Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 200 (2024) 114574
A ailable online 22 May 2024
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S udy o he use o biogas as an ene gy ec o o mic og ids
Valen yna Loboichenko
a
,
b
, Al edo I anzo
a
,
c
, Manuel Casado-Manzano
a
, Se gio J. Na as
a
,
*
,
F.J. Pino
a
, Felipe Rosa
a
,
c
a
Dp o. de Ingenie ía Ene g´
e ica, Escuela T´
ecnica Supe io de Ingenie ía, Uni e sidad de Se illa, Camino de los Descub imien os s/n, Se illa, 41092, Spain
b
Depa men o Ci il Secu i y, Lu sk Na ional Technical Uni e si y, L i ska S ee , 75, Lu sk, 43018, Uk aine
c
ENGREEN - Labo a o y o Enginee ing o Ene gy and En i onmen al Sus ainabili y, Uni e sidad de Se illa, Spain
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
mic og id
Biogas
Renewable ene gy
Powe
Capaci y
Bio eac o
ABSTRACT
The e iew p esen s he cu en s a e o he issue abou he s uc u al ea u es o mic og ids as po en ial
s uc u al elemen s o ene gy ne wo ks. By analyzing li e a u e da a, mic og ids inco po a ing biogas we e
s udied in mo e de ail. I is no ed ha modeling me hods and so wa e compu ing ools a e ac i ely used o
ob ain op imal mic og id s uc u es. Va ious op ions o using biomass in mic og ids a e shown, me hods o
in eg a ing biogas plan s in o mic og ids and ea u es o hei ope a ion a e p esen ed. The ole o indi idual
componen s o a mic og ids inco po a ing biogas has been s udied, heo e ical models and ea u es o he
con e sion o biogas in o mic og ids ha e been discussed in de ail. I is no ed ha mic og ids wi h a biogas
p oduc ion capaci y o up o 5 MWh/day a e mainly conside ed, and he con ibu ion o biogas in mic og ids
a ies in he ange o 1–67 % o he o al p oduc ion capaci y. Implemen ed examples o such mic og ids a e
p esen ed and u he p ospec s o hei use a e ou lined. Fea u es o he use o mic og ids inco po a ing biogas,
di icul ies o hei p ac ical implemen a ion and he need o u he in-dep h s udy o his issue a e no ed. I is
no ed ha he use and implemen a ion o mic og ids inco po a ing biogas will con ibu e o he ene gy inde-
pendence o s a es and hei achie emen o sus ainable de elopmen goals. I is expec ed ha he p esen ed
e iew will help specialis s mo e clea ly ocus on he p oblema ic issues o mic og ids inco po a ing biogas, and
he in o ma ion p esen ed will allow s akeholde s o make in o med decisions abou he choice o powe sys em
s uc u e.
1. In oduc ion
One o he basic needs o a mode n s a e is he p o ision o a su i-
cien amoun o ene gy esou ces necessa y o he smoo h unc ioning
o all sec o s o he economy. The une en dis ibu ion o ossil esou ces
and hei exhaus ibili y, uns able p icing policy o hese esou ces, he
de elopmen o new echnologies and indus ies, he de e io a ion o he
en i onmen al si ua ion in he wo ld - all hese ac o s con ibu e o he
sea ch o new ene gy sou ces. Signi ican esul s in he de elopmen o
he use o sola , wind, wa e , geo he mal ene gy, idal ene gy, and o he
enewable ene gy sou ces ha e led o he nex quali a i ely new s age in
he ene gy sec o - hei join use [1].
The need o egula e he gene a ion, con e sion and ansmission o
ene gy in sys ems wi h se e al ene gy sou ces con ibu ed o he
eme gence o a new s uc u e in he ope a ion o ene gy sys ems - he so-
called “mic og ids”. Acco ding o he de ini ion o he In e na ional
Elec o echnical Commission [2] “mic og id - g oup o in e connec ed
loads and dis ibu ed ene gy esou ces wi h de ined elec ical bound-
a ies o ming a local elec ic powe sys em a dis ibu ion ol age le els,
ha ac s as a single con ollable en i y and is able o ope a e in ei he
g id-connec ed o island mode".
The modula design o mic og ids, he abili y o egula e ene gy
p oduc ion/ene gy consump ion/ene gy s o age, minimiza ion o en-
e gy anspo a ion cos s and p oximi y o he end consume made hem
in demand, i s o all, o emo e, ag icul u al a eas [3]. A he same
ime, hey can be a way o ensu e ene gy au onomy o indi idual
communi ies, a eas and acili ies [4] and e en ually en i e s a es. Unde
he in luence o he poli ical ac o on impo ed ene gy esou ces,
co ec ly unc ioning mic og ids can ac as an elemen o ensu ing he
ene gy, and ul ima ely na ional, secu i y o he coun y.
Despi e he de elopmen o he concep o mic og ids, he e is no
single unde s anding o he mos op imal s uc u e wi h he necessa y
quan i y and composi ion o elemen s. One o he p omising componen s
is he use o biogas. The use o biogas in he mic og id concep can ac as
an addi ional sou ce o ene gy and educe he dependence o egions and
* Co esponding au ho .
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (S.J. Na as).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews
jou nal homepage: www.else ie .com/loca e/ se
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. se .2024.114574
Recei ed 8 Ap il 2023; Recei ed in e ised o m 10 May 2024; Accep ed 14 May 2024
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 200 (2024) 114574
2
s a es on ossil ene gy sou ces. Reducing ca bon emissions allows hem
o accele a e hei p og ess owa ds achie ing sus ainable de elopmen .
Howe e , sys em esea ch in his di ec ion in he li e a u e is ep e-
sen ed e y limi ed. This e iew helps ill his gap. The s udy is aimed a
gi ing an idea o he s uc u al ea u es o mic og ids using biogas,
biogas con e sion in hem and he p ospec s o u he de elopmen
and implemen a ion o his ype o mic og ids.
In his e iew, he c i ical compa a i e analysis o he echnical ca-
pabili ies o di e en ypes o mic og id sys ems wi h biogas inco po-
a ion was ca ied ou h ough a bibliog aphic examina ion o
publica ions a ailable in he Scopus da abase. Calcula ion me hods we e
used o es ima e he pa ame e s o he sys ems p oposed in he
li e a u e.
The main con ibu ions o his s udy a e as ollows. Ene gy sys ems in
he o m o mic og ids allow he use o enewable ene gy sou ces and
ensu e he ansi ion o s a es and egions o a g een economy. The e-
iew poin s ou he ea u es o inco po a ing biogas in o such sys ems
wi h a ious combina ions o o he enewable ene gy sou ces. As no -
el y, i is no ed ha s uc u es wi h biogas p oduc ion capaci y up o 5
MWh/day a e he mos popula among he conside ed mic og id op-
ions. A he same ime, li le-s udied aspec s a e highligh ed and
inno a i e u he esea ch p ospec s a e indica ed. A unique con i-
bu ion o he pape is he compa a i e analysis o he cu en s a e o
mic og ids wi h inco po a ed biogas, including a de ailed compa ison
and benchma king based on Key Pe o mance Indica o s (KPIs) and also
including economic conside a ions and de ail analysis o physical sys-
ems in ope a ion. The in o ma ion p esen ed in he wo k will help
specialis s mo e clea ly ocus on p oblema ic issues o mic og ids wi h
inco po a ed biogas. Wi h he in o ma ion p esen ed in he e iew,
scien is s, poli icians and en ep eneu s can make mo e in o med de-
cisions abou choosing he s uc u e o he ene gy sys em a he local,
egional o s a e le el. In u n, his will con ibu e o achie ing sus-
ainable de elopmen goals on a global scale.
The e iew is s uc u ed as ollows. Ini ially, in Sec ion 2, a gene al
desc ip ion o mic og ids and mic og ids wi h included biogas was
gi en. Fu he , in Sec ion 3, a mo e de ailed analysis o ea u es o
biogas ans o ma ion in hese sys ems, including he indi idual s uc-
u al elemen s o such mic og ids, is p esen ed, and hen, in Sec ion 4,
he exis ing eal samples o mic og ids using biogas a e discussed. In
Sec ion 5, u he possible p ospec s o he de elopmen o his di ec-
ion a e p esen ed. And, inally, in Sec ion 6, conclusions a e gi en.
2. Mic og ids as a ype o ene gy sys ems wi h a ious ene gy
sou ces
The de elopmen o he concep o mic og ids con ibu ed o he
o ma ion o hei s uc u e, ha dwa e and so wa e, he s udy o ene gy
low con ol wi hin his sys em and he s udy o he ea u es o i s
in e ac ion wi h o he ene gy sys ems.
A sepa a e issue is also he unde s anding abou wha hese ene gy
sys ems a e. In pa icula , hey a e p esen ed as a “dis ibu ed ene gy
sys em” [5],
μ
G id [6], hyb id enewable ene gy sys ems [7,8],
mul i-ene gy complemen a y sys em [9], in eg a ed ene gy sys ems
[10], enewable ene gy based powe sys ems [11], mul i-mic og id
powe sys em [12].
Fu he de elopmen and imp o emen o he concep o a mic og id
wi h se e al ene gy sou ces has led o i s ans o ma ion in o sma g ids
(sma ene gy sys ems), whe e an indispensable elemen o he ne wo k
is also an in elligen con ol sys em [13]. As a esul , he need o s udy
he con ol hie a chy, he s uc u e o con ol le els and con ol ele-
men s in hese mic og ids became ob ious [14].
App oaches o he classi ica ion o mic og ids also a y among
di e en au ho s. So, hey can di e in e ms o being included in a
common powe g id o au onomy (s and-alone sys em, o -g id sys em,
islanded, isola ed), by wo king as DC o AC dis ibu ion ne wo ks o
bo h, by he p esence o basic elemen s (sola ba e ies, wind u bines,
gene a o s, hyd o u bines, s o age ba e ies, con olle s, uel cells, e c.)
[6]. Mic og ids can be conside ed in e ms o hei applicabili y – o
buildings, dis ic s [15,16], he p oduc ion o one o mo e ypes o en-
e gy [17], as well as loca ion - s a iona y (land) o sea ( o ships) [18].
So wa e ools, op imiza ion me hods used in he analysis o a ious
mic og id con igu a ions a y [19,20]. Thus, he mos popula ools o
de e mining he op imal size o HERS include HOMER and iHOGA
(Hyb id Op imiza ion by Gene ic Algo i hms o sys ems om ew W up
o 5 MW powe ), which allow you o simula e he s o age o hyd ogen
ene gy, RETSc een (Renewable Ene gy and Ene gy E iciency Technol-
ogy Sc een), which akes in o accoun only sola , wind and ba e y en-
e gy, TRNSYS, which allows you o simula e he ansien beha io o an
in eg a ed sys em, as well as a numbe o o he comme cial and ee
pla o ms [21].
A a ie y o p edic i e me hods a e applied, such as a i icial in el-
ligence models [8], Uni a ia e s a is ical ime se ies models [ 8] [22],
linea p og amming and i e a i e me hods [23], machine lea ning [24,
25] o conside ing eal p ojec s [6,26]. Ano he s age in he de elop-
men o managed HRES is he use o hyb id op imiza ion me hods,
which ake ad an age o se e al me hods and p o ide a syne gis ic e -
ec in sol ing op imiza ion p oblems and op imiza ion me hods based
on a i icial in elligence [21].
As can be seen, he ongoing e olu ion o ene gy sys ems p o ides an
addi ional unde s anding o he s uc u e o he mic og id and i s indi-
idual componen s, a he same ime, despi e signi ican e o s in his
di ec ion, a numbe o ques ions emain open. Thei unsa is ac o y
legisla i e egula ion can be no ed e en in coun ies ac i ely de eloping
al e na i e ene gy [17,27]. The e a e disag eemen s in he na ional
legisla ions o coun ies using enewable esou ces [28], he need o
economic incen i es o g een ene gy [26], dis ega d o he ole o he
poli ical si ua ion [29], he need o an indi idual app oach when
de eloping a mic og id s uc u e o a pa icula objec [30], he impac
o he business model o he ene gy ma ke , en i onmen al and eco-
nomic ac o s on he choice o mic og id s uc u e [31,32].
Economic, poli ical, en i onmen al ac o s, among which one can
no e he need o sol e he p oblem o domes ic and ag icul u al o ganic
was e, as well as he equi emen o a s able ene gy supply o indi-
idual acili ies and a eas, ha e led o he sea ch o op ions o in e-
g a ing biogas in o he ope a ion o mic og ids.
Biogas can be a po en ial sou ce o ene gy, and many land ills,
li es ock a ms, and was ewa e ea men plan s cu en ly use biogas
collec ion sys ems o i s u he u iliza ion. I biogas is conside ed as
one o he sou ces o enewable ene gy, hen i is impo an o e alua e
i s use in he s uc u e o mic og ids.
Fo u he de elopmen o he mic og id concep , including using
sys ems wi h inco po a ed biogas, i is necessa y o analyze bo h he
gene al s a e o he issue and he exis ing gaps in his di ec ion wi h a
Abb e ia ions
AC al e na ing cu en
BG biogas
CHP combined hea and powe sys em
CCHP combined cooling, hea and powe sys em
COE cos o ene gy
DC di ec cu en
HOMER Hyb id Op imiza ion o Mul iple Ene gy Resou ces
NPC ne p esen cos
PV pho o ol aics
PC p oduc ion capaci y
SC s o age capaci y
TRNSYS T ansien Sys em Simula ion Tool
VRLA s al e egula ed lead–acid
V. Loboichenko e al.
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 200 (2024) 114574
3
u he sea ch o ways o sol e hem.
Biogas is a p oduc o he anae obic decomposi ion o o ganic was e
and is bu ned o p oduce hea , elec ici y and ca bon dioxide [33].
Va ious ypes o eac o s a e used o p oduce biogas, o example, wi h a
main ank di ided in o wo chambe s (Indian model); wi h a bio eac o
ope a ing on he p inciple o a hyd aulic p ess (Chinese model); co e ed
lagoon biodiges e s, up low anae obic sludge blanke eac o [34] and
e c.
The esou ce and echnical capabili ies o di e en coun ies o he
p oduc ion and use o biogas a y g ea ly, despi e i s ole in achie ing
sus ainable de elopmen goals. This in oduces addi ional es ic ions
on he po en ial applicabili y o mic og ids using biogas in hese coun-
ies [35,36]. Socio-economic ac o s [37], he exis ence o a egula ed
biowas e ma ke [38], as well as he echnical aining o pe sonnel, also
a ec he possibili y o ins alla ion, as well as he long- e m and co ec
ope a ion o he equipmen [39].
2.1. O e all desc ip ion o mic og ids inco po a ing biogas
A numbe o mic og ids ha use biogas in hei ope a ions ha e been
s udied in his wo k. Technical pa ame e s and ea u es o indi idual
mic og ids, hei biogas p oduc ion capaci ies, biogas s o age capaci ies,
he a io o hese capaci ies o gene al pa ame e s, as well as he main
sou ces o biomass a e p esen ed in Table 1. Table 1 gi es a isual
ep esen a ion o he s uc u e and cha ac e is ics o mic og ids inco -
po a ing biogas. I p esen s he main ene gy sou ces o he mic og ids
unde s udy and hei pa ame e s, and also indica es possible ope a ing
modes and he so wa e used.
I should be no ed ha mos o he conside ed p ojec s o such
mic og ids a e a he s ages o s udying he ea u es o he in e ac ion o
indi idual elemen s wi h each o he and es ing his in e ac ion,
de eloping a i ual model, o , aking in o accoun he physical and
geog aphical loca ion o he objec , using specialized so wa e, condi-
ions we e simula ed and he op imal con igu a ion was sea ched. Gi en
he conside a ion o a ious op ions o equipmen ha uses he sun,
wa e , wind, biogas as a sou ce o al e na i e ene gy, i can be no ed
ha , o mos o he op ions conside ed, he simul aneous use o all hese
sou ces is no ypical. The mos cha ac e is ic op ion is he p esence o
sola PV, wind u bine, ba e y s o age and he use o biogas in he
mic og id s uc u e.
Al e na i e ene gy sou ces such as wind, wa e , sun, a e cha ac e -
ized by he ins abili y o he ene gy p oduced, so he use o biogas is a
easonable comp omise o s abilize he ene gy supplied o co e he
needs o he se iced acili y. In u n, his causes he appea ance o uel
cell and ba e y s o age in a numbe o cases conside ed. The compli-
ca ion o he s uc u e o such mic og ids equi es con e e s [45,46],
also i o e s he possibili y o de eloping in elligen solu ions o he
op imal ope a ion o such mic og ids [40,60]. As a sou ce o biogas, he
au ho s o en conside a ious ypes o o ganic was e o do no men ion
wha ac s as a aw ma e ial, ocusing on s udying he ope a ion o he
mic og id as a whole. The applicabili y o biogas is also no always
oiced, in mos cases i is conside ed as a sou ce o elec ical ene gy,
al hough i can also be used o hea ing [50,54].
The amoun o biogas p oduced in he sys em can ange om 72
Nm
3
/day [40] o 650.5 Nm
3
/day [41]. The esul ing biogas is hen used
bo h di ec ly o he p oduc ion o elec ical ene gy [40], and o o he
pu poses, o example, in cooking [41].
2.2. The ole o biomass in he ope a ion o mic og ids inco po a ing
biogas
In addi ion o biogas i sel , biomass is used in mic og ids. In his case,
a ious op ions o i s applica ion a e assumed. Biomass is used o
p oduce bioelec ici y and bio uels by gasi ica ion, py olysis, di ec
combus ion, anae obic diges ion, e men a ion, and chemical eac ions
[76]. I is no ed ha wood and wood was e a e p edominan ly bu ned,
while animal and human was e a e mo e sui able o p oducing biogas
[77].
Thus, in mic og ids biomass can be con e ed in o ene gy using a
biomass gasi ie . By incomple ely bu ning biomass in a biomass gasi ie ,
syn hesis gas is p oduced, which is hen bu ned o powe a gene a o .
This equipmen is cheape han sola PV; howe e , he e a e p oblems
wi h esin accumula ion and keeping he eeds ock d y. Spa k plug and
balloon coil ailu e and ba e y discha ge as no ed in Re . [78] a e
common o hese sys ems. A he same ime, he cos o main aining a
gasi ie is signi ican ly highe compa ed o sola panels. Thus, i s o al
cos is 53 % he gasi ie /PV/ba e y sys em, gi en ha PV p oduces
mo e ene gy (786,705 kWh/y) compa ed o he gasi ie (766,500
kWh/y) [79]. When ope a ing up o 10 h/day he powe capaci y o he
biomass gasi ie can each o 30 kW. The aw ma e ial can be o es y
and ag icul u al was e [41].The e iciency o he gasi ie is 18 % ( o ice
s aw gasi ica ion) [79].
Di e en biomass componen s a e used o di e en ene gy p o-
duc ion me hods in a mic og id. Thus, in Re . [68], solid was e (com-
muni y was e) is used in biomass-based combined hea and powe .
Whe eas biogas ob ained om animal-d oppings o ki chen-was es is
supplied o he biogas u bine gene a o . The biomass di ec ly used o
p oduce biogas is goa and ca le manu e [55]. Human was e, li es ock
was e, and ice husks can also be used, as sugges ed in Re . [46], as well
as a sepa a e we ac ion o municipal solid was e [80]. Biogas is
gene a ed due o he p esence o a e men e .
To de e mine he op imal echnical cha ac e is ics o a mic og id, a
biomass gene a o emula o can be used. Wo k [44] shows he pe o -
mance o a sys em whe e he main componen s a e PV, a geo he mal
sou ce, a biomass gene a o and a s o age sys em. I is assumed ha
biogas is gene a ed in he biomass gene a o . Some mic og id sys ems
in ol e he use o a biomass elec ical gene a ion uni , whe e, depend-
ing on he ype o biomass, i is supposed o p oduce biogas ( ood and
human was e) o syngas (ag icul u al and o es was es) [58]. These
gases a e hen used in he mic og id o gene a e ene gy. I is no ed ha
he ene gy po en ial o syngas and biogas gene a o s is compa able -
e iciency is 26 % and 27 %, espec i ely. Thei o al es ima ed elec-
ici y p oduc ion is 132 kW/day (biogas) and 158 kW/day (syngas).
Using he example o calcula ing mic og id pa ame e s o he illage o
Sikkim (India, 2631 people), i is shown ha despi e he smalle occu-
pied a ea (2.93 m
2
/kW), he capi al cos o he sys em o p oduc ion o
syngas is mo e expensi e (107,895,453 $) compa ed o biogas (13.44
m
2
/kW and 59,796 $). I he e a e sepa a e plan s o con e ing biogas
and biomass in a mic og id sys em, hei e iciency changes somewha .
Thus, when p ocessing he we and d y ac ions o municipal solid
was e, espec i ely, in a biogas p oduc ion plan (32 kW) and a biomass
gasi ie (64 kW), biogas o elec ici y con e sion e iciency is 33.5 %,
while biomass o elec ici y con e sion e iciency is 20 % [80].
3. Discussion and analysis o mic og ids using biogas
The de elopmen o any mic og id assumes he p esence o a eal
objec (objec s) o which his g id plans o be applied. This leads o he
ac i e use o simula ion and op imiza ion me hods, which make i
possible o de e mine he mos app op ia e (economically, en i on-
men ally) echnical cha ac e is ics o a mic og id, and, in some cases, o
es hem in p ac ice.
In his sec ion, om he heo e ical and p ac ical sides, he con i-
bu ion o biogas o he ope a ion o he mic og id is conside ed. An
analysis o a ious ma hema ical models desc ibing he p oduc ion,
s o age, con e sion o u iliza ion o biogas in he mic og id s uc u e is
p esen ed. Va ious ways o p ac ical use o biogas in mic og ids a e
conside ed. The echnical pa ame e s o o he possible mic og id ele-
men s using biogas we e also analyzed, as we e some o hei economic
aspec s.
V. Loboichenko e al.
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 200 (2024) 114574
4
Table 1
Main desc ip ion and pa ame e s o mic og ids using biogas [40–75].
V. Loboichenko e al.
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3.1. Biogas con e sion models in mic og ids
In a numbe o wo ks p esen ed in Table 1, ma hema ical models o
indi idual elemen s o mic og ids a e conside ed. In pa icula , in Re s.
[40–43,46,49,51,55,58,61,62,65,69,72,73,75] p oposed di e en
models o biogas con e sion. Thus, models o biogas p oduc ion a e
conside ed in Re s. [43,62,65,72]. In Re . [43], he au ho s ake in o
accoun he modynamic e ec s when o ming he biogas diges ion
model. A mul idimensional he mal ne wo k R–C o a ypical unde -
g ound cylind ical diges e is p oposed, aking in o accoun he s uc-
u e o he diges e and he in luence o ex e nal ac o s (ai , soil).
A model o a biogas eac o ha akes in o accoun he e ec o
empe a u e on biogas p oduc ion is discussed in Re . [72]. The o al
ans e unc ion model om eed was e inpu o me hane p oduc ion
was p oposed by Re . [62]. The au ho s p esen in de ail he ma he-
ma ical models o he ou s ages o biogas p oduc ion (hyd olysis,
acidogenesis, ace ogenesis, me hanogenesis) and hen desc ibe he o al
ans e unc ion model. Au ho s [65] calcula ed he equi emen o he
minimum amoun o biogas ha mus be p oduced o supply he biogas
d i en gene a o . Elec ici y p oduc ion by he biogas d i en gene a o ,
he pe iod o ope a ion, he olume ic me hane con en o biogas, he
calo i ic ene gy con en o he me hane gas om he biogas and he
o e all gas o elec ici y con e sion e iciency o he biogas d i en
gene a o a e aken in o accoun .
Se e al models o biogas s o age ha e been p oposed by he au ho s
[40,42,43,46]. Thus [43], ake in o accoun he hyd odynamic in-
e ac ions be ween ese oi p essu e and biogas loading/unloading
lows, and p opose a hyd odynamic ne wo k model o ake in o accoun
biogas p essu e dynamics in s o age. The pape s [40,42,46] p oposed
op ions o calcula ing he size o he biodiges e .
Howe e , mos o he conside ed wo ks a e cha ac e ized by he
s udy o models o biogas u iliza ion [40–42,49,51,55,58,61,62,69,73,
75]. Modeling o biogas plan , which akes in o accoun elec ical powe
gene a ed om he biogas plan , is p esen ed in Re s. [40,60]. A model
o a biogas u bine gene a o sys em, in which biogas is used o gene a e
elec ici y, in he o m o a ans e unc ion, is p esen ed in Re s. [69,
73,75]. A model o a biogas sys em used o gene a e elec ici y in a
mic og id, based on he calcula ion o he biogas a ailabili y, was p o-
posed by a eam o au ho s in Re s. [41,55]. The biogas i ed in e nal
combus ion engine model p esen ed in Re . [49] includes uel con-
sump ion unc ions and such es ic i e pa ame e s as gene a o powe
limi s, i s ope a ion and idle ime, and he numbe o gene a o s. A
ma hema ical model has been p oposed o de e mine he elec ical
powe o a biogas powe plan and he ene gy o biogas p oduced om
he manu e o a ious animals [51] o o he aw ma e ials [58]. In he
wo k [61], he sys em o equa ions desc ibes he s ages o biogas com-
bus ion in he p esence o comp essed ai and powe gene a ion using
combus ion p oduc s passing h ough a gas u bine. Au ho s [62]
modeled a biogas ene gy p oduc ion sys em and p esen ed he o e all
ans e unc ion o he biomass ene gy con e sion sys em.
3.2. Biogas con e sion in mic og ids
Acco ding o Re . [40] he main equipmen o a biogas plan is an
insula ed chambe , a ib a ing sc een, a coa se and ine g inding
combine, a diges e (bio eac o ), a loa ing gas ank, a gas cleaning
sys em, a pipeline, a gas gene a o , and a con ol panel. The gas o med
in he bio eac o is collec ed in a loa ing gas ank and hen sen o he
gas cleaning sys em. Mois u e impu i ies and hyd ogen sul ide a e
cleaned in he gas cleaning sys em and hen sen o he gas gene a o .
The olume o he diges e is 35 cubic me e s wi h a 15 kVA gene a o .
The esul ing biogas is supposed o be used o gene a e elec ici y,
al hough he au ho s no e he bioene gy po en ial o he sys em wi h he
abili y o p oduce 220.17 kWh o he mal ene gy. The same plan is used
o gene a e elec ici y om biogas in a biogas powe plan in he wo k o
he au ho s [42].
V. Loboichenko e al.
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 200 (2024) 114574
9
The me hane con ained in biogas can ac as a sou ce o he mal en-
e gy in he mic og id and be used o hea ing [50]. Combus ion o biogas
o p oduce hea and elec ici y is p oposed in Re s. [56,61,72]. Using a
solid oxide uel cell, acco ding o he au ho s [53] will imp o e he e -
iciency o his p ocess.
In [45,46,48,49,51,52,60,62,63,68,75] he conside ed model sys-
ems mic og ids in ol e he use o a biogas gene a o o gene a e elec-
ical ene gy. Mic og id using biogas no only as a sou ce o elec ical
ene gy, bu also o cooking is discussed in Re . [47]. Biogas in a
mic og id can be used no only o gene a e elec ici y, bu also o p o-
duce hyd ogen [57].
Mesophilic diges ion o biogas in an anae obic 600 m
3
unde g ound
cylind ical diges e is conside ed o biogas p oduc ion in Re . [43]. The
esul ing biogas is loaded in o a 600 m
3
biogas s o age ank, and hen
can be used wi h op imal solu ions o di ec cooking and hea ing o
cogene a ion wi h combined cooling hea ing and powe uni [43].
I is possible o ob ain biogas om animal manu e and plan esidues,
he esul ing biogas is used o cooking, and he es is used o gene a e
elec ici y [41], [55], [67]. I he e is an excess biogas in he sys em,
me hane gas (CH
4
) is spli in o hyd ogen and ca bon a oms h ough
se e al p ocesses, and he esul ing hyd ogen is hen s o ed as uel o
he uel cell. Biogas is di ec ly p oduced om biodeg adable animal
was e and exc emen and used o gene a e elec ici y using a biogas
u bine gene a o . [69].
Analysis o he quan i a i e da a p esen ed in Table 1 [40,43,48]
allows us o speak abou he p edominan ole o biogas as a s o age
sys em in a mic og id, ega dless o he o al s o age capaci y o he
sys em as shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b). The BG SC alues hemsel es ange
om 15 kWh o 184 kWh, a ying mo e han 10 imes depending on he
o al SC o he sys em.
As can be seen om Fig. 1, he sha e o ene gy in he mic og id
p oduced using biogas anges om 12.3 % o 36.06 % [40,41,51,52,58].
Al hough bounda y cases a e also accep able, whe e he con ibu ion o
biogas as an ene gy sou ce in he mic og id can a y om 1 % [67] o
66,5 % [61]. A he same ime, he au ho s choose he mos op imal
mic og id model o he gi en condi ions, as shown in Fig. 2.
Fu he , indi idual elemen s o mic og ids using biogas a e consid-
e ed in mo e de ail.
The ole o biogas in he ene gy p oduc ion sys em a ies somewha .
Wi h o al sys em PC om 1 MWh/day o 1200 MWh/day [40,41,58,66,
67] BG PC can a y in a e y wide ange - om 380 kWh/day o 12000
kWh/day in he s udied mic og ids wha is shown in Fig. 3(a) and (b).
I BG PC in he mic og ids discussed in Table 1 is con en ionally
di ided in o h ee sub anges – up o 5 MWh/day, up o 100 MWh/day,
up o 500 MWh/day as shown in Fig. 4, hen i can be no ed ha in 67 %
o hese mic og ids BG PC does no exceed 5 MWh/day. Since he
de elopmen o a mic og id akes in o accoun he indi idual cha ac-
e is ics o he acili y, i can be no ed ha he mos popula a e
mic og id s uc u es wi h a biogas p oduc ion capaci y o up o 5 MWh/
day.
3.3. Mos common s uc u al elemen s o a mic og id using biogas
Sola panels a e a widely used ene gy sou ce oday. They occupy one
o he key places in he mic og id s uc u e. Thei o al powe is de e -
mined by he design o he mic og id and can ake alues om 500 W
[62] up o 10 MW [81], and he op imal powe , as well as he numbe o
ba e ies, is selec ed by simula ion me hods, aking in o accoun he
needs o he acili y. Рho o ol aic modules a e combined in o a sola PV
sys em. In his case, he sola adia ion a ec ing he su ace o he sola
PV sys em is con e ed in o elec ici y [41]. In Re . [41] sola PV sys em
consis s o se e al PV modules. Modeling a pho o ol aic sys em assumes
he use o a single diode model o a pho o ol aic module. I s ope a ion
p o ides 13 % o he o al ene gy p oduced by he mic og id. A se o
314.5 MW pa abolic ough sola collec o s is in Re . [64] pa o an
in eg a ed biome hane/biome hanol cogene a ion amewo k using
biogas as eeds ock. Polyc ys alline ype sola panels wi h a maximum
a ed powe o 62.73 W a e o e ed as pa o a 10 MW sola powe plan
[51]. An in e e is used o con e he DC powe gene a ed by sola
panels in o AC powe . In Re . [44], wel e se ies-connec ed 250 W sola
panels om ET-Sola o m a pho o ol aic a ay (2.8 kW), also connec ed
o he mic og id ia an in e e . By p e en ing wa e e apo a ion, being
mo e ene gy e icien , and imp o ing wa e quali y, loa ing sola panels
a e conside ed mo e en i onmen ally iendly. Howe e , his can in-
c ease hei cos by 10–40 % compa ed o g ound-moun ed PV in-
s alla ions [45].
Ano he basic elemen o mic og ids is he wind u bine. Thei pa-
ame e s a e modeled aking in o accoun he wind egime and clima ic
ea u es o he a ea, aking in o accoun he heigh o he wind gene a o
[40]. They can ha e powe om 1 kW [45] up o 3400 kW [67], p o ide
up o 13 % o he o al ene gy p oduced by he mic og id [67]. Al hough
i s con ibu ion may no exceed 2.5 % in gene al, i is a bladed u bine
connec ed ia an in e e o a mic og id [40]. So, 1 kW HAWT (ho i-
zon al axis wind u bine) wind u bine has a o o diame e o 2.8 m,
blade numbe - 3, which allows i o ope a e a wind speeds up o 40 m/s
[40]. The wa e po en ial o he a ea, as well as he ene gy needs o he
acili y, ob iously de e mine he use o a hyd o u bine in he mic og id.
In u n, he powe o he hyd o u bine i sel is a ec ed by he a io o
p essu e and olume ic low o wa e [41]. The capaci y o hyd o u -
bines in mic og ids anges om 40 kW [41] o 300 kW [58]. In each
speci ic case, he powe o hyd okine ic u bines and hei numbe
de e mine he op imal mic og id con igu a ion.
Mic og ids may include uel cells. In a mic og id, hey can ope a e in
se e al modes - bo h di ec ly in he uel cell mode and in he elec olyze
mode. So, in Re . [48] uni ied egene a i e solid oxide uel cell can be
ed by a pu e hyd ogen and a mix u e o biogas (CH
4
and CO
2
) a
di e en a ios, a ying acco ding o he mic og id ope a ing condi-
ions, wi h all o hese gases con ained in a unique ank designed o s o e
his mix u e. Inclusion o an elec olyse and a uel cell in a mic og id
[69] allows o s abilize possible luc ua ions in he ene gy gene a ed by
he sys em. So, i excess ene gy is gene a ed in he sys em, hen he
elec olyze p oduces hyd ogen and s o es i . In he e en o a powe
sho age, he s o ed hyd ogen is used as uel in a uel cell. The p o-
duc ion discussed in Re . [64] is an imp o ed sys em o he simul a-
neous p oduc ion o biome hane and biome hanol, whe e biome hane is
ob ained by cleaning biogas, and he hyd ogen p oduced by elec olysis
is used o p oduce biome hanol.
An impo an elemen in ensu ing s able ope a ion o mic og ids is
he ba e y. The main applica ions a e anadium edox low ba e y, Li-
ion ba e y and lead acid ba e y. So, in Re s. [40,42] use he 1 kW/6
kWh anadium edox low ba e y whe eas 12 V VRLA ba e y is used in
he mic og id s uc u e in Re . [44]. In Re . [45] subs an ia es he
op imal combina ion o a mic og id wi h a second-li e ba e y ene gy
s o age sys em based on li hium-ion ba e ies. Li-ion ba e ies a e sug-
ges ed in Re . [49] (200 kW) and in Re . [52] (3000 kWh).
In addi ion o he basic equipmen lis ed abo e, some echnical el-
emen s can also be used in a mic og id. Thus, de ices o con e ing
se e al ypes o ene gy can be included in he s uc u e o a mic og id.
Namely, an elec ic hea pump, a u nace and an abso p ion chille ,
which a e used o con ol he ou pu ene gy in he equi ed quan i ies
[43]. I he use o ene gy om geo he mal sou ces is expec ed, hen a
geo he mal gene a o (2 kW) may be included in he s uc u e o he
mic og id. I can be conside ed as a p ima y sou ce o ene gy p o ided
ha he geo he mal wa e low is cons an [44]. Some au ho s see a
con e e as pa o addi ional equipmen , he powe o which can be 55
kW [46], 300 kW [58], 2700 kW [45], 6834 kW [67], 20,000 kW [52].
Some imes, in o de o educe he dependence o he sys em on
enewable ene gy sou ces and inc ease i s eliabili y, he au ho s sepa-
a ely include a diesel gene a o [46,55] o biodiesel gene a o [47,68,
69,73,75] in he design o mic og ids. To con e excess ene gy gene -
a ed in a mic og id in o hyd ogen, an elec olyze can be sepa a ely
in eg a ed in o i s s uc u e [69]. In some mic og ids, he au ho s
V. Loboichenko e al.