Industrial demand side flexibility: the case of the metallurgy sector in Spain

979-8-3503-4743-2/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE Indus ial demand side lexibili y: he case o he me allu gy sec o in Spain. E ick And es Do ado Gala oi e Elec ical Enginee ing . Uni e si y o Se ille Se ille, Spain edo [email protected] 0009-0004-8747-8142 Ángel A cos Va gas Indus ial O ganiza ion and Business Managemen I Uni e si y o Se ille Se ille, Spain [email p o ec ed] 0000-0002-2250-2533 José Luis Ma ínez Ramos Elec ical Enginee ing . Uni e si y o Se ille Se ille, Spain [email p o ec ed] 0000-0002-3946-9848 Abs ac —This pape analyzes he cu en si ua ion o he inal elec ici y demand in Spain, wi h emphasis on la ge consume s, and es ima es he me allu gy lexibili y po en ial, whose load cu ailmen capaci y could be inco po a ed in he adjus men se ices ma ke s o imp o e he physical ope a ion o he elec ici y g id. To es ima e he me allu gy load cu ailmen capaci y, we use public in o ma ion om a s udy ca ied ou in F ance wi h he pa icipa ion o impo an indus ial agen s, and ac ual da a om Spain abou he annual ene gy balance, and he sec o al e olu ion o elec ici y demand by la ge consume s, o he pe iod om Janua y 2010 o Decembe 2021. The esul s show ha he inal elec ici y demand by la ge consume s ep esen s 44.43% o he o al inal elec ici y demand in Spain, and me allu gy has he la ges weigh wi h an a e age annual demand o 21 632 GWh, and an es ima ed a e age load cu ailmen capaci y o 1.66 GW, 1.61 GW and 1.39 GW o 30 minu es, 2 hou s and 8 hou s o du a ion espec i ely. The inco po a ion o demand esponse in elec ici y ma ke s allows mee ing he need o lexibili y o he elec ici y g id, and o me allu gy ep esen s a di e si ica ion o i s sou ces o income, which could become an impo an business oppo uni y. Keywo ds—elec ici y demand, lexibili y esou ces, load cu ailmen capaci y, me allu gy. I. INTRODUCTION The Eu opean Union (EU) is shi ing i s adi ional powe sys em owa ds a decen alized, digi ized and deca bonized one, which equi es, new and in elligen solu ions o manage he inc ease o in e mi en enewable gene a ion and main ain he ope a ion and secu i y o he elec ici y sys em. To achie e hese objec i es, demand side lexibili y (DSF), which is he abili y o consume s o change hei demand pa e ns based on ex e nal signals, is needed [1]. Some p e ious esea ch pape s quan i y he Eu opean demand lexibili y po en ial. Gils [2] pe o ms a heo e ical analysis including 30 di e en elec ici y consume s a ound all demand sec o s, which can shi o cu ail hei loads by a leas one hou and iden i ies a subs an ial demand esponse po en ial in all demand sec o s a he Eu opean le el (conside s 45 coun ies), ob aining a minimum load educ ion o 61 GW and a minimum load inc ease o 68 GW, a ailable o each hou o he yea . Sma EN and DNV [1] quan i y he po en ial bene i o DSF by 2030 among he 27 EU membe s. Based on he inpu s and ou pu s o hei ma ke model, hey calcula e a o al o 164 GW o upwa d lexible powe and 130 GW o downwa d lexible powe . Addi ionally, hey ha e calcula ed he amoun o lexibili y ha can be ac i a ed in he wholesale ma ke , ob aining 397 TWh and 340 TWh o upwa d and downwa d lexibili y espec i ely. Unlike hese p e ious pape s, he F ench Agency o Ecological T ansi ion (ADEME) [3] has de eloped a epo ha es ima es he indus ial and comme cial demand esponse po en ial o he F ench me opoli an a ea, bo h quali a i ely and quan i a i ely. The mos ele an o his epo a e he case s udies we e ca ied ou h ough speci ic in e iews o he indus ial and comme cial agen s in ol ed (30 in e iews conduc ed in o al). The objec i es o his wo k a e mul iple: o analyze he inal elec ici y demand beha io o he di e en Spanish economic sec o s; o de elop an es ima e o he me allu gy lexibili y po en ial; and o de e mine he amoun o ene gy ha could be educed in he adjus men se ices ma ke s wi h he inco po a ion o demand esponse by me allu gy sec o . The documen is s uc u ed as ollows. Sec ion II p o ides some ele an in o ma ion abou he cu en si ua ion o inal elec ici y demand in Spain. Sec ion III desc ibes he da a and me hodology o calcula e he elec ici y demand by la ge consume s, and o es ima e he me allu gy lexibili y po en ial. Sec ion IV p esen s he esul s achie ed. Finally, Sec ion V o e s he main conclusions and u u e lines o esea ch. II. SPANISH ELECTRICITY DEMAND. CURRENT SITUATION Bo h da a, annual ene gy balance and sec o al e olu ion o elec ici y demand by la ge consume s, ha e di e en axonomies, so we will homogenize hem o make consis ency wi h o he in e na ional epo s. The annual ene gy balance p epa ed by he Minis y o he Ecological T ansi ion and Demog aphic Challenge (MITERD) is a s a is ical ope a ion ha aims o p o ide eliable in o ma ion abou he ene gy si ua ion in Spain [4]. A e p ocessing MITERD da a om 2010 o 2021[5], i is ob ained ha he a e age annual inal demand o elec ici y is 234 143.9 GWh, o which p ima y sec o ep esen s 2.88%, This wo k was suppo ed by PRE2021-097723, p ojec PID2020- 116433RB-I00, unde g an MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FSE+. seconda y sec o ep esen s 31.19%, e ia y sec o ep esen s 34.82%, and esiden ial sec o ep esen s he emaining 31.11%. Me allu gy subsec o (including e ous and non e ous me als), co esponding o seconda y (indus ial) sec o , has he la ges weigh in he annual inal demand o elec ici y, a e aging 22 156.5 GWh, which co esponds o 9.46% o he o al inal demand o elec ici y o he pe iod analyzed. In addi ion, acco ding o da a om he Spanish sys em ope a o , Red Eléc ica España (REE), he ene gy gene a ed a gene a ion side busba s om 2010 o 2021 was 263 875.2 GWh as annual a e age; he e o e, he e ha e been losses o 29 731.3 GWh in he elec ici y g id, equi alen o 11.27% o he o al ene gy gene a ed. Complemen ing he abo e in o ma ion, he sys em ope a o REE pe iodically publishes he sec o al e olu ion o elec ici y demand by la ge consume s, unde he name o Elec ici y Ne wo k Index (IRE). The da a analyzed e e o consume s wi h ype 1 and 2 measu emen s, which acco ding o he uni ied egula ion o measu emen s poin s o he elec ici y sys em [6] a e: ype 1 measu emen poin s co espond o cos ume s whose con ac ed powe is equal o o g ea e han 10 MW; ype 2 measu emen poin s co espond o cos ume s whose con ac ed powe is equal o o g ea e han 450 kW. III. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY A. Elec ici y demand by la ge consume s The IRE indica o shows he e olu ion o elec ici y demand by medium and la ge consume s. The sys em ope a o REE ecei es hese measu emen s om dis ibu ion sys em ope a o s (DSO), bu hey a e no inal un il 10 mon hs ha e elapsed [7]. To minimize he impac on he consolida ion o in o ma ion, REE selec s a sample o consume s o each sec o de ined wi h hei espec i e Na ional Classi ica ion o Economic Ac i i ies (CNAE) code, in such a way as o ensu e he ep esen a i eness o he sample compa ed o he o al uni e se o de ini i e measu emen s [8]. The analysis de eloped uses he co ec ed da a o he IRE indica o [9] om Janua y 2010 o Decembe 2021. These da a ha e a mon hly esolu ion and a e exp essed as a pe cen age, showing he a ia ion wi h espec o he esul s o he base yea , which co esponds o 2010 as i is he i s ull yea since REE has s able measu emen s. To de e mine he beha io o he inal elec ici y demand by la ge consume s, i is necessa y o know he g oupings used in he IRE indica o [10]: he e a e 3 main sec o s (indus y, se ices and o he ac i i ies), in u n, each sec o has di e en subsec o s (e.g. consume goods, in e media e goods and capi al goods o he indus ial sec o ), and inally, each subsec o has di e en sub-subsec o s ha a e de ined wi h hei CNAE code. Table I shows all he sec o s and subsec o s o hese ac i i ies wi h hei espec i e pe cen age sha e in elec ici y demand o 2010 (base yea o he IRE indica o ). To ans o m he abo e pe cen ages o pa icipa ion in e ms o ene gy, he inal me e ed demand o 2012 is used, which was 101 777.0 GWh [8]. Acco ding o he in o ma ion published in he IRE indica o , he yea 2012 had a o al demand by la ge consume s equal o 99.01% wi h espec o he base yea , he e o e, doing he in e se exe cise, he o al ene gy consumed in 2010 is calcula ed, which would be equal o 102 791.9 GWh. As a nex s ep, he pe cen age sha e o each sec o , subsec o and sub-subsec o (de ailed in Table I) is used o calcula e he ene gy consumed by each o hem in 2010. Subsequen ly, he mon hly pe cen age a ia ion o he da abase un il Decembe 2021 is applied. A e a p elimina y analysis, i is obse ed ha he sum o he sub-subsec o s does no coincide wi h he o al o i s co esponding subsec o , he sum o he subsec o s does no coincide wi h he o al o i s co esponding sec o , and he sum o he sec o s does no coincide wi h he o al elec ici y consumed by la ge consume s. To co ec his si ua ion, i s ly, he o al elec ici y consumed by la ge consume s is ake as a alid and accu a e measu e. As a nex s ep, he esul s o each sec o a e adjus ed p opo ionally in such a way ha he sum equals he o al demand by la ge consume s. Subsequen ly, he esul s o each subsec o a e adjus ed p opo ionally in such a way ha he sum equals he o al demand o each co ec ed sec o espec i ely. Finally, he esul s o each sub-subsec o s a e adjus ed p opo ionally in such a way ha he sum equals he o al demand o each co ec ed subsec o espec i ely. B. Me allu gy lexibili y po en ial es ima ion In Table I, he indus ial sec o has he la ges sha e in he inal elec ici y demand wi h 68.6%. In u n, he in e media e goods subsec o has he la ges weigh wi hin he indus ial sec o wi h 51.8%, and he me allu gy sub-subsec o accoun s o almos hal o his subsec o , wi h a sha e o 23.71% among all la ge consume s. Me allu gy is he echnique o ob aining and p ocessing me als om me allic mine als. In he case o Spain, his economic ac i i y is classi ied as CNAE 24 and includes he ollowing ac i i ies [11]: manu ac u e o basic i on, s eel and e oalloy p oduc s; manu ac u e o ubes, pipes, hollow sec ions and s eel accesso ies; manu ac u e o o he p oduc s by p ima y ans o ma ion o s eel; p oduc ion o p ecious me als and o he non e ous me als (aluminum, lead, zinc, in, coppe ); smel ing o me als. The s udy ca ied ou by ADEME [3] indica es ha me allu gy is a highly concen a ed sec o in F ance, wi h i s elec ici y demand being a ound 18 TWh (10.9 TWh o e ous me als, and 7.2 TWh o non e ous me als) and an app oxima e con ac ed powe o 3.5 GW o 2013. Addi ionally, om he speci ic in e iews conduc ed wi h each o he pa icipan s om he me allu gy sec o ( h ee e ous me als companies, one aluminum company and one zinc company), i was de e mined ha hei elec ici y demand is e enly dis ibu ed among he mal, elec olysis and mo o uses. TABLE I. PERCENTAGE SHARE OF FINAL ELECTRICITY DEMAND. 2010. La ge consume s (%) Indus ial sec o 68.6 Consume goods – CNAE 10/11/12/14/15/18/21/21/32 9.0 In e media e goods 51.8 Me allu gy – CNAE 24 23.71 Res – CNAE 13 16 17 19 20 22 23 28.09 Capi al goods – CNAE 25/26/27/28/29/30/33 7.8 Se ices sec o 23.3 O he ac i i ies 8.2 TOTAL 100 Sou ce: REE [10] Table II summa izes he pa icipa ion sha e o hese ac i i ies, bo h o he e ous and non e ous me als sec o s, and Table III shows he a e age ins alled powe in each demand ype and he es ima e load cu ailmen capaci y o 30 minu es, 2 hou s and 8 hou s espec i ely. The model de eloped in his documen uses he in o ma ion om ADEME s udy in he ollowing way: as a i s s ep, he pa icipa ion sha e o elec ici y demand in me allu gy ac i i ies a e applied o he elec ici y consumed by e ous and non e ous me als indus ies in Spain; as a second s ep, he a e age ins alled powe in each demand ype is calcula ed based on he ope a ing hou s; and as a hi d s ep, he pe cen ages o he es ima e load cu ailmen capaci y o 30 minu es, 2 hou s and 8 hou s p esen ed in Table III a e applied o he a e age ins alled powe calcula ed in he p e ious s ep o each demand ype. TABLE II. PARTICIPATION SHARE OF ELECTRICITY DEMAND IN METALLURGY ACTIVITIES. FRANCE, 2013. Me allu gy Fe ous (%) Non e ous (%) The mal 53.21 - Elec olysis - 70.83 Mo o s 44.58 26.96 O he s (ai condi ioning, ligh ing) 2.21 2.21 TOTAL 100 100 Sou ce: ADEME [3] TABLE III. INSTALLED POWER AND PERCENTAGES OF THE ESTIMATE LOAD CURTAILMENT CAPACITY IN EACH DEMAND TYPE. FRANCE, 2013. Type Pi (GW) Cu ail 30’ (GW) Cu ail 2h (GW) Cu ail 8h (GW) The mal 1.29 0.84 (65%) 0.84 (65%) 0.84 (65%) Mo o s 1.45 0.32 (22%) 0.32 (22%) 0.29 (20%) Elec olysis 0.64 0.22 (34%) 0.19 (30%) 0.04 (6%) O he s 0.13 0.02 (15%) 0.01 (8%) 0.01 (8%) TOTAL 3.50 1.40 1.36 1.18 Sou ce: ADEME [3] IV. ANALYSIS AND RESULTS A. Elec ici y demand by la ge consume s This subsec ion analyzes he esul s ob ained om he inal elec ici y demand by la ge consume s in Spain. Fi s ly, we eg oup he sub-subsec o s p esen ed in he IRE indica o epo ( om he o he ac i i ies sec o , he ex ac i e and cons uc ion sub-subsec o s a e ex ac ed and added o he indus ial sec o ), o make a compa ison wi h MITERD da a. Table IV shows he beha io o elec ici y demand by la ge consume s in Spain, om 2010 o 2021. I is ob ained ha he a e age annual inal elec ici y demand by la ge consume s is 104 039.45 GWh, o which he indus ial sec o ep esen s 69.57%, he se ices sec o ep esen s 23.96%, and he o he ac i i ies sec o ep esen s he emaining 6.47%. The inal elec ici y demand by la ge consume s ep esen s 44.43% o he o al inal elec ici y demand in Spain. Up o his poin , i can be obse ed ha he IRE indica o g oups in he me allu gy sub-subsec o bo h he e ous and non e ous me als indus ies; howe e , he MITERD da a ha e hese wo ac i i ies sepa a ed, wi h he denomina ion o “i on and s eel” and “non e ous me als” espec i ely. To desc ibe he e olu ion o hese wo demand sub-subsec o s in e ms o he o al demand alue eco ded in he IRE indica o , we applied a ac o o p opo ionally ela e i o he o al demand ha appea in MITERD da a o each one. See Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Elec ici y demand. Fe ous and non e ous me als. Spain. TABLE IV. ELECTRICITY DEMAND BEHAVIOR BY LARGE CONSUMERS IN SPAIN. 2010-2021. La ge consume s (GWh) 2010 2010 o 2021 2021 Mean Min Max Indus ial sec o 73 246.93 72 378.21 66 910.50 75 646.03 70 538.05 Me allu gy – CNAE 24 24 299.85 21 632.32 16 759.18 25 951.82 18 856.79 Chemical and pe ochemical – CNAE 19/20 9 715.84 10 999.74 9 715.84 12 166.38 9 717.69 Nonme allic mine als – CNAE 23 6 702.70 6 835.92 5 828.77 7 968.44 7 968.44 T anspo equipmen – CNAE 29 3 321.30 3 418.81 2 822.16 3 746.80 2 822.16 Machine y – CNAE 25/26/27/28/30/33 4 680.48 4 772.51 4 342.35 5 200.02 4 798.58 Ex ac i e indus ies – CNAE 05/06/07/08/09 1 743.97 2 015.91 1 743.97 2 186.36 2 168.32 Food, be e ages and obacco – CNAE 10/11/12 7 289.60 8 071.58 7 289.60 9 244.17 9 244.17 Pulp, pape and g aphic a s – CNAE 17/18 6 038.07 5 653.64 5 304.11 6 038.07 5 501.70 Wood and wood p oduc s – CNAE 16/31 1 415.05 1 423.99 1 231.90 1 687.82 1 687.82 Cons uc ion – CNAE 41/42/43 1 128.46 1 023.90 905.17 1 128.46 943.50 Tex ile and lea he p oduc s – CNAE 13/14/15 1 045.84 1 012.45 895.67 1 078.73 993.60 No elsewhe e speci ied – CNAE 21/22/32 5 865.78 5 517.44 5 042.07 5 887.72 5 835.28 Se ices sec o 24 005.30 24 931.44 23 186.50 26 049.79 24 791.87 O he ac i i ies – CNAE 01/02/03 35/36/37/38/39 5 539.68 6 729.80 5 539.68 7 601.85 7 420.43 To al elec ici y demand by la ge consume s 102 791.90 104 039.45 97 349.07 108 687.86 102 750.35 To al inal elec ici y demand in Spain 244 802.20 234 143.90 219 654.60 244 802.20 227 880.50 Pa icipa ion sha e by la ge consume s on o al demand (%) 41.99 44.43 44.32 44.40 45.09 - 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000 14.000 16.000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Ene gy (GWh) Fe ous me als Non e ous me als B. Me allu gy lexibili y po en ial es ima ion This subsec ion analyzes he esul s ob ained om he me allu gy lexibili y po en ial es ima ion in Spain. An a e age load cu ailmen capaci y o 1.66 GW, 1.61 GW and 1.39 GW ha e been calcula ed o 30 minu es, 2 hou s and 8 hou s o du a ion espec i ely, obse ing ha p ocesses in ol ing he mal and mo o demands can main ain hei load cu ailmen capaci y om 30 minu es o 8 hou s, howe e , elec olysis and ai condi ioning demands see his load cu ailmen capaci y sligh ly educed a 2 hou s and p ac ically null o 8 hou s. Fig. 2 shows he e olu ion o hese a iables, wi h mon hly esolu ion, om Janua y 2010 o Decembe 2021. To e alua e he esul s ob ained, he ac i a ion delay o he load cu ailmen capaci y in me allu gy demand, which is usually one and a hal hou s, mus be conside ed [3]. The e o e, he pa icipa ion o hese lexibili y esou ces is uled ou o he balancing ma ke s such as seconda y egula ion, e ia y egula ion, and de ia ion managemen , and o he eal- ime secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke ; being mo e p opi ious i s ac i a ion in he daily secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke . In Ope a ing P ocedu e 3.2 o Technical Cons ain s [12], bid o e s o demand esponse uni s is no conside ed. Fig. 3 shows he upwa d ene gy acqui ed in phase I o he daily secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke wi h mon hly esolu ion, om Janua y 2015 o Decembe 2021 [13]. Fig. 2. Me allu gy load cu ailmen capaci y es ima ion. Spain. 2010-2021. Fig. 3. Upwa d ene gy phase I o he daily secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke and a oid ene gy by me allu gy load cu ailmen capaci y. Spain. 2010-2021. - 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 Powe (GW) 30min 2h 8h - 150,0 300,0 450,0 600,0 750,0 900,0 1.050,0 1.200,0 1.350,0 1.500,0 Ene gy (GWh) Upwa d ene gy 30min 2h 8h This a iable is compa ed wi h he ene gy ha could ha e been a oided wi h he applica ion o he me allu gy load cu ailmen capaci y, o a du a ion o 30 minu es, 2 hou s and 8 hou s espec i ely. The applica ion o his load cu ailmen capaci y is done once a day, due o he ime equi ed o i s ac i a ion and o no s op he p oduc ion p ocess epea edly. Acco ding o he public da a o he Sys em Ope a o In o ma ion Sys em (ESIOS) [14], he cos s o upwa d ene gy in phase I o he daily secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke , om 2015 o 2021, we e 872.69 M€ in annual a e age, 553.90 M€ he minimum in 2019, and 1 056.02 M€ he maximum in 2021. The cos s o downwa d ene gy in phase II o he daily secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke , om 2015 o 2021, we e 419.95 M€ in annual a e age, 271.86 M€ he minimum in 2015, and 617.37 M€ he maximum in 2021. Gi en ha he me allu gy load cu ailmen capaci y can eplace he need o acqui e upwa d ene gy om he gene a ion uni s in phase I and a oid he downwa d ene gy balance in phase II, he cos s obse ed in his ma ke ep esen s an in e es ing business oppo uni y. V. CONCLUSIONS The inal elec ici y demand by la ge consume s, om Janua y 2010 o Decembe 2021, ep esen s 44.43% o he o al inal elec ici y demand in Spain, si ua ion ha gi es signals o encou age his demand sec o o he de elopmen o lexibili y esou ces o imp o e he physical ope a ion o he elec ici y g id. Me allu gy has he la ges weigh in inal elec ici y demand, a e aging 21 632 GWh/y, which co esponds o 20.79% o he o al demand by la ge consume s, om Janua y 2010 o Decembe 2021. The calcula ion o me allu gy load cu ailmen capaci y is based on he s udy ca ied ou in F ance wi h he pa icipa ion o majo indus ial playe s and is ansposed o he Spanish case using ac ual da a abou annual ene gy balance, and he sec o al e olu ion o elec ici y demand in la ge Spanish consume s. The p e ious ime equi ed o he ac i a ion o he me allu gy load cu ailmen capaci y is usually one and a hal hou s, which would ule ou i s pa icipa ion o he balancing ma ke s such as seconda y egula ion, e ia y egula ion, and de ia ion managemen , and o he eal- ime secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke . The abili y o cu ail demand by me allu gy is mo e app op ia e o he daily secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke , eplacing he need o acqui e upwa d ene gy om gene a ion uni s and, consequen ly, ob aining bene i s o he Spanish elec ici y sys em by inc easing he numbe o pa icipan s in his ma ke and p omo ing g ea e compe i ion. The cos s o he solu ions in he daily secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke , o upwa d ene gy in phase I and downwa d ene gy in phase II, we e 872.69 M€ and 419.95 M€ espec i ely, on annual a e age om 2015 o 2021; hese cos s ep esen an impo an business oppo uni y o implemen load cu ailmen capaci y by he me allu gy and an in e es ing possibili y o di e si ica ion o i s sou ces o income. Fo u u e esea ch, he gene a ion uni s ha pa icipa e he mos in he daily secu i y echnical cons ain s ma ke can be iden i ied, o know hei geog aphic loca ion and de e mine which companies in he Spanish me allu gical indus y ha e a simila loca ion o be able o apply hei po en ial load cu ailmen capaci y in his ma ke . REFERENCES [1] sma EN and DNV, “Demand side lexibili y in he EU - Quan i ica ion o bene i s in 2030,” Sep. 2022. [2] H. C. Gils, “Assessmen o he heo e ical demand esponse po en ial in Eu ope,” Ene gy, ol. 67, pp. 1–18, Feb. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.ene gy.2014.02.019. 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