171-199
ISSN: 1133-4525
ISSN-e: 2255-3924
SPAL 31.1
(2022)
h ps://edi o ial.us.es/es/ e is as/spal • h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/spal.2022.i31.07
© Edi o ial Uni e sidad de Se illa 2022 • CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.
Cu illas-Vic o ia, B., Boschloos, V. y Baños Se ano, J. (2022): “The p es ige-goods model applied o he Ibe ian Sou heas
du ing he Ea ly I on Age: he Phoenician sca ab om Cas ella de Lib illa”, Spal, 31.1, pp. 171-199.
h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/spal.2022.i31.07
The p es ige-goods model applied o he Ibe ian
Sou heas du ing he Ea ly I on Age: he Phoenician
sca ab om Cas ella de Lib illa
EL MODELO DE BIENES DE PRESTIGIO APLICADO AL SURESTE IBÉRICO DURANTE EL HIERRO
ANTIGUO: EL ESCARABEO FENICIO DEL CASTELLAR DE LIBRILLA
Benjamín Cu illas-Vic o ia
G upo de In es igación en A queología (E041-02). Uni e sidad de Mu cia.
C/ San o C is o, nº. 1, 30001 (Mu cia, Spain).Cen e o Excellence in Ancien Nea Eas e n
Empi es (ANEE). Uni e si y o Helsinki. Fabianinka u 24, 00014 (Helsinki, Finland)
benjamin.cu [email protected] 0000-0002-6358-4176 ABF-7258-2020
(Responsable de co espondencia)
Vanessa Boschloos
Depa men o A chaeology, Ghen Uni e si y.
Campus U o, Sin -Pie e snieuws aa 35. B-9000 Ghen - Belgium. Me opoli an Museum
o A , Depa men o Egyp ian A . 1000 Fi h A enue, 10028 New Yo k, NY
anes[email p o ec ed] 0000-0003-4654-3134 ABB-2169-2020
José Baños Se ano
Museo A queológico de Los Baños.
Plaza Vieja, nº. 1, 30840 (Alhama de Mu cia, Spain)
plaza ieja@alhamademu cia.es 0000-0002-6004-1619 AAH-4801-2021
Abs ac : The es ablishmen o Phoenician colonies in he Ibe ian Sou heas om he 8 h cen u y BC led o a signi ican in-
c ease in p oduc i e and comme cial ac i i ies wi h he au och honous communi ies. Howe e , p es ige goods o high alue
des ined o educed consump ion g oups also ci cula ed wi hin hese ne wo ks. The p esence o a sca ab ound du ing an
a chaeological su ey in he se lemen o Cas ella de Lib illa (Lib illa, Región de Mu cia) e eals he inclusion o ce ain au-
och honous eli es in hese ci cui s. This pape discusses he con ex , ypological classi ica ion and compa a i e analysis o he
sca ab o be e de e mine i s o igin and ch onological amewo k. The inco po a ion o new a chaeome ic da a h ough scan-
ning elec on mic oscopy (SEM), ocused on he gold bezel se ing in which he sca ab is se , has been essen ial o imp o ing
ou unde s anding o his piece o pe sonal ado nmen . The esul s o he iconog aphic and mic oanaly ic s udy poin o he
excep ional alue o his a e ac , which make i possible o ecognise he pa icipa ion and agency o he au och honous eli es
o Cas ella de Lib illa in he comme cial sys ems o Medi e anean p es ige goods.
Keywo ds: Ibe ian Peninsula, Ea ly I on Age, cul u al in e ac ion, ade ne wo ks, iconog aphy, scanning elec on mic oscopy.
Resumen: El es ablecimien o de las colonias enicias en el Su es e ibé ico a pa i del sigloVIIIa.C. p o ocó un auge impo -
an e de las ac i idades p oduc i as y come ciales con las comunidades au óc onas. No obs an e, en es e en amado come cial
ambién se dio un á ico de elemen os de p es igio de ele ado alo que se encon aban des inados a cí culos de consumo
muy educidos. El hallazgo en p ospección de un esca abeo en el asen amien o del Cas ella de Lib illa (Lib illa, Región de
Mu cia) pone de mani ies o la inclusión de de e minadas éli es au óc onas en es os ci cui os. Es e abajo abo da su con ex-
ualización, clasi icación ipológica y análisis compa a i o con la inalidad de de e mina la p ocedencia del esca abeo y su
ma co c onológico. La inco po ación de nue os da os a queomé icos a a és de mic oscopía elec ónica de ba ido (SEM),
especialmen e cen ados en las pa es de o o, ha sido esencial pa a mejo a la ap oximación sob e es e ado no y a e ac o de
o namen ación pe sonal. Los esul ados del es udio iconog á ico y mic oanalí ico apun an al alo excepcional de es a pieza,
lo que pe mi e econoce la pa icipación y capacidad de agencia de las éli es au óc onas del Cas ella de Lib illa en los sis e-
mas come ciales de bienes de p es igio medi e áneos.
Palab as cla e: península ibé ica, Hie o An iguo, in e acción cul u al, come cio, iconog a ía, mic oscopía elec ónica de ba ido.
FECHA RECEPCIÓN
06/03/2021
FECHA ACEPTACIÓN
10/12/2021
172
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ISSN: 1133-4525
ISSN-e: 2255-3924
SPAL 31.1
(2022)
The p es ige-goods model applied o he Ibe ian Sou heas du ing he Ea ly I on Age: he Phoenician sca ab om Cas ella de Lib illa
Benjamín Cu illas-Vic o ia e al.
h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/spal.2022.i31.07
1. INTRODUCTION
The p esence o o eign elemen s o ado nmen o pe sonal use in he au och honous
se lemen s o he Ibe ian Peninsula has become one o he mos complex and ho -
oughly examined issues o he ansi ion pe iod om he La e B onze Age o he Ea ly
I on Age. I seems ha hese a e ac s o excep ional alue in oduced by he Phoeni-
cians du ing he p e-colonial ho izon we e aimed a acili a ing encoun e s and es ab-
lishing ela ionships wi h local eli es con olling he na u al esou ces. A he same ime,
he au och honous leade s inc ease hei powe wi hin he local communi ies (Aube ,
1994), and hese ma e ial symbols would ha e jus i ied hei social p e-eminence and
hei abili y o con ol su pluses (Ba celó, 1995; Vi es-Fe ándiz, 2008).
Howe e , discussion eme ged when schola s sough o analyse hese exchanges in
a b oade amewo k, especially a he le el o he socio-economic s uc u ing o local
socie ies, esul ing in wo opposing iewpoin s. On he one hand, schola s ha e sug-
ges ed ha such goods linked o he no ion o p es ige ac ed as a mechanism h ough
which Phoenicians implan ed complex social and economic s uc u es among local up-
pe classes in imi a ion o hei own models (Wagne and Al a , 1989; Aube , 2005). On
he o he hand, p es ige goods may me ely ha e acili a ed con ac s wi h au och honous
socie ies ha we e al eady in he p ocess o ans o ma ion and g ow h, wi h hei own
in as uc u es and social s uc u es (Ruiz-Gál ez, 1998; González P a s, 2005).
The con inui y o he ade in p es ige goods beyond he ini ial phase o Phoenician colo-
nisa ion con ibu es o his deba e. This hen aises he ques ion o whe he he goods we e
o e ed by he colonial en i onmen s o main ain good ela ions wi h he au och honous
se lemen s, o , on he con a y, whe he hey esponded o demands by he local eli es
di ec ing and s uc u ing he Ea ly I on Age se lemen s and e i o ies. The disco e y o a
ed chalcedonic qua z sca ab se in gold wi h clea ly Eas e n Medi e anean iconog aphic
mo i s in a midden a he se lemen o Cas ella de Lib illa is amed in his con ex ( ig.1).
The aim o his pape is p ecisely o examine his objec o s anding and i s immedia e
con ex as well as he socio-economic and comme cial dynamics ha made i s a i al possi-
ble. Howe e , he analysis was unde aken om he pe spec i e o he au och honous com-
muni ies, making i possible o e alua e he impo an ole o and de elopmen s in he au-
och honous socie ies du ing his pe iod. Thus, he pape challenges he adi ional p es ige
goods heo e ic model, which ea s powe ela ions as s a ic and unidi ec ional a he han
con inuously enego ia ed and bidi ec ional (Vi es-Fe ándiz, 2008; Delgado He ás, 2013).
2. PRESTIGE GOODS IN THE IBERIAN SOUTHEAST FROM THE 8TH CENTURY BC
P es ige goods in Ibe ia a e no a no el y ha only eme ged du ing he las pe iod o
he La e B onze Age. The La e B onze Age and Ea ly I on Age, howe e , did cons i u e an
excep ional pe iod o he s udy o he dynamics ha con e ged a ound hese i ems be-
cause he ch onological phases sugges he mee ing, coexis ence, adop ion and adap-
a ion o clea ly di e en ia ed cul u al elemen s and languages. In his sense, p es ige
goods and manu ac u ed objec s played an essen ial pa in he ansmission p ocesses
be ween Phoenicians and he indigenous popula ion. Ne e heless, i is impo an o
no e ha he ue alue o o eign objec s is no es ic ed o jus hei angible cha -
ac e is ics and ma e iali y; i encompasses supply and demand and he social meaning
behind he objec as well (K uege , 2008).
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The p es ige-goods model applied o he Ibe ian Sou heas du ing he Ea ly I on Age: he Phoenician sca ab om Cas ella de Lib illa
Benjamín Cu illas-Vic o ia e al.
h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/spal.2022.i31.07
Figu e1. Loca ion o he se lemen o Cas ella de Lib illa, wi h indica ion o some o he main p es ige goods
iden i ied in he Ibe ian Sou heas (Design: au ho s. Images: Los Royos -Museo A queológico Nacional / Fabián
Ál a ez Ma ínez©-; Bajo de la Campana -Museo Nacional de A queología Subacuá ica ARQVA / B uce Mi chell
Whi e©-; La Condomina -Museo de Villena©-; Bay o Maza ón -José Laja a©-; Cas illico del Sabina -Walke , 1988,
p.102, ig.2.b-; Ba ia -Albe o Lo io Al a ado©-; Fon e a - Museo A queológico de Gua dama ©-; Les Case es -José
Ramón Ga cía Gandía©-; Peña Neg a -Museo A queológico de Alican e©-. Digi al Te ain Model: Spanish Na ional
Geog aphic Ins i u e).
Be o e con inuing, i is essen ial o conside wha schola s mean by he e m p es ige
objec and i s conno a ions wi h espec o he in e p e i e discou se used o in e p e
he a chaeological eco d. The no ion o p es ige and i s applica ion in p ehis o y aises
di icul ies a a heo e ical and me hodological le el, as i is a p oblema ic and non-s a ic
e m. Following Ped aza (2017), he use o his ca ego y has been ela ed o he symbolic
alue assigned o ce ain i ems ha accen ua e hei objec i e alue, i sel de e mined
by he in es men o wo king ime du ing he p oduc ion p ocesses. Howe e , a se ies
o p ecep s mus also be ul illed be o e he a e ac can be conside ed a p es ige good,
such as he a i y o he ma e ials used, he complexi y o he manu ac u ing p ocess o
i s place o o igin (Ped aza, 2017, p.16).
I is p ecisely his in angible and mu able alue ha highligh s he ac we a e
aced wi h a se ies o social p oduc ions symbolising a speci ic ideology and, in he
hands o he eli es, se ing as a legi imising elemen o social powe (K uege , 2008,
p.9). These las a ibu ions may explain he impo ance o p es ige goods among
he communi ies o I on Age Eu ope, causing schola s o p opose he exis ence o a
demand o and a speci ic ade de eloped a ound such p oduc s. The iden i ica ion
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o ce ain p ocesses led F ankens ein and Rowlands (1978) o de ine a heo e ical
posi ion ocused on he exis ence o an economy o p es ige goods based on p io
an h opological s udies and Walle s ein’s concep ion o wo ld sys ems (1974). They
sugges ha , h ough he p es ige goods ob ained ia exogenous comme cial ela-
ionships, he uppe classes could achie e a dominan posi ion by ein o cing hei
hie a chy and s a us (F ankens ein, 1997).
Howe e , he p es ige-goods economy model has no been exemp ed om c i icism.
O he schola s ha e poin ed ou ha , in some cases, hese ypes o goods ha e been
s udied as excep ional objec s and a ely ela ed o o he ele an aspec s o he a -
chaeological eco d ha help iden i y possible changes in local communi ies o hei
ole in shaping local poli ics (Sanma í, 2009, p.50). Likewise, c i ical iews ha e ques-
ioned ela ed pe spec i es de ined as op-down models, which assign a g ea e ole o
eli es and o eign me chan s in he p ocesses o social and economic change du ing he
pe iod, elega ing o dina y people o a passi e ole (Delgado He ás, 2018, p.144).
These las posi ions a e he ones ha we conside mos cons uc i e when unde ak-
ing a eading o he social and cul u al dynamics ha occu ed a ound p es ige goods in
he Ibe ian Sou heas du ing he i s hal o he i s millennium BC. Finds such as he
Cas ella de Lib illa sca ab should be unde s ood as a social p oduc , con ex ualising
bo h hei meaning wi hin he local communi ies ha adop ed hem as i ems associa ed
wi h hei own social o de s and ecognising he comme cial connec ions and economic
and social ela ionships ha allowed o hei a i al (Vi es-Fe ándiz, 2005, p.74). This
equi es no only an exhaus i e knowledge o he cha ac e is ics o each i em, i s o igin,
iconog aphy, meaning and composi ion, bu also in e p e ing hem wi hin hese chang-
ing scena ios. Au och honous communi ies exe cised an agency in he p ocesses o
selec i e inco po a ion ha condi ioned he con igu a ion o he hyb id iden i ies ha
occu ed du ing he pe iod.
In he Ibe ian Sou heas , di e en p es ige goods ha e been ound along he coas
and in he inland egions, and in a ious o ma s and mani es a ions. Wi hou a emp -
ing o exhaus i ely lis hem, some s and ou : alabas e ases, such as a Ba ia and
Fon e a (López Cas o, 2001-2002; González P a s, 2014a); aience objec s like he wa e
bo le om Les Case es (Ga cía Gandía, 2009); os ich eggs, combs, appliques and pla es
o i o y and bone, such as hose documen ed a Fon e a (González P a s, 2014b); ce amic
assemblages om he Cen al and Eas e n Medi e anean, whe he ela ed o no o he
consump ion o wine (Rouilla d e al., 2007; González P a s, 2014a; González P a s, 2014b);
b onze elemen s o excep ional quali y, such as he hymia e ion o he b onze hand
iden i ied among he ca go om Bajo de la Campana (Polze , 2014; Pinedo Reyes, 2018);
o he sculp u es om El Macalón ( ig.2, b) (Chapa e al., 2019).
Despi e he na u e o hese elemen s, schola s should apply he label o p es ige good
wi h cau ion. Fo he p esen case, he alue o , o example, G eek ce amics, os ich eggs
o alabas e essels among he Phoenician communi ies seems e iden . Howe e , such
objec s ha e no been ound in g ea numbe s in local communi ies in he Sou heas .
Wi h he excep ion o he alabas e ase om omb 5 a he Collado and Pina de San a
Ana nec opolis (He nández Ca ión and Gil González, 2001-2002) ( ig.2, a), no o he ala-
bas e elemen s ha e been de ec ed among he p e-coas al o inland communi ies; his
is also he case o os ich eggs, only iden i ied in he nec opolis o Les Case es (Ga cía
Gandía, 2009; Ruiz e al., 2020). Wi h espec o ce amics, his absence is in ela ion o
G eek impo s, posi ed as a acili a o o links wi h au och honous a is oc acies and ye
p ac ically absen om au och honous epe oi es (Vi es-Fe ándiz, 2005, p.163).
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Benjamín Cu illas-Vic o ia e al.
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Figu e2. Di e en mani es a ions o p es ige goods om he Ibe ian Sou heas : A) de ail o he alabas e ase
ound in he nec opolis a Collado y Pina de San a de Jumilla -Museum ‘Je ónimo de Molina’ o Jumilla©-; B)
sculp u e om El Macalón -au ho s©-; C) Cen au o de Los Royos b onze sculp u e -Museo A queológico Nacional
/ Fabián Ál a ez Ma ínez©-; D) sil e ing wi h a s ea i e sca ab, Bay o Maza ón - Museo Nacional de A queología
Subacuá ica ARQVA / B uce Mi chell Whi e ©-).
These obse a ions a e essen ial o unde s anding he agency o local communi ies
and he s udy o p es ige goods o pe sonal use. In his sense, some objec s do appea
in ce ain au och honous se lemen s wi hou al e a ions, which implies he ansmis-
sion and adop ion o such objec s and pe haps he cul u al ans e o hei ela ed
p ac ices, oo. This is he case wi h b onze objec s, such as he bel clasps om El Bolón
(Po eda, 1994-1995), Fon e a (González P a s, 2014a) and Peña Neg a (G aells and Lo io
Al a ado, 2017) and he buckle om Cas illico del Sabina (Walke , 1988); wi h a ious
gold objec s, such as he possible diadem iden i ied among he easu e ound a Peña
Neg a (González P a s, 1978) o he a acada de Villena (Sole , 1990); wi h b acele s o
pendan s con aining glass pas e beads, such as hose iden i ied in Peña Neg a and Les
Mo e es (González P a s, 1983; González P a s, 2002); o , wi h objec s ha ing high sym-
bolic alue due o hei unc ion, mo phology and con en , such as sca ab-shaped seals.
Ini ially dismissed as me e inke s accompanying ade commodi ies because o
hei wide dis ibu ion h oughou he Medi e anean egion, sca abs a e now ully ec-
ognised by schola s o hei magical alue: i has been a gued ha enough e idence
exis s o indica e ha he magical belie s exp essed by and insc ibed on Egyp ian and
Egyp ianizing amule s we e basically unde s ood in he Wes a he ime (Pad ó, 1995,
pp.191-192, 195-201; Schweize , 2014).

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Benjamín Cu illas-Vic o ia e al.
h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/spal.2022.i31.07
So a , he sca abs iden i ied in he Ibe ian Sou heas ha e been ound in colonial
se ings and in he main local se lemen o Peña Neg a. The i s ca ego y includes
wo ‘blue pas e’ sca abs, wo whi e aience sca abs and one co nelian sca ab in a sil e
moun om Fon e a (Escolano Po eda, 2010), a sil e ing ( ig. 2, d) wi h a s ea i e sca ab
om he Bay o Maza ón (Azua and Pé ez, 2008, pp.118-119) and a aience sca ab in
a gold moun om Ba ia (Almag o-Go bea and Lo io Al a ado, 2015). Peña Neg a has
yielded six sca abs in whi e aience in he so-called easu e om Sec o 4N, oge he
wi h a hawk-shaped amule and o he i ems, such as he a o emen ioned diadem, sil e
chain necklaces, glass pas e beads, an i on kni e and b onze weeze s (González P a s,
1978; Pad ó, 1996; Escolano Po eda, 2010). To hese can be added a la e hellenising
g een jaspe sca ab in a me al bezel om he nec opolis o El Mola (Pad ó, 1983, pp.122-
127). When adop ing a mac oscale app oach, his dis ibu ion could e lec he exis ence
o a di e en ial o de be ween Phoenicians and local a is oc acies.
Howe e , he inding o a sca ab in a gold moun a Cas ella de Lib illa equi es a
p ecise cha ac e isa ion o his i em, placing i in i s p ope sociocul u al con ex and
linking i o a gene al e iew o such p es igious goods om he cen al sec o o he
Ibe ian Sou heas du ing he Ea ly I on Age.
3. THE SETTLEMENT OF CASTELLAR DE LIBRILLA
Wi hin he dynamics o e i o ial and u ban es uc u ing ha ook place in he Ibe ian
Sou heas du ing he La e B onze Age (Molina González, 1978; Jo e e al., 2016), he c ea-
ion o new main se lemen s s ands ou . Since he 9 h cen u y BC, si es such as Peña Ne-
g a in C e illen e (González P a s, 1983; Lo io Al a ado e al., 2016), San a Ana in Jumilla
(Ros Sala, 1990; He nández Ca ión and Gil González, 2001-2002) and San a Ca alina del
Mon e in Mu cia (Ros Sala, 1986-1987), eo ganised hei local p oduc i e and economic
sys ems o ampli y he capaci ies and possibili ies o he egion in he yea s p eceding
he Phoenician colonisa ion. In his con ex o in ensi ying con ac s and exchanges wi h
he A lan ic, Cen al Medi e anean and peninsula ade ne wo ks, Cas ella de Lib illa
appea ed in he p e-coas al basin o he Guadalen ín-Segu a i e s and a he en y o
he Rambla de Las Mo e as.
Bo h adi ional and new a chaeological da a (Ros Sala, 1989; Cu illas and Ros Sala,
2020) e eal an ini ially dispe sed occupa ion pa e n a ound he na u al sp ing o Cas-
ella , which p eceded he subsequen phase o u ban expansion and demog aphic in-
c ease a e he consolida ion o he Phoenician-wes e n colonies in he egion (Rouil-
la d e al., 2007; González P a s, 2011; Ga cía Mená guez and P ados, 2014; Ros Sala Sellés,
2017). This dynamic o de elopmen con inued un il he 7 h cen u y BC, he pe iod when
he se lemen achie ed i s maximum poin o g ow h. The si e plan ( ig.3) e eals ha
he main pa o he se lemen was loca ed on he eas side, and se e al u ban a eas,
o i ica ions and p oduc i e wo kshops ha e been iden i ied along a ch onology ha
ex ends up un il he 4 h cen u y BC. On he opposi e side o he Rambla de Algeci as, he
synch onous occupa ion was concen a ed a Cabezo de la Fuen e del Mu al, al hough
his ele a ed a ea is be e known o he o i ied s uc u es loca ed on op o i (Ga cía
Blánquez, 1996; Lomba and Cano, 2002).
The appea ance o o esses and walled s uc u es in he Ibe ian Sou heas be-
ween he end o he 7 h cen u y and he 6 h cen u y BC e eals cons an e i o ial en-
sions be ween he se lemen s. This si ua ion a ec ed bo h he au och honous (Lo io
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Al a ado e al., 2016; Sala Sellés e al., 2020) and wes e n Phoenicians se lemen s
(Rouilla d e al., 2007, p.126; González P a s, 2011, p.23) and, p obably, such condi ions
wo sened a e 550 BC, when an impo an shi in he o e all dynamics occu ed in
he egion. F om his da e onwa ds, ade sys ems declined in he Ibe ian Sou heas ,
esul ing in he p og essi e abandonmen o he au och honous and colonial en i on-
men s, such as Fon e a (Rouilla d e al., 2007), Peña Neg a (Lo io Al a ado e al., 2016;
Almag o-Go bea e al., 2021), and Almadenes (Sala Sellés e al., 2020); o in he weaken-
ing and con ac ion o o he s, like Bahía de Maza ón (Ros Sala and Cu illas, 2020) and
San a Ca alina del Mon e (Ros Sala, 1986-1987).
In he case o Cas ella de Lib illa, he main consequence o his phenomenon was
he abandonmen o he mo e ele a ed sec o s on he summi s and, sho ly he ea e ,
o he o ess o Cabezo de la Fuen e del Mu al. Howe e , du ing he cou se o he
second hal o he 6 h and beginning o he 5 h cen u y BC he lowe sec o s nex o he
s eam, he in e media e heigh s and he a isanal neighbou hood con inued o be in-
habi ed. A p ocess o u ban emodelling began, which included he cons uc ion o a
new de ensi e sys em. Ne e heless, he se lemen was no es ic ed exclusi ely o
his side o he Rambla de Algeci as; also asc ibed o he la e 6 h and 5 h cen u ies a e
he Ibe ian owe and pa o he s uc u es de ec ed in he NE sec o o Cabezo de la
Fuen e del Mu al, he exca a ion o which began in 2018.
This new phase o he si e e eals he ecupe a ion and con inui y o a se lemen
ha main ained i s powe and con ol o e i s immedia e e i o y in a clea demons a-
ion o he esilience exe cised by one local communi y.
Figu e 3. P o ohis o ic se lemen o Cas ella de Lib illa: A) se led a eas o Cas ella de Lib illa and Cabezo de la
Fuen e del Mu al (MDT: Spanish Na ional Geog aphic Ins i u e); B) pho og aphs o Ea ly I on Age s uc u es om
Sec o 13 -au ho s®-; C) ae ial iew o Cabezo de la Fuen e del Mu al o ess (Alhama de Mu cia Town Hall®).
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3.1. Sec o CLI-13 and he midden
O he h ee la - opped peaks ha o m he uppe pa o Sie a del Cas ella , he high-
es co esponds o he a ea de ined as Sec o 13 (Cu illas and Ros Sala, 2020). Wi h a
di e ence o mo e han 150 me es in ela i e heigh wi h espec o he na u al wa e
sp ing, he iden i ica ion o nume ous walled sec ions shows he e o pu in o u ban
de elopmen in his pa o he se lemen . The main cha ac e is ic o he occupa ion o
hese sec o s is he isible con ol o he middle basin o he Segu a i e and he Gua-
dalen ín alley, becoming a geos a egic space o e i o ial and p obably poli ical signi -
icance. Ne e heless, he iden i ica ion o new s uc u es and abundan a chaeological
ma e ial in he lowe e aces sugges s ha he uppe pa o he si e would no only
ha e consis ed o o i ied enclosu es, bu ha he e acing o he slopes also allowed
o addi ional building ac i i ies. Rega ding he ch onological con ex o he uppe pa
o he se lemen , he ma e ials iden i ied hus a poin o i being occupied h oughou
he 7 h cen u y and he i s hal o he 6 h cen u y BC, synch onous wi h Cas ella phases
III and IVa (Ros Sala, 1989; Cu illas and Ros Sala, 2020).
This u ban planning sugges s an image o dense se lemen , whe e Sec o 13 would
be de ined as a singula ised and s ongly o i ied space. The p olonged use o his a ea
is also con i med by he iden i ica ion o an impo an midden -sec ioned in p o ile du -
ing he mechanical e acing wo k ca ied ou in Sie a del Cas ella in he 1970s- he di-
mensions o which each a leas se en me es in leng h and one me e in dep h ( ig.4,
b). Howe e , he e osi e p ocesses ha made i possible o loca e his excep ional num-
be o s uc u es and objec s (Cu illas and Ros Sala, 2020) also pose he main isk o he
conse a ion o his si e and i s a chaeological eco d. Fo his eason, i was decided o
con inue ieldwo k wi h a new su ey p ojec o moni o he s a e o p ese a ion o he
s uc u es and he possible geomo phological ans o ma ion o he a ea.
P ecisely du ing one o he a chaeological moni o ing ope a ions, a small d op in he
heigh o he su ounding soil and ma e ial was encoun e ed in he cen al pa o he
midden. The documen a ion o new emains has helped comple e he ce amic assem-
blage unea hed in his same a ea in 2019 ( ig.5), especially in he case o wheel-made
and g ey ce amic pla es, al hough a pla e pain ed in ed was also ound. Mo e excep ion-
al, howe e , a e he indi iduals CLI’20-255-1.1 and CLI’20-255-4.1. The i s has been ecog-
nised as a biconic suppo in g ey ce amic des ined o ablewa e as an auxilia y essel;
i has pa allels in he indus ial sec o o Cas ella de Lib illa, ch onologically da ing
back o Phase IVa (Ros Sala, 1989, p.356) as well as Fon e a III, wi h a speci ic ch onology
o be ween 670 and 635 BC (González P a s, 2014a, pp.429-430). The second indi idual is
mo e p oblema ic. I s p o ile may esemble a jug wi h a single handle connec ed o he
same edge -o dippe jugle s- while i s dimensions a e la ge han he examples doc-
umen ed in o he con ex s, such as a Tea o Cómico in Gadi (To es O iz e al., 2014,
p.70), Ce o del Villa (Aube e al., 1999, pp.171-172) and Fon e a (González P a s, 2011,
p.420). A any a e, i s p obable p o enance is he a ea a ound Málaga based on i s mac-
oscopic cha ac e isa ion; i s un ea ed inishing has led o he en a i e sugges ion ha
i se ed as a jug o anspo ce ain selec liquids in small quan i ies.
Finally, he mos su p ising piece om his con ex and p oposed ch onological pe-
iod was a sca ab ha s ands ou o i s excep ional s a e o p ese a ion and i s ma-
e ial alue. I s s a ig aphical posi ion and i s mo phology and iconog aphy jus i y he
de ailed s udy o his ind.
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Figu e4. A) No h slope o Sec o 13 a Cas ella de Lib illa, wi h buil s uc u es (in ed) and he midden (in ye-
llow); B) de ailed pho og amme y o he midden and ma ke , indica ing he posi ion o he sca ab.
Figu e 5. A chaeological assemblage iden i ied in he a ea o he midden o Sec o 13 a Cas ella de Lib illa du ing
he ield su ey done in 2019 and 2020.
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The lion in a ecumben posi ion a he op o he design is also e y popula on 25 h
and 26 h dynas y sca abs, wi hou di ide line (e.g. on he Panco o sca ab: Mancebo and
Fe e , 1992, p.315), bu also on he Pe ie sca ab (1896, pl. XXIV n . 62; G i i h, 1923, pl. XXI
n . 20; Buchne and Ridgway, 1993, ig.1 n . 243-16) o , on 26 h dynas y sca abs, on a double
ield di ide (e.g. Pe ie 1886, pl. XXXVII n . 131; Ve cou e , 1945, n s. 247, 452; Fo geau, 1986,
n . 11; Jaege , 1993, n . 1; Keel, 1997: Akhzib, 130). The ecumben lion o hyb id c ea u e in
he uppe egis e is, howe e , no limi ed o he Egyp ian glyp ic epe oi e; i has been
disco e ed in se e al ins ances on Phoenician, Heb ew and A amaic seals as well ( ig.8a;
A igad and Sass, 1997, n s. 740, 1151, 1171, 1174) in egis e layou s om he la e 9 h-7 h cen-
u ies BC, hough he o e all egis e di ision di e s (see also Gubel, 1993, pp.116-118).
In e ical composi ions, like he examples ci ed abo e, a nb baske (Ga dine sign
V30) was o en placed unde nea h. I is an omnip esen sign on Egyp ian and Egyp ian-
izing seal-amule s, and i can be ead as a hie oglyph ei he meaning ‘lo d’ o ‘all/e e y’
(Keel, 1995, pp.171 §458). Ano he semi-ci cula mo i encoun e ed unde nea h compo-
si ions, hough less equen ly, is he hie oglyph o gold (nbw, Ga dine sign S12). The
lowe sec ion on ou sca ab, howe e , shows an excep ional mo i : an in e p e a ion o
he hie oglyph o an alabas e basin, ḥb (Ga dine sign W3), p ima ily used in Egyp ian
sc ip o exp ess wo ds pe aining o celeb a ion, such as ‘ es i al’ o ‘ eas ing’. I can eas-
ily be dis inguished om he nb by i s diamond-shaped cen e and, in con as nb, ḥb is
ex emely a e on Egyp ian seal-amule s. I p edominan ly appea s in a mo e elabo a e
hie oglyphic o m, combining he basin wi h he bipa i e boo h sign (Ga dine sign W4),
and mo e speci ically du ing he New Kingdom as pa o a oyal epi he pe aining o
he ḥb-sd o jubilee o he pha aoh. The mo i appea s some imes on seal-amule s (e.g.
Budge, 1896, n . 398; Hall, 1913, n . 1819, 2117, 2118; Jaege , 1982, 285 n. 98, 287 n. 123; and
also on Pe ie Museum UC 12307 and UC 12901, and on B ussels A & His o y Museum
E.06327). A es a ions o he simple, baske -shaped o m a e e en mo e a e. The only
examples known o us a e si ua ed in he Cen al Le an . The ḥb basin appea s in he
shape o a ieze on a Phoenician sca ab om he la e 8 h cen u y BC a he Biblio hèque
na ionale de F ance (Gubel, 2012, pp.28-29, ig.17), and a sil e sca ab wi h openwo k legs,
disco e ed in an u n bu ial om he ea ly 8 h cen u y a Rashidiye, nea Ty e (Doume ,
1982, pl. XIX n . 117) ( ig.8b), shows an ḥb basin unde nea h a alcon wi h lail. The sca ab
was examined by Vanessa Boschloos in Bei u , whe e i is kep in s o age a he Na ional
Museum/DGA. Though he uppe pa o he design has been damaged, he ḥb below i
is clea ly isible. Sca abs in sil e a e ex emely a e, wi h he oldes ones da ing o he
ea ly Middle Kingdom, a hand ul o exempla s known om he New Kingdom and a ew
da ed o he la e I on Age II-III (Ho nung and S aehelin, 1976, p.22; Wa d, 1992, n.7; Keel,
1995, p.139). The design on he Rashidiye sca ab co esponds closely o he design on a
Phoenician sca ab o co nelian ound a Akhzib (Keel, 1997: Akhzib n . 116), and i is em-
iniscen o Egyp ian New Kingdom models (c . Newbe y, 1907, pl. VIII lowe ow; Ma ouk,
1977, 390 n . 896; Keel, 1997: Akko n . 66). Ano he possible e e ence o he ḥb sign is he
baske -shaped mo i deco a ed wi h opposi e ha ching, lea ing an emp y iangle in he
cen e, and which should no be con used wi h he mo i o he winged sun disk. I only
appea s on sca ab-shaped seals a a la e da e in he Le an (e.g. on a sca aboid in A -
amean s yle: Pa ay e, 1993, ig.31) han in Egyp (Pe ie, 1906, pl. XXXIII n . 40; Engelbach
e al., 1915, pl. XVII n . 27), sugges ing ha i s o igin and meaning mus be sough in an
Egyp ian con ex .
The cen al sec ion o he composi ion ea u es an Egyp ian ca ouche lanked by
a oused cob as, o u aei. In ancien Egyp , hei use as a oyal symbol da es back o he

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mos ancien ep esen a ions o he pha aoh. On he Cas ella de Lib illa sca ab, he
cob a on he igh is wea ing he Red C own o Lowe Egyp , while he one on he le
is wea ing he Whi e C own o Uppe Egyp , hus u he solidi ying he e e ence o he
king. Pai s o u aei on ei he side o a ca ouche, in e ical layou , appea in excep ional
ci cums ances on sca abs be o e he 18 h dynas y (c 1550-1295 BC) (e.g. Keel, 1997: Tell el-
Ajjul n . 326), when hey became he cen al elemen in oyal name seals. They appea ed
as an o - ecu ing heme h oughou he Ramesside dynas ies, and again du ing he 25 h
dynas y (Jaege , 1982, pp.§ 1062, 1229-1230; Lohwasse , 2014, pp.180-181). The mo i ’s e -
e ence o oyal au ho i y is e iden in an Egyp ian con ex . Placing a ca ouche be ween
pai s o u aei is no wi hou pa allels in Egyp ianizing iconog aphy ou side Egyp , bu in
such cases i is mo e o en associa ed wi h sola han wi h oyal mo i s, wi h nume ous
examples da ing o be ween he Middle B onze Age and he 5 h-4 h cen u y BC (e.g. ig
8c; Gubel, 1993, ig.7; Nicolini, 1990a, 358 n . 124; Boa dman, 2003, 27 n s. 2/15-2/20, pls.
2-3; Boschloos, 2014, pl. 3.2). The ca ouche, howe e , can easily be educed o a me e
o al encompassing non- oyal names, pseudo-insc ip ions o pseudo-signs, o example
in ea ly Canaani e (Keel, 2010b: Tell el-Fa ’a Süd 56) and Phoenician glyp ic adi ions
(Gubel, 1993, pp.121-122, igs.19, 20, 60).
The ca ouche encloses hie oglyphs o ming a pseudo- oyal name, Mn.j{j} (Ga dine
signs Y5 and M17), placed unde nea h a sun disk (Ga dine sign N5). The name Mn.j is
men ioned in Egyp ian documen s, bu no be o e he New Kingdom. A sca ab assigned
o he 18 h dynas y is conside ed o con ain he ea lies men ion o he name (Hayes, 1959,
127 on MMA 26.7.150), bu i s da e has been ques ioned (Heagy, 2014, 61 n. 5). Insc ip ions
o he ype mn.jj / mnjj c / mnjs c / c-mnjj ha e been documen ed on Egyp ian sca abs
om he Thi d In e media e Pe iod o he La e Pe iod (e.g. Pe ie, 1917, pl. VIII n s. 1-2,
pl. LIII n . 25C.21; Jaege , 1982, ig.22; Keel, 2017: Je usalem n . 27) as well as on Phoeni-
cian sca abs om he 9 h-8 h cen u ies BC (e.g. ig.8d; Boschloos, 2014, pl. 1:3, 3:2, 6:4, 7:4).
Thei meaning on Egyp ian seal-amule s p obably di e s om he in ended meanings
on non-Egyp ian sca abs because Phoenician c a smen a ou ed placing hem inside
an o al o ca ouche, like on he Cas ella de Lib illa sca ab, whe eas he Egyp ians did
no . I ei he ills he en i e su ace o he seal o i is placed nex o a ca ouche con-
aining he h one name o Thu smose III. I an o al su ounds he mnjj c insc ip ion,
close examina ion will o en immedia ely e eal ha he wo ‘ eed signs’ a e connec ed
a hei bases. Unless he objec is examined i s -hand, mnjj c insc ip ions can be mis-
aken o hose o ming he name o Pha aoh Menkau e / Myke inos, (Mn-k3.w- c), wi h
he aised a ms k3 (Ga dine sign D28) being con used wi h he pai o eeds, j (Ga dine
sign M17) (see, e.g. Keel, 1997: Akko n . 48). Howe e , acco ding o Ki chen, he ca ouche
seems o ha e los mos o i s o iginal signi icance in Phoenician a is ic exp essions
(Ki chen, 1986, p.40). Con a y o i s Egyp ian coun e pa , i no mally does no ea u e
p ope names bu ‘simply ga bled ph ases om o mal speeches o he gods used in in-
nume able s anda d scenes o pha aoh and his gods, and some imes including dei ies’
names’ (Ki chen in He mann and Laidlaw, 2009, pp.161, also 162-164, 196-197).
In olde Egyp ological li e a u e, mn.jj / mnjj c was ead as he name o Menes, he
legenda y ounde o he Egyp ian 1s dynas y (end o he 4 h millennium BC) (Vinson,
2001; Heagy, 2014), he name o a king called Ra-meny o Khmuny, o an abb e ia -
ed e sion o he h one name o Thu mose III, Mn-ḫp - c ( on Becke a h, 1969, p.59;
Jaege , 1982, p.286 n. 108). The e is now a consensus among schola s ha i mo e
likely ep esen s an in e ed w i ing o he name Amun (Jmn), o Amun-Re in hose
cases whe e a sun disk was added (Ho nung and S aehelin, 1976, pp.44-45; Keel, 1995:
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p.§ 625). E. Ho nung concludes ha “Dami bilde diese “Königsname” eine B ücke
zwischen de Königshe scha on Gö e n und de He scha on i disch-his o ischen
Königen” (Ho nung and S aehelin, 1976, p.45), making i a my hical, ‘ideal’ name wi h
s ong bene icen and sac ed powe , bu wi hou his o ical ounda ion. I is emp ing o
associa e he pai o u aei wea ing he ed and whi e c owns on he Cas ella de Lib illa
sca ab wi h he achie emen s assigned o Menes (‘king some hing’), he name gi en
o he ule o ule s who uni ied Lowe and Uppe Egyp and ounded Memphis and
who we e celeb a ed om he ime o he New Kingdom onwa ds. While he insc ip ion
on ou sca ab canno be mis aken o an Egyp ian oyal name, such as Menkhepe e
o Menkau e, he o e whelmingly oyal na u e o he chosen mo i s - ecumben lion,
c owned u aei, ca ouche and jubilee hie oglyph- excludes an in e ed w i ing o he
name Amun-Re. I is also no ewo hy ha pa allels o he mn.jj ca ouche lanked by
u aei can only be ound in Phoenician co po a, examples o which we e ci ed abo e. To
Figu a 9. De ail o main
sca abs e e ed o in
he ex (Design: au ho s.
Images: Ba ia: Albe o Lo-
io Al a ado©; Cas ella
de Lib illa: -Jesús Gómez
Ca asco©-; Fon e a
-Museo A queológico
de Gua dama ©-; T ea-
su e o Aliseda –Museo
A queológico Nacional /
A an xa Boye o Li ón©-;
Tomb o he Wa io
in Málaga -Museo de
Málaga / Da id Ga cía
González©-).
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conclude, his Phoenician in e p e a ion o an Egyp ian mul i unc ional ‘name’ seem-
ingly acknowledges i s o iginal, Egyp ian oyal conno a ions.
5. DISCUSSION
The quali y o his a e ac and i s excep ional na u e wi hin he amewo k o Ea ly I on
Age se lemen s o he Ibe ian Sou heas can be obse ed h ough i s ma e ial, echni-
cal and s ylis ic cha ac e is ics. The analysis o ypological and iconog aphical elemen s
made i possible o de ine i s ch onology and p opose i s o igin. Bo h he sca ab and
he gold bezel in which i is moun ed e eal he handiwo k o Phoenician c a smen. De-
ailed analysis o he composi ion deco a ing he unde side o he sca ab iden i ies i as
a Phoenician in e p e a ion o design elemen s ha we e o iginally de eloped in Egyp
du ing he New Kingdom. The combina ion o de ails, such as he single line di ide and
he co up jubilee sign wi h he mnjj c ca ouche, mus be placed in he 8 h cen u y BC,
o in he la e 8 h o ea ly 7 h cen u y BC a he la es . Based on he ch onological de el-
opmen o he ype o gold se ing, he sca ab was moun ed in i s p esen bezel in he
(la e) 7 h cen u y BC.
This pe iod o e laps wi h he la e 7 h cen u y - ea ly 6 h cen u y BC da e o he ce-
amic assemblage iden i ied in he midden o Sec o 13 (Cu illas and Ros Sala, 2020,
pp.86-87). This also co esponds o he da es p oposed o simila sca ab inds in he
Ibe ian Peninsula, as is he case o he sca ab om Ba ia, which has been assigned o
he 7 h cen u y BC (Almag o-Go bea and Lo io Al a ado, 2015, p.71); he exempla s om
he T easu e o Aliseda (Almag o-Go bea e al., 2009, pp.86-87) and he sca ab om
Panco o (Mancebo and Fe e , 1992, p.313), da ed o he end o he 7 h cen u y BC o
he beginning o he nex ; and, om he 6 h cen u y BC, he ing om he Tomb o he
Wa io in Málaga (Ga cía González e al., 2018), he sca ab o glass pas e om Fon e a
(Escolano Po eda, 2010, p.101) and a ious Egyp ianizing sca abs om Ibiza (Boa dman
e al., 1984).
A en ion mus be gi en o he quali y o he gold wi h which he moun was man-
u ac u ed, wi h a pu i y exceeding 99% acco ding o non-des uc i e mic oanalysis
(Pe ea e al., 2010), and which in his espec ha dly has any pa allels among o he
jewels co esponding o his pe iod. The excep ional quali y o he objec is u he -
mo e unde sco ed by he semi-p ecious s one used o he sca ab i holds as well as
i s iconog aphical con en . The oyal na u e o he selec ed symbols - ecumben lion,
c owned u aei, ca ouche, jubilee hie oglyph- s ands ou compa ed o he ew speci-
mens iden i ied in he Ibe ian Peninsula ha bea isola ed a es a ions o his se o
iconog aphic elemen s. Only one o he sca ab wi h a ca ouche and in his class o
ma e ials has been ound, in he Tomb o he Wa io in Málaga, which possibly dis-
plays he p aenomen o Necao I (O iz Ga cía and Jiménez Higue as, 2018, p.254), while
he ecumben lion has only been ound on he sca ab om Panco o (Mancebo and
Fe e , 1992, p.315) and a possible u aeus in he uppe egis e o he sca ab om Ba ia
(Almag o-Go bea and Lo io Al a ado, 2015, p.68).
Rega ding he unc ion o his sca ab, compa ison wi h o he i ems iden i ied in he
Ibe ian Peninsula allows us o conside , wi h some ce ain y, i s use as a il ing elemen
inco po a ed in o a ing o pendan . Al hough we do no know he ype o ing linked o
he h ee compa able sca ab inds -a Cas ella de Lib illa, Fon e a and Ba ia- i could
ha e been made o sil e , such as hose om he Tomb o he Wa io in Málaga (O iz
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Ga cía and Jiménez Higue as, 2018) o Bajo de la Campana (Azua and Pé ez, 2008), o
e en o gold, like he i ems om he T easu e o Aliseda (Mélida, 1921; Pe ea, 2007; Al-
mag o-Go bea and Dá ila, 2016) ( ig.8). In his way, his sca ab would ha e been pa
o a la ge piece des ined o pe sonal use and ado nmen ha , due o i s angible
and in angible cha ac e is ics, would ha e been adap ed o he canons ha ha e been
iden i ied as ypical o p es igious goods (Ped aza, 2017) and would ha e been closely
linked o a ce ain indi idual and p obably his/he lineage.
Wi h his se o obse a ions, di e en ques ions can be aised ega ding he p es-
ence o a jewel o his ype in one o he main au och honous se lemen s o he Ibe i-
an Sou heas . Wha kind o indi idual would i ha e been associa ed wi h? Wha would
ha e been i s in e nal unc ion? How did i a i e a Cas ella de Lib illa, and when?
The iden i ica ion o a sca ab wi h hese cha ac e is ics in he p e-li o al zone o he
egion implies a signi ican ind when conside ing he ole o local communi ies in he
la ge con ex o ela ions be ween hem and he Phoenicians. Howe e , i is necessa y
o emphasise ha , in his pa icula case, we ha e a di ec associa ion wi h he a chae-
ological eco d o he midden o Sec o 13 a Cas ella de Lib illa. This sec o is en i ely
connec ed wi h he u ban plan o he se lemen , and wo op ions ha e been p oposed
ega ding i s unc ionali y: i was an a ea des ined ei he o he cons uc ion o a o -
ess ha would ha e aken ad an age o i s ideal loca ion o o he cons uc ion o es-
idences o local eli es (Cu illas and Ros Sala, 2020, p.88), as has been p oposed in he
case o Sec o III a Peña Neg a (Lo io Al a ado e al., 2016, p.39). The sca ab moun ed
in a solid gold se ing could ein o ce his las hypo hesis, al hough his ques ion will
no be esol ed un il his sec o and he midden a e ully exca a ed.
Rega ding he owne o he moun ed sca ab, i mus ha e belonged o one o he
main a is oc a s o he ci y. Such objec s we e es ic ed o he uppe classes bo h in
Phoenician colonial se lemen s and in he au och honous se lemen s, and hei link o
he no ion o p es ige is e iden due o he alue o he ma e ials, he specialised na u e
o he wo k when p epa ing i and i s iconog aphic codes.
In ela ion o o he inds o his ype o sca ab in he Ibe ian Peninsula ( ig. 9), he
a chaeological eco ds ha a e bes known a e he T easu e o Aliseda (Mélida, 1921;
Rod íguez e al., 2020), he small easu e o Peña Neg a (González P a s, 1978) and he
Tomb o he Wa io in Málaga (Ga cía González e al., 2018). In he case o he i s wo,
hey ep esen in en ional concealmen s made by a membe o a powe ul amily capa-
ble o hoa ding hese p es igious objec s. Fo he Málaga bu ial, his ype o sca ab is
associa ed wi h a une a y a chi ec u e o no able impo ance and he ousseau o an
indi idual linked o mili a y powe , as e idenced by he weapons and objec s o excep-
ional alue ha i accompanied a he si e. Al hough he la e ind may ha e belonged
o a o eign indi idual (Ga cía González e al., 2018), he concealmen s a Aliseda and
Peña Neg a allow o an in e es ing deba e on emula ion and he alue o such p es ige
goods o local communi ies as symbols o powe and legi ima ing elemen s il e ed
h ough non-na i e codes and images.
The inco po a ion o such goods mus be unde s ood as a consequence o he dy-
namics o cul u al encoun e ha in ensi ied om he 8 h cen u y BC onwa ds wi h he
ins alla ion o he Phoenicians and he in oduc ion o o eign ma e ials, p oduc s and
p ac ices o he Ibe ian Peninsula. The a i al o new iconog aphic languages has been
analysed as one o he mos impo an esul s o his complex phenomenon. I new
codes a e no ep oduced au oma ically in local p oduc s, such as po e y o goldsmi h-
ing, hen echnical, ypological and iconog aphical hyb idisa ion can be obse ed, bu in
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he case o ce ain p es ige goods he o iginal o m was gene ally accep ed. This si ua ion
can be no ed o mos jewelle y and pe sonal ado nmen i ems in gene al, and o bezel
moun ings wi h sca abs in pa icula .
The au och honous a is oc acies decide o adop a new o ien al iconog aphic lan-
guage ha hey could inco po a e as hei own in i s o iginal o m, adding i o o he
adi ional elemen s o e en endowing hemsel es wi h a comple ely new aes he ic,
as is e iden in omb 5 o he nec opolis a Collado y Pina de San a Ana (He nández
Ca ión and Gil González, 2001-2002). Th ough p ocesses o di e en ia ion and exclu-
si i y, hey could ein o ce hei social s a us and consolida e hei powe , especially
in he ace o he e y esou ces ha hey needed o mobilise o achie e i . Howe e ,
his eali y is only one pa o he social and ideological pa e ns emb aced by such
eli es, because, al hough o eign elemen s and hei ela ed p ac ices we e adop ed, a
ce ain local agency can be obse ed in mo e e e yday sphe es, such as he ce amic
assemblages iden i ied in he midden o Sec o 13 a Cas ella de Lib illa. In his sense,
we ha dly ind ma e ial di e ences wi h wha has been documen ed in o he sec o s
o he se lemen (Ros Sala, 1989), highligh ing he impo ance o hese ans e sal ap-
p oaches and op-down models (Delgado He ás, 2013) o unde s anding e e yday li e
as a c ys allisa ion o he iden i y o hese communi ies.
This local agency mus be accoun ed o when app oaching hese Ibe ian communi-
ies, he eby making i possible o assess he di e en modes o in e ac ion, emula ion
and hyb idisa ion ha ook place be ween Phoenicians and he au och honous popu-
la ion (Vi es-Fe ándiz, 2005). Such local agency ca ies wi h i he demand o his ype
o p es ige goods, making i possible o main ain and boos a p es igious goods ade
capable o connec ing di e en pa s o he Medi e anean. The a i al o hese dis in-
guished i ems om dis an po s a es s o his ac , and hei iden i ica ion in ca gos,
such as a Bajo de la Campana (Polze , 2014; Pinedo Reyes, 2018), gi es us an idea o he
na u e o his specialised ade. Howe e , he coexis ence o such p oduc s and he ex-
cep ional na u e o he i ems lead us o sugges ha he ade o p es ige goods was bu
ano he aspec o he o e all economic and comme cial dynamics o he ime. P es ige
goods cons i u ed a limi ed, bu signi ican , pa o all ade and canno be disconnec -
ed om la ge economic and comme cial eali ies, bu nei he did hey de e mine he
en i e sys em o socio-economic and cul u al de elopmen as s ic ly as he economy o
p es ige goods sugges .
6. FINAL REMARKS
Fieldwo k in he p o ohis o ic se lemen o Cas ella de Lib illa con inues o e eal
he po en ial o his si e and he impo ance o his se lemen du ing he Ea ly I on
Age. The a i al o a piece o jewelle y o ema kable quali y and wi h ew pa allels a
he peninsula le el, a leas in e ms o he pu i y o i s gold, poin o he signi ican
pa icipa ion o he au och honous eli es in Medi e anean ade ou es ha a e no e-
s ic ed exclusi ely o aw ma e ials and mine al esou ces. The ade o p es ige goods
no only eached he peninsula coas and i s Phoenician colonial se lemen s, bu also
ound cus ome s among he au och honous eli es and a is oc acies. Howe e , hese ex-
changes canno only be amed in e ms o how such i ems acili a ed ela ionships and
alliances, as has been p oposed o he p e-colonial ho izon and he i s phase o he
Phoenician colonisa ion (Aube , 1994; López Cas o e al., 2017).

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La e in he 7 h cen u y BC, o else in he ollowing cen u y, ela ions be ween wes e n
Phoenicians and au och honous a is oc acies we e consolida ed, hough no wi hou
ension, bu none heless well documen ed a e mo e han a cen u y o coexis ence.
No su p isingly, au och honous socie ies we e also capable o de eloping agency, de-
manding hese ypes o luxu y objec s o hemsel es as a ma e o pe sonal and social
p es ige. In his way, he eli es o he au och honous se lemen s pa icipa ed in he
dynamism o he ade o es ic ed-use goods, which, al hough limi ed in numbe , did
ind hei own ou es and spaces in he ade ansac ions.
Conside a ion o au och honous agency and he exis ence o ho izon al ela ion-
ships shi s he ocus o a en ion o he dynamic aspec s o Ea ly I on Age communi ies
(Vi es-Fe ándiz, 2005; Die le , 2009), allowing o a mo e p ecise app oach o hei e o-
lu ion wi hou denying he ex en o which he Phoenicians impac ed hei de elopmen .
In his sense, he ansmission by he Phoenicians o new ideals and symbols linked o
powe would al eady ha e been a eali y among he au och honous a is oc acies. This
would explain he selec i e demand o ce ain p es ige goods as a way o c ys allising
his new ideological pa e n o emula ing Phoenician eli es and he p ocess o hyb id-
isa ion, and i makes mo e conc e e an impo an pa o he ideological sys em and
means o legi ima ing powe buil and pe pe ua ed by hese eli es, o a leas hei ways
o ep esen ing and dis inguishing hemsel es.
Funding and acknowledgemen s
This wo k was de eloped in he amewo k o he esea ch p ojec ALAFMET: Al a e ías
au óc onas y enicias en el SE ibé ico. Una mi ada a queomé ica suppo ed by Fun-
dación PALARQ. The chemical analyses p esen ed we e ca ied ou in he Mic oscopy
Labo a o y o he Scien i ic and Technical Resea ch A ea o he Uni e si y o Mu cia.
We wan o highligh ou collabo a ion wi h he a chaeologis s Ósca González Ve ga a,
Albe o López López, Ana Ma ía Ga cía Sánchez and Lau a Luna Ba ba, and especially
wi h he membe s o he ACUDEAL Associa ion and g adua es in his o y, Fe nando José
Ba que o Caballe o and Sal ado Ga cía B ocal. The esea ch by Vanessa Boschloos (Me -
opoli an Museum o A and Ghen Uni e si y) is suppo ed by a ellowship om he
And ew W. Mellon Founda ion. Vanessa Boschloos also wishes o hank Amelie Beyhum,
Roald Doc e , Hend ik Hameeuw, and Jan D iessen o helping he gain access o ce ain
e e ences when lib a ies we e inaccessible due o he pandemic, and o E ic Gubel o
insigh ul discussions. We a e deeply g a e ul o he esea che s and ins i u ions ha
ha e allowed us o use hei images.
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