979-8-3503-4743-2/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE
Indus ial demand side lexibili y: he case o he
me allu gy sec o in Spain.
E ick And es Do ado Gala oi e
Elec ical Enginee ing
.
Uni e si y o Se ille
Se ille, Spain
edo [email protected]
0009-0004-8747-8142
Ángel A cos Va gas
Indus ial O ganiza ion and Business
Managemen I
Uni e si y o Se ille
Se ille, Spain
[email p o ec ed]
0000-0002-2250-2533
José Luis Ma ínez Ramos
Elec ical Enginee ing
.
Uni e si y o Se ille
Se ille, Spain
[email p o ec ed]
0000-0002-3946-9848
Abs ac —This pape analyzes he cu en si ua ion o he
inal elec ici y demand in Spain, wi h emphasis on la ge
consume s, and es ima es he me allu gy lexibili y po en ial,
whose load cu ailmen capaci y could be inco po a ed in he
adjus men se ices ma ke s o imp o e he physical ope a ion
o he elec ici y g id. To es ima e he me allu gy load
cu ailmen capaci y, we use public in o ma ion om a s udy
ca ied ou in F ance wi h he pa icipa ion o impo an
indus ial agen s, and ac ual da a om Spain abou he annual
ene gy balance, and he sec o al e olu ion o elec ici y demand
by la ge consume s, o he pe iod om Janua y 2010 o
Decembe 2021. The esul s show ha he inal elec ici y
demand by la ge consume s ep esen s 44.43% o he o al inal
elec ici y demand in Spain, and me allu gy has he la ges
weigh wi h an a e age annual demand o 21 632 GWh, and an
es ima ed a e age load cu ailmen capaci y o 1.66 GW, 1.61
GW and 1.39 GW o 30 minu es, 2 hou s and 8 hou s o
du a ion espec i ely. The inco po a ion o demand esponse in
elec ici y ma ke s allows mee ing he need o lexibili y o he
elec ici y g id, and o me allu gy ep esen s a di e si ica ion
o i s sou ces o income, which could become an impo an
business oppo uni y.
Keywo ds—elec ici y demand, lexibili y esou ces, load
cu ailmen capaci y, me allu gy.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Eu opean Union (EU) is shi ing i s adi ional powe
sys em owa ds a decen alized, digi ized and deca bonized
one, which equi es, new and in elligen solu ions o manage
he inc ease o in e mi en enewable gene a ion and main ain
he ope a ion and secu i y o he elec ici y sys em. To achie e
hese objec i es, demand side lexibili y (DSF), which is he
abili y o consume s o change hei demand pa e ns based on
ex e nal signals, is needed [1].
Some p e ious esea ch pape s quan i y he Eu opean
demand lexibili y po en ial. Gils [2] pe o ms a heo e ical
analysis including 30 di e en elec ici y consume s a ound
all demand sec o s, which can shi o cu ail hei loads by a
leas one hou and iden i ies a subs an ial demand esponse
po en ial in all demand sec o s a he Eu opean le el
(conside s 45 coun ies), ob aining a minimum load educ ion
o 61 GW and a minimum load inc ease o 68 GW, a ailable
o each hou o he yea .
Sma EN and DNV [1] quan i y he po en ial bene i o
DSF by 2030 among he 27 EU membe s. Based on he inpu s
and ou pu s o hei ma ke model, hey calcula e a o al o 164
GW o upwa d lexible powe and 130 GW o downwa d
lexible powe . Addi ionally, hey ha e calcula ed he amoun
o lexibili y ha can be ac i a ed in he wholesale ma ke ,
ob aining 397 TWh and 340 TWh o upwa d and downwa d
lexibili y espec i ely.
Unlike hese p e ious pape s, he F ench Agency o
Ecological T ansi ion (ADEME) [3] has de eloped a epo
ha es ima es he indus ial and comme cial demand esponse
po en ial o he F ench me opoli an a ea, bo h quali a i ely
and quan i a i ely. The mos ele an o his epo a e he case
s udies we e ca ied ou h ough speci ic in e iews o he
indus ial and comme cial agen s in ol ed (30 in e iews
conduc ed in o al).
The objec i es o his wo k a e mul iple: o analyze he
inal elec ici y demand beha io o he di e en Spanish
economic sec o s; o de elop an es ima e o he me allu gy
lexibili y po en ial; and o de e mine he amoun o ene gy
ha could be educed in he adjus men se ices ma ke s wi h
he inco po a ion o demand esponse by me allu gy sec o .
The documen is s uc u ed as ollows. Sec ion II p o ides
some ele an in o ma ion abou he cu en si ua ion o inal
elec ici y demand in Spain. Sec ion III desc ibes he da a and
me hodology o calcula e he elec ici y demand by la ge
consume s, and o es ima e he me allu gy lexibili y po en ial.
Sec ion IV p esen s he esul s achie ed. Finally, Sec ion V
o e s he main conclusions and u u e lines o esea ch.
II. SPANISH ELECTRICITY DEMAND. CURRENT SITUATION
Bo h da a, annual ene gy balance and sec o al e olu ion o
elec ici y demand by la ge consume s, ha e di e en
axonomies, so we will homogenize hem o make consis ency
wi h o he in e na ional epo s.
The annual ene gy balance p epa ed by he Minis y o
he Ecological T ansi ion and Demog aphic Challenge
(MITERD) is a s a is ical ope a ion ha aims o p o ide
eliable in o ma ion abou he ene gy si ua ion in Spain [4].
A e p ocessing MITERD da a om 2010 o 2021[5], i
is ob ained ha he a e age annual inal demand o elec ici y
is 234 143.9 GWh, o which p ima y sec o ep esen s 2.88%,
This wo k was suppo ed by PRE2021-097723, p ojec PID2020-
116433RB-I00, unde g an MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and
FSE+.
seconda y sec o ep esen s 31.19%, e ia y sec o ep esen s
34.82%, and esiden ial sec o ep esen s he emaining
31.11%. Me allu gy subsec o (including e ous and
non e ous me als), co esponding o seconda y (indus ial)
sec o , has he la ges weigh in he annual inal demand o
elec ici y, a e aging 22 156.5 GWh, which co esponds o
9.46% o he o al inal demand o elec ici y o he pe iod
analyzed.
In addi ion, acco ding o da a om he Spanish sys em
ope a o , Red Eléc ica España (REE), he ene gy gene a ed
a gene a ion side busba s om 2010 o 2021 was 263 875.2
GWh as annual a e age; he e o e, he e ha e been losses o
29 731.3 GWh in he elec ici y g id, equi alen o 11.27% o
he o al ene gy gene a ed.
Complemen ing he abo e in o ma ion, he sys em
ope a o REE pe iodically publishes he sec o al e olu ion o
elec ici y demand by la ge consume s, unde he name o
Elec ici y Ne wo k Index (IRE). The da a analyzed e e o
consume s wi h ype 1 and 2 measu emen s, which acco ding
o he uni ied egula ion o measu emen s poin s o he
elec ici y sys em [6] a e: ype 1 measu emen poin s
co espond o cos ume s whose con ac ed powe is equal o
o g ea e han 10 MW; ype 2 measu emen poin s co espond
o cos ume s whose con ac ed powe is equal o o g ea e
han 450 kW.
III. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
A. Elec ici y demand by la ge consume s
The IRE indica o shows he e olu ion o elec ici y
demand by medium and la ge consume s. The sys em ope a o
REE ecei es hese measu emen s om dis ibu ion sys em
ope a o s (DSO), bu hey a e no inal un il 10 mon hs ha e
elapsed [7]. To minimize he impac on he consolida ion o
in o ma ion, REE selec s a sample o consume s o each
sec o de ined wi h hei espec i e Na ional Classi ica ion o
Economic Ac i i ies (CNAE) code, in such a way as o ensu e
he ep esen a i eness o he sample compa ed o he o al
uni e se o de ini i e measu emen s [8].
The analysis de eloped uses he co ec ed da a o he IRE
indica o [9] om Janua y 2010 o Decembe 2021. These
da a ha e a mon hly esolu ion and a e exp essed as a
pe cen age, showing he a ia ion wi h espec o he esul s
o he base yea , which co esponds o 2010 as i is he i s
ull yea since REE has s able measu emen s. To de e mine
he beha io o he inal elec ici y demand by la ge
consume s, i is necessa y o know he g oupings used in he
IRE indica o [10]: he e a e 3 main sec o s (indus y, se ices
and o he ac i i ies), in u n, each sec o has di e en
subsec o s (e.g. consume goods, in e media e goods and
capi al goods o he indus ial sec o ), and inally, each
subsec o has di e en sub-subsec o s ha a e de ined wi h
hei CNAE code. Table I shows all he sec o s and subsec o s
o hese ac i i ies wi h hei espec i e pe cen age sha e in
elec ici y demand o 2010 (base yea o he IRE indica o ).
To ans o m he abo e pe cen ages o pa icipa ion in
e ms o ene gy, he inal me e ed demand o 2012 is used,
which was 101 777.0 GWh [8]. Acco ding o he in o ma ion
published in he IRE indica o , he yea 2012 had a o al
demand by la ge consume s equal o 99.01% wi h espec o
he base yea , he e o e, doing he in e se exe cise, he o al
ene gy consumed in 2010 is calcula ed, which would be equal
o 102 791.9 GWh. As a nex s ep, he pe cen age sha e o
each sec o , subsec o and sub-subsec o (de ailed in Table I)
is used o calcula e he ene gy consumed by each o hem in
2010. Subsequen ly, he mon hly pe cen age a ia ion o he
da abase un il Decembe 2021 is applied.
A e a p elimina y analysis, i is obse ed ha he sum o
he sub-subsec o s does no coincide wi h he o al o i s
co esponding subsec o , he sum o he subsec o s does no
coincide wi h he o al o i s co esponding sec o , and he sum
o he sec o s does no coincide wi h he o al elec ici y
consumed by la ge consume s.
To co ec his si ua ion, i s ly, he o al elec ici y
consumed by la ge consume s is ake as a alid and accu a e
measu e. As a nex s ep, he esul s o each sec o a e adjus ed
p opo ionally in such a way ha he sum equals he o al
demand by la ge consume s. Subsequen ly, he esul s o each
subsec o a e adjus ed p opo ionally in such a way ha he
sum equals he o al demand o each co ec ed sec o
espec i ely. Finally, he esul s o each sub-subsec o s a e
adjus ed p opo ionally in such a way ha he sum equals he
o al demand o each co ec ed subsec o espec i ely.
B. Me allu gy lexibili y po en ial es ima ion
In Table I, he indus ial sec o has he la ges sha e in he
inal elec ici y demand wi h 68.6%. In u n, he in e media e
goods subsec o has he la ges weigh wi hin he indus ial
sec o wi h 51.8%, and he me allu gy sub-subsec o accoun s
o almos hal o his subsec o , wi h a sha e o 23.71%
among all la ge consume s.
Me allu gy is he echnique o ob aining and p ocessing
me als om me allic mine als. In he case o Spain, his
economic ac i i y is classi ied as CNAE 24 and includes he
ollowing ac i i ies [11]: manu ac u e o basic i on, s eel and
e oalloy p oduc s; manu ac u e o ubes, pipes, hollow
sec ions and s eel accesso ies; manu ac u e o o he p oduc s
by p ima y ans o ma ion o s eel; p oduc ion o p ecious
me als and o he non e ous me als (aluminum, lead, zinc, in,
coppe ); smel ing o me als.
The s udy ca ied ou by ADEME [3] indica es ha
me allu gy is a highly concen a ed sec o in F ance, wi h i s
elec ici y demand being a ound 18 TWh (10.9 TWh o
e ous me als, and 7.2 TWh o non e ous me als) and an
app oxima e con ac ed powe o 3.5 GW o 2013.
Addi ionally, om he speci ic in e iews conduc ed wi h
each o he pa icipan s om he me allu gy sec o ( h ee
e ous me als companies, one aluminum company and one
zinc company), i was de e mined ha hei elec ici y demand
is e enly dis ibu ed among he mal, elec olysis and mo o
uses.
TABLE I.
PERCENTAGE SHARE OF FINAL ELECTRICITY DEMAND. 2010.
La ge consume s (%)
Indus ial sec o 68.6
Consume goods – CNAE 10/11/12/14/15/18/21/21/32 9.0
In e media e goods 51.8
Me allu gy – CNAE 24 23.71
Res – CNAE 13 16 17 19 20 22 23 28.09
Capi al goods – CNAE 25/26/27/28/29/30/33 7.8
Se ices sec o 23.3
O he ac i i ies 8.2
TOTAL 100
Sou ce: REE [10]
Table II summa izes he pa icipa ion sha e o hese
ac i i ies, bo h o he e ous and non e ous me als sec o s,
and Table III shows he a e age ins alled powe in each
demand ype and he es ima e load cu ailmen capaci y o 30
minu es, 2 hou s and 8 hou s espec i ely.
The model de eloped in his documen uses he
in o ma ion om ADEME s udy in he ollowing way: as a
i s s ep, he pa icipa ion sha e o elec ici y demand in
me allu gy ac i i ies a e applied o he elec ici y consumed
by e ous and non e ous me als indus ies in Spain; as a
second s ep, he a e age ins alled powe in each demand ype
is calcula ed based on he ope a ing hou s; and as a hi d s ep,
he pe cen ages o he es ima e load cu ailmen capaci y o
30 minu es, 2 hou s and 8 hou s p esen ed in Table III a e
applied o he a e age ins alled powe calcula ed in he
p e ious s ep o each demand ype.
TABLE II.
PARTICIPATION SHARE OF ELECTRICITY DEMAND IN METALLURGY
ACTIVITIES. FRANCE, 2013.
Me allu gy Fe ous
(%)
Non e ous
(%)
The mal 53.21 -
Elec olysis - 70.83
Mo o s 44.58 26.96
O he s (ai condi ioning, ligh ing) 2.21 2.21
TOTAL 100 100
Sou ce: ADEME [3]
TABLE III.
INSTALLED POWER AND PERCENTAGES OF THE ESTIMATE LOAD
CURTAILMENT CAPACITY IN EACH DEMAND TYPE. FRANCE, 2013.
Type Pi (GW) Cu ail
30’ (GW)
Cu ail
2h (GW)
Cu ail
8h (GW)
The mal 1.29 0.84 (65%) 0.84 (65%) 0.84 (65%)
Mo o s 1.45 0.32 (22%) 0.32 (22%) 0.29 (20%)
Elec olysis 0.64 0.22 (34%) 0.19 (30%) 0.04 (6%)
O he s 0.13 0.02 (15%) 0.01 (8%) 0.01 (8%)
TOTAL 3.50 1.40 1.36 1.18
Sou ce: ADEME [3]
IV. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
A. Elec ici y demand by la ge consume s
This subsec ion analyzes he esul s ob ained om he
inal elec ici y demand by la ge consume s in Spain. Fi s ly,
we eg oup he sub-subsec o s p esen ed in he IRE indica o
epo ( om he o he ac i i ies sec o , he ex ac i e and
cons uc ion sub-subsec o s a e ex ac ed and added o he
indus ial sec o ), o make a compa ison wi h MITERD da a.
Table IV shows he beha io o elec ici y demand by la ge
consume s in Spain, om 2010 o 2021. I is ob ained ha he
a e age annual inal elec ici y demand by la ge consume s is
104 039.45 GWh, o which he indus ial sec o ep esen s
69.57%, he se ices sec o ep esen s 23.96%, and he o he
ac i i ies sec o ep esen s he emaining 6.47%. The inal
elec ici y demand by la ge consume s ep esen s 44.43% o
he o al inal elec ici y demand in Spain.
Up o his poin , i can be obse ed ha he IRE indica o
g oups in he me allu gy sub-subsec o bo h he e ous and
non e ous me als indus ies; howe e , he MITERD da a
ha e hese wo ac i i ies sepa a ed, wi h he denomina ion o
“i on and s eel” and “non e ous me als” espec i ely. To
desc ibe he e olu ion o hese wo demand sub-subsec o s in
e ms o he o al demand alue eco ded in he IRE indica o ,
we applied a ac o o p opo ionally ela e i o he o al
demand ha appea in MITERD da a o each one. See Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Elec ici y demand. Fe ous and non e ous me als. Spain.
TABLE IV. ELECTRICITY DEMAND BEHAVIOR BY LARGE CONSUMERS IN SPAIN. 2010-2021.
La ge consume s (GWh) 2010 2010 o 2021 2021
Mean Min Max
Indus ial sec o 73 246.93 72 378.21 66 910.50 75 646.03 70 538.05
Me allu gy – CNAE 24 24 299.85 21 632.32 16 759.18 25 951.82 18 856.79
Chemical and pe ochemical – CNAE 19/20 9 715.84 10 999.74 9 715.84 12 166.38 9 717.69
Nonme allic mine als – CNAE 23 6 702.70 6 835.92 5 828.77 7 968.44 7 968.44
T anspo equipmen – CNAE 29 3 321.30 3 418.81 2 822.16 3 746.80 2 822.16
Machine y – CNAE 25/26/27/28/30/33 4 680.48 4 772.51 4 342.35 5 200.02 4 798.58
Ex ac i e indus ies – CNAE 05/06/07/08/09 1 743.97 2 015.91 1 743.97 2 186.36 2 168.32
Food, be e ages and obacco – CNAE 10/11/12 7 289.60 8 071.58 7 289.60 9 244.17 9 244.17
Pulp, pape and g aphic a s – CNAE 17/18 6 038.07 5 653.64 5 304.11 6 038.07 5 501.70
Wood and wood p oduc s – CNAE 16/31 1 415.05 1 423.99 1 231.90 1 687.82 1 687.82
Cons uc ion – CNAE 41/42/43 1 128.46 1 023.90 905.17 1 128.46 943.50
Tex ile and lea he p oduc s – CNAE 13/14/15 1 045.84 1 012.45 895.67 1 078.73 993.60
No elsewhe e speci ied – CNAE 21/22/32 5 865.78 5 517.44 5 042.07 5 887.72 5 835.28
Se ices sec o 24 005.30 24 931.44 23 186.50 26 049.79 24 791.87
O he ac i i ies – CNAE 01/02/03 35/36/37/38/39 5 539.68 6 729.80 5 539.68 7 601.85 7 420.43
To al elec ici y demand by la ge consume s 102 791.90 104 039.45 97 349.07 108 687.86 102 750.35
To al inal elec ici y demand in Spain 244 802.20 234 143.90 219 654.60 244 802.20 227 880.50
Pa icipa ion sha e by la ge consume s on o al demand (%) 41.99 44.43 44.32 44.40 45.09
-
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
12.000
14.000
16.000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Ene gy (GWh)
Fe ous me als Non e ous me als
B. Me allu gy lexibili y po en ial es ima ion
This subsec ion analyzes he esul s ob ained om he
me allu gy lexibili y po en ial es ima ion in Spain. An
a e age load cu ailmen capaci y o 1.66 GW, 1.61 GW and
1.39 GW ha e been calcula ed o 30 minu es, 2 hou s and 8
hou s o du a ion espec i ely, obse ing ha p ocesses
in ol ing he mal and mo o demands can main ain hei load
cu ailmen capaci y om 30 minu es o 8 hou s, howe e ,
elec olysis and ai condi ioning demands see his load
cu ailmen capaci y sligh ly educed a 2 hou s and
p ac ically null o 8 hou s. Fig. 2 shows he e olu ion o hese
a iables, wi h mon hly esolu ion, om Janua y 2010 o
Decembe 2021.
To e alua e he esul s ob ained, he ac i a ion delay o he
load cu ailmen capaci y in me allu gy demand, which is
usually one and a hal hou s, mus be conside ed [3].
The e o e, he pa icipa ion o hese lexibili y esou ces is
uled ou o he balancing ma ke s such as seconda y
egula ion, e ia y egula ion, and de ia ion managemen , and
o he eal- ime secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke ; being
mo e p opi ious i s ac i a ion in he daily secu i y echnical
cons ain s ma ke .
In Ope a ing P ocedu e 3.2 o Technical Cons ain s [12],
bid o e s o demand esponse uni s is no conside ed. Fig. 3
shows he upwa d ene gy acqui ed in phase I o he daily
secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke wi h mon hly esolu ion,
om Janua y 2015 o Decembe 2021 [13].
Fig. 2. Me allu gy load cu ailmen capaci y es ima ion. Spain. 2010-2021.
Fig. 3. Upwa d ene gy phase I o he daily secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke and a oid ene gy by me allu gy load cu ailmen capaci y. Spain. 2010-2021.
-
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
Powe (GW)
30min 2h 8h
-
150,0
300,0
450,0
600,0
750,0
900,0
1.050,0
1.200,0
1.350,0
1.500,0
Ene gy (GWh)
Upwa d ene gy 30min 2h 8h
This a iable is compa ed wi h he ene gy ha could ha e
been a oided wi h he applica ion o he me allu gy load
cu ailmen capaci y, o a du a ion o 30 minu es, 2 hou s and
8 hou s espec i ely. The applica ion o his load cu ailmen
capaci y is done once a day, due o he ime equi ed o i s
ac i a ion and o no s op he p oduc ion p ocess epea edly.
Acco ding o he public da a o he Sys em Ope a o
In o ma ion Sys em (ESIOS) [14], he cos s o upwa d
ene gy in phase I o he daily secu i y echnical cons ain s
ma ke , om 2015 o 2021, we e 872.69 M€ in annual
a e age, 553.90 M€ he minimum in 2019, and 1 056.02 M€
he maximum in 2021. The cos s o downwa d ene gy in
phase II o he daily secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke ,
om 2015 o 2021, we e 419.95 M€ in annual a e age, 271.86
M€ he minimum in 2015, and 617.37 M€ he maximum in
2021. Gi en ha he me allu gy load cu ailmen capaci y can
eplace he need o acqui e upwa d ene gy om he gene a ion
uni s in phase I and a oid he downwa d ene gy balance in
phase II, he cos s obse ed in his ma ke ep esen s an
in e es ing business oppo uni y.
V. CONCLUSIONS
The inal elec ici y demand by la ge consume s, om
Janua y 2010 o Decembe 2021, ep esen s 44.43% o he
o al inal elec ici y demand in Spain, si ua ion ha gi es
signals o encou age his demand sec o o he de elopmen
o lexibili y esou ces o imp o e he physical ope a ion o
he elec ici y g id.
Me allu gy has he la ges weigh in inal elec ici y
demand, a e aging 21 632 GWh/y, which co esponds o
20.79% o he o al demand by la ge consume s, om Janua y
2010 o Decembe 2021.
The calcula ion o me allu gy load cu ailmen capaci y is
based on he s udy ca ied ou in F ance wi h he pa icipa ion
o majo indus ial playe s and is ansposed o he Spanish
case using ac ual da a abou annual ene gy balance, and he
sec o al e olu ion o elec ici y demand in la ge Spanish
consume s.
The p e ious ime equi ed o he ac i a ion o he
me allu gy load cu ailmen capaci y is usually one and a hal
hou s, which would ule ou i s pa icipa ion o he balancing
ma ke s such as seconda y egula ion, e ia y egula ion, and
de ia ion managemen , and o he eal- ime secu i y echnical
cons ain s ma ke .
The abili y o cu ail demand by me allu gy is mo e
app op ia e o he daily secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke ,
eplacing he need o acqui e upwa d ene gy om gene a ion
uni s and, consequen ly, ob aining bene i s o he Spanish
elec ici y sys em by inc easing he numbe o pa icipan s in
his ma ke and p omo ing g ea e compe i ion.
The cos s o he solu ions in he daily secu i y echnical
cons ain s ma ke , o upwa d ene gy in phase I and
downwa d ene gy in phase II, we e 872.69 M€ and 419.95 M€
espec i ely, on annual a e age om 2015 o 2021; hese cos s
ep esen an impo an business oppo uni y o implemen
load cu ailmen capaci y by he me allu gy and an in e es ing
possibili y o di e si ica ion o i s sou ces o income.
Fo u u e esea ch, he gene a ion uni s ha pa icipa e he
mos in he daily secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke can be
iden i ied, o know hei geog aphic loca ion and de e mine
which companies in he Spanish me allu gical indus y ha e a
simila loca ion o be able o apply hei po en ial load
cu ailmen capaci y in his ma ke .
REFERENCES
[1] sma EN and DNV, “Demand side lexibili y in he EU -
Quan i ica ion o bene i s in 2030,” Sep. 2022.
[2] H. C. Gils, “Assessmen o he heo e ical demand esponse po en ial
in Eu ope,” Ene gy, ol. 67, pp. 1–18, Feb. 2014, doi:
10.1016/j.ene gy.2014.02.019.
[3] ADEME, “L’e acemen de consomma ion elec ique en F ance -
E alua ion du po en iel d’e acemen pa modula ion de p ocess dans
l’indus ie e le e iai e en F ance me opoli aine,” Ange s, Sep.
2017. [Online]. A ailable: www.ademe. /e acemen -
consomma ion-elec ique-
[4] MITERD, “In o me Me odológico Es anda izado - Balance
Ene gé ico Anual,” Minis e io pa a la T ansición Ecológica y el Re o
Demog á ico, No . 30, 2022.
h ps://ene gia.gob.es/balances/Balances/me odologia/In o me_Me
odologico_Balance_Ene ge ico-Anual.pd (accessed Feb. 03, 2023).
[5] MITERD, “Balance Ene gé ico de España 1990-2021,” Minis e io
pa a la T ansición Ecológica y el Re o Demog á ico, Jan. 30, 2023.
h ps://ene gia.gob.es/balances/Balances/balandeene ge icoanual/Ba
lance-Ene ge ico-Espana-1990_2021_es_V0.ods (accessed Jan. 30,
2023).
[6] Bole ín O icial del Es ado, BOE-A-2007-16478. España:
MINCOTUR, 2007.
[7] Red Eléc ica España, “¿Qué es el Índice Red Eléc ica?,” Feb. 06,
2023. h ps://www. ee.es/es/da os/demanda/i e-gene al (accessed
Feb. 06, 2023).
[8] Red Eléc ica España, “No a me odológica de publicación del índice
IRE de consumo eléc ico de g andes consumido es,” Feb. 2014.
[9] Red Eléc ica España, “E olución sec o ial de la demanda en g andes
consumido es. Fo ma o cs con da os co egidos,” No . 21, 2022.
h ps://www. ee.es/es/da os/demanda/i e-gene al (accessed No . 21,
2022).
[10] Red Eléc ica España, “E olución sec o ial de la demanda en g andes
consumido es. Fo ma o pd ,” Feb. 06, 2023.
h ps://www. ee.es/es/da os/demanda/i e-gene al (accessed Feb. 06,
2023).
[11] Agencia T ibu a ia Gobie no España, “Tabla CNAE,” Dec. 09, 2022.
h ps://www.agencia ibu a ia.es/s a ic_ iles/Sede/He amien as_Asi
s en es/Tabla_CNAE.xlsx (accessed Dec. 09, 2022).
[12] Bole ín O icial del Es ado, BOE-A-2015-13875. España: Minis e io
de Indus ia, Ene gía y Tu ismo, 2015. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2023.
[Online]. A ailable: h ps://www.boe.es
[13] Red Eléc ica España, “Sis ema de In o mación del Ope ado del
Sis ema,” Ene gía a subi es icciones écnicas de segu idad, Dec.
14, 2022. h ps://www.esios. ee.es/es/analisis/ (accessed Dec. 14,
2022).
[14] Red Eléc ica España, “Sis ema de In o mación del Ope ado del
Sis ema,” Cos es de las soluciones a las es icciones écnicas de
segu idad del dia io, Dec. 14, 2022.
h ps://www.esios. ee.es/es/analisis/ (accessed Dec. 14, 2022).