123
San igo del Rey Quesada DOI: 10.4312/linguis ica.63.1-2.123-142
Uni e sidad de Se illa
[email p o ec ed]
THE CONTRIBUTION OF ERASMUS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
ROMANCE LANGUAGES IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD*
1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The wo k p esen ed he e is based on he heo e ical and me hodological assump ions o
Ge man Va ia ional Linguis ics, which ha e a s ong Cose ian imp in . Th ee models,
wi hin his amewo k, acqui e special ele ance in he con ex o he p esen pape .
On he one hand, he model o he linguis ic-his o ical a ia ional space be ween com-
munica i e immediacy (Nähe) and dis ance (Dis anz) p oposed by Koch and Oes e -
eiche (1990 [2007]: 15–19). Fo hese au ho s, he a ia ional space o any his o ical
language (in he sense o Coșe iu 2007: 140) is unde s ood as a con inuum be ween he
poles o concep ual o ali y (= communica i e immediacy) and concep ual sc ip u ali y
(= communica i e dis ance), communica i e domains de e mined by a ious pa am-
e e s o an ex a-linguis ic na u e ( o ins ance, physical p oximi y o con e sa ional
pa ne s, deg ee o amilia i y, deg ee o emo ional implica ion, possibili y o pa ici-
pa ion in he con e sa ion, deic ic ela ionships be ween in e locu o s e c.). In o he
wo ds, he au ho s ad oca e o e coming he dicho omous dis inc ion be ween o al and
w i en on he medial plane and eplacing i wi h a cline ha e e s o he ype o
discou se–medially o al o medially w i en– which is di e en acco ding o di e en
communica i e pa ame e s. In his sense, a medially w i en ex may con ain nume -
ous ea u es o o ali y o communica i e immediacy (such as a Wha sApp message o a
iend) jus as a medially o al ex may con ain nume ous ea u es ypical o sc ip u al-
i y o communica i e dis ance ( o example, he solemn speech a he in es i u e o an
hono a y doc o a e).
On he o he hand, Ge man Va ia ional Linguis ics has also success ully exploi -
ed he model o Discou se T adi ions (Disku s adi ionen), a e m i s used by Koch
(1987) in his unpublished habili a ion hesis and de eloped heo e ically and analy ical-
ly by nume ous au ho s wi hin Eu opean and La in Ame ican Romance Linguis ics (c .
Del Rey 2015a; Vincis/Mio o 2016; López Se ena 2007, 2011, 2021, 2023; Kaba ek
2018, and Cano Aguila 2022, among o he s). The concep alludes o he adi ional as-
pec ha should be conside ed in any his o ical language (c . Koch 1997: 45) in o de o
* This pape is pa o he p ojec s I+D+i T adicionalidad discu si a, adicionalidad idiomá ica, sin axis del
discu so, aducción y cambio lingüís ico en la his o ia del español mode no: p osa (p e-) pe iodís ica, p osa (p e-)
ensayís ica y p osa li e a ia (PGC2018-097823-BI00) and Hacia una diac onía de la o alidad/esc i u alidad:
a iación concepcional, aducción y adicionalidad discu si a en el español y o as lenguas ománicas
(DiacO alEs) (PID2021-123763NA-I00), bo h unded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER, UE.
124
unde s and how i unc ions, gi en ha he e a e no only idioma ic ules in a language
( e e ing o phone ics-phonology, mo phosyn ax and lexicon) bu also discou se ules
ha enable a speake ’s linguis ic compe ence o be ecognised. The idea o e oca ion is
cen al o he de ini ion o discou se adi ion, since ce ain elemen s in ex s can unc-
ion as discou se- adi ional ma ks ha e oke pa icula discou se zones (c . Kaba ek
2018: 220) wi hin ex s, gen es, ex ual sequences o pa icula concep ual p o iles –by
concep ual p o ile I mean he place a ex occupies in he con inuum be ween communi-
ca i e immediacy and dis ance.– Thus, o ins ance, he sequence once upon a ime has
he powe o e oke he beginning o a ale (e en i he au ho ’s in en ion is no o ell a
ale, by using ha sequence he/she is e oking ha speci ic discou se zone o ha ype
o discou se wi h he communica i e pu pose he/she has se o him/he sel ). Likewise,
he abundance o subo dina e sen ences and syn ac ic complexi y in a ex makes i pos-
sible o e oke he concep ual p o iles o communica i e dis ance.
Thi dly, a concep p oposed by Kloss (1978) wi hin he ield o Ge man S udies has
p o ed o be pa icula ly ui ul in Romance Linguis ics esea ch in ecen decades
and will be equally impo an in he a gumen s I will de end in he ollowing pages. I
e e o he concep o elabo a ion (Ausbau). Kloss (1978: 25) employs he e m Aus-
bausp ache o Ausbau languages e e ing o languages ha a e con igu ed in such a
way ha hey can se e ‘als s anda disie e We kzeuge li e a ische Be ä igung’ ‘as
s anda dised ools o li e a y exp ession.’ The Ausbau i.e. elabo a ion p ocesses o
Romance languages consis o wo complemen a y aspec s o linguis ic de elopmen
(c . Koch/Oes e eiche 1990 [2011]: 225). On he one hand, ex ensi e elabo a ion
(ibid.) e e s o he abili y o a language o occupy he domain o concep ual sc ip u -
ali y used in discou se adi ions ha a e ypical o communica i e dis ance, in sho ,
in all kinds o ex ual domains ha cha ac e ise he languages o cul u e. And on he
o he , in ensi e elabo a ion e e s o he de elopmen o speci ic linguis ic mechanisms
which enable a language con ined up o a ce ain momen o communica i e imme-
diacy o achie e he communica i e domain o dis ance, i.e., mechanisms ha lead o
ex ensi e elabo a ion. Languages ha ha e no ye been sc ip ed (c . F ank-Job/Selig
2016) adop a speci ic o hog aphy; in he case o Romance languages, ecou se o he
La in alphabe was he mos consis en solu ion. Mo eo e , elabo a ion also leads o
an inc ease in he numbe o nexuses and o ms o exp ession o syn ac ic ela ions, as
well as an expansion o ocabula y, including he de elopmen o a echnical lexicon.
These mechanisms di ec ly a ec elemen s o he linguis ic sys em. Acco ding o Kloss
(1978: 28), in o de o de e mine whe he a gi en dialec o Abs and language has a -
ained he s a us o an Ausbau language, he widesp ead use o ha dialec o language
as a ehicle o he exp ession o ins uc ional, echnical and scien i ic ex s1 – among
which could be included discou ses ha a e o en conside ed cha ac e is ic o special-
ised languages2 – is mo e impo an han he p oli e a ion o li e a y ex s.
1 An Abs and language, a e m coined by Kloss (1978: 25), is a language ha di e s om ano he language by i s
immanen quali ies (phone ic-phonological, mo phosyn ac ic and lexical sys em).
2 A discussion o his con o e sial e m is gi en in Del Rey (2018: 343–350).
125
2 LATIN AND ROMANCE IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD
Th oughou he Eu opean Middle Ages, nume ous Romance languages o in Cose iu’s
e minology “p ima y La in dialec s”3 (Cose iu 1981: 14), which had been es ic ed o
o al use o cen u ies, de eloped he mechanisms needed o become languages o cul-
u e, i.e. languages capable o ansmi ing knowledge and p oducing wo ks o li e a y
c ea ion h ough w i ing.
Elabo a ion mechanisms ep esen a c ucial s age in language s anda disa ion p o-
cesses (Haugen 1966, Mil oy/Mil oy 1985[2012], Maas 2014). The essen ial model
o elabo a ion p ocesses du ing he Middle Ages was he classical, pos classical
and medie al La in sc ip u al p oduc ion, undamen al ma e ial in he accul u a ion
(Bossong 1979) o he neo-La in languages. The e o e, he ansla ions om La in in o
he e nacula s ha we e c ea ed o dissemina e knowledge and Roman case law (a
symp oma ic example is ha o Fue zo Juzgo in he Ibe ian Peninsula, a ansla ion
o he isigo hic Libe Iudicio um, c . Kaba ek 2005, Cas illo Lluch 2018), especially
in medie al imes, we e conside ed a key ool in he de elopmen o hese elabo a ion
p ocesses (c . Alb ech 1995: 2017). Bo h he lexical-seman ic and he syn ac ic-dis-
cu si e le els ha e been ci ed on se e al occasions as p oo ha ansla ion ep esen s
a ca aly ic o ce o linguis ic elabo a ion, based p ima ily on he in e e ence o he
La in models o e he Romance models (c . Fe nández-O dóñez 2004, Del Rey 2021b).
The consolida ion o he Romance languages as languages o cul u e goes hand in
hand wi h he p og essi e e ea o La in in he legal-adminis a i e and aes he ic-li -
e a y sphe es. A pa adigma ic case is ha o 13 h-cen u y Cas ile in he pe iod be ween
he ule o Fe dinand III (1217–1252) and Sancho IV (1284–1295) (c . Sánchez-P ie o
2004: 424–426). Howe e , his does no mean ha La in declined in impo ance as a
model o elabo a ed language.4 E en in he Ea ly Mode n Pe iod, La in, which had
been e ined du ing he Age o Humanism, was s ill conside ed a mo e eloquen , con-
cise and elegan language han he e nacula s, as can be seen om he eading o
nume ous p ologues o he omanceamien os ( ansla ions om La in in o he e nacu-
la s) p oduced du ing his pe iod (c . Del Rey 2020). Boscán himsel , in his ansla ion
o Il Co egiano by Baldassa e Cas iglione – a ansla ion ha became a s yle guide in
he Spanish Renaissance – complains abou he e ible ansla o s o La in and jus i ies
his ansla ion by he ac ha i is no p ecisely a omanceamien o bu he ansla ion
om one ulga language in o ano he ulga language.
The Ea ly Mode n Pe iod, hei o humanism, con inued o e e e La in as he mos
alued language o he ansmission o knowledge. In o de o ca e ully e-es ablish
he ex s o classical an iqui y, he humanis s sough o in e p e hem co ec ly, based
on a igo ous knowledge o he g amma and ocabula y o he classical languages (He-
b ew, G eek, La in), bu also on complemen a y disciplines such as geog aphy, his o y,
3 P ima y La in dialec s co espond o he di ec e olu ion o La in in he di e en e i o ies o he Romance-
speaking wo ld, while he seconda y dialec s a e an e olu ion o he p ima y dialec s hemsel es ( o example,
while Cas ilian is a p ima y La in dialec , Andalusian and i s a ie ies can be ega ded as a seconda y dialec ).
4 By elabo a ed language I mean any Romance language ha has been de eloped acco ding o he p ocedu es o
in ensi e and ex ensi e elabo a ion and is he e o e sui able o use in he ield o communica i e dis ance.
126
sociology, eligion, e c., speci ic o he ancien ci ilisa ions hey admi ed (c . Fló ez
Míguez 1994: 348). This scien i ic ixa ion wi h classical languages (La in, G eek and
Heb ew) led Renaissance humanis s in Ca holic a eas o ques ion he u h inhe i ed by
adi ion, and e en he Bible was subjec ed o an exhaus i e sc u iny in which Heb ew
and G eek sou ces we e c ucial o de e mining he o iginal meaning o he Gospels in
La in. Thomas Mo e, Neb ija and E asmus a e clea examples o his in ellec ual s ance
o which La in was he ehicle o exp ession.
By he 15 h and 16 h cen u ies, he Eu opean e nacula s had eached a conside -
able le el o elabo a ion. In he o icial sphe e, La in was s ill mainly used as a lingua
anca in in e na ional diplomacy, al hough c ea i e li e a u e and o he mani es a ions
o w i en cul u e con inued o p oduce ex s in La in, especially among Eu ope’s in-
ellec ual eli e. The humanis s, howe e , saw an unpa alleled oppo uni y in La in o
p omo e he knowledge o an iqui y, and o discuss p oblems ha we e o conside able
conce n o Eu ope’s cul u ed eli e. E asmus is pe haps he igu e who bes embodies
his humanis ideal ha placed hope in La in o uni e a Eu ope sepa a ed by languages
and pa icula is ic in e es s which o en escala ed in o wa s and diploma ic con lic s o
a ious kinds. In his excellen biog aphy o E asmus, Zweig s a es:
Languages, which had hi he o o med an impene able wall be ween na ion and
na ion, mus no longe sepa a e he peoples. A b idge would be buil by means o
a uni e sal ongue, he La in o he humanis s. A he same ime he concep o a
a he land o each na ion would ha e o be p o ed un enable because i o med
oo na ow an ideal. I should be eplaced by he Eu opean, he sup ana ional
ideal (Zweig 1934 [2015]).
Gi en his s ong leaning owa ds La in, one migh hink ha E asmus’ in luence
on he e nacula languages was minimal. Howe e , no hing could be u he om he
u h, as I will y o demons a e in he ollowing wo sec ions.
3 ERASMUS: DISSEMINATION OF HIS WORK AND STYLISTIC
SIGNIFICANCE
E asmus o Ro e dam is p obably he mos decisi e igu e o Eu opean humanism and
one o he mos in luen ial pe sonali ies in he ield o cul u e and li e a u e o he Ea ly
Mode n Pe iod. E asmian humanism has been de ined as a ‘Ch is ian humanism’, unde -
s ood as an in ima e connec ion be ween ‘Ch is ian wisdom and classical cul u e: classi-
cal educa ion and e hics illumina ed, modi ied, o co ec ed by Ch is ian u h’ (Thomp-
son 1965: x i, n. 4).5 E asmus was a c i ic and in e p e e o he Bible, and his pa icula
o m o e angelism ound a e ile g ound in Eu ope o he ini ia i es and e o ms o
Lu he in Ge many and Cisne os in Spain (c . Pé ez 2013: 12), wi h no able di e ences
5 The Spanish humanis An onio de Neb ija also occupies a p i ileged place in his ield. Ba aillon (1966 [2007]:
25) says o him ha he embodies, on he h eshold o he Spanish six een h cen u y, he au onomous e o o
humanism o es o e in eg al, p o ane and sac ed an iqui y and ha , as a as Ch is ian humanism is conce ned,
Neb ija is no only he o e unne o Spanish E asmism bu an icipa es E asmus himsel (id.).
127
in bo h cases. His epu a ion as a humanis ea ned him es eem in academic ci cles and
his wo ks began o be widely ansla ed in o Romance languages. The Kingdom o Cas-
ile ook he lead in his endea ou ; in ac , Ba aillon (1966 [2007]: 279) desc ibes he
p oli e a ion o ansla ions on Spanish soil as a e i able ‘E asmian in asion’.6 The
Colloquia amilia ia,7 he au ho ’s mos amous and mos ansla ed wo k in he whole
Eu opean con inen du ing his li e ime, helped, as P ospe i no es, o sp ead
un ipo di mo ali à onda a sui Vangeli e sulla sapienza an ica, che si opone a
in u o alla eligione dei a i. Le dispu e eologiche, l’ossessi a insis enza su
o i, peleg inaggi, cul o dei san i, digiuni, la concezione della cas i à emminile,
la p a ica della con essione e degli al i sac amen i e ano eal à is e da E asmo
come supe s izioni, sopp a i enze pagane o eb aiche, lon ane dalla pie as c is-
iana a cui si do e ano educa e i gio ani le o i dei Colloquia. (P ospe i 2002:
XLIII)
[a ype o mo ali y ounded in he Gospels and ancien wisdom, which was op-
posed in e e y way o he eligion o he ia s. Theological dispu es, he obses-
si e insis ence on ows, pilg images, he cul o sain s, as ing, he concep o
emale chas i y, he p ac ice o con ession and o he sac amen s we e all seen
by E asmus as supe s i ions, pagan o Heb ew le o e s, a emo ed om he
Ch is ian pie y in which he young eade s o his Colloquia we e o be educa ed.]
The linguis ic ques ion was no alien o he conce ns o humanism and was mani-
es ed in wo somewha con adic o y a i udes. E asmus, who s a ed Ego mundi ci is
esse cupio ‘My own wish is o be a ci izen o he wo ld,’ showed a uni e salis a -
i ude which was ma e ialised in his a emp o e i e La in as a language o e ec i e
6 Bu ke (2010: 43) highligh s ha E asmus’ e o mis ideas had mo e impac in Eu ope h ough his ansla ions
han h ough his o iginal wo ks.
7 T ansla ions o he Colloquia in Cas ile began wi h he e sion o he Uxo mempsigamos by Diego Mo ejón in
1527, o which a new anonymously e ised e sion appea ed in 1528. F om he same yea da e he ansla ion
o he dialogue De ebus ac ocabulis, also anonymous, and ha o he dialogue P oci e puellae, w i en by
Luis Mejía. The i s collec ion o ansla ed E asmian colloquies was also p in ed in 1528. This collec ion
consis s o he Spanish e sions o he Pie as pue ilis, he Colloquium senile and he Funus. Howe e , he mos
widesp ead olume o colloquiums o he ime is he one published in 1529, which includes eigh e sions by
Alonso Ruiz de Vi ués (Pue pe a, Pie as pue ilis, De isendo loca sac a, Uxo mempsigamos, Con i ium
eligiosum, Mili is e ca husiani, Abba is e e udi ae and F anciscani), Mejía’s ansla ion o P oci e puellae
and wo anonymous ansla ions (Senile and Funus). A new anonymous ansla ion o he Funus was p in ed
in Se ille in 1529 in a collec ion ha also inco po a ed ea lie e sions al eady published in collec ions o in
an exemp o m. We ha e o wai un il 1550 o ind a new ansla ion o he Uxo mempsigamos, no p esen ed
as such, in Ped o de Luján’s Coloquios ma imoniales. The las known Cas ilian ansla ion o a colloquy by
E asmus in he Golden Age is ha o he Cha on (manusc ip o 1617), by Juan de Aguila Villaqui án. I alian
ansla ions a e la e : in 1537, An onio B ucioli included a pa ial e sion o he Uxo mempsigamos in his
Dialogi. O ensio Lando was he i s o ansla e and p in his comple e dialogue in Venice in 1542. In 1545
he i s in eg al ansla ion o he E asmian Colloquia appea ed, he wo k o Pie o Lau o, who ep in ed his
collec ion in 1549 wi h some no able modi ica ions in he e sions. In F ench, we know he e se ansla ion o
he Uxo mempsigamos a ibu ed o Be hélemy Aneau (1541). On he E asmian adi ion o he Colloquia in
Cas ilian and o he Romance languages, c . Del Rey (2017, 2020).
128
communica ion in Ea ly Mode n Eu ope. A humanis conce ned wi h he eaching o
La in o young people, he unde s ood ha he language o he classics was no longe
a o e e ixed, s a ic language, bu a dynamic one, s ill suscep ible o change and de-
elopmen . In sho , a ib an language ha should be p esen ed as such o he li e a e
you h o Eu ope. Thus, as an educa o , he en u ed o w i e o mulae aimed a o e ing
nume ous s a egies o s uden s o linguis ic in e ac ion (g ee ings, o e s, exp essions
o good wishes e c.), based p ima ily on exe cises in synonymy and e bal abundance
(Bie lai e 1977: 21), which would help he in e locu o o con e se in luen La in.
This is how he concei ed his Colloquia, o which, in he successi e edi ions published
be ween 1518 and 1533, scenes and passages we e inco po a ed whe e he mo alising
con en became mo e and mo e explici . So much so in ac , ha in he Ma ch 1522
edi ion, he olume al eady indica ed he au ho ’s guiding pu pose: non solum ad lin-
guam pue ilem expoliendam, e um e iam ad i am ins i uendam ‘no only o pe ec
he language o boys, bu also o p epa e hem o li e’. Consequen ly, om he ea lies
yea s, he Colloquia we e concei ed as ‘un manuel la in, pou app end e, à la ois, les
bonnes maniè es e le beau langage’ ‘a La in manual o lea n good manne s and beau i-
ul language a he same ime’ (Halkin/Bie lai e/Ho en 1972: 5).
E asmus ecognised ha La in was becoming an inc easingly obsolescen lan-
guage e en among he Eu opean in elligen sia o his ime. Indeed, h oughou an iq-
ui y and he Middle Ages, a La in p ope o concep ual sc ip u ali y con inued o ex-
is (c . § 1) bu i ha dly wen beyond he domain closes o he pole o communica i e
dis ance wi hin i s own a ia ional space, in o he wo ds, i was a language which,
e en when used in o al con ex s wi hin cul i a ed ci cles, was alien o he amilia
and in o mal sphe es o which Romance languages we e ese ed. A he o he ex-
eme, he Vulga La in o bo h an iqui y and he Middle Ages o e ed g ea e pos-
sibili ies o a ia ion in usage; howe e , i would ne e c oss he concep ual sphe es
close o immediacy, as would be he case in ea ly Romance ex s. As explained in
Sec ion 2, Romance, while con inuing o be a ehicle o communica ion in communi-
ca i e si ua ions o communica i e immediacy, p og essi ely inc eased i s p esence
in o he a eas o he con inuum un il i en e ed he domain o communica i e dis ance
by i ue o he p ocesses o ex ensi e and in ensi e elabo a ion (c . Sec ion 2). This
was la gely owing o he in luence o La in models a he o he end o he a ia ional
spec um, on he con inuum be ween communica i e immediacy and communica-
i e dis ance. Al hough inc easingly weake in Eu ope since he 16 h cen u y, La in
would con inue o exis as a language o dis ance nea he end o he con inuum un il
a ound he 17 h–18 h cen u ies. Howe e , also in he 16 h cen u y, E asmus began a
p ocess o coun e -elabo a ion (c . Del Rey 2015b) o consciously make La in a lan-
guage capable o no being exclusi ely associa ed wi h he sphe e o communica i e
dis ance, o which i had been limi ed h oughou he Middle Ages, in o de o mo e
owa ds he domain o communica i e immediacy. Howe e , his ‘new La in’ p o-
posed by E asmus o con e sa ion was no in ended o p oduce ex s cha ac e ised
by he p esence o linguis ic elemen s ma ked by low dias a ic – i.e. mo i a ed by
he social a ilia ion o cul u al le el o he speake s – and diaphasic – mo i a ed by
129
he speci ic communica i e – componen s, bu a he by elemen s co esponding o
he s anda d a ie y as speci ied in Del Rey (2021a). In o he wo ds, E asmus’ con-
e sa ional La in was en isaged as a language ha was no ma ked concep ually – i.e.
a ype o La in a he cen e o he con inuum be ween communica i e immediacy
and dis ance – and, he e o e, able o unc ion a any poin on he con inuum be ween
communica i e immediacy and communica i e dis ance.8
E asmus’ a emp o e i alise a spoken La in ha would be sui able o use e en
in in o mal si ua ions, and o es o e an e e yday La in o he Eu opean in elligen sia,
un o una ely ell on dea ea s. Th oughou he Middle Ages, La in had been he com-
mon, e e yday language o science and in ellec uals in Eu opean uni e si ies. Howe -
e , Pé ez (2013: 81) s a es ha by using he language in such p o essional ealms i was
ans o med in o a ja gon ull o wo ds and u ns o ph ase ha only mas e s we e able
o unde s and. Awa e o his ans o ma ion, E asmus ook i upon himsel o e i alise
La in. No wi hs anding, acco ding o Pé ez mos humanis s we e, in gene al, e y s ic
in censu ing he degene a ion o he language o Vi gil and Cice o in he hands o he
scholas ics and ook g ea pains o es o e La in o i s p is ine digni y (ibid.), hough
hey o go he communica i e capaci y o he La in colloquy ha E asmus emphasised
in his wo k. As a esul , many humanis s u ned La in in o wha i is said o be oday: a
dead language (ibid.).9
Howe e , li e a y c ea ion in e nacula languages was also lou ishing. Wo ks such
as Laza illo de To mes (1554) and Don Quixo e (1605/1615) in Spain, au ho s such as
An onio B ucioli (1498–1566) and Pie o Lau o (c. 1510–1568) in I aly, and Rabelais
(1494–c. 1563) and Mon aigne (1533–1592) in F ance we e exponen s o a ype o
na u al language ha sp ead as a s ylis ic model h oughou Eu ope.10 Especially in
16 h-cen u y Spanish and I alian Li e a u e, p ose aspi ed o he ideal o ‘w i ing as
one speaks’, al hough he in e p e a ion o his aspi a ion is con o e sial. In his amous
wo k Il co egiano, Baldassa e Cas iglione makes he ollowing s a emen : ‘e dico a e
sc i o nella mia (lingua), e come io pa lo, ed a colo o che pa lano come pa l’io’ ‘and I
say I ha e w i en in my [language], and as I speak, and o hose who speak as I speak’
(apud Gauge 1996: 342). I should be no ed ha Cas iglione does no seem o allude
he e o a s ylis ic ques ion (diaphasic in Cose iu’s e minology 1957 [1968]), bu a he
seems o ake sides in he deba e conce ning he ques ione della lingua (ques ion o
language), showing his p e e ence o he a ie y ha is common o him as a use o a
egional o m o I alian (c . Gauge 1996: 342).
8 On Renaissance La in and, speci ically, on he La in o E asmus, c . Thompson (1965), Thomson (1970),
Fon án (1974), Choma a (1981), Ijsewijn and Di k Sac é (1998) and Tunbe g (2004), among o he s.
9 As one o he bes La inis s o he Cas ilian 16 h cen u y, F ancisco Sánchez de las B ozas (known as El
B ocense), s a ed: la ine loqui co umpi ipsam la ini a em ‘speaking La in co up s La ini y.’ C . also Zweig
(1934 [2015]): ‘e en La in, he language o a uni ed Eu ope, he language o E asmus’s e y hea , was dead.
Die hou, likewise, E asmus!’
10 On he in luence o E asmus on I alian Renaissance he o ic, c . Co ugno (2019) and Co ugno/Sga bi (eds.)
(2022). The wake o E asmism in F ance has ecen ly been s udied in he olume coo dina ed by Pe ona and
Vigliano (eds.) (2017). Fo Spanish, he wo k o Ma cel Ba aillon (c . Ba aillon 1966[2007], 1977) emains a
e e ence.
130
Juan de Valdés’ (1982 [2003]: 233) amous maxim, which embodies his own lin-
guis ic ideology, ‘el es ilo que engo me es na u al, y sin a e ación ninguna esc i o
como hablo’ ‘ he s yle I ha e is na u al o me and una ec ed. I w i e as I speak’ con-
s i u ed a p ecep o s yle ha shaped he Spanish Golden Age o li e a u e decisi ely.
Indeed, his quo a ion has gi en ise o a ious in e p e a ions o no jus he w i e
om Cuenca’s s ylis ic ideal bu also ha o many o he au ho s om he i s hi d
o he 16 h cen u y onwa ds. As Bus os (2011), Oes e eiche (1996), Gauge (1996,
2004) and Ri a ola (1998) obse e, he a i ma ion ‘esc i o como hablo’ ‘I w i e as I
speak’ canno be unde s ood in isola ion om he cul u al con ex in which i appea s,
he he o ical cu en s in o ce since he dawn o Humanism, and he a ia ional eali y
o he ex s ha e ol ed in o di e se discou se adi ions (c . n. 2). I belie e ha he
impo ance o E asmus o Ro e dam’s w i ings in Eu ope ega ding he concep ion
o he p e ailing s yle in he i s hi d o he 16 h cen u y has no ye been gi en he
impo ance i dese es. Al hough, om an ideological poin o iew, au ho s such as
Ba aillon (1966 [2007]) and Seidel Menchi (1987) ha e al eady gi en well- ounded
easons o unde line he deb owed by he Eu opean in elligen sia o he Ea ly Mode n
Pe iod, i s in luence on he heo ies o s yle and he o ic has been less equen ly con-
empla ed, despi e s udies such as hose by Choma a (1981) and López G ige a (1986).
In he same way ha Juan de Valdés’ p ecep ‘esc i o como hablo’ ‘I w i e as I
speak’ is conside ed undamen al as a s a emen ha p esupposes he cul i a ion o
speech i sel in acco dance wi h he humanis ideal (c . Gauge 1996) o , con e sely,
as an ideal o s yle ha equi es speech o e lec a na u al o m o w i ing (c . Bus os
2011), he impo ance o E asmus o Ro e dam also needs o be highligh ed. This
ques ion has al eady been unde s ood and highligh ed by o he schola s (c . o exam-
ple, Cano Aguila 1991: 50) who ecognise his in luence in he shaping and success o
his s ylis ic maxim. They highligh he igu e o E asmus no only as a hugely in luen-
ial li e a y au ho on he his o y o Eu opean ideas, bu also as a mas e o na u al s yle
who was ollowed by many o he w i e s in la e cen u ies, as well as a genuine inspi a-
ion o he p ecep ha should be discussed in mo e de ail in he ligh o his wo k. He
w o e in one o his epis les:
Ego nec hos p obo qui neglec is in o um p aecep ionibus, ex au o ibus pe un
loquendi a ionem, nec hos qui p aecep is addic i non e san u in euoluendis
au o ibus. P aecep a olo esse pauca, sed op ima: quod eliquum es a bi o pe-
endum ex op imis quibusque sc ip o ibus, au ex eo um colloquio qui sic loqu-
un u illi sc ipse un (OEDER: numbe 1115 –Le e om E asmus o Geo ge
Halewin, 21 June 1520–, lines 28–34, page 290).
[I do no ag ee wi h hose who, o ally unconce ned wi h he p ecep s, seek he a
o speaking in he au ho i ies, no wi h hose who, abandoned o he p ecep s, do
no s op o ead he au ho i ies. I wan he p ecep s o be ew, bu he bes ; wha
emains, I conside , is o be sough in he bes w i e s o in he con e sa ion o
hose who speak as hey w o e.]
131
I is no , he e o e, a ma e o ca eless o in o mal speech, bu he con e sa ional
ideal es s on a model o e e yday La in ha demands dialec ical e o and ca e-
ul discou se awa eness. I said abo e ha his was a us a ed and un ul illed en-
dea ou in E asmian idiosync asy, bu his s ylis ic conce n o ca e ul con e sa ion,
o elabo a ed o ali y (c . Del Rey 2019), did ind wide accep ance in he Romance
languages, as we shall see below. I is in his sense ha I conside ha E asmus
con ibu ed o he de elopmen o Romance languages, by p omo ing s a egies o
he ex ualiza ion o o ali y ha had an eno mous impac on he w i ing o he ime
and on he oo ing o discu si e echniques ha con ibu ed o he ep esen a ion o
o ali y in w i ing in a much mo e ad anced manne han ha which had aken place
du ing he Middle Ages.
4 TRANSLATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR THE CONSOLIDATION
OF THE PRECEPT OF NATURAL STYLE
The impo an impac ha E asmus’ wo ks had on he Eu opean milieu o his ime,
no only h ough his wo ks o iginally w i en in La in bu also h ough his ansla ions
in o he di e en e nacula languages, explains why his wo ld iew became so deeply
oo ed among E asmian in ellec uals in he 16 h and 17 h cen u ies. Ba aillon (1966
[2007]) al eady emphasised he impo ance o he Du ch schola ’s w i ings among he
eading public. E asmus himsel was no opposed o ansla ions in o he Romance
language as long as hey led o pie y and pu an end o people’s igno ance (Bie lai e
1978: 111). The case o he ulga isa ion o E asmus’ wo ks in he Ibe ian Peninsula
is pa icula ly s iking o i s p ecoci y and in ensi y (c . Bu ke 2010: 28). Al hough
E asmus p oposed a p og amme o ansla ions o he Spanish public gi ing p io i y
o his de ou wo ks o appease he exal ed spi i s o his Hispanic de ac o s, he public
wan ed mo e, and he Spanish e sions o he Colloquia soon came o ligh (Ba aillon
1966 [2007]: 279–315). Be o e 1527, some Colloquia manusc ip s (pe haps by he
hand o Alonso de Vi ués) passed om hand o hand among he li e a e public, and
be ween 1527 and 1532 a leas six single Colloquia and six compila ions o Colloquia
we e published (Ba aillon 1966 [2007]: LII-LIII). This was undoub edly made possible
h ough he help o he powe ul people a he cou o Cha les V, who we e ollowe s
o E asmus’s ideas. Donnelly (1979: 137) no es, ‘a a pe iod when, in o he coun ies,
he Colloquia in La in we e hea ily unde a ack, o e en unde censu e, in Spain e -
sions in bo h La in and Spanish we e in ee ci cula ion’.
E asmus ealised ea ly on ha his wo ks we e beginning o pene a e he li e a e
socie y o he Ibe ian Peninsula, which is why he was de e mined o w i e his Apolo-
gia ad e sus a iculos aliquo pe monachos quosdam in Hispaniis exhibi os ‘apologia
agains se e al a icles p esen ed by ce ain monks in Spain’ in an a emp o de end his
wo k agains he ie ce a acks o he Chu ch. One o E asmus’ objec ions o his de ac-
o s was hei dismissi e a i ude owa ds he li e a y cha ac e o his wo k, gi en ha
he was usually held esponsible o e e y hing ha appea ed in he Colloquia, wi hou
his c i ics conside ing whe he wha was said was in jes o in ea nes , o who he
speake was (c . Augus ijn 1986: 181).
138
COTUGNO, Alessio/Ma co SGARBI (eds) (2022) “Nella bo ega di E asmo.” Achi-
um men is 11, 155–364.
DEL REY QUESADA, San iago (2015a) Diálogo y aducción. Los Coloquios e asmi-
anos en la Cas illa del s. XVI. Tübingen: Na .
DEL REY QUESADA, San iago (2015b) “El «la ín co idiano» como e e encia es-
ilís ica en la con o mación del discu so dialógico cas ellano (s. XVI).” In: Esme
Win e -F oemel/A aceli López Se ena/Ál a o Oc a io de Toledo y Hue a/Ba ba a
F ank-Job (eds), Disku s adi ionelles und Einzelsp achliches im Sp achwandel.
Tübingen: Na , 209–230.
DEL REY QUESADA, San iago (2016) “En busca del ideal de na u alidad es ilís ica a
pa i de las ó mulas de inicio de u no en el diálogo (s. XVI).” Re is a de Filología
Española 96/1, 169–202.
DEL REY QUESADA, San iago (2017) “(An i-)La ina e Syn ax in Renaissance Dia-
logue: Romance T ansla ions o E asmus’s Uxo Mempsigamos.” Zei sch i ü
omanische Philologie 133/3, 673–708.
DEL REY QUESADA, San iago (2018) “Lenguajes de especialidad, sinonimia y elab-
o ación en la his o ia de la lengua española.” In: Xosé A onso Al a ez Pé ez e al.
(eds), Nue as pe spec i as en la diac onía de las lenguas de especialidad. Alcalá
de Hena es: Uni e sidad de Alcalá, 343–365.
DEL REY QUESADA, San iago (2019) “Va ian es de la o alidad elabo ada en la se-
gunda mi ad del siglo XIX: dos aducciones coe áneas de Los cau i os de Plau o”.
O alia 22/2, 283–326.
DEL REY QUESADA, San iago (2020) “La aducción de los ex os e asmianos en los
Siglos de O o.” In: F ancisco La a ga/Luis Pegenau e (eds), His o ia de la aduc-
ción en España. h p://ph e.up .edu/h e/siglos-de-o o/ ey-quesada/ [accessed on 11
Ap il 2022].
DEL REY QUESADA, San iago (2021a) “Lo ma cado y lo no ma cado en la cadena
de a iedades: apun es pa a una nue a p opues a.” In: Te esa G ube /Klaus G übl/
Thomas Scha inge (eds), Was bleib on kommunika i e Nähe und Dis anz? Me-
diale und konzep ionelle Aspek e sp achliche Va ia ion. Tübingen: Na , 205–238.
DEL REY QUESADA, San iago (2021b) G upos léxicos pa a ác icos en la Edad Me-
dia omance. Ca ac e ización lingüís ica, in luencia la inizan e y adicionalidad
discu si a. Be lin: Pe e Lang
DEL REY QUESADA, San iago (2022) “Con e gence e di e gence en e espagnol,
i alien e ançais. La aduc ion des Colloques de Ped o Mexía (XVIe siècle)”. Vox
Romanica 81, 85–109.
DEL REY QUESADA, San iago (2023) “Discou se T adi ions a he in e sec ion o
Romance and La in in he Ea ly Mode n Pe iod.” In: E. Win e -F oemel/Á. S. Oc-
a io de Toledo y Hue a (eds), 411–434.
DE VALDÉS, Juan ([1982] 2003) Diálogo de la lengua. Edi ed by C is ina Ba bolani.
Mad id: Cá ed a.
DONNELLY, Paul J. (1979) A S udy o Spanish T ansla ions o E asmus’s Colloquia
(1525–1536), wi h Special Re e ence o he T ansla ions o Alonso Ruiz de Vi ués:
139
oge he wi h a C i ical Edi ion o he Ve sions o Uxo mempsigamos, Funus, and
pa o Con i ium eligiosum. Doc o al disse a ion. Ox o d: Ox o d Uni e si y.
FERNÁNDEZ-ORDÓÑEZ, Inés (2004) “Al onso X el Sabio en la his o ia del espa-
ñol.” In: Ra ael Cano Aguila (ed.), His o ia de la lengua española. Ba celona:
A iel, 381–422.
FLÓREZ MÍGUEZ, Ci ilo (1994) “Humanismo y ciencia en Elio An onio de Neb i-
ja.” In: Juan An onio González Iglesias/Ca men Codoñe Me ino (eds), An onio de
Neb ija, Edad Media y Renacimien o. Salamanca: Ediciones Uni e sidad de Sala-
manca, 347–357.
FRANK-JOB, Ba ba a/Ma ia SELIG (2016) “Ea ly e idence and sou ces.” In: Adam
Ledgeway/Ma in Maiden (eds), The Ox o d Guide o he Romance Languages. Ox-
o d: Ox o d Uni e si y P ess, 24–34.
FOLENA, Gianca lo (1991) Volga izza e e adu e. To ino: Einaudi.
FONTÁN, An onio (1974) “El la ín de los humanis as”. In: Id., Humanismo omano.
Ba celona: Plane a, 257–272.
GAUGER, Hans-Ma in (1996) “‘Esc i o como hablo’. O alidad en lo esc i o.” In:
Thomas Ko schi/Wul Oes e eiche /Klaus Zimme mann (eds), El español hablado
y la cul u a o al en España e Hispanoamé ica. Mad id/F ank u a.M.: Ibe oame i-
cana/Ve ue , 341–358.
GAUGER, Hans-Ma in (2004) “La conciencia lingüís ica en la Edad de O o.” In: Ra-
ael Cano Aguila (ed.), His o ia de la lengua española. Ba celona: A iel, 681–699.
HALKIN, Léon-E./BIERLAIRE, F anz/HOVEN, René (1972) “P é ace.” In: Ead.
(eds), Ope a omnia Deside ii E asmi Ro e odami, O dinis p imi omus e ius: Col-
loquia. Ams e dam: No h-Holland Publishing Company, 3–23.
HAUGEN, Eina (1966) “Dialec , Language, Na ion.” Ame ican An h opologis 68/4,
922–935.
IJSEWIJN, Joze /SACRÉ, Di k (1998) “Language, s yle, p osody and me ics”. In:
Ead., Companion o neo-la in s udies. Pa II: Li e a y, linguis ic, philological and
edi o ial ques ions. Leu en: Leu en Uni e si y P ess, 377–433.
KABATEK, Johannes (2005) Die Bolognesische Renaissance und de Ausbau oma-
nische Sp achen. Ju is ische Disku s adi ionen und Sp achen wicklung in Süd-
ank eich und Spanien im 12. und 13. Jah hunde . Tübingen: Niemeye .
KABATEK, Johannes (2018) Lingüís ica cose iana, lingüís ica his ó ica, adiciones
discu si as. Edi ed by C is ina Bleo u/Da id Paul Ge a ds. Mad id/F ank u a.M.:
Ibe oame icana/Ve ue .
KLOSS, Heinz (21978) Die En wicklung neue ge manische Kul u sp achen sei
1800. Düsseldo : Pädagogische Ve lag Schwann.
KOCH, Pe e (1997) “Disku s adi ionen: zu ih em sp ach heo e ischen S a us und
ih e Dynamik.” In: Ba ba a F ank/Thomas Haye/Do is Tophinke (eds), Ga ungen
mi elal e liche Sch i lichkei . Tübingen: Na , 43–79.
KOCH, Pe e /Wul OESTERREICHER ([1990] 2011) Gesp ochene Sp ache in de
Romania. F anzösisch, I alienisch, Spanisch. Be lin/Bos on: De G uy e .
140
LAURO, Pie o (1549) I agionamen i, o e o Colloqui amiglia i di Deside io E asmo
Ro e odamo: Di La ino in olga e già ado i, ma ho a in an i luoghi acconci.
h p://books.google.es [accessed on 12 Ap il 2022].
LÓPEZ GRIGERA, Luisa (1986) “Es ela del e asmismo en las eo ías de la lengua y
del es ilo en la España del siglo XVI.” In: M. Re uel a Sañudo/C. Mo ón A oyo
(eds), 491–500.
LÓPEZ SERENA, A aceli (2007) “Mesa edonda I. Las adiciones discu si as en la
his o iog a ía lingüís ica y en la his o ia de la lengua española.” In: Ma a Fe nández
Alcaide/A aceli López Se ena (eds), 400 años de la lengua del Quijo e. Es udios de
his o iog a ía e his o ia de la lengua española. Ac as del V Cong eso Nacional de
la Asociación de Jó enes In es igado es de His o iog a ía e His o ia de la Lengua
Española (Se illa, 31 de ma zo, 1 y 2 de ab il de 2005). Se illa: Sec e a iado de
Publicaciones de la Uni e sidad de Se illa, 49–54.
LÓPEZ SERENA, A aceli (2011) “La doble de e minación del ni el his ó ico en el
sabe exp esi o. Hacia una nue a delimi ación del concep o de ‘ adición discu -
si a’.” Romanis isches Jah buch 62, 59–97.
LÓPEZ SERENA, A aceli (2021) “La adicionalidad discu si a como ma e ia y las
adiciones discu si as como obje o de es udio.” Ve ba 48 h ps:// e is as.usc.gal/
index.php/ e ba/a icle/ iew/6864/10956 [accessed on 24 Ma ch 2022].
LÓPEZ SERENA, A aceli (2023) “Discou se T adi ions and Va ia ion Linguis ics.”
In: E. Win e -F oemel/Á. S. Oc a io de Toledo y Hue a (eds), 59–79.
OEDER (1922) Opus epis ola um Deside ii E asmi Ro e odami. Vol. IV: 1519–1521.
Edi ed by P. S. Allen/H. M. Allen. Ox o d: Cla endon P ess.
MAAS, U z (2014) “De Ausbau des Deu schen zu Sch i sp ache.” Eupho ion:
Zei sch i ü Li e a u geschich e 108/3, 325–363.
MILROY, James/Lesley MILROY ([1985] 2012) Au ho i y in Language: In es iga -
ing S anda d English. London: Rou ledge.
PÉREZ, Joseph (2013) Humanismo en el Renacimien o español. Mad id: Gadi .
PERONA, Blandine/T is an VIGLIANO (eds) (2017) É asme e la F ance. Pa is:
Classiques Ga nie .
PINTO CRESPO, Vi gilio (1986) “La he ejía como p oblema polí ico. Raíces ideo-
lógicas e implicaciones”, In: M. Re uel a Sañudo/C. Mo ón A oyo (eds), 289–304.
PROSPERI, Ad iano (2002) “In oduzione.” In: E asmo da Ro e dam, Colloquia. To-
ino: Einaudi, IX-LVIII.
REVUELTA SAÑUDO, Manuel/Ci iaco MORÓN ARROYO (eds), El e asmismo en
España: ponencias del coloquio celeb ado en la Biblio eca de Menéndez Pelayo del
10 al 14 de junio de 1985. San ande : Sociedad Menéndez Pelayo.
RIVAROLA, José Luis (1998) “El discu so de la a iación en el Diálogo de la len-
gua de Juan de Valdés.” In: Wul Oes e eiche /E a S oll/And eas Wesch (eds),
Compe encia esc i a, adición discu si a y a iedades lingüís icas. Aspec os del
español eu opeo y ame icano en los siglos XVI y XVII. Tübingen: Na , 83–108.
SEIDEL MENCHI, Sil ana (1987) E asmo in I alia. To ino: Bolla i Bo inghie i.
141
THOMPSON, C aig R. (1965) The Colloques o E asmus. Chicago/London: The Uni-
e si y o Chicago P ess.
THOMSON, D. F. S. (1970) “The La ini y o E asmus”. In: Thomas Alan Do ey (ed.),
E asmus. Albuque que: Uni e si y o New Mexico P ess, 115–137.
TUNBERG, Te ence (2004) “The La ini y o E asmus and Medie al La in: Con inui-
ies and Discon inui ies”. The jou nal o Medie al La in 14, 147–170.
VIAN HERRERO, Ana (1988) “La icción con e sacional en el diálogo enacen is a.”
Edad de O o 7, 173–186.
VINCIS, Valen ina/Ca la MIOTTO (2016) “Algunas conside aciones en o no al con-
cep o de adiciones discu si as.” In: Chia a Albe in/San iago Del Rey Quesada
(eds), Hispanica Pa a ina. Es udios de his o iog a ía e his o ia de la lengua es-
pañola en homenaje a José Luis Ri a ola. Pado a: CLEUP (Coope a i a Lib a ia
Edi ice Uni e si à di Pado a), 199–215.
WINTER-FROEMEL, Esme/Ál a o S. OCTAVIO DE TOLEDO Y HUERTA (eds)
(2023), Manual o Discou se T adi ions in Romance. Be lin/Bos on: De G uy e ,
ZWEIG, S e an ([1934] 2015) E asmus o Ro e dam. T ansl. in o English by C. Paul/E.
Paul. Lexing on, Massachuse s: Plunke Lake P ess.
Abs ac
THE CONTRIBUTION OF ERASMUS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
ROMANCE LANGUAGES IN THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD
The in luence o La in, since he Middle Ages, in shaping Romance languages as ehi-
cles o he exp ession o discou se adi ions cha ac e is ic o concep ual sc ip u ali y
(c . Koch/Oes e eiche 1990 [2011]) has been analysed om di e en pe spec i es by
Romance Linguis ics schola s. Elabo a ion p ocesses (Ausbau in Ge man, c . Kloss
1978) a e esponsible o he de elopmen o he mechanisms needed in e nacula
languages o access he domain o communica i e dis ance, which emained o many
cen u ies exclusi ely ese ed o La in. Du ing he Middle Ages and he Ea ly Mode n
Pe iod, he use o La in became inc easingly es ic ed and was al eady limi ed in he
16 h cen u y mainly o li u gical mani es a ions, science, lea ned li e a u e and in e na-
ional diplomacy. As La in was excluded om o al communica i e in e ac ions, E as-
mus’ Ch is ian humanism ad oca ed he eco e y o La in as an e ec i e ins umen o
communica ion among Eu ope’s cul i a ed you h. The au ho ’s mos amous wo k du -
ing his li e ime, he Colloquia amilia ia, was concei ed as a manual o con e sa ional
o mulas and mo i s o encou age he use o La in among he Eu opean cul u ed eli e
o he ea ly 16 h cen u y. Al hough he E asmian endea ou did no succeed, he in lu-
ence o he Du ch schola on e nacula li e a u es p opi ia ed he iumph o s a egies
sui able o he ex ualisa ion o o ali y based on he E asmian La in model, which led
o a mani es a ion o he ideal o ‘na u al s yle’ (c . Del Rey 2015b) ha is common o
nume ous Eu opean Renaissance au ho s. In his pape , we e lec on he impo ance
o E asmus’ in luence on he shaping o li e a y dialogue in he Romance languages o
142
he Ea ly Mode n Pe iod (c . Bu ke 1989). Impo an me alinguis ic e lec ions o some
o he mos ele an au ho s o he ime, such as Baldassa e Cas iglione and Juan de
Valdés (c . Gauge 1996, Bus os 2011), a e also conside ed wi h he aim o unde s and-
ing he in luence o E asmus on hei w i ing and, consequen ly, he impo ance o he
Du ch au ho in he e olu ion o s yle in e nacula languages in Ea ly Mode n Pe iod
Eu ope.
Keywo ds: E asmus, ansla ion, Romance languages, dialogue
Po ze ek
ERAZMOV PRISPEVEK K RAZVOJU ROMANSKIH JEZIKOV V
ZGODNJEM NOVEM VEKU
Vpli la inščine od s ednjega eka dalje na omanske jezike ko iz azna s eds a dis-
ku znih adicij, značilnih za koncep ualno pisnos (p im. Koch/Oes e eiche [1990]
2011), je bil omanskem jezikoslo ju p edme azno s nih analiz. S p ocesi ši i e
(nem. Ausbau, p im. Kloss 1978) e nakula ni jeziki lahko p idobijo mehanizme do-
s opanja območje komunikcijske dis ance, ki je bila s ole ja dolgo izključno domeni
la inščine. V s ednjem eku in zgodnjem no em eku se je aba la inščine močno zo-
žila in je bila že 16. s ole ju omejena p e ežno na li u gične kon eks e, znanos , učeno
slo s o in medna odno diplomacijo. Sp ičo izključenos i la inščine iz us ne komuni-
kacije je E azmo k ščanski humanizem zago a jal ni e k la inščini ko učinko i-
emu spo azume alnemu s eds u med kul i i ano e opsko mladino. E azmo o za
časa njego ega ži ljenja najbolj znano delo Colloquia amilia ia je bilo zasno ano ko
p i očnik s kon e zacijskimi zo ci in emami, ki naj bi spodbujal abo la inščine med
e opsko kul u no eli o zgodnjega 16. s ole ja. Čep a E azem s s ojimi p azde anji
ni uspel, je njego pli na knjiže nos i ljudskih jezikih p i edel do u elja i e s a-
egij, p ime nih za eks ualizacijo us nos i, ki so emeljile na e azmo skem la inskem
modelu. Tako se je izobliko al ideal “na a nega sloga” (c . Del Rey 2015b), ki je sku-
pen š e ilnim e opskim enesančnim a o jem. V p ispe ku azp a ljamo o pomenu
E azmo ega pli a na o mi anje li e a nega dialoga omanskih jezikih zgodnjega
no ega eka (p im. Bu ke 1989). Pomudimo se udi ob ažnih me ajeziko nih azmi-
šljanjih neka e ih ključnih a o je ega časa, ko s a Baldassa e Cas iglione in Juan de
Valdés (p im. Gauge 1996, Bus os 2011), da bi ako azumeli, kakšen je bil E azmo
pli na njiho o pisanje in na o kako pomemben je bil nizozemski a o za az oj sloga
e opskih ljudskih jezikih zgodnjega no ega eka.
Ključne besede: E azem, p e ajanje, omanski jeziki, dialog
