in a single sys em en i onmen [5] and use cases wi h ea u es in
PL app oaches [2]. The idea is o use he i s echniques whe e goals help o
cons uc use cases, and use cases assis in goals disco e y. Then, wi h he use cases,
ind ea u es in an easy way wi h he la e echniques. The ea u es a e use ul because
hey a e close o he a chi ec u e de ini ion.
T aceabili y links goals wi h use cases and use case wi h ea u es. Subsequen ly,
he goals (in en ionali y) a e ela ed o ea u es, and hese o PL a chi ec u e and
asse s. In addi ion, a di ec ela ionship be ween goals and ea u es can be ound, he
goal-o ien ed ask concep ( he means o a aining he goals) can be easily mapped o
he mo e implemen a ion ype ea u es. Following his easoning, we a e sepa a ing
he ea u es in wo concep s: he goals ha model he capabili ies ea u es (gene al
unc ionali y and ope a ions and non- unc ional equi emen s), and he asks, ha
model all he o he ea u es ypes (ope a ing en i onmen , domain echnology and
implemen a ion echnique). In Fig. 1 he ela ions be ween he di e en PL
equi emen enginee ing models a e ou lined.
AND
OR
OR
Quali y
Analysis
Quali y
Analysis
Implemen a ion
Analysis
Ope a ionalza ion
Analysis
Quali y
Focus
Func ionali y
Analysis
goals so goals
ea u es
AND
OR
OR
Quali y
Analysis
Quali y
Analysis
Implemen a ion
Analysis
Ope a ionalza ion
Analysis
Quali y
Focus
Func ionali y
Analysis
AND
OR
OR
AND
OR
OR
Quali y
Analysis
Quali y
Analysis
Implemen a ion
Analysis
Ope a ionalza ion
Analysis
Quali y
Focus
Func ionali y
Analysis
goals so goals
ea u es
Fig. 1. Rela ionships be ween models. Goals a e ope a ionalized in o use cases, whose a ian s
a e ocused o di e en quali y ac o s. Fea u es implemen he use cases ac ions wi h di e en
con ibu ions o so goals. Also di ec ela ionships (wi hou use cases) a e possible.
This app oach also helps in he PL a ian s selec ion p oblem. In gene al, only he
unc ional o ope a ional poin o iew guides he selec ion o a ian s. We hink ha
a mo e igo ous mechanism o selec ion is equi ed. In his sense, goal app oach
allows o ela e unc ional equi emen s wi h non- unc ional ones and o conduc
o mal analysis [1]. The e o e, goal analysis echniques can be used, and he selec ion
is done om a mo e na u al iewpoin (in en ionali y).
The idea is ha , gi en a se o equi emen s a ian s, encoded in ou model, his
echnique allows o selec he be e solu ion (se o ea u es and ela ed asse s)
acco ding o a basic unc ional selec ion (ha dgoals) and a gi en quali y c i e ia
(so goals). He e, ha dgoals limi he a iabili y space and so goals gi e he c i e ia
o ge he bes a ian om he limi ed a iabili y space.
Nowadays, we a e ocused in he modeling aspec o he app oach. We a e
ex ending UML o allow modeling goals and ea u es wi h wo new models. In
addi ion, i is impo an he ela ionships be ween models: he goals co e use cases,
he use cases a e desc ibed by ea u es, and ea u es ope a ionalize goals.
3 Conclusions and u u e wo k
The main con ibu ion o his app oach is he de ini ion o a gene al model o
equi emen a iabili y ha inco po a es goals as guide o he a ian s selec ion. This
app oach makes easie and mo e comple e he PL equi emen analysis in oducing an
in en ional iewpoin and ela ing h ee well-known echniques. In addi ion, he
a iabili y analysis is imp o ed by means o conside ing non- unc ional equi emen s
wi h goal analysis. Consequen ly, he p oduc a chi ec s ha e a a ionale o he
selec ion o hose cha ac e is ics ha had be e suppo he equi emen s ( unc ional
and non- unc ional) o a new p oduc line membe .
We a e wo king on a ool (adap a ion om a p e ious one) ha allow he
co ela ion o goals, use cases and ea u es models. This ool will ocus on a ian
selec ion om he goals, selec ing he desi ed unc ionali y wi h he (ha d) goals and
he p e e ed quali y p ope ies by p io i izing so goals. In his way, he ea u es a e
hidden, bu hei ela ionships and cons ain s a e used o ge he a ian s. These
ela ionships and cons ain s will be also used o ind ela ionships on goals,
compa ing he possible a ian s om goal selec ions. The e o e, i is possible o know
i one goal equi es o he ( he goal is only achie ed when he o he ), wo goals a e
mu ual-exclusi e ( he e is no a ian s ha achie e bo h goals), one hin s o he o he
o hey mu ually hinde s.
Re e ences
1.
Chung, L., Nixon, B., Yu, E. and Mylopoulos, J. Non-Func ional Requi emen s in
So wa e Enginee ing. Kluwe Academic Publishe s 2000.
2.
G iss, M., Fa a o, J., and d' Alessand o, M. In eg a ing ea u e modeling wi h he RSEB.
In P oceedings o he Fi h In e na ional Con e ence on So wa e Reuse, pages 76--85.
IEEE Compu e Socie y P ess, 1998.
3.
Jacobson I., G iss M., and Jonsson P.: So wa e Reuse. A chi ec u e, P ocess and
O ganiza ion o Business Success. ACM P ess. Addison Wesley Longman (1997)
4.
Kang, K. C., Kim, S., Lee, J., and Kim, K.: FORM: A Fea u e-O ien ed Reuse Me hod
wi h Domain-Speci ic Re e ence A chi ec u es. Annals o So wa e Enginee ing, 5:143-
168 (1998)
5.
Ka akli, E., Loucopoulos, P., and Filippidou, D. Using Scena ios o Sys ema ically
Suppo Goal-Di ec ed Elabo a ion o In o ma ion Sys em Requi emen s. In P oceedings
o IEEE Symposium and Wo kshop on ECBS'96, Ge many:, 1996. pp. 308-314
6.
Knaube , P., and Succi, G.: Pe spec i es on So wa e P oduc Lines. ACM So wa e
Enginee ing No es, 26(2):29-33 (2001)
7.
Kuusela, J., and Sa olainen, J.: Requi emen s Enginee ing o P oduc Families. In
P oceedings o 22nd In e na ional Con e ence on So wa e Enginee ing – ICSE 2000.
Pages 60-68. ACM P ess (2000)
8.
Mylopoulos, J., Chung, L., Yu, E. and Nixon, B.: Rep esen ing and Using Non- unc ional
Requi emen s: A P ocess-O ien ed App oach, IEEE T ans. on So wa e Eng, 18(6), June
1992 pp:483-497.
9.
an Lamswee de, A. "Goal-O ien ed Requi emen s Enginee ing: A Guided Tou ",
P oceedings o he 5 IEEE In . Symp. on Requi emen s Enginee ing, 2001, pp:249-262
Requi emen s Speci ica ions (S d. 830-1998) [6]. One o he mo i a ions o his wo k
comes om he expe ience gained in a mid- e m p ojec o de eloping web sys ems o
which a ligh weigh p oduc line model was se -up o building he di e en web
p oduc s. Each yea wi h he enewal o he p ojec , pa o hese equi emen s change
o e ol e while o he s emain s able. In his way, a sui able ep esen a ion o he
equi emen s and he a iabili y becomes a need in he p ojec .
2 Modeling Va iabili y in So wa e Requi emen s
Fo ep esen ing he equi emen s in he p ojec we used in o mal no a ions bu close
o he s anda ds on equi emen s enginee ing. When he ligh weigh p oduc was se -
up o he i s yea , he so wa e a chi ec u e was de i ed om he equi emen s and
he ini ial web p oduc s we e enginee ed om he co e componen s de eloped unde
he p oduc line. As he p ojec e ol es o e ime, pa o he equi emen s change and
new ones appea o building new so wa e p oduc s. Thus, he need o ep esen ing
and managing his a iabili y [1] [4] becomes no only a design p oblem bu also a
challenge o he equi emen s speci ica ion. Ou posi ion in his wo k is o imp o e
his si ua ion by ep esen ing a iable issues [4] [7] [8] [9] in he equi emen s
desc ip ion, no only in he design phase. To do his we e alua ed he empla es
p oposed in he s anda d IEEE 830-1998 as a ecommended p ac ice o equi emen s
speci ica ion. F om he eigh empla es p oposed o desc ibing speci ic equi emen s,
we hough he o ganiza ion by ea u es (shown in igu e 1) i s be e han o he
empla es because many p oposals o ep esen ing he a iabili y o sys ems can be
done using a ea u ed model, such as FODA [5].
Fig. 1. Requi emen s o ganized by ea u es based on he s anda d IEEE S d. 830-1998.
1. Specii c equi emen s
1.1 Ex e nal in e ace equi emen s
1.1.1 Use in e ace
1.1.2 Ha dwa e in e ace
1.1.3 So wa e in e ace
1.1.4 Communica ions in e ace
1.2 Sys em Fea u es
1.2.1 Sys em Fea u e 1
1.2.1.1 Pu pose o ea u e
1.2.1.2 S imulus / Response sequence
1.2.1.3 Associa ed unc ional equi emen s
1.2.1.3.1 Func ional equi emen 1
1.3 Pe o mance equi emen s
1.4 Design cons ain s
1.5 So wa e sys em a ibu es
1.6 O he equi emen s

A e he equi emen s analysis phases was pe o med, we ound wo main
limi a ions no well ep esen ed in he equi emen s empla e selec ed. The i s one
e e s o he sepa a ion be ween common equi emen s o he en i e p oduc amily
and speci ic equi emen s o pa icula p oduc s. O cou se, his can be sol ed
desc ibing he common equi emen s and speci ic p oduc equi emen s in di e en
documen s. The second p oblem e e s o he abili y o he empla e o include mo e
in o ma ion in he equi emen s ela ed o he u u e a ia ion poin s. In ac , many
so wa e sys ems include quan i a i e alues o ange o alues ha a e associa ed o
unc ional ope a ional modes. This aspec can be modeled as speci ic a ia ion poin s
wi h hei own a ian s. Such as is men ion in [2], ea u ed models don’ ep esen his
explici ly bu he same wo k desc ibes an app oach o ex end hese models using a
simple no a ion. In o de ep esen he same in o ma ion a he equi emen le el, we
p opose in his wo k o ex end he equi emen s empla e shown in igu e 1 o include
he ollowing in o ma ion:
1. Common and p oduc speci ic equi emen s: he equi emen s empla e has
wo main pa s. One o ep esen ing he common equi emen s o he domain
o he en i e p oduc amily and one subsec ion o each p oduc s o p oduc s
who ha e pa icula equi emen s.
2. Va ia ion poin s: This ield indica es i he sys em ea u e would ep esen a
a ia ion poin . The alues allowed a e: ue o alse.
3. Type o alue ield: o each sys em ea u e o a common o pa icula p oduc
equi emen , his ield includes he ype o alue allowed, such as o ins ance:
nume ic, s ing, e c.
4. Range o alue ield / Lis o alues: o ce ain ype o alues, anges o lis s
o alues can be ep esen ed in his ield. Fo ins ance, he da abase sys ems
allowed o connec ing a web sys em wi h da a a e: ms-access, My-SQL and
o acle.
5. Max / Min alue ield: he maximum and minimum alues allowed o a speci ic
a ian .
6. Repe i ion alue ield: in ce ain cases is necessa y o ep esen he numbe o
imes a elemen can occu .
7. Dependencies om common o single pa s: links o es ablishing
dependencies o hie a chies be ween amily and p oduc speci ic equi emen s
o acing pu poses.
8. G aphical no a ion o dis inguish p oduc amily and speci ic p oduc
equi emen s: we p opose a simple g aphical no a ion ha makes easy he
dis inc ion o equi emen s o he en i e p oduc line, speci ic p oduc amilies
and conc e e p oduc s. The name o a speci ic p oduc amily o pa icula
p oduc can be a ached o he no a ion o in he equi emen s lis . This
no a ion is shown in able 1.
SYMBOL USED TYPE OF PFE REQUIREMENT
A equi emen o he en i e p oduc line.
A equi emen o a speci ic p oduc amily (PF)
A equi emen o a pa icula p oduc in he PF.
The in o ma ion p e iously desc ibe can added o equi emen s empla e o achie e
a mo e accu a e desc ip ion o he equi emen s o PF as well as o ep esen ing he
a iabili y such equi emen s. This p oposals ies o imp o e he dis inc ion be ween
common and pa icula p oduc equi emen s in he PF and acili a e he iden i ica ion
o he a ia ion poin s in he design phase. Also, aceabili y issues can be a o ed
because he ansi ion om he analysis o he design phase esul s easy.
3 T ansi ion om Requi emen s o A chi ec u es
Based on he ex ended empla e o desc ibing he equi emen s in p oduc amilies, we
p opose a se o simple s eps o pe o m he ansi ion om he equi emen analysis
phase o he design phase. These s eps a e he ollowing:
1. Iden i y and ex ac he equi emen s o he p oduc s we wan o build.
2. Iden i y and sepa a e he equi emen s common o he p oduc amily.
3. Fo each p oduc o g oup o simila p oduc s iden i y speci ic p oduc
equi emen s a ill a new subsec ion in he equi emen s empla e adding he
no a ion o able 1.
4. Fo p oduc o g oup o p oduc s, iden i y which o he equi emen s
associa ed o sys em ea u es would be conside ed as ini ial a ia ion poin s.
Iden i y ypes o alues, anges and o he ex a in o ma ion sui able o ha e
a ia ions in he u u e sys em and ill he app op ia e subsec ions in he
empla e.
5. Es ablish dependencies in he equi emen s lis om he p oduc amily o
p oduc s.
6. Check inconsis encies among he alues and links al eady speci ied.
In addi ion o his, in he Web sys ems domain some o he a ia ion poin s and
a ian s a ec o he use p esen a ion laye in he a chi ec u e, which has impac in
non unc ional equi emen s such as he usabili y o he sys em. Fo ins ance, he
de ini ion o on ypes, size, colo o he alloca ion o he in o ma ion and menu
op ions i a Web sys em may a ec he usabili y expe imen ed by he use . In his way,
he Web Accessibili y Ini ia i e (WAI) [10] ou lines design p inciples o c ea ing web
accessible Web con en s. These ea u es ha ha e impac in non unc ional
equi emen s can be also modeled as so wa e sys em a ibu es as shown in igu e 1
and ela ed o speci ic a ia ions such as is men ioned in sec ion 2. The e o e, some
Table 1. No a ion o desc ibing ypes o PFE equi emen s
a ia ion poin s o he sys em could be associa ed o non unc ional equi emen s ha
a ec o he o e all design o he sys em.
4 Conclusions
The aim o he posi ion desc ibed in his pape encou ages he inclusion o a iabili y
in o ma ion in he equi emen s speci ica ion p ocess. The limi a ions ounded in he
de elopmen o web p oduc s unde a p oduc line model ha e shown he lack o
a iabili y in o ma ion in he analysis phase. This app oach esul s use ul o se e al
easons. Fi s , o ace he esul s om he analysis o he design phase (i.e.: o wa d
app oach) and om he design o he analysis phase (i.e.: backwa d app oach).
Second, because is no di icul o a CASE ool o implemen he in o ma ion
desc ibed in sec ion 2. Thi d, because i ela es unc ional and non unc ional
equi emen s connec ed h ough he a ia ion poin s de ined in he a chi ec u e.
Fou h, i dis inguishes common equi emen s om speci ic p oduc equi emen s.
Finally, all hese easons acili a e he main enance, euse and e olu ion o he
equi emen s in p oduc amily app oaches and in pa icula o Web p oduc s bu also
opened o o he domains o so wa e sys ems.
Re e ences
1. Bosch, J., Design & Use o So wa e A chi ec u es, Addison -Wesley (2000)
2. Capilla, R., Dueñas, J. C.: Modelling Va iabili y wi h Fea u es in Dis ibu ed A chi ec u es.
4 h In e na ional Wo kshop on So wa e P oduc -Family Enginee ing. Lec u e No es in
Compu e Science, Vol. 2290. Sp inge -Ve lag, Be lin Heidelbe g New Yo k (2002) 319–329
3. Clemen s, P., No h op, L. So wa e P oduc Lines. P ac ices and Pa e ns. Addison-Wesley
(2002)
4. Dob ica, L., Niemelä, E.: Using UML No a ion o Model Va iabili y in P oduc Line
A chi ec u es, In e na ional Wo kshop on So wa e Va iabili y Managemen , ICSE’03,
Po land, O egon, USA, (2003) 8-13
5. Kang K. C., Cohen S., Hess J. A., No ak W. E., Pe e son A. S. Fea u ed-O ien ed Domain
Analysis (FODA) Feasibili y S udy. Technical Repo , CMU/SEI-90-TR-21 ESD-90-TR-
22, So wa e Enginee ing Ins i u e, Ca negie Mellon Uni e si y, Pi sbu gh (1990)
6. IEEE Recommended P ac ice o So wa e Requi emen s Speci ica ion, S d. 830-1998
7. Jacobson, I., G iss, M., Johnsson, P.: So wa e Reuse. A chi ec u e, P ocess and
O ganiza ion o Business Success, ACM P ess (1997)
8. T. Myllymäki, “Va iabili y Managemen in So wa e P oduc Lines”, Tampe e Uni e si y o
Technology, So wa e Sys ems Labo a o y, ARCHIMEDES,
h p://p ac ise.cs. u . i/pub/pape s/Va MgnFinal.pd , 2001
9. Robak, S.: Fea u e Modeling No a ions o Sys em Families, In e na ional Wo kshop on
So wa e Va iabili y Managemen , ICSE’03, Po land, O egon, USA, (2003) 58-62
10. Web Accessibili y Ini ia i e (WAI). h p://www.w3.o g/WAI
The Use o Sa is ac ion A gumen s o T aceabili y in
Requi emen s Reuse o Sys em Families: Posi ion Pape
Ka ina A wood, Tim Kelly, John McDe mid
Rolls-Royce Uni e si y Technology Cen e in Sys ems and So wa e Enginee ing, Depa men o Compu e
Science, Uni e si y o Yo k, Hesling on, YORK. YO10 5DD Uni ed Kingdom
{ka ina.a wood, im.kelly, john.mcde mid}@cs.yo k.ac.uk
1 In oduc ion
Re inemen o equi emen s in o speci ica ions depends on he concep o equi emen s ‘sa is ac ion’.
This is a ecu si e p ocess, in which he ul illmen o lowe -le el equi emen s is seen as a su icien
condi ion o he ul illmen o he highe -le el s a emen [1]. T aceabili y s uc u es eco d
sa is ac ion ela ionships be ween equi emen s a a ious le els o abs ac ion. I is essen ial o he
success ul euse o equi emen s ac oss sys em amilies ha hey con ain su icien in o ma ion abou
he ela ionships be ween and con ex o equi emen s om ea ly p oduc s in he amily o assu e
de elope s ha he equi emen s a e alid o subsequen p ojec s. Failu e o obse e his p inciple
isks he la e, and he e o e cos ly, disco e y o e oneous o unimplemen able equi emen s.
In his pape , we o e a c i ique o s anda d aceabili y echniques and p opose a me hod o
de eloping aceabili y s uc u es o equi emen s euse.
2 Sa is ac ion A gumen s and ‘Rich T aceabili y’
Za e and Jackson [2] obse e ha sa is ac ion o a equi emen (R) can be demons a ed only by a
su icien combina ion o domain knowledge (K) and speci ica ions (S): S, K ├ R. Jackson sugges s
ha aceabili y links be ween equi emen s and speci ica ions should be suppo ed by ex ual
‘co ec ness a gumen s’ which explain how he speci ica ions and domain beha iou combine o
p o ide assu ance ha he enginee ed sys em sa is ies he equi emen in he applica ion domain [3].
Jackson’s ‘co ec ness’ a gumen s ha e been in eg a ed in o se e al indus ial-s eng h p ocesses o
equi emen s enginee ing [ o example, 4]. The ‘Rich T aceabili y’ echnique [5] ep esen s
‘sa is ac ion a gumen s’ using goal-s uc u es cha ing AND/OR decomposi ions, he jus i ica ions o
which a e eco ded. Fig. 1 documen s he ‘ ich aceabili y’ ela ionship be ween a op-le el
ope a ional equi emen o a ehicle and lowe -le el echnical equi emen s. The ‘sa is ac ion
a gumen ’ in oduces domain knowledge and indica es ha a conjunc ion o he h ee speci ica ions
sa is ies he op-le el equi emen .
Fig. 1. A ‘ ich aceabili y’ s uc u e ( om [5])
3 Loca ing he Sa is ac ion A gumen
The inclusion o a ‘sa is ac ion a gumen ’ in he ‘ ich aceabili y’ s uc u e (Fig.1) p o ides an explici
eco d o he s a egy used o decompose equi emen s s a emen s and pe mi s acking o ela ionships
and cons ain s be ween equi emen s s a emen s a di e en le els o abs ac ion. In his espec , ‘ ich
aceabili y’ o e s conside able ad an ages o e simple aceabili y s uc u es, which simply pos ula e
links be ween equi emen s a i ac s, wi h no a emp o jus i y o explain he connec ions be ween
hem. We a e conce ned, howe e , ha ‘sa is ac ion a gumen s’ and aceabili y s uc u es o his ype
do no ac ually demons a e he sa is ac ion o he op-le el equi emen by he lowe -le el s a emen s.
Fig. 1 pu s o wa d no a gumen o con ince he eade ha he e inemen ac ic adop ed will esul in
a speci ica ion which sa is ies he equi emen . No e idence is p esen ed o suppo he implied claim
ha powe , clea ance and weigh a e he only conce ns which need o be conside ed in assessing he
ehicle’s capabili ies in he e ain. No is he e any a gumen o demons a e ha he echnical
cons ain s speci ied in he sys em equi emen s a e ele an o he op-le el equi emen and su icien
o sa is y i . Wha is o e ed he e is no a ‘sa is ac ion a gumen ’, bu a se ies o p oposi ions which
need o be suppo ed by a gumen s o con ince he eade ha he design mee s he equi emen . The
eal ‘sa is ac ion a gumen ’, hen, is no o be ound in he decomposi ion s a egy eco ded he e, bu in
an unexp essed me a-a gumen s a ing he basis on which his s a egy is p oposed.
4 Sa is ac ion A gumen s and Sa e y Cases
P e ious wo k a Yo k has ocused on he de elopmen o a g aphical no a ion me hod o he
cons uc ion o sa e y case a gumen s, he Goal S uc u ing No a ion (GSN) [6]. Sa e y cases a e semi-
o mal a gumen s which demons a e how a ailable e idence abou a sys em and i s con ex can be
used o show ha a sys em is accep ably sa e o ope a e in i s con ex [7].
As applied in equi emen s enginee ing, GSN p o ides a means o eco ding aceabili y links be ween
indi idual claims and sub-claims. These claims a e ep esen ed as goals, and equa e o he
equi emen s s a emen s and speci ica ions in he ‘ ich aceabili y’ example (Fig. 1). The no a ion also
eco ds he s a egies used o decompose he goals. These s a egies map o he ‘sa is ac ion a gumen ’
in Fig. 1, in ha hey seek o p o ide a basis o he ela ionship be ween he goals. As well as
p esen ing a clea eco d o he goal-decomposi ion s a egy, howe e , GSN allows his s a egy o be
alida ed by he use o an appa a us o jus i ica ions and assump ions a ached o goals and s a egies
wi hin he s uc u e, as well as by explici e e ences o a i ac s such as sys em a chi ec u al models o
con ex ual in o ma ion. This documen s he me a-a gumen cap u ing he sa is ac ion ela ionships
which jus i y he decomposi ion o equi emen s. GSN exp esses jus i ica ions and assump ions as
p oposi ions, and he e is no oppo uni y p o ided o hei u he de elopmen . A mo e sophis ica ed
ea men o he me a-a gumen can be achie ed by he use o GSN ‘away goals’, by which e e ence is
made o a pa allel goal-s uc u e in which he me a-a gumen (ou ‘ eal’ sa is ac ion a gumen ) is
elabo a ed.
5 Me a-A gumen s and Requi emen s Reuse o Sys em Families
Sa is ac ion a gumen s, exp essed as me a-a gumen s on a equi emen s decomposi ion, p o ide
assu ance ha he aceabili y ela ionship be ween equi emen s a di e en le els o abs ac ion is
alid wi hin a gi en applica ion domain. I equi emen s a e o be eused success ully be ween
p ojec s, i is impo an ha sa is ac ion ela ionships emain alid o equi emen s and speci ica ions
in he euse domain. The ollowing example demons a es how GSN can be used o documen
sa is ac ion a gumen s, and o indica e whe e changes in design commi men s o con ex s challenge
eused equi emen s.
Ou example conce ns a sys em amily o ull-au ho i y digi al engine con olle s (FADECs) o ci il
ai line s. A FADEC p o ides a compu e -con olled managemen sys em o he engine, which akes
inpu s om he cockpi con ols and senso s loca ed on he ai c a and p oduces ou pu s in he o m o
digi al signals used o con ol he engine [8]. Engines a e de eloped as a sys em amily, comp ising

‘ma ks’ and ‘ a ian s’. A ‘ma k’ is a speci ic engine in a se ies, such as he Rolls-Royce BR-710 and
he BR-715, while a ‘ a ian ’ is a ma k p oduced o he speci ic equi emen s o an Ai ame .
Requi emen s o a pa icula ‘ma k’ a e exp essed in e ms o a ‘common co e’, wi h a ia ions
associa ed wi h speci ic ‘ a ian s’.
Inad e en deploymen o e e se h us while an ai c a is in ligh can esul in se e e yawing and, a
wo s , loss o con ol. The common co e equi emen s o a small-engine se ies (we’ll call i ‘Engine
A’) ha e ou disc e e check sys ems, all o which mus be ac i ely disengaged be o e e e se h us is
deployed:
1. An isola ion al e mus be opened, allowing he low o hyd aulic luid in o he h us e e se
sys em. This al e is con olled by he FADEC, and i s de aul posi ion is ‘closed’.
2. The Th us Di ec ional Con ol Val e mus be swi ched o ‘ e e se’ om i s de aul ‘ o wa d’
posi ion. This al e is he join esponsibili y o he FADEC and he ai c a , al hough he ai c a
(i.e. he pilo ) has ul ima e o e ide con ol.
3. The mechanical Te ia y Locks holding he h us e e se doo in ‘closed’ posi ion mus be opened.
The ai c a has esponsibili y o hese locks.
4. Th o le in e locks p o ide he pilo wi h ac ile eedback conce ning he deg ee o e e se h us ,
and p e en him om eques ing mo e e e se h us han he equi es.
Fig. 2 eco ds a simpli ied decomposi ion, in GSN, o he common co e equi emen s o he h us
e e se deploymen p o ec ion sys em in ‘Engine A’. The decomposi ion s a egy p o iding he
aceabili y links be ween he checks (R2 - R5) and he op-le el equi emen (R1) is documen ed in he
homboid labelled S1. A ich appa a us o con ex ual assump ions and de ini ions is eco ded
alongside he decomposi ion.
Fig. 2. Decomposi ion o co e equi emen s o he h us e e se deploymen p o ec ion in he ‘Engine A’ amily
The decomposi ion in Fig. 2 does no a emp o jus i y he decomposi ion s a egy employed. Ins ead,
i con ains an ‘away goal’ e e ence o a jus i ica ion claimed s o ed elsewhe e (highligh ed in ed).
This goal is he op-le el claim o he me a-a gumen in Fig. 3, which is he sa is ac ion a gumen
jus i ying he equi emen s decomposi ion. The a gumen s a egy is a wo-p onged one: he le -hand
side o he goal s uc u e a gues ha he checks, aken oge he , a e su icien o sa is y he op-le el
equi emen , while he igh -hand side (no ully de eloped he e) a gues ha all possible ailu e modes
ha e been conside ed and a e adequa ely mi iga ed by he checks. The GSN s uc u e makes clea
wha e idence is equi ed o demons a e he sa is ac ion o he op-le el equi emen (PSSA).
Fig. 3. Sa is ac ion a gumen o co e h us deploymen p o ec ion equi emen s in he ‘Engine A’ amily
Fo his o ical and egula o y easons, Ai ame cus ome s o ce ain a ian s in he Engine A amily
do no equi e he h o le in e locks ea u e on hei engines. Sa e euse o he co e equi emen s wi h
his modi ica ion depends on R1 being sa is ied by he h ee emaining checks. The GSN s uc u e
p o ides a s aigh o wa d means o assessing which aspec s o he sa is ac ion ela ionship a e
h ea ened by he design change. I R5 ( h o le in e locks) is emo ed om he equi emen s
decomposi ion, e e ence o he sa is ac ion a gumen demons a es ha he su iciency a gumen is
comp omised. I will be necessa y o consul he PSSA o see whe he he combined ailu e a es o
he isola ion al e, he di ec ional con ol al e and he e ia y locks can combine o sa is y he o e all
sa e y equi emen o a ailu e a e no g ea e han 1 x 10-9 pe ligh hou .
GSN sa is ac ion a gumen s hus allow o he clea eco d o domain in o ma ion and assump ions,
and indica e which in o ma ion sou ces a e equi ed o adequa e equi emen s aceabili y. The
se e i y o he impac o equi emen s o con ex ual change can be assessed by e e ence o me a-
a gumen s on he equi emen s decomposi ion. This is o clea bene i in sys em amily de elopmen
en i onmen s, whe e equi emen s euse depends on he assu ance o he alidi y o equi emen s
decomposi ions in al e na i e de elopmen con ex s.
Re e ences
1. an Lamswee de, A.: Goal-O ien ed Requi emen s Enginee ing: A Guided Tou . P oceedings o he 5 h IEEE
In e na ional Symposium on Requi emen s Enginee ing. IEEE CS P ess, To on o (2001) 249-263
2. Za e, P., Jackson, M.: Fou Da k Co ne s o Requi emen s Enginee ing. ACM T ansac ions on So wa e
Enginee ing and Me hodology, Vol. 6 No. 1 (1997) 1-30
3. Jackson, M.: P oblem F ames: Analysing and S uc u ing So wa e De elopmen P oblems. Addison-Wesley,
London (2001)
4. Hall, A.: A Uni ied App oach o Sys ems and So wa e Requi emen s. P oceedings o he 5 h IEEE
In e na ional Symposium on Requi emen s Enginee ing. IEEE CS P ess, To on o (2001) 267
5. Hull, E., Jackson, K., Dick, J.: Requi emen s Enginee ing. Sp inge -Ve lag, London (2002)
6. Wilson, S., Ki kham, P.: SAM Use Manual. Uni e si y o Yo k, Yo k (1995)
7. Kelly, T., McDe mid, J.: Sa e y Case Cons uc ion and Reuse Using Pa e ns. P oceedings o he 16 h
In e na ional Con e ence on Compu e Sa e y, Reliabili y and Secu i y. Sp inge -Ve lag, New Yo k (1997) 55-
69
8. Lam, W.: Achie ing Requi emen s Reuse: a Domain-Speci ic App oach om A ionics. Jou nal o Sys ems
and So wa e Vol. 38 (1997) 197-209
T aceabili y o P oduc Family Sys ems
An XQue y App oach
Wa apo n Ji apan hong & And ea Zisman
Depa men o Compu ing
Ci y Uni e si y
No hamp on Squa e, EC1V 0HB, London, UK
{w.ji apan hong | a.zisman}@soi.ci y.ac.uk
Abs ac . T aceabili y has been p oposed as a mechanism o gua an ee quali y in he de elopmen
li e-cycle o a so wa e sys em. In his pape we p esen an app oach o suppo au oma ic
gene a ion o aceabili y ela ions be ween equi emen s a e ac s o p oduc amily so wa e
sys ems. Ou app oach is ule-based in which he ules a e ep esen ed in XQue y and he a e ac s
a e ansla ed in o XML. We p esen eigh di e en ypes o aceabili y ela ions be ween ea u e
models, unc ional equi emen s speci ica ions, and class diag am.
1. In oduc ion
Requi emen s T aceabili y (RT) has been ecognized as an impo an ac i i y in so wa e sys em
de elopmen [9][14][16]. In gene al, aceabili y ela ions can imp o e he quali y o he p oduc being
de eloped, and educe he ime and cos associa ed wi h he de elopmen . In pa icula , aceabili y
ela ions can suppo e olu ion o so wa e sys ems, euse o pa s o he sys em by compa ing
componen s o he new and exis ing sys ems, alida ion ha a sys em mee s i s equi emen s,
unde s anding he a ionale o ce ain design and implemen a ion decisions in he sys em, and analysis
o he implica ions o changes in he sys em.
Au oma ic gene a ion and main enance o aceabili y ela ions is no an easy ask and suppo o
aceabili y in so wa e enginee ing en i onmen s and ools is no always adequa e [16]. Some exis ing
app oaches assume ha aceabili y ela ions should be es ablished manually [2][11][18], which is
e o -p one, di icul , ime consuming, expensi e, complex, and limi ed on exp essi eness. The e o e,
despi e i s impo ance, aceabili y is a ely es ablished. In o de o alle ia e his p oblem, mo e
ecen ly, o he app oaches ha e been p oposed o suppo semi- o ully au oma ic gene a ion o
aceabili y ela ions [1][6][7][13][15]. Howe e , in he majo i y o hese app oaches, he gene a ed
aceabili y ela ions do no ha e s ong seman ic meanings necessa y o suppo he bene i s ha can
be p o ided by aceabili y.
In o de o o e come he di icul ies abo e, in ou p e ious wo k [17][20] we ha e p oposed a ule
based app oach o allow au oma ic gene a ion o bi-di ec ional aceabili y ela ions be ween di e en
ypes o equi emen s documen s (i.e. cus ome equi emen s speci ica ions, use-case speci ica ions,
and analysis objec model). In his p e ious wo k we iden i y h ee di e en ypes o aceabili y
ela ions, namely o e lap, equi e and ealize ela ions. In he app oach, aceabili y ules a e used o
ma ch syn ac ically ela ed e ms in cus ome equi emen s and use-case speci ica ions wi h
seman ically e ms in objec model. Based on his ma ching and using o he se o ules, he app oach
also suppo s gene a ion o aceabili y ela ions be ween he cus ome equi emen s and use-cases.
The app oach desc ibed in his pape is buil upon ou p e ious wo k. He e, we p opose an app oach
o allow au oma ic gene a ion o aceabili y ela ions be ween documen s gene a ed du ing he
de elopmen o p oduc amily sys ems, in o de o acili a e iden i ica ion o common and a iable
unc ionali y in sys ems composing he amily, and euse o co e asse s ha a e a ailable unde he
p oduc amily a chi ec u e. We a e in e es ed in documen s gene a ed in ea u e-based me hodologies
due o he ac ha when de eloping p oduc amily sys ems cus ome s and sys em de elope s
communica e wi h each o he in e ms o p oduc ea u es. We also belie e ha objec -o ien ed
me hodology is impo an o suppo p oduc amily de elopmen . The e o e, we p opose o gene a e
aceabili y ela ions be ween documen s p oduced when applying FORM [12] me hodology and some
objec o ien ed documen s such as componen , class, and s a e cha diag ams. We decided o use
FORM due o i s simplici y, ma u i y, p ac icali y, and ex ensibili y cha ac e is ics. In his pape we
concen a e on aceabili y o unc ional equi emen s, ea u e models, and class diag ams.
In ou app oach, he documen s a e ep esen ed in XML and he aceabili y ules in XQue y [19].
The a ionale o using XML a e due o se e al eason: (a) XML has become he de ac o language o
suppo da a in e change among he e ogeneous sys ems, (b) he exis ence o applica ions ha use XML
o ep esen in o ma ion in e nally o as a s anda d expo o ma , and (c) o allow he use o XQue y as
a s anda d way o exp essing he aceabili y ules.
The use o aceabili y o suppo de elopmen o p oduc amily sys ems is no a new hing. Some
app oaches ha e been p oposed be o e [2][3][8][10]. Howe e , o he bes o ou knowledge mos o
hese app oaches do no p o ide ways o gene a e aceabili y ela ions au oma ically.
The emaining o his pape is s uc u ed as ollows. In sec ion 2, we desc ibe he main documen s
used in ou wo k. In sec ion 3 we p esen an o e iew o ou app oach, he di e en ypes o
aceabili y ules, and aceabili y ela ions. Finally, in sec ion 4 we summa ise ou app oach and
discuss di ec ions o u u e wo k.
2. Types o documen s
In his sec ion, we gi e an o e iew o he unc ional equi emen s speci ica ions, ea u e model, and
class diag am used in ou app oach, and p esen ex ac s o hese documen s o a p oduc amily
applica ion ela ed o mobile phones. Ou discussion assumes a amilia i y o he eade wi h he basic
ea u es o XML which, due o space limi a ions, canno be gi en in his pape .
(a) (b)
Fig. 1. Examples o XML documen s: (a) unc ional equi emen speci ica ion o use case “Send da a”; (b) ea u e
model o “Blue oo h”
Func ional Requi emen s: Func ional equi emen s speci ica ions a e use-cases de ined acco ding o
a empla e p oposed in [4]. These speci ica ions a e ep esen ed in XML, ollowing a DTD ha we
ha e c ea ed. A use case con ains i le, s a us, egion, desc ip ion, le el, p econdi ions, pos condi ions,
p ima y_ac o s, seconda y_ac o s, low_o _e en , excep ional_e en s, supe o dina e_use_case, and
subo dina e_use_case. We p opose o ma k up he wo ds o he na u al language sen ences p esen in
he use case desc ip ions by using XML elemen s ha indica e he g amma ical ole o he wo ds in he
sen ence. This g amma ical ole is iden i ied by using he pa -o -speech agge called CLAWS [5].
Figu e 1 (a) p esen s an example o a use case desc ip ion o sending da a om a mobile phone, o a
membe (MP1) o he p oduc amily. In his example, he wo ds ha appea as he con en o elemen s
<Ti le> and <Desc ip ion> a e ma ked-up wi h he g amma ical oles. Fo ins ance, he wo d “Send” is
agged wi h <VVB> deno ing ha i is a base o m o a lexical e b, while he wo d “da a” is agged
<
Fea u eModel
>
<Fea u e>
<Fea u e_name> <NN1>Blue oo h</NN1>
</Fea u e_name>
<Desc ip ion>…<NN1>Blue oo h</NN1>
<NN1>connec ion</NN1> <VM0>can</VM0>
<VBI>be</VBI> <VVN>used</VVN>
<TO0> o</TO0> <VVI>send</VVI>
<NN0>da a</NN0> <AV0>i.e.</AV0>
<NN2> ex s</NN2> <NN1>business</NN1>
<NN2>ca ds</NN2> <NN1>calenda </NN1>
<NN2>no es</NN2> <CJC>o </CJC>
<TO0> o</TO0> <VVI>connec </VVI>
<AV0>Wi elessly</AV0> <PRP> o</PRP>
<NN2>compu e s</NN2>…
</Desc ip ion>
<Issue_and_decision/>
<Type>Capabili y</Type>
<Commonali y>Op ional</Commonali y>
<Rela ion/>
</Fea u e>
</Fea u eModel>
<
Func ionalReqSpec
Sys em=”
MobilePhone
”
P oduc _Membe =”MP1”>
<Use_case UseCaseID=”1”>
<Ti le> <VVB>Send</VVB> <NN0>da a</NN0> </Ti le>
<S a us>Common</S a us>
<Region Name = "All"/>
<Desc ip ion>…<AJ0>mobile</AJ0> <NN1>phone</NN1>
<VM0>can</VM0> <VVI>send</VVI> <NN0>da a</NN0>
<VVN>kep </VVN> <PRP>in</PRP> <AT0> he</AT0>
<NN1>phone</NN1> <PRP> o</PRP> <DT0>ano he </DT0>
<NN1>phone</NN1> <CJC>o </CJC> <NN1>de ice</NN1>
<PRP> ia</PRP> <NN1>communica ion</NN1>
<NN2>channels</NN2> <AV0>i.e.</AV0> <NN1>Blue oo h</NN1>…
</Desc ip ion>
<Le el>P ima y Task</Le el>
<P econdi ions>…</P econdi ions>
<Pos condi ions>…</Pos condi ions>
<P ima y_ac o >…</P ima y_ac o >
<Seconda y_ac o s>…</Seconda y_ac o s>
<Flow_o _e en s>…</Flow_o _e en s>
<Excep ional_e en s>…</Excep ional_e en s>
<Rela ed_In o ma ion>
<Supe o dina e_use_case>…</Supe o dina e_use_case>
<Subo dina e_use_case>…</Subo dina e_use_case>
</Rela ed_In o ma ion></Use_case>…</Func ionalReqSpec>
– High quali y ull p oduc . A p oduc wi h ull unc ionali y and high quali y: high
a ailabili y and eliabili y and high cos oo.
– Basic quali y ull p oduc . A p oduc wi h ull unc ionali y bu lowe quali y:
lowe a ailabili y and eliabili y and lowe cos oo.
Un il now, we ha e no ound any p oposal dealing wi h unc ional and ex a–
unc ional ea u es in he same model. Howe e , he e a e some wo ks in he li e a-
u e sugges ing he need o dealing wi h ex a– unc ional ea u es: Kang e . al ha e
been sugges ing he need o ake in o accoun ex a– unc ional ea u es since 1990 [8,
pag. 38] when hey depic ed a classi ica ion o ea u es bu hey did no p o ide a way
o do i . La e in 1998 Kang e . al [9] made an explici e e ence o wha hey called
’non– unc ional’ ea u es (a possible ype o wha we call ex a– unc ional ea u es).
Howe e he au ho s again did no gi e a way o do i . La e in 2001 Kang e . al [3],
p oposed some guidelines o ea u e modelling, in [3, pag. 19], he au ho s made again
dis inc ion be ween unc ional and quali y ea u es and poin ed ou he need o an spe-
ci ic me hod o include ex a– unc ional ea u es, howe e hey did no p o ide such a
speci ic way o do i ei he . In [16], he au ho s made dis inc ion be ween unc ional and
wha hey called ”pa ame e s” (ano he possible ype o wha we call ex a– unc ional
ea u es). The au ho s ma ginally in oduce a way o deal wi h his kind o ea u es.
Ne e heless he e is a main d awback in his p oposal: he au ho s p opose o include
he alues o he pa ame e s in he ea u e model, his is o say ha ing a pai pa ame-
e / alue. This way i is no allowed o ha e anges o se s o alues o e en mo e, i is
no possible o ha e a i me ical ela ions be ween a ibu es. In such a way, he possible
ins ances o he SPL a e limi ed o he alues speci ied in he ea u e model.
Al hough we ag ee ha in a SPL he e a e bo h unc ional and ex a– unc ional
ea u es, in ou opinion, he e is no need o sepa a ing unc ional and ex a– unc ional
ea u es due ha his sepa a ion may lead o all in manichaean discussions [1, pag.76].
Fo ins ance, an ADSL connec ion can ha e and a ibu e: he bandwid h, his a ibu e
can be seen as a quali y ea u e he e o e as an ex a– unc ional ea u e. Ne e heless,
depending on whe e he a ibu es akes i s alues i can also be seen as a unc ional
ea u e. Thus, i he e a e only wo possible con igu a ions o ADSL connec ions, 128
o 256, e e y o his con igu a ions can be seen as an indi idual unc ional ea u e as
illus a ed in igu e 2.
We p opose o ha e an Holis ic SPL Model wi h he ollowing cha ac e is ics:
– unc ional ea u es and he ela ions desc ibed p e iously: Manda o y, Op ional,
Al e na i e and O ea u es.
–ex a– unc ional ea u es ela ed o any unc ional ea u e.
Howe e , we use he same o malism in he model so we do no make dis inc ion
be ween unc ional and ex a– unc ional ea u es.
3.2 Reasoning on Holis ic Fea u e Models
The numbe o po en ial single p oduc s in a SPL inc eases wi h he numbe o ea u es
he SPL con ains. I ex a– unc ional ea u es a e also conside ed his numbe inc eases
s ill mo e. In his con ex , easoning on SPL should be conside ed and some ques ions
can be inqui ed o he holis ic model:

In e ne
Conec ion
Powe Line ADSL128 ADSL256
Figu e2. Fea u e model wi h wo possible ADSL connec ions
–Is is a alid model?: a alid model would be one on which a leas a single p oduc
can be selec ed.
–How many po en ial single p oduc s a SPL has?: answe ing his ques ion can gi e
an ou look o he lexibili y o he model. G ea e he numbe o po en ial single
p oduc s is, mo e lexibili y is suppo ed bu g ea e he complexi y o he SPL is
oo.
–Is he e any p oduc ul illing he use ’s equi emen s (bo h unc ional and ex a–
unc ional)? F om he po en ial single p oduc s o he SPL, a use can equi e some
ea u es so he space o he po en ial single p oduc s may be educed o his use .
–F om he p oduc s ul illing he use ’s equi emen s which a e he p oduc s ha
maximize o minimize an ex a– unc ional ea u e? e.g.: a use need a p oduc
whe e he p ice o he numbe o lines o code a e minimized.
Excluding a couple o limi ed p oposals [4,11], as a as we know, any o he p o-
posal ha e been p esen ed o au oma ically eason on ea u e models un il now. Van
Deu sen [4] and Mannion [11] p o ides a somehow o mal suppo o au oma ic ea-
soning on ea u e models. Howe e , none o hem deals wi h ex a– unc ional ea u es,
so hey a e ocussed on unc ional aspec s o SPLs. We p opose o ha e an holis ic
model o malized using cons ain p og amming [12] using he backg ound we ha e
[14,13]
Re e ences
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1998.
2. M. Be na do, P. Cianca ini, and L. Dona iello. A chi ec ing amilies o so wa e sys ems wi h
p ocess algeb as. ACM T ansac ions on So wa e Enginee ing and Me hodology, 11(4):386–
426, 2002.
3. G. Chas ek, P. Donohoe, K.C. Kang, and S. Thiel. P oduc Line Analysis: A P ac ical
In oduc ion. Technical Repo CMU/SEI-2001-TR-001, So wa e Enginee ing Ins i u e,
Ca negie Mellon Uni e si y, June 2001.
4. A. an Deu sen and P. Klin . Domain–speci ic language design equi es ea u e desc ip ions.
Jou nal o Compu ing and In o ma ion Technology, 10(1):1–17, 2002.
5. K. Cza necki U.W. Eisenecke . Gene a i e P og amming: Me hods, Techniques, and Appli-
ca ions. Addison–Wesley, may 2000. ISBN 0–201–30977–7.
6. M. G iss, J. Fa a o, and M. d’Alessand o. In eg a ing ea u e modeling wi h he RSEB. In
P oceedings o heFi hIn e na ional Con e ence on So wa e Reuse, pages 76–85, Canada,
1998.
7. S. Ja zabek, Wai Chun Ong, and Hongyu Zhang. Handling a ian equi emen s in domain
modeling. The Jou nal o Sys ems and So wa e, 68(3):171–182, 2003.
8. K. Kang, S. Cohen, J. Hess, W. No ak, and S. Pe e son. Fea u e–O ien ed Domain Analysis
(FODA) Feasibili y S udy. Technical Repo CMU/SEI-90-TR-21, So wa e Enginee ing
Ins i u e, Ca negie Mellon Uni e si y, No embe 1990.
9. K.C. Kang, S. Kim, J. Lee, K. Kim, E. Shin, and M. Huh. FORM: A ea u e–o ien ed
euse me hod wi h domain–speci ic e e ence a chi ec u es. Annals o So wa e Enginee ing,
5:143–168, 1998.
10. K.C. Kang, J. Lee, and P. Donohoe. Fea u e–O ien ed P oduc Line Enginee ing. IEEE
So wa e, 19(4):58–65, July/Augus 2002.
11. Mike Mannion. Using Fi s -O de Logic o P oduc Line Model Valida ion. In P oceedings
o he Second So wa e P oduc Line Con e ence (SPLC2), LNCS 2379, pages 176–187, San
Diego, CA, 2002. Sp inge .
12. K. Ma io and P.J. S uckey. P og amming wi h Cons ain s: An In oduc ion. The MIT
P ess, 1998.
13. O. Ma ´ın-D´ıaz, D. Bena ides, J. Pe na, and M. To o. Un a amien o sensible a la calidad
pa a la adquisici´on de se icios web. In VIII Jo nadas de Ingenie ´ıa del So wa e y Bases de
Da os JISBD’03, pages 209–220, Alican e, Espa˜na, 2003.
14. O. Ma ´ın-D´ıaz, A. Ruiz-Co ´es, A. Du ´an, D. Bena ides, and M. To o. Au oma ing he p o-
cu emen o web se ices. In 1s . In e na ional Con e ence on Se ice O ien ed Compu ing
ICSOC’03, pages 91–103, T en o, I aly, 2003. Sp inge –Ve lag LNCS 2910.
15. Ch is ian P eho e . Fea u e-o ien ed p og amming: A new way o objec composi ion. Con-
cu ency and Compu a ion: P ac ice and Expe ience, 13(6):465–501, 2001.
16. D. S ei e d , M. Riebisch, and I. Philippow. De ails o o malized ela ions in ea u e mod-
els using ocl. In P oceedings o 10 h IEEE In e na ional Con e ence on Enginee ing o
Compu e –Based Sys ems (ECBS 2003), Hun s ille, USA. IEEE Compu e Socie y, pages
45–54, 2003.
17. J. an Gu p, J. Bosch, and M. S ahnbe g. On he no ion o a iabili y in so wa e p od-
uc lines. In P oceedings o he Wo king IEEE/IFIP Con e ence on So wa e A chi ec u e
(WICSA’01), IEEE Compu e Socie y, pages 45–54, 2001.
ENAGER – A Tool o Requi emen s Enginee ing in Sys em
Family Con ex
Rod igo Ce ón1, F ancisco Valse a, Jose L. A ciniegas1, Jose L. Ruiz1, Juan C. Dueñas1
Depa men o Enginee ing o Telema ic Sys ems,
Uni e sidad Poli écnica de Mad id,
ETSI Telecomunicación, Ciudad Uni e si a ia, s/n, E-28040 Mad id
{ce on, jla ci, jl uiz, jcduenas}@di .upm.es
[email p o ec ed]om
Abs ac .
So wa e indus ies a e pu suing he de elopmen o so wa e in ensi e sys ems wi h a
highe deg ee o euse, educ ion o cos s, and sho e ime o ma ke . One o he
success ul app oaches aken is based on he de elopmen o se s o simila sys ems; in i ,
de elopmen e o s a e sha ed. This app oach is known as Sys em Families. A weakness
in sys em amilies is he lack o exis ence o ools. Requi emen s enginee ing is a ma u e
a ea oday. Howe e , i needs some imp o emen s in he sys em amily ools ield. In his
posi ion pape , you can ind a s udy o ool suppo o equi emen s in sys em amily
con ex . An analysis o ac ual ools was made. Some equi emen s o ool suppo in his
ield a e p oposed. In addi ion, some me ics o he ool a e p oposed. A ool we called
ENAGER was implemen ed wi h his in o accoun .
1. In oduc ion
Fo many yea s, so wa e indus ies ha e been ying o achie e he de elopmen o so wa e in ensi e
sys ems wi h a highe deg ee o euse, cos educ ion, and sho en o ime o ma ke . Sys em Families (SF)
a e conside ed as one o he mos success ul app oaches o do i . I ocuses on he educ ion o he ime o
ma ke and de elopmen cos s by he p o ision o a se o elemen s ha a e common o a numbe o
sys ems. The e o e, i is a se o sys ems o se ices; also, i sha es a signi ican pa o hei de elopmen
e o . Since i sha es many elemen s, i is sensible o hink ha he concep s behind hem a e also common.
The main goal o his posi ion pape is o p esen ool suppo o equi emen s modelling and managemen
in SF. Some equi emen s o ool suppo in his ield a e p oposed. In addi ion, some me ics o he ool
a e p oposed. A ool we called ENAGER was implemen ed wi h his in o accoun .
The basic wo k has been pe o med in he CAFÉ p ojec [1]. The CAFÉ e e ence amewo k (CRF)
gi es a guide o classi y he ac i i ies and models ela ed wi h SF de elopmen . In summa y, CRF can be
di ided in wo main pa s CAFÉ P ocess Re e ence Model (CAFÉ – PRM) and CAFÉ Asse s Re e ence
Model (CAFÉ - ARM). The objec i e o his model is o ep esen majo ac i i ies and me hods ope a ing
on he co e asse s, o allow he mapping o he con ibu ion/ ools agains a common e e ence.
1 Rod igo Ce ón and Jose L. A ciniegas a e isi ing p o esso s om Uni e sidad del Cauca, Colombia. Rod igo Ce ón is
sponso ed by COLCIENCIAS - Colombia. The wo k pe o med by José L. A ciniegas has been pa ially de eloped in he
p ojec TRECOM, g an ed by Spanish Minis y o Science and Technology unde e e ence TIC2002-04123-C03-01. The
wo k done by Jose L. Ruiz, and Juan C. Dueñas has been pa ially pe o med in he p ojec CAFE and FAMILIES (Eu eka
2023, ITEA ip00004, ip02009), pa ially suppo ed by he Spanish company Tel en and by he Spanish Minis y o
Science and Technology, unde e e ence TIC2002-10373-E.
2. Rela ed Wo k
In ou wo k, we analyze and ex ac some conclusions abou ac ual ools. We canno analyse all he ools
bu we saw he documen a ion o he mos popula in he so wa e ma ke and in one open sou ce p ojec s.
The ools in deep analysed a e hose whe e we can download an e alua ion copy and echnical
documen a ion (i.e.: Requisi eP o, In eg al Requisi e Analyze (IRqA), Dis ibu ed Requi emen
Enginee ing Sys em (DRES), Compu e Aided Requi emen s Enginee ing (C.A.R.E) and RMT ak). O he
ools we e aken in o accoun since we can download echnical documen a ion bu we canno ha e an
e alua ion copy. Fo his posi ion pape , we only summa ized he ools in deep analysed.
Ra ional Requisi eP o was de eloped and i is main ained by Ra ional (now a di ision o IBM) [2]. They
said ha sys ema ic cap u e, con ol and change communica ion is a key poin in equi emen managemen .
Fo hem, ano he key poin is he ans o ma ion om he in e nal eposi o y o ma o ex documen s. In
his way, equi emen s can be managed and communica ed. Requi emen s a e managed in a p ojec basis.
Th ee ypes o ela ionships a e u ilized o associa e equi emen s. They a e called hie a chical, ace and
inde ini e. As a conclusion, we ound ha his ool was no designed o SF.
IRqA was de eloped and i is main ained by “TCP Sis emas e Ingenie ía” (A Spanish so wa e
o ganiza ion). They said ha domain analysis and equi emen managemen a e i s key ea u es. I is based
in Me a-IRqA as i s amewo k [3]. The p ojec is he basis o he equi emen s managemen . Inside he
p ojec , he use de ines domains. They a e use ul o di ide he complex p oblems. The modelling
elemen s a e se ices, equi emen s, concep o en i y and implemen a ion class. These modelling elemen s
a e ela ed o he o he s in p ede ined ways. Ano he key poin is he de ini ion o e ms and ace s. One
e m is a speci ic ocabula y in he p oblem con ex . One ace g oups se s o e ms. As a conclusion, we
ound ha his ool was no designed o SF. Howe e , i gi es us imp o emen s in he way o managemen
o equi emen s.
DRES is an open sou ce ool o equi emen s managemen [4]. I is s ill in de elopmen and he la es
e sion is 0.8. Requi emen s a e s o ed in a adi ional way. The basic idea is o s o e and o e ie e
equi emen s. I s s eng h is o e ie e equi emen s om any place using s anda d b owse . P ojec is i s
p ima y uni . One p ojec con ains ca ego ies. Requi emen s a e inside one ca ego y. The ool can gene a e
documen a ion o i s use s. This ool was no designed o SF.
C.A.R.E was de eloped by he Ge man o ganiza ion SOPHIST GROUP [5]. The main elemen is a ex ual
documen ; i is called speci ica ion. O he elemen s a e ela ed o his one. Requi emen s and de ini ions a e
he o he elemen s de ined by his ool. Requi emen s a e di ided in o unc ional and non- unc ional (use
in e ace, con ac , quali y o se ice, e c.). De ini ions a e employed o ep esen concep s. These concep s
can be in o he domain space o in he solu ion space. De ini ions a e g ouped in glossa ies.
RMT ak was de eloped by RBC Inc [6]. P ojec is i s p ima y uni . P ojec s a e composed o a se ies o
documen s. Documen s con ain equi emen s o a p ojec . Requi emen classi ica ion can be om use ,
ha dwa e o so wa e. Inside a documen , a label iden i ies a equi emen . Requi emen s can be ela ed by
means o a a he -son ela ionship. This ool was no designed o SF.
DOORS was de eloped by Telelogic AB [7]. I is one o he mos widely used ools. One o i s key ea u es
is i s mul i-use suppo en i onmen . The ool eases communica ion among i s use s. Easy na iga ion and
unde s anding o i s in o ma ion o use s a e key ea u es. They a e ob ained by means o objec b owse ,
g aphics, s a is ics, e c. Collabo a i e suppo o i s use s is ano he ea u e. Tools o discussion and
change con ol a e inside i . Finally, ace suppo ha eases alida ion and equi emen s acking a e
included.
RDT and SLATE we e analyzed oo. Fo RDT, SLATE and DOORS we canno ob ain e alua ion copy and
we canno do some expe imen s wi h hem.
3. Gene al Issues
F om he ool e alua ion, we ound he ollowing gene al issues.
• The e is no comme cial o open sou ce ool wi h ull suppo o SF. All o hem a e hough o
single p ojec de elopmen .
• Domain Enginee ing is no aken in o accoun in all ools. IRqA de ines domain bu o a single
p ojec . I hinde s euse in o se e al p ojec s.
• Sys em enginee ing suppo is pa ially co e ed.
• In e nal ace mechanisms o equi emen s a e de ined in he ools s udied. No ex e nal ace
mechanisms can be ound o o he de elopmen phases.
• We need o de ine a sys em o classi ica ion o equi emen s in SF. They can be classi ied as
unc ional and non- unc ional bu a u he di ision is necessa y.
• We need o de ine elemen s ha ease equi emen s managemen in SF. They mus ake in o accoun
de elopmen and e olu ion o SF. Con lic s and decisions mus be elemen s o ake in o accoun .
• E olu ion o sys em gi es us ano he issue known as e sion con ol. Fo SF, his issue is e y big.
Some o hei p oblems a e mul iple sys ems, asse s and equi emen s.
• We need aids ha help us in documen a ion gene a ion.
• Use s need ways o assess equi emen s s o ed.
In he design o ENAGER (ou ool), we y o cope wi h hese gene al issues ound.
4. Requi emen s o ENAGER
[8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13] and [14] gi es us gene al ideas o ool equi emen s in SF con ex . The
ollowing equi emen s a e om his poin o iew.
• O ganiza ions need o manage mo e han one sys em amily. In gene al, la ge o ganiza ions need
suppo o se e al p ojec s hey wo k in. I hey can sha e mos o i s p oduc s equi emen s be ween
se e al p ojec s, i can sho en i s p oduc de elopmen cycles.
• S akeholde s a e in cha ge o p o iding de ini ion o domain and applica ion e ms. They mus be
s o ed in glossa ies.
• Glossa ies need o be sha ed ac oss all o ganiza ional uni s. I hey can be sha e ac oss all
de elopmen uni s hen a common unde s anding is os e ac oss he o ganiza ion.
• Va iabili y managemen o equi emen s need o be sol ed by means o con lic s and decisions.
Requi emen s mus ha e been ela ed o o he s by means o se e al si ua ions. A con lic can be used
o exp ess a iabili y. A decision can be used o sol e a iabili y.
• Func ional equi emen s need o be aced o use cases. I closes he gap be ween equi emen s and
design.
• Con lic impac need o be aced o use cases. The p oblems de ec ed among equi emen s can
in luence ollowing de elopmen phases. I de elope s ha e aids ha help hem in acking hose
p oblems o he ollowing phases, hey imp o e hei pe o mance in de elopmen phases.
• Decisions mus be s o ed. I is necessa y o know all he decisions aken in o accoun o de i e one
p oduc . I helps in change con ol and e olu ion.
• Requi emen s need o be classi ied. A hie a chical axonomy mus be used. All ools p oposed a
model o hie a chies o i s equi emen .
• Func ional equi emen s can be classi ied as goal, ea u e and a omic. Wi h h ee le els and ela ion
among hem all, he possibili ies can be co e ed (exclusion, coexis ence, manda o y, al e na i e).
• A so wa e quali y model o non- unc ional equi emen is ecommended o he ool (i.e.: ISO
9126).
• Each equi emen mus ha e p ope ies.
• We need easy na iga ion in o de o keep equi emen managemen unde con ol.
These gene al equi emen s we e aken in o accoun o he design o ENAGER.

5. Me ics o ENAGER
In o de o asses di e en SF equi emen s ENAGER de ines some me ics. The i s g oup is called
F amewo k me ics. They a e in ended o asses he quali y o he o e all speci ica ion s o ed. The second
g oup is called SF me ics. They a e in ended o asses he quali y o one o he SF s o ed.
F amewo k me ics a e subdi ided in wo g oups called: complexi y and consis ency. The i s one gi es us
an idea o how big is he in o ma ion s o ed. The second one gi es us an idea o how cohe en is he
in o ma ion s o ed.
SF me ics a e subdi ided in i e g oups called: complexi y, consis ency, cos , ma u i y and
common/ a iable. The i s wo a e simila o hose ones in amewo k bu o only one SF. The hi d one
gi es an idea o he o e all cos o SF. The ou h one gi es an idea on how ma u e is he SF unde
analysis. The i h one gi es an idea o he common equi emen s compa ed o he sys em speci ic
equi emen s.
6. Conclusions and Fu u e Wo k
We ha e pe o med his wo k ying o cope wi h he indus ial equi emen s o ools in SF equi emen s
managemen . The posi ion pape gi es a pa ial answe o ool suppo in equi emen s modelling con ex .
Fu he esea ch mus be done o sol e i comple ely. In any case, he ool p esen ed he e co e s se e al o
he speci ic needs o he SFE as ega ds equi emen s managemen and he aceabili y o o he sys ems-
models.
Back o he speci ic issues in equi emen s managemen o SF, he ool allows:
• The ull na iga ion and aceabili y ma ixes gene a ion o in e nal aces, despi e he complexi y o
equi emen s in he SF. The usage o a web na iga ion schema helps in keeping he complexi y unde
con ol.
• The basic ela ions be ween equi emen s a e co e ed (exclusion, coexis ence, manda o y, al e na i e),
as well as ela ions du ing e olu ion ( e ision); hie a chies (gene alisa ion, specializa ion) o
equi emen s a e also suppo ed.
• The concep o sys em in he sys em amily appea s in his ool as a se o equi emen s. Being hese
equi emen s ela ed, he ool allows o he calcula ion o “cohe en ” sys ems, con aining se s o non-
con lic ing equi emen s. As well, he p og ess in de elopmen o a ce ain sys em can be ep esen ed
by he g owing se o equi emen s co e ed.
• Decisions a e ep esen ed explici ly. I is possible o na iga e om each equi emen o he decisions
ela ed, and he decisions ela ed o each sys em. Con lic s a e also exp essed, so i s easons and
s akeholde s ela ed can be iden i ied and sol ed.
• The di e en ia ion be ween common and speci ic equi emen s is no s a ically wi ed; ins ead, as he e
is na iga ional capabili y om- o sys ems and each equi emen , i is possible o know in a ce ain
poin in ime how many o he sys em in he SF a e a ec ed o one equi emen .
Re e ences
1. an de Linden, F.: So wa e P oduc Families in Eu ope: The Esaps & Ca é P ojec s. IEEE So wa e,
Vol. 10 No. 4. IEEE Compu e Socie y, Los Alami os, CA (2002) 41-49
2. IBM – Ra ional.: Ra ional Requisi eP o. h p://www-306.ibm.com/so wa e/awd ools/ eqp o/, (2004)
3. TCP Sis emas e Ingenie ía: IRqA in eg al equisi e analyze .
h p://www.i qaonline.com/index_i qa.h m, (2004)
4. Kowalczykiewicz, K.: DRES Dis ibu ed Requi emen s Enginee ing Sys em,
h p://ophelia.cs.pu .poznan.pl/xd e/, (2003)
5. SOPHIST GROUP: C.A.R.E Compu e Aided Requi emen s Enginee ing,
h p://www.sophis .de/sopg oupeng.ns /(ynDK_ amese s)/Main, (2003)
6. RBC P oduc De elopmen : RMT ak, h p://www. m ak.com/, (2003)
7. Telelogic AB: Telelogic DOORS, h p://www. elelogic.com/, (2003)
8. Kuusela, J., Sa olainen J.: Requi emen s Enginee ing o P oduc Lines. In: P oceeding o he 2000
In e na ional Con e ence on So wa e Enginee ing, ACM-IEEE, New Yo k, NY (2000) 60-68
9. Lu ikhuizen P. (ed.): Requi emen s Modelling and T aceabili y. ESAPS, WP3, De i a ion o P oduc s
and E olu ion o Sys em Families WP3-0106-01 Technical Repo , (2001)
10. IEEE S anda ds Boa d: IEEE Recommended P ac ice o So wa e Requi emen s Speci ica ions. IEEE
s d 830, 1993. Ins i u e o Elec ical and Elec onics Enginee s, New Yo k, NY (1993)
11. Alonso, A., León, G., Dueñas, J.C., de la Puen e, J.A.: F amewo k o Documen ing Design Decisions
in P oduc Families De elopmen . In: P oceedings o he Thi d IEEE In e na ional Con e ence on
Enginee ing o Complex Compu e Sys ems. IEEE Compu e Socie y, Los Alami os, CA (1997) 206-
211
12. Thaye , R., Do man, M.: So wa e Requi emen s Enginee ing. 2nd edn. IEEE Compu e Socie y P ess,
Washing on (1997)
13. IEEE-SA S anda ds Boa d: IEEE Guide o De eloping Sys em Requi emen s Speci ica ions. IEEE
s d 1233, 1998. Ins i u e o Elec ical and Elec onics Enginee s, New Yo k, NY (1998)
14. ISO/IEC: So wa e enginee ing -- P oduc quali y -- Pa 1: Quali y model. ISO/IEC 9126-1:2001.
In e na ional O ganiza ion o S anda diza ion, Gene e, (2001)
Expe ience-based App oach o Requi emen s Reuse in
P oduc Families wi h DOORS
An onio Monzón, Juan Ca los Dueñas1
1 The wo k done by Juan C. Dueñas has been pa ially pe o med in he p ojec s CAFE and FAMILIES (Eu eka 2023,
ITEA ip00004, ip02009), pa ially suppo ed by he Spanish company Tel en and by he Spanish Minis y o Science and
Technology, unde e e ence TIC2002-10373-E.
Depa amen o de Ingenie ía de Sis emas Telemá icos,
Uni e sidad Poli écnica de Mad id
Requi emen s euse has e ealed as one o he mos impo an issues in he Re-
qui emen s Enginee ing (RE) ield o e he las yea s, as his discipline has a
huge impac on sys ems p oduc ion and main enance cos s. Fo his eason i is
equi ed o p o ide speci ic solu ions o be di ec ly applied o eal indus ial
en i onmen s wi h he help o ools. The objec i e o his pape is o show a
p ac ical app oach o equi emen s euse in p oduc amilies suppo ed by a
well-known comme cial ool (Telelogic DOORS). Fo illus a ion pu poses
he pape ocuses on he pa icula domain o comme cial ai c a p oduc ami-
lies.
1 In oduc ion
The p ope applica ion o equi emen s enginee ing p inciples is a mus o he suc-
cess ul de elopmen o so wa e in ensi e sys ems; as he size and complexi y o
hese sys ems g ow, i becomes e iden ha ool suppo is a key. The de elopmen o
p oduc amilies –ins ead o indi idual p oduc s- is a s a egic imp o emen ollowed
by many companies, pu suing wide euse o any asse o he p oduc amily, includ-
ing equi emen s. Many wo ks in he li e a u e ha e al eady been p oduced abou
equi emen s euse bu ew o hem p esen p ac ical solu ions o he p oblem wi h
he help o comme cial ools. This is he aim o his pape .
I is impo an o ema k ha his is a p ac ical expe ience pape wi h no o e y
ew di ec heo e ical con ibu ions. The concep o Requi emen handled he e is he
exp ession o a need ep esen ed as a classical na u al language desc ip ion, wi h
some addi ional a ibu es o managemen pu poses. Nei he o mal app oach no
domain modeling echniques a e p oposed.
In o de o p o ide a be e unde s anding o he concep s in ol ed in his pape ,
se e al UML diag ams will be used in o de o ep esen he in o ma ion me amodels
behind he p oblem o be sol ed. On one hand, he p ope suppo ing ool basic
me amodel will be ep esen ed. On he o he hand, he conc e e equi emen s me a-
model used in a pa icula p og am (p oduc amily) will be ep esen ed. And inally,
he pa icula app oach o euse echniques applied will also be ep esen ed as an
UML diag am.
The easons o choosing he a i ac s and he pa icula in o ma ion s uc u es
ha e been mainly based on he expe ience o equi emen s enginee ing eams in he
ield. Da a s uc u e has been p oposed and e ined o e a couple o decades and i
has been ag eed by se e al pa ies. The e o e, i could be said ha he models ha e
been alida ed by hei indus ial applica ion du ing yea s.
The main in o ma ion sou ces o equi emen s a e he Func ional Requi emen s
Documen s (FRD’s). These documen s con ain bo h ex ual desc ip ions o he p ob-
lem domain (g aphical and abula in o ma ion included) and also p ope equi e-
men s. Requi emen s a e agged h ough unique iden i ie s and clea ly delimi ed by
sho ex ual desc ip ions.
2 DOORS Me amodel
DOORS is he mos ex ended RE ool in ae ospace a ena. Al hough i is no inal-
use o ien ed and i is di icul o use he ool wi hou speci ic aining, i shows an
ex emely adap a ion capabili y, e y use ul in echnology-d i en en i onmen s. The
main concep s in ol ed in his ool a e ep esen ed in Figu e 1.
Fig. 1. DOORS Basic Me amodel
I is jus wo h o men ion ha DOORS Objec me a-concep is he in o ma ion
elemen sui able o ep esen equi emen s. Bu his is so gene al ha can be also used
Requi emen s Reuse
Page 3
• Help - FAQ
The a ibu es o he objec s a e equi emen s o
hem. I u ns ou ha qui e o en, e en hough
objec s hemsel es may be qui e di e en , he
equi emen o ce ain a ibu es is e y common.
Bene i s o Requi emen s Reuse
Bene icial esul s o ou equi emen s euse include
he ollowing:
• Requi emen s Reuse cu new applica ion
de elopmen by app oxima ely 80%.
• Code om Common Requi emen s imp o emen s
quickly mig a ed ac oss si es.
• Requi emen s e o s mo e eadily de ec ed by
inc eased use ac oss mul iple si es.
• Requi emen s e o s a e ixed p io o disco e y
by use s on o he si es.
• Simila equi emen s a exis ing si es used o
demons a e p oposed unc ionali y o new
cus ome s.
Lessons Lea ned
A e de eloping a ce ain le el o capabili y in
p ocess implemen a ion equi emen s euse, he
p ocess implemen a ion Subjec Ma e Expe s (SMEs)
o en end up knowing mo e o he cus ome s
equi emen s han he cus ome does. This shows up in
equi emen s e e y whe e. The ollowing a e wo
examples ha occu ed:
1. Dele e a Reques capabili y: he cus ome wan ed
he capabili y o dele e a eques . I
acknowledged he equi emen and indica ed ha
I would implemen he eques by iden i ying a
common equi emen o ag he eques a
“Dele ed” bu ac ually lea e i in he da abase.
This design equi emen was a well es ablished
bes p ac ice equi emen . The cus ome insis ed
on he eques being ac ually dele ed. I

Requi emen s Reuse
Page 4
explained ha i i we e eally dele ed, i
would be i eco e able. They s ill insis ed and
so I changed he equi emen . La e , when he
p ocess was in p oduc ion, managemen complained
when eques s ha hey had been acking
suddenly disappea ed.
2. “Name” is a Requi ed A ibu e: a cus ome o a
Requi emen s T acking p ocess did no iden i y a
Requi emen Name as one o he a ibu es o he
equi emen . I poin ed ou ha such a ield was
needed o display pu poses (pa o he
accumula ed bes p ac ice euse equi emen s).
They insis ed ha i was no needed. A e
going in o p oduc ion, a display showed only he
i s ew cha ac e s o he da a in he ield
(say 55). Thus hey quickly ealized ha hey
needed a “summa y” s a emen o sea ch on and
so by, so we added a i le.
The ollowing a e some o he Lessons lea ned in
dealing wi h cus ome s in implemen ing hei business
p ocesses:
z The Cus ome is NOT Always Righ :
– Dele ing da a
– CI #
– CI Desc ip ion
z The “Real” P ocess is no he one o iginally
desc ibed.
z The Da a Will Se You F ee
z Ha e Some hing To Talk Abou o demons a e
equi emen s commonali y
z Keep Reco ds o Requi emen s, bu be eady o
change (cons an ly!)
Acknowledgmen s
This pape and accompanying p esen a ion has been
suppo ed inancially by The Boeing Company o
Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Requi emen s Reuse
Page 5
Re e ence
Conway, William E. Chai man & CEO, Conway Managemen
Co. h p://www.conwaymgm .com/
Technical Repo , Uni e sidad Poli écnica de Mad id, Spain, 2004.
ISBN: 84-688-7314-4.