1
Social inno a ion o he socio-labou in eg a ion o e ugees in new
hos coun ies: he Spanish case
Ca men Guzmána, F ancisco J. San osa, Lidia Valien ea* and F ancisco J.
San olayab
aDepa men o Applied Economics I, Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain; b Depa men o
Social Psychology, Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain
*Co esponding au ho : [email p o ec ed]
Guzmán, C. San os, F.J. Valien e, L. and San olaya, F (2023) Social inno a ion o he
socio-labou in eg a ion o e ugees in new hos coun ies: he Spanish case, Jou nal
o Social En ep eneu ship, La es a icles.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/19420676.2023.2275132
Published online: 01 No 2023
2
Social inno a ion o he socio-labou in eg a ion o e ugees in new
hos coun ies: he Spanish case
Abs ac
In ecen yea s, sou he n Eu opean coun ies ha e expe ienced a su ge in he
a i al o e ugees and asylum seeke s, which has in ensi ied due o he wa in
Uk aine. In his scena io, he public sec o and non-p o i and olun a y
o ganisa ions (NPVOs) play a leading ole by in oducing new ini ia i es o
espond o he as numbe o applican s and acili a ing hei socio-labou
in eg a ion in o hese new hos socie ies. This a icle aims o iden i y and analyse
social inno a ions de eloped by he public sec o and NPVOs while paying
pa icula a en ion o he new go e nance ega ding he collabo a ion be ween
hese wo ypes o ins i u ions. Ha ing aken Spain as ou case s udy, we ocus on
he leading o ganisa ions o he Na ional Asylum Sys em, composed o h ee
NPVOs and one public ins i u ion. Ou indings show ha he o e sa u a ed
si ua ion in he new hos coun ies has s imula ed social inno a ion, especially
wi hin NPVOs, albei wi h close collabo a ion wi h he public sec o and o he
local ac o s.
Keywo ds: Re ugees; Socio-labou in eg a ion; Social inno a ion; NPVOs.
In oduc ion
Poli ical ins abili y and o he ac o s, such as na u al disas e s, a e causing millions
wo ldwide o be displaced. This igu e has passed om ewe han 40 million in 2000
o mo e han 80 million in 2020 (UNHCR 2020). Especially in ecen yea s, e ugees
and asylum seeke s make up a high p opo ion o hose igu es, g owing om 16.2
million in 2010 o 24.5 million in 2015 and 26.4 million in 2020 (UNHCR, 2015, 2020).
F om he beginning o he 21s cen u y, poli ical con lic s in Sy ia, A ghanis an, I aq,
Yemen and, mo e ecen ly, Uk aine ha e in ensi ied his e e -inc easing numbe o
e ugees. In his la e case, mo e han 4 million people c ossed he Uk ainian bo de
3
in o o he Eu opean coun ies du ing he i s mon h o he Russian agg ession
(UNHCR 2022).
No he n Eu opean coun ies ha e adi ionally p o ided a p incipal des ina ion
o he e ugees and asylum seeke s collec i e, mainly due o hei high na ional
incomes and ou s anding commi men o human igh s, eedom, and democ acy.
Howe e , since 2010, sou he n Eu opean coun ies, such as I aly, Spain, Po ugal, and
G eece, ha e also become new des ina ions o his speci ic ype o mig an (Valen a e
al. 2019) mainly due o disag eemen be ween no he n Eu opean coun ies ega ding
how o ecei e such a high numbe o asylum seeke s (S ockeme e al. 2019).
Ne e heless, hos ing his inc easing low o e ugees is challenging o hese
sou he n Eu opean coun ies. They gene ally su e ed om g owing inequali y and
po e y, high unemploymen a es, and job insecu i y be o e becoming new hos
coun ies (Eu os a 2020a). Fu he mo e, hey need mo e expe ience and an adequa e
public ins i u ional amewo k o a end o he needs o e ugees. Howe e , public
au ho i ies and di e se o ganisa ions o socie y a e ocusing on sol ing he p oblems o
e ugees and asylum seeke s by p omo ing hei socio-labou in eg a ion h ough a wide
ange o measu es, mos o which a e ela ed o he ields o employmen , educa ion,
heal h, housing, and social cohesion (Age and S and 2008; Mig a ion Policy G oup
2020; UHNCR 2013).
In his con ex , specialised ins i u ions, gene ally non-p o i and olun a y
o ganisa ions (NPVOs), assume an essen ial ole in social assis ance (Gale a e al.
2018). Howe e , hey a e ca ying ou hei ole in e y di e se ways wi h signi ican
a ia ions wi hin coun ies, depending, among o he ac o s, on he o ganisa ion o he
wel a e s a e and he di e en legal amewo k in each hos coun y (Gale a e al. 2018;
Pa uzzi e al. 2019; Oli e e al. 2020). Fu he mo e, gi en ha NPVOs need mo e
4
esou ces o deploy hei measu es, hey mus adap o he ci cums ances quickly by
de eloping hei capaci y o inno a ion.
The Uni ed Na ions High Commissione o Re ugees (UNHCR) de ines
inno a ion as “ he c ea ion o alue o e ugees by in oducing inno a i e solu ions
and doing hings be e ” (UNHCR 2023). This de ini ion connec s wi h ha o social
inno a ion, which is iden i ied as new social p ocesses and p oduc s o achie e he
social inclusion o excluded g oups and p omo e hei well-being by add essing ma ke
ailu es and p o iding public goods (G abbe e al. 2018). The e o e, inno a ion in he
ield o social assis ance o e ugees can be conside ed social inno a ion.
Acco ding o esea ch, social inno a ion implies he c ea ion o new p oduc s
and p ocesses wi h h ee c ucial objec i es: o mee social needs, o imp o e social
ela ionships and cohesion and, inally, o ans o m socie y’s alues and a i udes
(Moulae e al. 2017). Fu he mo e, esea ch ecognises ha o implemen social
inno a ion, a new way o o ganising he collabo a ion be ween he s a e and ci il
socie y is equi ed; ha is, new go e nance is needed (Campomo i and Casula 2022). In
his ega d, a bo om-up app oach and a co-p oduc ion p ocess a e essen ial o c ea ing
social inno a ions (Pes o 2012). Speci ically, he con ibu ion o ci izens and he
bene icia ies o hose social inno a ions a e necessa y (McMullin 2021).
The e o e, gi en he p e ious a gumen s and bea ing in mind he signi ican
di icul ies ha e ugees encoun e when hey a i e in new hos coun ies, he objec i e
o his esea ch in ol es he iden i ica ion and analysis o he main ends o social
inno a ions de eloped by NPVOs and he public sec o in hose coun ies, while
selec ing he Spanish Asylum Sys em as a speci ic case s udy. To his end, we will also
pay special a en ion o he way o go e nance o his asylum sys em and examine how
5
in e ac ions and collabo a ion be ween he a ious ins i u ions o he sys em (bo h
public and p i a e) a e linked o he c ea ion o social inno a ion.
Al hough some s udies ha e explo ed he case o Spain in he ield o social inno a ion
(De Wi e al. 2019; Rey-Ga cia e al. 2018), i s asylum sys em has no p e iously been
analysed om he iewpoin o social inno a ion in he ield o socio-labou in eg a ion
o e ugees, wi h pa icula a en ion o he go e nance o achie e his in eg a ion. This
is pa icula ly in e es ing because, in he con ex o he 2015 e ugee c isis, he Spanish
go e nmen e o med he na ional asylum sys em and expanded he numbe o NPVOs
a ending o e ugees. Fu he mo e, as p e ious s udies poin ou , he success o he
collabo a ion in he ield o e ugee in eg a ion among di e en local ac o s depends on
each con ex since each hos coun y has i s speci ic cha ac e is ics (Campomo i and
Amb osini 2020; Campomo i and Casula 2022; Gale a e al. 2018; Humph is 2014).
The e o e, he analysis o he case o he Spanish Asylum Sys em dese es special
a en ion.
Consequen ly, o mee he objec i es men ioned abo e, a e a e iew o he
li e a u e ega ding he main opic o his esea ch ( e ugees, social inno a ion, labou
in eg a ion, and he ole o he s a e and NPVOs in hese a eas), an empi ical analysis is
ca ied ou h ough a quali a i e me hodology based on a iangula ion p ocess, which
in ol es mul iple sou ces o in o ma ion, such as websi es, public epo s and pe sonal
in e iew sin e wi h he people in cha ge o hose en i ies (Ca e e al. 2014; Jen o
and Olsen 2019). Speci ically, he analysis is ocused on ou o ganisa ions ha
cu en ly cons i u e he backbone o he Spanish Asylum Sys em: h ee NPVOs (The
Spanish Re ugee Aid Commission known as CEAR, The Spanish Ca holic Mig a ion
Commission Associa ion called ACCEM, and he Spanish Red C oss) and one public
o ganisa ion ( he Re ugee Recep ion Cen es, CARs). These ou o ganisa ions we e

6
selec ed because hey composed he old A iadna Ne wo k in he coun y; ha is, hey
a e he leading and mos expe o ganisa ions in he e ugees’ in eg a ion in Spain.
Finally, ega ding he main con ibu ions o his a icle, i s ly, we belie e ha i
cons i u es one o he ew a emp s o link he esea ch ield o socio-labou in eg a ion
o e ugees wi h he ield o social inno a ion in he case o new hos coun ies and,
mo e speci ically, in he case o Spain. Secondly, i con ibu es owa ds inc easing he
knowledge ega ding no only he signi ican ole played by NPVOs in an unexpec ed
si ua ion bu also hei weaknesses and po en iali ies and he new go e nance o he
asylum sys em ega ding he collabo a ion be ween hese o ganisa ions and he s a e o
he de elopmen o social inno a ion.
Theo e ical amewo k
The socio-labou in eg a ion o e ugees
The socio-labou in eg a ion concep
The 1951 UNHCR Con en ion and P o ocol ela ing o he s a us o e ugees de ines
e ugees as people who a e ou side he coun y o hei na ionali y and a e unable o
a ail hemsel es o he p o ec ion o ha coun y because hey a e pe secu ed o
easons o ace, eligion, na ionali y, membe ship o a pa icula social g oup, o
poli ical opinion (UNHCR 2011).
Speci ic li e a u e on his kind o mig an s a es ha e ugees and asylum
seeke s mus ackle a ious obs acles once hey a i e in he hos coun y, such as
cul u al adap a ion, inding a job, and en ing a house (Yakushko e al. 2008; Campion
2018). By conside ing hese p oblems, bo h go e nmen s and NPVOs o hos coun ies
ha e pu a se o ini ia i es in o p ac ice o acili a e he success ul ese lemen o
e ugees in he hos socie ies. This se o ini ia i es s i es o p omo e he so-called
7
p ocess o socio-labou in eg a ion, whose concep ualisa ion, no only in he case o
e ugees bu also o economic mig an s, emains highly di used. In ac , academics,
ins i u ions, and poli icians ha e ye o es ablish a consensus ega ding socio-labou
in eg a ion and he a eas i co e s (Puma e al. 2018).
In an e o owa ds syn hesis, Age and S and (2008) e iewed all he li e a u e
ega ding socio-labou in eg a ion and de ined a concep ual amewo k o success ul
socio-labou in eg a ion. In his espec , hese au ho s delimi ed ou a eas o ul il when
handling he in eg a ion o e ugees: he i s is ela ed o he Gene a Con en ion and i s
speci ica ion o social igh s o e ugees in e ms o employmen , housing, heal h, and
educa ion (UNHCR 2011); he second is linked o he ules and no ms ega ding
ci izenship and igh s; he hi d includes he social connec ions wi hin and hose
be ween g oups inside he communi y; and he ou h a ea is connec ed wi h he
ba ie s, such as language and cul u e di e ences, ha e ugees ha e o o e come o
hese ela ionships o become a ou able. Along hese lines, and in e ms o he socio-
labou in eg a ion o mig an s, Che i and McNeil (2012) di e en ia ed be ween he
“big issues” o co e , such as employmen and housing, and he “e e yday in eg a ion”
issues, such as leisu e, shopping, and consump ion.
Apa om hese con ibu ions, i is necessa y o emphasise ha a ious s udies
ha e s i en o e alua e his in eg a ion p ocess. Some such s udies also cons i u e
suppo o he unde s anding o he concep o socio-labou in eg a ion and he
indica o s o ields in ol ed he ein, ei he om he iewpoin o mig an s (Mig a ion
Policy G oup 2020; OECD 2012; Bijl and Ve weij 2012) o e ugees (Puma e al. 2018;
Lich ens ein and Puma 2019) in EU and OECD coun ies. Al hough he me hodologies
o hese con ibu ions di e , mos coincide in a la ge p opo ion o he ields included in
hei analysis: employmen , educa ion, housing, heal h, and social inclusion and
8
cohesion, among o he s. Simila ly, he “UNHCR 2013 Repo ” also p o ides a
e e ence o analysing he ese lemen o e ugees in he hos socie y. Employmen ,
educa ion and language, social in eg a ion, social inclusion, ac i e ci izenship, and
housing a e ields o in e es analysed and aken as indica o s o socio-labou
in eg a ion.
I , he e o e, seems app op ia e o base he s udy o he socio-labou in eg a ion
o mig an s and e ugees on hose common elemen s ha academics and ins i u ions
ha e widely accep ed. All hese elemen s a e a eas o aid o social wel a e p og ams in
high-income coun ies whe e he s a e plays a key ole.
Failu es in he implemen a ion o e ugee in eg a ion policies
As s a ed p e iously, he socio-labou in eg a ion o e ugees implies in e en ion in
ou di e en a eas: employmen , housing, heal h, and educa ion (UNHCR 2011). In
his ega d, he S a e has usually played a ele an ole in designing inclusi e
in eg a ion policies (Bache e al. 2019), whose success o ailu e is closely linked o he
eelings and a i udes o he hos socie y owa ds e ugee collec i es (Callens and
Meuleman 2017; Fe is 2020; P zy uła and Ma usz 2021).
In his ega d, when he in eg a ion policy ails, social ela ions be ween
e ugees and he hos socie y esul in social con lic , which pu s p essu e on he S a e o
apply coe ci e policies owa d e ugees. In con as , success ul in eg a ion policies ha e
a posi i e e ec , such as an imp o emen in he mig an s’ and e ugees’ sense o
belonging o he hos socie y and he gene a ion o posi i e a i udes in he hos socie y
owa ds e ugees (Fe is 2020).
E idence o he ad e se e ec s o an unsuccess ul in eg a ion policy is when
e ugees (and o he mig an s) a e conside ed, by he hos socie y, o be esponsible o
highe iscal cos s o co e he expenses o he p o ision o public social se ices, such
9
as educa ion and heal h se ices. In con as , in he case o success ul in eg a ion
policies, a sign o hei posi i e e ec s on he hos socie y is when e ugees a e seen as
axpaye s who con ibu e owa ds he inancing o public social se ices (Fasani e al.
2022; Fe is 2020).
Un o una ely, he s a e in eg a ion policies o e ugees ha e shown signi ican
ailu es in ecen yea s. The eason is ha public adminis a ions need mo e ime and
esou ces o adap hei adminis a i e p ocedu es o he high numbe o e ugees
ecei ed in he hos socie ies. Acco in i and Wislocki (2016) demons a e ha he
bo leneck caused by his si ua ion has some imes led o excessi e bu eauc a isa ion,
leng hening e ugees' s ay in ecep ion cen es and delaying hei socio-labou
in eg a ion. Fu he mo e, Fasani e al. (2022) conclude ha o e sa u a ion pushes s a es
o implemen ine icien policies ha nega i ely a ec he ime and quali y o he
in eg a ion o e ugees. The e o e, one consequence o hese go e nmen al policy
ailu es in ol es mobilising p i a e o ganisa ions, such as non-p o i and olun a y
o ganisa ions (NVPOs), which ha e o de elop social inno a ions o espond o he
g owing needs o e ugees.
Social inno a ions o he in eg a ion o e ugees
The social inno a ion concep
Unlike business inno a ion, social inno a ion is no mo i a ed by p o i
maximisa ion bu by social goals (Mulgan 2012; Phills e al. 2008). Howe e , despi e he
consensus ega ding i s ele ance in add essing social p oblems, a gene ally accep ed
de ini ion o social inno a ion has ye o be made a ailable (Moulae e al. 2017; Tes i
e al. 2019).
16
Table 1: Some indica o s ela ed o he socio-economic le el and wel a e s a e o
new hos coun ies (2019)
Spain Po ugal
I aly G eece
EU-27
a e age
GDP pe capi a (eu os)
26,440
20,840
30,080
17,100
31,310
Unemploymen a e (% o he
popula ion in he labou o ce)
14.1% 6.7% 9.9% 17.9% 6.8%
Expendi u e on social p o ec ion
(% GDP)
24.1% 24% 29.2% 25.5% 28%
Public expendi u e on educa ion
(% GDP)
4.08% 4.61% 4.1% 3.59% 4.7%
Heal hca e expendi u e by
go e nmen s schemes (% GDP)
6.09% 5.56% 6.37% 2.24% 2.79%
Sou ce: Eu os a da a
In his con ex , he ci cums ances men ioned abo e ha e igge ed sui able coo dina ion
be ween di e en le els o go e nmen and o he local ac o s, such as NPVOs, capi alis
i ms, ci izens, and o he e ugee associa ions, ha is, he e is a new go e nance ha
in ol es a ious local ac o s (OECD 2018a). In ac , he e ugee c isis has gene a ed a
collec i e social esponsibili y ha has inc eased he pa icipa ion o olun ee s and
NPVOs in helping e ugees and asylum seeke s (Gale a e al. 2018). In his espec , o
ins ance, esea ch has shown ha he ela ionships a he ho izon al le el be ween local
ac o s in I aly a e o e en g ea e signi icance han he mul ile el go e nance, which is
p oduced be ween he cen al go e nmen and o he go e nmen s a he egional and
local le els (Campomo i and Amb osini 2020).
In Po ugal, ins i u ions awa e o he need o his collabo a ion be ween he s a e and
o he local ac o s c ea ed a wo king g oup in 2015 ha in ol ed municipali ies and
NVPOs, in addi ion o he cen al go e nmen , o ca y ou ag eemen s o he ecep ion
and in eg a ion o e ugees (OECD 2018a). Howe e , se e al s udies ha e demons a ed
ha , al hough a collabo a i e p ocess ook place be ween he di e en le els, he ole o
he s a e was limi ed o he design o he ecep ion sys em, while ci il o ganisa ions
we e in cha ge o implemen ing social in eg a ion ac ions o e ugees, such as in he

17
case o G eece (Baga os and Kou achanis 2022; Gale a e al. 2018; Kou achanis 2019).
No wi hs anding he abo e, o he esea ch ound ha he success o he collabo a ion o
a ious local ac o s o he in eg a ion o e ugees depends on each con ex , as e e yone
has speci ic cha ac e is ics (Campomo i and Amb osini 2020; Campomo i and Casula
2022; Gale a e al. 2018; Humph is 2014). In his espec , wha is help ul o one
coun y is no necessa ily alid o ano he e i o y.
Table 2: Mig an In eg a ion in Spain (2018) (as a pe cen age o he g oup)
Indica o Na ional UE-
28 a e age
Na ionals in
Spain
Non-EU-bo n
li ing in Spain
Median Equi alised ne income (
€)
18,363
15,915
8,868
AROPE
21.8
24.1
53.7
Homeowne ship
68.3
76.6
24.9
O e c owding a e
17.9
4.4
14.8
Housing cos o e bu den a e
9.7
7.1
37.2
Employmen a e
73.7
67.6
60.0
Unemploymen a e
6.2
14.8
23.8
Sou ce: Eu os a da a
In he speci ic case o Spain, al hough some s udies analyse how olun ee s con ibu e
o he de elopmen and di usion o social inno a ions (De Wi e al. 2019) o how
hese social inno a ions a e p oduced in social se ices in ol ing di e en ac o s (Rey-
Ga cia e al. 2018), he e a e no p e ious s udies on how social inno a ions a e
gene a ed in he speci ic ield o socio-labou in eg a ion o e ugees, ocusing on he
go e nance ha akes place in hese p ocesses.
In his esea ch, he ocus is no only on p oduc and p ocess inno a ion, including he
impac on socie y's a i udes and alues bu also on inno a ion ela ed o go e nance, as
he e is a gap in he speci ic li e a u e in his con ex . As we will see, he case analysed
in he empi ical sec ion, he Spanish case, is o pa icula in e es because he asylum
sys em is o med by an ins i u ion o he public sec o ( he Re ugee Recep ion Cen e -
CAR-) and non-p o i and olun a y o ganisa ions (NPVOs) (see Table 3).
18
Me hodology
Spain as a case s udy o a new hos coun y
Among he new hos coun ies, Spain has become one o he mos impo an
al e na i e des ina ions o asylum seeke s, alongside mo e adi ional des ina ions such
as F ance and Ge many. Al hough Spain s ill has signi ican socioeconomic
weaknesses, i s economic con e gence ega ding No he n Eu opean coun ies and he
consolida ion o i s ledgling democ acy ha e ans o med he coun y. Fo hese
easons, his esea ch has chosen Spain as a speci ic case s udy o new hos coun y.
Rega ding he weaknesses no ed abo e, some indica o s ela ed o he
socioeconomic le el, such as he unemploymen a e (14.1%) and GDP pe capi a
(26,440 eu os), show ha Spain has a wo se le el han he Eu opean Union o 27 (wi h
an a e age o 6.8% and 31,310 eu os espec i ely). In he same ein, some wel a e
indica o s show ha he Spanish sys em could be imp o ed since i s expendi u e on
social p o ec ion is 24% o GDP, while in he Eu opean Union o 27, i eaches 28%.
Simila ly, public spending on educa ion is lowe han he EU-27 a e age (4% o GDP in
Spain and 4.7% in he EU-27). Spain s ands ou only in he case o public expendi u e
on heal h, wi h 6.09% o GDP, well abo e he Eu opean a e age (2.79%) (Table 1).
Despi e hese socioeconomic weaknesses o Spain, his coun y has ecei ed an
inc easing numbe o immig an s since he beginning o he 21s cen u y. Among hese
immig an s, hose looking o p o ec ion ia in e na ional asylum ha e unde gone a
apid inc ease since 2013 (2,526%, om a me e 4,485 o 117,800 people in 2019)
(Figu e 1), o he ex en ha in 2019 i o e ook I aly (43,770 asylum seeke s) and
na owed he gap wi h Ge many (165,615 asylum seeke s) (Eu os a 2019). As in o he
Eu opean coun ies, Spain ecei es many asylum applica ions om coun ies a wa ,
19
such as Uk aine and Sy ia, bu also om di e se La in Ame ican coun ies, such as
Ecuado , Venezuela, and Colombia, due o hei cul u al links.
Table 3: Case s udies and main cha ac e is ics
Name o he
o ganisa ion
Spanish Red
C oss CEAR ACCEM CARs
Yea o c ea ion 1864 1979 1950 1980s
Who ounded he
o ganisa ion Ci izens Ci izens Ca holic
Chu ch
Public Sec o
Legal Fo m NPVO NPVO NPVO Belonging o
Public Sec o
Cu en Ta ge
Popula ion
Vulne able
Collec i es
Asylum Seeke s
and Re ugees
People a isk
o exclusion
Asylum
Seeke s
Decision-Making Gene al
Assembly
Gene al
Assembly
Gene al
Assembly
Technical
eam
Financing
Public and
minimum om
he p i a e sec o
(5% o less)
Public and
minimum om
he p i a e
sec o (5% o
less)
Public and
minimum om
he p i a e
sec o (5% o
less)
Public
Employees
11,808
713
776
App ox. 25 in
each CAR
Volun ee s
197,061
864
928
Occasionally
A ailable posi ions o
e ugees in Phase I
2,321
1,457
1,501
396
Sou ce: O ganisa ion websi es and Minis y o Labou , Mig a ion, and Social Secu i y.
Figu e 1: Asylum applican s in Spain, 2013-2019 (numbe o people)
Sou ce: Au ho s’ own based on Eu os a da a
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Fi s - ime asylum applican s Posi i e decisions
Asylum applica ion ejec ed To al decisions
20
The numbe o posi i e decisions g an ing asylum in Spain emained e y low
un il 2018 (2,895 posi i e decisions in his yea ) in compa ison o ha in o he
Eu opean coun ies such as Ge many (75,940), F ance (32,725) and I aly (30,670).
Howe e , in 2019, wi h 38,420 posi i e decisions, Spain ou pe o med mos o hese
coun ies excep o Ge many (70,320) in his espec (28,140 o F ance and 18,375 o
I aly) (Eu os a 2019). This indica es ha he asylum sys em in Spain has esponded o
he new ci cums ances in a e y sho ime ame despi e i s lack o expe ience in his
ield. Fu he mo e, i should be bo ne in mind ha he Spanish economy s ill p esen s
se e al signi ican weaknesses in e ms o social exclusion, housing, and employmen
(see Table 2), which hinde s he easy in eg a ion o such a high numbe o mig an s. In
his espec , he S a e and ci il socie y, h ough NPVOs, ha e aken on an ac i e ole.
The in eg a ion policy o he Spanish cen al go e nmen has been leading a
speci ic app oach in line wi h Law 12/2009 on he igh o asylum and subsidia y
p o ec ion. Fu he mo e, he Minis y o Employmen (MEYSS) designed an
indi idualised i ine a y o in eg a ion wi h a du a ion o 12 mon hs (gene al i ine a y)
and ano he o 18 mon hs (i ine a y o si ua ions o a mo e ulne able na u e. Bo h a e
di ided in o h ee main phases ( ecep ion, in eg a ion, and au onomy) plus a sho p e-
phase o assessmen and e e al (MEYSS 2016).
Unde hese legal pa ame e s, he Na ional Asylum Sys em (NAS) in Spain is
composed, on he one hand, o a ne wo k o ins i u ions (a public ins i u ion and di e se
NPVOs) ha wo k wi h all he asylum seeke s who a i e in Spain owa ds hei socio-
labou in eg a ion and, on he o he hand, o inancial esou ces p o ided by he
Minis y o Employmen (MEYSS) and managed by hose ins i u ions o design and
implemen speci ic in eg a ion measu es (MEYSS 2016).
21
Sample: ins i u ions analysed
Due o he apid g ow h in he numbe o asylum applica ions in he c isis o 2015, he
Spanish go e nmen e o med he ini ial ins i u ional ne wo k o a ending o e ugees
(named he A iadna Ne wo k) and expanded he numbe o NPVOs pa icipa ing in he
indi idualised i ine a y designed o in eg a ion.
The links and communica ions be ween he di e se ins i u ions o he new ne wo k and
he cen al go e nmen a e es ablished no in a pe sonal way h ough o mal mee ings in
an execu i e commission as ini ially ca ied ou bu ins ead h ough compu e
p ocedu es. The ins i u ions o he NAS use hese p ocedu es o egis e all he ac i i ies
e ugees ca y ou du ing he indi idual in eg a ion i ine a y. In his way, he cen al
go e nmen can also asce ain he speci ic si ua ion o all e ugees in he asylum
p og amme and can assign he e ugees o ac i i ies o ganised in a ious NPVOs
whene e necessa y so ha he indi idualised i ine a y is success ully comple ed.
Ne e heless, due o he good ela ions es ablished be ween he ins i u ions which
belonged o he ini ial A iadna Ne wo k, in o mal con ac con inues be ween hei
p ominen ep esen a i es h ough which in o ma ion is sha ed, and help can be
p o ided when necessa y.
In his ega d, al hough he a ge popula ion o his s udy is composed o he
di e se numbe o en i ies which pa icipa e in he Na ional Asylum Sys em, his
esea ch akes explici ly he ou ins i u ions included in he old A iadna Ne wo k as i s
sample o s udy since hese ins i u ions possess mo e expe ience and cons i u e he
leade s in he in eg a ion o e ugees.
These ou en i ies a e, on he one hand, a public ins i u ion named CAR
(Spanish ac onym o Cen o de Acogida de Re ugiados o Re ugee Recep ion Cen e)
and, on he o he hand, h ee p i a e non-p o i and olun a y o ganisa ions (NPVOs)

22
ca alogued by he Spanish law as being o ‘public in e es ' and subsidised by he
MEYSS (cen al go e nmen ). The h ee NVPOs a e CEAR (Spanish ac onym o
Comisión Española de Ayuda al Re ugiado), The Spanish Red C oss, and ACCEM
(Spanish ac onym o Asociación Comisión Ca ólica Española de Mig aciones).
The Re ugee Recep ion Cen e (CAR) helps e ugees exclusi ely du ing he
ecep ion phase o he indi idualised i ine a y o in eg a ion (6 mon hs) (MEYSS 2016).
Re ugees lodged in i s cen es mus subsequen ly be assigned o one o he NPVOs a
he end o he six mon hs as pa o he in eg a ion p og amme. Howe e , NPVOs assis
he e ugees and asylum seeke s in he ecep ion phase, complemen ing he wo k ca ied
ou by he CAR in his espec and he o he wo phases o he i ine a y (in eg a ion and
au onomy). Mo eo e , he h ee NPVOs a e he en i ies which p o ide he i s con ac
wi h he e ugees when hey a i e in Spain since hey cons i u e he o ganisa ions
au ho ised by he MEYSS o he p elimina y assessmen and e e al ( he p e-phase)
be o e beginning he h ee phases o he i ine a y.
The main cha ac e is ics o he ou ins i u ions s udied a e p esen ed in Table 3.
Speci ically, one o he mos c i ical aspec s o he h ee NPVOs is ha public unds
p incipally inance hem. This means ha hese p i a e en i ies a e highly dependen on
go e nmen policies and need mo e sel - inance, which implies a signi ican weakness
in pe iods o economic down u n. Go e nance also p o ides an in e es ing poin . In he
case o he h ee NPVOs, he decision-making is democ a ic h ough he Gene al
Assembly.
Me hod
A quali a i e esea ch me hod was applied. Resea che s ha e suppo ed quali a i e
me hods since hey ocus on unde s anding he easons and subjec i e aspec s o he
eali y unde s udy (Pe en and Ram 2004). Speci ically, da a has been collec ed om
23
he ou ins i u ions o he sample h ough iangula ion, ha is, h ough mul iple and
di e se sou ces o in o ma ion (Ca e e al. 2014; Jen o and Olsen 2019). In his
ega d, da a was collec ed, i s ly, om he websi es o he o ganisa ions, secondly,
om documen s published by hese o ganisa ions, and las ly, om pe sonal in e iews
wi h he manage s in cha ge o he ou ins i u ions analysed. This la e sou ce was
necessa y due o he limi ed in o ma ion a ailable ega ding hei inno a i e ini ia i es
in he o he wo sou ces. The in o ma ion collec ed was analysed h ough a hema ic
analysis me hod o iden i y, in es iga e and epo pa e ns wi hin quali a i e da a
(B aun and Cla ke 2006; Vaismo adi, Tu unen, and Bondas 2013). All hese p ocesses
ook place in 2019, and we ecei ed e hical app o al om all o ganisa ions o
pa icipa ing in he esea ch and ea ing all he in o ma ion p o ided.
The in e iews wi h he manage s ollowed a semi-s uc u ed me hod, wi h
open-ended ques ions, no p e-p epa ed answe ca ego ies, and gi ing place o
spon aneous ques ions along he con e sa ion o ge he in o ma ion equi ed o ou
esea ch. Since he objec i e o his su ey in ol ed asce aining he inno a i e
ac i i ies in he socio-labou in eg a ion o e ugees, he ques ions we e designed
ollowing he p e iously de eloped li e a u e e iew. Speci ically, he ques ions
conside ed he i e a eas o in eg a ion acco ding o Age and S and (2008) and
UNHCR (2013), ha is, housing, educa ion, employmen , heal h, and social inclusion
and, in addi ion, conside ed he ypes o social inno a ions as laid ou by Moulae e al.
(2017), ha is, p oduc and p ocess-based social inno a ions o co e social needs, o
imp o e social ela ionships, and o c ea e social change. The answe s ob ained
p o ided no only an ou line o he p o ile o he en i ies and an insigh in o wha hese
en i ies do in hei egula ac i i ies bu also wha speci ic social inno a ions hey we e
in oducing.
24
Rega ding how he ou in e iews we e ca ied ou , he i s s ep in ol ed
con ac ing he manage s in cha ge o he local headqua e s o he ou ins i u ions
es ablished in he Spanish ci y o Se ille and se ing an appoin men in each ins i u ion
a a speci ic da e. The eason o choosing he headqua e s o Se ille is highly ele an
o he objec i es o his esea ch. Se ille is he la ges ci y in Sou he n Spain and one o
he ou Spanish ci ies wi h a local o ice o he CAR ( he public ins i u ion) and local
o ices o he h ee NPVOs o he sample. The ac ha Se ille has local o ices o he
ou ins i u ions analysed o e ed he possibili y o s udy how collabo a ion be ween he
public ins i u ion (CAR) and he h ee NPVOs ook place because he ou ins i u ions
wo k oge he wi h he e ugees who a i e in he ci y.
Subsequen ly, due o he semi-s uc u ed na u e o he in e iew, he pe son
in e iewed was encou aged o speak eely o ga he he maximum in o ma ion om
he o ganisa ion on hei in eg a ion measu es and s a egy. The e o e, he mee ing wen
beyond he ini ial ques ions' limi s, making i possible o each a deepe unde s anding
o hei ac i i ies ega ding he socio-labou in eg a ion o e ugees and he social
inno a ions implemen ed.
Resul s
Acco ding o he in o ma ion ob ained h ough he a ious sou ces, only hose ac ions
ha b ough new elemen s o sol e he social p oblem o e ugees we e conside ed
social inno a ions, he eby dispensing wi h hose ac ions ha o med he egula
ac i i y o he o ganisa ions analysed. Ne e heless, be o e going in-dep h wi h hese
social inno a ions, i should be highligh ed ha all manage s in e iewed ag eed ha he
A iadna Ne wo k was a majo social inno a ion. I was c ea ed in 2008 h ough an
ag eemen be ween he Spanish go e nmen ( ia he MEYSS), he CARs, and he h ee
NPVOs, and i s speci ic objec i e was o p omo e he socio-labou in eg a ion o
25
e ugees and asylum seeke s. The ne wo k had an execu i e commission chai ed by a
ep esen a i e o he MEYSS, in which he main decisions we e adop ed in coope a ion
wi h he o ganisa ions. In his way, a new go e nance p ocess was c ea ed based on he
collabo a ion o he di e en ins i u ions, which can be iden i ied as a p ocess-based
social inno a ion. In he wo ds o he own ac o s, “ his new sys em le s communica ing
e y easily wi h he o he pa icipan s and exchange in o ma ion e y apidly”
(ACCEM manage ), as well as “making decisions mo e adap ed o he pa icula
ci cums ances o he momen and mo e apidly” ( e e ing, o example, o he cases o
he a i al o e ugees’ applican s in mass in a conc e e ime) (Red C oss manage ).
Fu he mo e, as a esul o his new kind o go e nance, a co-p oduc ion p ocess occu s
since, as explained below, o he local ac o s pa icipa e in he ac ions de eloped, such as
ci izens, p i a e i ms, and e en e ugees and asylum seeke s.
We now highligh and explain he social inno a ions (SI) iden i ied, and di e en ia e
be ween p ocess-based inno a ions, p oduc -based inno a ions, and inno a ions o bo h
simul aneously, and also indica e he objec i es hey pu sue, ha is, o mee a social
need, o imp o e social ela ionships, and o ans o m socie y’s a i udes and alues
(Table 4).
A) Social inno a ions in p ocesses
The i s social inno a ion iden i ied is he acc edi a ion o he h ee NPVOs as he
o icial media o s in he labou ma ke by he public sec o . This acili a es ma ching
labou demand (local i ms) wi h labou supplie s ( e ugees and asylum seeke s) while
he socio-labou in eg a ion o e ugees and o he mig an s is me . This ini ia i e can be
conside ed an SI because “i cons i u es a new way o in eg a e e ugees in o a
p e iously inexis en labou ma ke ” (Red C oss manage ). In his con ex , he ole o
32
By applying a quali a i e me hod based on a iangula ion p ocess, we ha e s udied ou
ins i u ions o he Spanish Na ional Asylum Sys em ( h ee p i a e o ganisa ions
(NPVOs) and one public). The esul s enable he ollowing conclusions o be ex ac ed.
Fi s , leade ship in c ea ing social inno a ions lies in p i a e o ganisa ions (NPVOs)
mo e han in he public sec o . This seems logical since hese o ganisa ions a e in di ec
con ac wi h he e ugees and asylum seeke s h oughou he whole in eg a ion p ocess
and a e consequen ly mo e awa e o hei needs. Howe e , despi e designing he legal
and o icial in eg a ion p ocess, he public sec o only pa icipa es di ec ly in he i s
phase o he in eg a ion p ocess ( ecep ion), which is why hei di ec p esence is mo e
limi ed compa ed o p i a e o ganisa ions. This conclusion is in line wi h o he s udies
ha demons a e ha he public sec o plays a seconda y ole in e ugee in eg a ion
(Baga os and Kou achanis 2022; Gale a e al. 2018). The e o e, he public sec o is no
expec ed o play a mo e signi ican ole in c ea ing SI o e ugee in eg a ion.
Second, p ocess-based social inno a ions p oli e a e mo e han p oduc -based social
inno a ions in he socio-labou in eg a ion o e ugees. This also seems o be logical
since hese inno a ions espond o he new eme ging go e nance o speci ic social
needs (such as access o employmen and housing), whe eby his go e nance is based
on he collabo a ion o NPVOs, he S a e, and o he local ac o s, such as he collec i es
a ec ed, ci il socie y, and local i ms and hei en ep eneu s. Consequen ly, new co-
p oduc ion p ocesses ake place, which p omo e new ways o co e ing e ugees’ needs.
This conclusion suppo s p e ious s udies highligh ing he impo ance o his kind o
go e nance and hese co-c ea ion p ocesses in c ea ing social inno a ions (Campomo i
and Casula 2022; McMullin 2021; Pes o 2012).

33
While bea ing conclusions one and wo in mind, we can ake as a hi d conclusion ha
social inno a ions in Spain o e ugee in eg a ion a e de eloped unde a bo om-up
app oach. In his espec , he ini ia i es a e p omo ed and p oduced by local ac o s o a
di e en na u e (NPVOs, i ms, e ugees). This conclusion suppo s indings om o he
Eu opean case s udies on ends in social inno a ions in e ugee in eg a ion, whe e mos
SI a e de eloped unde he collabo a ion scheme be ween di e en ac o s (Edwa ds-
Schach e e al. 2012; Humph is 2014). The e o e, his kind o SI is de eloped by
ollowing wha is called a “communi y-building” app oach (Pa uzzi e al. 2019).
Fou , he inal aim o social inno a ion in he e ugee sec o in Spain is mainly
imp o ing social ela ionships, such as ini ia i es ocused on employe s and amous
people, which shows, as s a ed in o he s udies, ha he a i udes and eelings o he hos
socie y a e he key o he success o in eg a ion ini ia i es (Callens and Meuleman 2017;
Fe is 2020; P zy uła and Ma usz 2021). In his way, social inno a ions wi h his
objec i e will y o change he social sys em and alues in he long e m, ha is, hese
social inno a ions will ul ima ely ha e a ans o ma ionalis pu pose (Anheie e al.
2014).
Fi e, he ma ke -o ien ed app oach plays a c ucial ole in social inno a ions o he
socio-labou in eg a ion o e ugees. In his espec , he c ea ion o social en e p ises by
NPVOs s ands ou . These en e p ises s i e o in eg a e e ugees and mig an s h ough
aining and gi e hem employmen di ec ly o o e come he obs acles p esen ed by he
sys em. These social en e p ises aim o be inancially iable and sus ainable o no
dependen on public esou ces. This need o be sus ainable and au onomous in e ugee
ini ia i es is also p esen in o he cases analysed, such as ha in Ashley Communi y
Housing in he Uni ed Kingdom, which, aced wi h he economic cu s om he
34
go e nmen , ound al e na i e unding h ough he Islamic sys em called “Sha ia”
(Pa uzzi e al. 2019).
Finally, and ela ed o he p e ious idea, mos social inno a ions analysed in his
esea ch o e ugees’ in eg a ion exis in o he highe -income Eu opean coun ies.
Thus, o ins ance, expe iences linked o “Awa eness by Fi ms” and “Famous People
Pa icipa ion” coincides wi h simila cases expe ienced, such as hose de eloped by he
Swedish p ojec en i led En y Hub o he de ec ion o ba ie s o inclusion and which
in ol ed employe s, e ugees, and local o icials, and he Ge man expe ience called
Ki chen in Run, which in ol es locals and e ugees in dinne e en s o cooking and
socialising (Pa uzzi e al. 2019). These coincidences should no be iewed as a nega i e
cha ac e is ic o he social inno a ions analysed. Ins ead, hey could be conside ed
posi i ely since hey eplica e “ adical social inno a ions” c ea ed in o he highe -
income coun ies (Shockley and F ank 2011). The e o e, hese ini ia i es could be
called “social inno a ion by imi a ion”.
The analysed case o Spain con ibu es o he li e a u e by inc easing he knowledge o
social inno a ion in he ield o e ugee socio-labou in eg a ion. Mo e speci ically, he
in e es o his esea ch comes om being cen ed on a coun y wi h a lowe income
which has become a des iny o e ugees mo e ecen ly han o he adi ional hos
coun ies. Al hough some s udies ha e analysed he case o Spain in he de elopmen
and di usion o social inno a ions (De Wi e al. 2019; Rey-Ga cia e al. 2018), hey
ha e ye o ocus on he speci ic ield o socio-labou in eg a ion o e ugees. This
esea ch co e s his gap by paying a en ion o he go e nance ha is aking place o
espond o he needs o e ugees, wha i is also essen ial o unde s and how new
go e nance pa e ns eme ge o espond o social challenges. In his sense, his pape
shows how local ac o s o ganise hemsel es o espond o hese challenges h ough a
35
p ocess o co-p oduc ion ha eme ges om bo om-up ini ia i es, despi e ha ing a lack
o expe ience as a consequence o being a new hos coun y.
All hese conclusions lead o di e en p ac ical implica ions. On he one hand, he ole
o he S a e could be ein o ced in c ea ing social inno a ions h ough hei public
policies. Al hough i coope a es and is a c ucial elemen in he de elopmen o he
asylum sys em, i s ole could be mo e ac i e in pa icipa ing and p oposing new
ini ia i es (Shockley and F ank 2011). Thus, he S a e could p omo e he eplica ion o
ini ia i es al eady c ea ed by he p i a e sec o in o he places, such as he c ea ion o
social en e p ises o he inclusion on he public TV channel o a space o public
awa eness. On he o he hand, al hough he social inno a ions iden i ied a e p ima ily
implemen ed in o he adi ional des ina ions o e ugees, he ela ionships o he
Spanish ins i u ions analysed he ein wi h o he ins i u ions beyond i s on ie s could be
s eng hened o be upda ed abou he ini ia i es unde de elopmen in o he places. In
his con ex o o eign ini ia i es o e ugee in eg a ion, he expe iences conce ning
en ep eneu ship a e wo hy o men ion. Fo ins ance, an ini ia i e implemen ed in
Sydney encou ages e ugees o c ea e hei businesses (Collins 2017). These ypes o
ini ia i es could be eplica ed in new hos coun ies such as Spain.
And las ly, his esea ch is no exemp om limi a ions. Thus, he i s limi a ion is he
numbe o in e iews we ha e de eloped. Al hough he numbe o ac o s in ol ed in
he p ocess is high, i was necessa y o selec c i e ia o manage all he ac o s
pa icipa ing in he Na ional Asylum Sys em, which inally esul ed in he leading ou
o ganisa ions ha we e membe s o he old A iadna Ne wo k. In addi ion, he
in e iews we e de eloped in he same ci y. Al hough he au ho s ied o make he
in e iewed pe son answe acco ding o a na ional pe spec i e, he end was o loca e
hei answe s in hei e i o y. Thus, o ha e a mo e ai h ul app oach o social
36
inno a ion in his ield a a na ional le el, i should be in e es ing in u u e esea ch o
conside a highe numbe o o ganisa ions loca ed beyond he geog aphical bo de s he e
conside ed.
Mo eo e , due o he dynamism he wo ld is expe iencing ha makes he ci cums ances
change d as ically in a e y sho ime, i may happen ha some ini ia i es s a ed may
no be con inued in he u u e because, o ins ance, sudden go e nmen cu s ela ed o a
con ex o economic c isis could a ec he ac i i ies o he ins i u ions. In his espec ,
o emain up- o-da e ega ding social inno a ions and hei de ec ed impac , he s udy
can be epea ed in u he esea ch o ind ou how he ini ia i es ha e e ol ed and also
o asce ain whe he hey ha e been success ul owa ds he socio-labou in eg a ion o
e ugees in Spain, in addi ion o he de ec ion o new measu es ha may ha e eme ged.
Decla a ions
Con lic o in e es : The au ho s decla ed no po en ial con lic s o in e es conce ning
he esea ch, au ho ship, and/o publica ion o his a icle.
Funding: The au ho s ecei ed no inancial suppo o he esea ch, au ho ship, and/o
publica ion o his a icle
Re e ences
ACCEM. 2018a. DIVEM, Emp esas que suman. Asociación Comisión Ca ólica Española
de Mig aciones. h ps://di em.accem.es/
ACCEM. 2018b. Memo ia de ac i idades 2017. Asociación Comisión Ca ólica Española
de Mig aciones.
ACCEM websi e. 2023. h ps://www.accem.es/
Acco in i, M. and Wislocki, A. S. 2016. “Housing o Asylum Seeke s and Re ugees in
Rome: Non-p o i and public sec o coope a ion in he ecep ion sys em”. IRPPS
Wo king Pape , No. 86/2016.
37
Age A. and S ang A. 2008. “Unde s anding In eg a ion: A Concep ual F amewo k”.
Jou nal o Re ugee S udies, 21 (2), 166-191. h ps://doi.o g/10.1093/j s/ en016
Anheie , H. K., K le , G., P euss, S., Mildenbe ge , G., Bekke s, R., Mensink, W., Baue ,
A., Knapp, M., Wis ow, G., He nandez, A. and Adelaja, B. 2014. “Social
Inno a ion as Impac o he Thi d Sec o ”. Deli e able o he p ojec : “Impac o
he Thi d Sec o as Social Inno a ion” (ITSSOIN), Eu opean Commission - 7 h
F amewo k P og amme. B ussels.
A elino, F., Wi maye , B., Pel, P., Wea e , A., Dumi u, A., Haxel ine, R., Kemp, M.S.,
Jø gensen, T. Baule , S. Ruijsink and T. O'Rio dan. 2019. “T ans o ma i e social
inno a ion and (Dis)empowe men ”. Technological Fo ecas ing and Social
Change, 145, 195–206. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. ech o e.2017.05.002
Bache , J., Fio ioli, E., Moosb ugge , R., Nnebedum, C., P andne , D. and Sho aka , N.
2019. “In eg a ion o e ugees a uni e si ies: Aus ia’s mo e ini ia i e”. Highe
Educa ion, 1-18. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10734-019-00449-6
Baga os, C. and Kou achanis, N. 2022. “Ci il socie y o ganiza ions and labou ma ke
in eg a ion o e ugees and asylum seeke s in G eece”. VOLUNTAS:
In e na ional Jou nal o Volun a y and Nonp o i O ganiza ions, 33, 886–896.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s11266-021-00333-x
Bassoli, M. and Campomo i, F. 2022. “A policy-o ien ed app oach o co-p oduc ion. The
case o homes ay accommoda ion o e ugees and asylum seeke s”. Public
Managemen Re iew, 1-23. h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/14719037.2022.2121978
Bijl, R. and Ve weij, A. (Eds.). 2012. Measu ing and Moni o ing Immig an In eg a ion
in Eu ope: In eg a ion policies and moni o ing e o s in 17 Eu opean coun ies.
The Hague: The Ne he lands Ins i u e o Social Resea ch.
B aun, V. and Cla ke, V. 2006. “Using hema ic analysis in psychology”. Quali a i e
esea ch in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Callens, M. S. and Meuleman, B. 2017. “Do in eg a ion policies ela e o economic and
cul u al h ea pe cep ions? A compa a i e s udy in Eu ope”. In e na ional
Jou nal o Compa a i e Sociology 58, 367–91.

38
Calò, F., Mon gome y, T. and Baglioni, S. 2022. “Ma ginal playe s? The hi d sec o and
employabili y se ices o mig an s, e ugees and asylum seeke s in he UK”.
VOLUNTAS: In e na ional Jou nal o Volun a y and Nonp o i O ganiza ions,
33(5), 872-885. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s11266-020-00306-6
Campion, E. D. 2018. “The ca ee adap i e e ugee: Explo ing he s uc u al and pe sonal
ba ie s o e ugee ese lemen ”. Jou nal o Voca ional Beha io , 105, 6-16.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.j b.2017.10.008
Campomo i, F. and Amb osini, M. 2020. “Mul ile el go e nance in ouble: he
implemen a ion o asylum seeke s’ ecep ion in I aly as a ba leg ound”.
Compa a i e Mig a ion S udies, 8(1), 1-19. h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s40878-020-
00178-1
Campomo i, F. and Casula, M. 2022. “How o ame he go e nance dimension o social
inno a ion: heo e ical conside a ions and empi ical e idence”. Inno a ion: The
Eu opean Jou nal o Social Science Resea ch, 1-19.cDOI:
10.1080/13511610.2022.2036952
Ca e , N., B yan -Lukosius, D., DiCenso, A., Bly he, J. and Ne ille, A. J. 2014. “The
use o iangula ion in quali a i e esea ch”. Oncology Nu sing Fo um, 41(5),
545–547.
CEAR. 2018. Memo ia anual CEAR 2017. Comisión Española de Ayuda al Re ugiado.
h ps://www.cea .es/wp-con en /uploads/2018/07/Memo ia_CEAR_2017.pd
CEAR websi e. 2023. h ps://www.cea .es/
Cha es, R. and Monzón, J. L. 2018. “La economía social an e los pa adigmas económicos
eme gen es: inno ación social, economía colabo a i a, economía ci cula ,
esponsabilidad social emp esa ial, economía del bien común, emp esa social y
economía solida ia”. CIRIEC-España, e is a de economía pública, social y
coope a i a, 93, 5-50. h ps://doi.o g/0.7203/CIRIEC-E.93.12901
Che i, M. and McNeil, C. 2012. Re hinking In eg a ion IPPR.
h ps://www.ipp .o g/ iles/images/media/ iles/publica ion/2012/10/ e hinking-
in eg a ion_Oc 2012_9761.pd
39
Collins, J. 2017. F om e ugee o en ep eneu in Sydney in less han h ee yea s. Final
E alua ion Repo on he SSI IGNITE, Small Business S a -ups P og am, UTS
Business School, Sydney.
De Wi , A., Mensink, W., Eina sson, T. and Bekke s, R. 2019. “Beyond Se ice
P oduc ion: Volun ee ing o Social Inno a ion”. Nonp o and Volun a y Sec o
Qua e ly, 48(2), 52S-71S. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/0899764017734651
Edwa ds‐Schach e , M. E., Ma i, C. E. and Alcán a a, E. 2012. “Fos e ing quali y o li e
h ough social inno a ion: A li ing lab me hodology s udy case”. Re iew o policy
esea ch, 29(6), 672-692. h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2012.00588.x
Eu opean Commission. 2013. Guide o social inno a ion. Luxembou g: O ice o
O icial Publica ions o he Eu opean Communi ies.
Eu opean Fo um o Technological and Voca ional Educa ion and T aining. 2016. Social
inno a ion o e ugee inclusion: main aining momen um and c ea ing las ing
change. h ps://www.e e .o g/2017/11/21/social-inno a ion- o - e ugee-
inclusion/
Eu os a . 2019. Asylum and Managed Mig a ion Da abase.
h ps://ec.eu opa.eu/eu os a /web/mig a ion-asylum/asylum/da abase
Eu os a . 2020. Mig an in eg a ion s a is ics. 2020 edi ion.
h ps://ec.eu opa.eu/eu os a /documen s/3217494/12278353/KS-06-20-184-EN-
N.pd /337ecde0-665e-7162-ee96-be56b6e1186e? =1611320765858
Fasani, T., F a ini, L. and Minale, F. 2022. “Re ugee in eg a ion in o he labou ma ke :
e idence om Eu ope”. Jou nal o Economic Geog aphy, 22(2), 351–393.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1093/jeg/lbab011
Fe is, E. 2020. “Making sense o public policy on e ugee in eg a ion”. The Annals o
he Ame ican Academy o Poli ical and Social Science, 690(1), 200-224.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/0002716220941577.
Gale a, G., Gianne o, L. and Noya, A. 2018. “The Role o Non-s a e Ac o s in he
In eg a ion o Re ugees and Asylum Seeke s”. LEED Wo king Pape Se ies,
a ailable a h ps://doi.o g/10.1787/20794797.
40
G abbe, C., Obuch, K. and Zimme , A. 2018. “Social inno a ion in niches”. In Social
En ep eneu ship and Social Inno a ion (pp. 145-163). London; Rou ledge.
Haxel ine, A., A elino, F., Pel, B., Dumi u, A., Kemp, R., Longhu s , N., Chil e s, J.
and Wi maye , J. M. 2016. “A amewo k o ans o ma i e social
inno a ion”. TRANSIT Wo king Pape # 5. TRANSIT: EU SSH.2013.3.2-1 G an
Ag eemen No: 613169.
Humph is, R. 2014. In eg a ion P ac ice: Ini ia i es and Inno a ions by Ins i u ions and
Ci il Socie y. KING P ojec – Applied Social S udies Uni Desk Resea ch Pape
n. 15. Hg. . ISMU Founda ion. h p://www.king.ismu.o g
In e eg Cen al Eu ope. 2022. SI o REF (In eg a ing Re ugees in Socie y and he Labou
Ma ke Th ough Social Inno a ion). h ps://socialin e eg.eu/p ojec s/si o e /
Jen o , N. and Olsen, T. S. 2019. “Agains he low in da a collec ion: How da a
iangula ion combined wi h a ‘slow’ in e iew echnique en iches da a”.
Quali a i e Social Wo k, 18(2), 179–193.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/1473325017712581
Kou achanis, N. 2019. “F om camps o social in eg a ion? Social housing in e en ions
o asylum seeke s in G eece”. In e na ional Jou nal o Sociology and Social
Policy, 39 (3/4), 221–234. DOI 10.1108/IJSSP-08-2018-0130.
Lembe , V., Pe e sen, O. H., Sche e , W. and Åg en, R. 2019. “Unde s anding he
ela ionship be ween in as uc u e public‒p i a e pa ne ships and inno a ion”.
Annals o Public and Coope a i e Economics, 90(2), 371-391.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/apce.12232
Lich ens ein, G. and Puma, J. E. 2019. “The Re ugee In eg a ion Su ey and E alua ion
(RISE): Resul s om a Fou -Yea Longi udinal S udy”. Jou nal o Re ugee
S udies, 32(3), 397-416. h ps://doi.o g/10.1093/j s/ ey034
LikeHome. 2018. P ojec Co- unded by E asmus Plus P og amme. Eu opean Union.
Assessing and ecognising he p io lea ning o mig an s. B idging he gap and
pa ing he oad o educa ional and social in eg a ion
h ps://likehomep ojec .com/bene icia ies
41
McMullin, C. 2021. “Challenging he necessi y o New Public Go e nance: Co-
p oduc ion by hi d sec o o ganiza ions unde di e en models o public
managemen ”. Public Adminis a ion, 99, 5–22.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/padm.12672
MEYSS. 2016. Sis ema de acogida e in eg ación pa a solici an es y bene icia ios de
p o ección in e nacional: Manual de ges ión. Minis e io de Empleo y Segu idad
Social, Sec e a ía Gene al de Inmig ación y Emig ación.
h p://ex anje os.mi amiss.gob.es/es/Sub enciones/A eaIn eg acion/p o eccion
_in e nacional/manuales_comunes_ges ion/documen os/Manual_de_Ges ion_Sis
ema_acogida.pd
Mig a ion Policy G oup. 2020. Mig an In eg a ion Policy Index 2020.
h p://www.mipex.eu/play/
Moeenian, M.1, Khamseh, A. and Ghaza i, M. 2022. “Social inno a ion based on
collabo a ion be ween go e nmen and non‑go e nmen al o ganiza ions in
COVID‑19 c isis: e idence om I an”. In ec ious Diseases o Po e y, 11 (1), 1-
15. h ps://doi.o g/10.1186/s40249-021-00923-3
Moulae , F., MacCallum, D., Mehmood, D. and Hamdouch, A. (Di .) 2013. In e na ional
Handbook o Social Inno a ion: Collec i e Ac ion, Social Lea ning and
T ansdisciplina y Resea ch. Chel enham: Edwa d Elga Publishing.
Moulae , F. Ma inelli, E., Swyngedouw, and S. Gonzàles. 2005. “Towa ds Al e na i e
Model(s) o Local Inno a ion”. U ban S udies, 42 (11), 1969–1990.
Moulae , F., Mehmood, A., MacCallum, D. and Leubol , B. 2017. Social inno a ion as
a igge o ans o ma ions. Luxembou g: Publica ions O ice o he Eu opean
Union.
Mulgan, G. 2012. “The heo e ical ounda ions o social inno a ion”. In Social
inno a ion, 33-65. London: Palg a e Macmillan.
Nicholls, A., Simon, J. and Gab iel, M. 2015. “In oduc ion: Dimensions o social
inno a ion”. In A. Nicholls, J. Simon and M. Gab iel (Eds.), New on ie s in
social inno a ion esea ch, (pp.1-26). Basings oke: Palg a e Macmillan.