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Bioac i e Coa ings on Po ous Ti anium o Biomedical Applica ions
C. Domínguez-T ujillo1, F. Te ne o1, J.A. Rod íguez-O iz1, S. Heise2, A.R. Boccaccini2, J.
Leb a o3 and Y. To es1*
1Depa men o Enginee ing and Ma e ials Science and T anspo a ion, Uni e si y o Se ille,
Se ille, Spain
2F ied ich-Alexande -Uni e si y E langen-Nu embe g, Ins i u e o Bioma e ials - E langen,
Ge many
3G upo TAR, Escuela Poli écnica Supe io , Uni e sidad de Se illa, Se illa, España
Abs ac . Comme cial pu e i anium is a ecognized and accep ed ma e ial o co ical bone issue
subs i u ion. Howe e , s ess-shielding phenomena and lack o osseoin eg a ion esul in signi ican
limi a ions. This wo k is ocused on he achie emen o an e ec i e solu ion o bo h p oblems ia
ab ica ion o po ous i anium subs a es coa ed wi h bioac i e glass. Subs a es we e ob ained
h ough he space holde echnique gi ing alues o s i ness and yield s eng h compa ible wi h
co ical bone issue o educe he s ess-shielding phenomenon. Ti anium subs a es we e coa ed
wi h di e en numbe o laye s o bioac i e glass 45S5 by d ipping sedimen a ion. The subs a es
po osi y was cha ac e ized by di e en echniques. Ul asound, comp ession and mic o-mechanical
es ing we e used o mechanical p ope ies e alua ion. A e subs a es coa ing, he in il a ion
abili y, coa ing homogenei y and s uc u al in eg i y (chipping and c acking) we e e alua ed o
each coa ing laye . The chemical composi ion o coa ing and phases we e s udied be o e and a e in
i o es s in Simula ed Body Fluid. The esul s showed mo e homogenous coa ing, adhe ence and
g ea e hyd oxyapa i e g ow h o he i-laye sys em in bo h dense and po ous samples. Besides,
he ela ion o Ca/P was closed o ha o s oichiome ic hyd oxyapa i e in he human body. The
coa ed po ous i anium could be po en ially used in load bea ing pa ial implan s wi h imp o ed
osseoin eg a ion.
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Keywo ds: Po ous i anium, s ess-shielding, osseoin eg a ion, bioac i e glass coa ing,
hyd oxyapa i e, in i o bioac i i y.
1. In oduc ion
Diseases and aging in luence he bone issue quali y, making a o al o pa ial bone eplacemen
by implan s o p os hesis necessa y. The implan unc ionali y is a ec ed by se e al ac o s:
in insic p ope ies o ma e ials and componen s (shape and geome y ea u es); hos bone issue
(quali y and quan i y); and opog aphy, biochemis y and su ace ene gy o he bioin e ace be ween
he bone and he implan [1]. Addi ionally, o he ac o s ela ed o he en i onmen al s imula ion
also a ec p os heses beha io , e.g mechanical s imula ion (local and emo e), he sys emic
immunological esponse (na u al and modula ed), and / o some medicine, d ugs and sys emic
e ec s [1]. The bioin e acial p ope ies a e he main elemen s o he co ec pe o mance o he
sys em. The goal o implan design is o each a bio unc ional (bone in-g ow h and osseoin eg a ion)
and biomechanical (s i ness and yield s eng h) equilib ium [2]. Al hough comme cial pu e
i anium (c.p. Ti) and i s alloys a e commonly used as bone implan s [3], hey exhibi some
unsol ed issues: s ess shielding phenomenon and lack o osseoin eg a ion [2,4]. The educ ion o
he implan Young's modulus can be add essed by ab ica ing po ous ma e ials [5-9]. Rega ding he
imp o emen o osseoin eg a ion, implan su ace modi ica ions ha e been widely pe o med [2],
[4-8] by implemen ing a a ie y o echniques ha in ol e physical and chemical changes, e.g.
con olling he su ace oughness o ob aining bioac i e su aces [10].
The success o implan s depends on ma e ial p ope ies including mechanical beha io ,
mic os uc u e and su ace cha ac e is ics [11]. The su ace plays an impo an ole in he esponse
o a i icial de ices in a biological en i onmen making su ace modi ica ion one o he mos
common app oaches o imp o e he biocompa ibili y. Among bioce amics, hyd oxyapa i e
[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] (HA) is known o i s biocompa ibili y because o i s simila chemical
c ys allog aphic s uc u e o he mine al phase o li ing bone [12]. Hyd oxyapa i e is an
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os eoinduc i e, non oxic, non-immunogenic agen and has he abili y o o m s ong chemical bonds
wi h na u al bone [13,14]. Acco ding o i s chemical o mula, HA has a Ca/P mola a io o 1.67
(5:3) which is close o he Ca/P a io in bone mine als (be ween 1.37 and 1.87). [15]
Bioac i e glasses (BGs) a e being inc easingly in es iga ed as p omising sca old ma e ials o
bone egene a ion since he disco e y o 45S5 BG by La y Hench in 1969 [13]. BGs ha e a well-
ecognized supe io os eoconduc i i y, con olled biodeg adabili y, he capabili y o ac i a ing
os eogenic gene exp ession, angiogenic po en ial 0 [16], hey p omo e he o ma ion o bone
mine al-like phases (including HA) and ha e d ug deli e y abili ies [14,17]. Bioac i e glasses
exhibi high bioac i i y h ough he elease o dissolu ion ions such as Ca, P and Si, which may also
a ec gene exp ession in os eogenic cells and bone ascula isa ion, and could lead o he subsequen
p omo ion o a high a e o bone o ma ion [16]. A. Scislowska-Cza necka e al. [18] es ed he
e ec on mac ophage ac i a ion a e coa ing po ous i anium subs a es wi h BG by sol-gel
echnique, and compa ed i o di e en ce amic coa ings. I was ound ha mo e cells we e adhe ed
o BG-Ti sys em han o o he combina ions, as well as o Ti subs a e wi h no co e ing. The BG
coa ing on po ous i anium showed also good biocompa ibili y, no s imula ing mac ophages o an
in lamma o y esponse.
The use o bioac i e glasses is limi ed o load-bea ing applica ions due o hei b i leness. The e
a e wo p ocessing me hods o ab ica e a glass: adi ional mel -quenching (comme cial bioac i e
glasses) and he sol-gel ou e (assembled nanopa icles – in insic nanopo osi y). The
implemen a ion o mos o he echniques o glass ab ica ion equi es he con ol o a high numbe
o pa ame e s and a high cos . In e ms o ypes, he main glasses a e con en ional silica e (simila
o Bioglass® 45S5), phospha e-based and bo a e-based glasses. The in e es o bo a e-based and
phospha e-based glasses in so issue esponse is ela ed o hei as dissolu ion compa ed o
silica e-based glasses [19]. Ne e heless, BonAli e® (S53P4) has been highligh ed in many clinical
4
ials. In his con ex , al hough he e a e mo e a ailable da a o S53P4 han o 45S5, he
deg ada ion a e o S53P4 in he human body is lowe [19]. In addi ion, 45S5 and S53P4 canno be
p oduced as amo phous bioac i e glass sca olds due o hei c ys alliza ion du ing he sin e ing. Fo
his eason, hey a e mos ly employed as bioac i e coa ings on ine me allic subs a es. In e ms o
ab ica ion, he empe a u es should be chosen ca e ully in o de o a oid glass c ys alliza ion and
subs a e deg ada ion [20].
Fully dense comme cial pu e Ti subs a es coa ed wi h BG (bioac i e glass 45S5) ha e been
widely in es iga ed [21]. Howe e he e has been only limi ed wo k ocusing on BG coa ings on o
po ous i anium subs a es [22].The aim o his wo k is he ab ica ion o po ous i anium subs a es
coa ed wi h BG by implemen ing a simple, epe i i e and economical deposi ion echnique,
consis ing on sedimen a ion by d ipping. The ma e ials combina ion o e s a po en ial
biomechanical (s i ness and yield s eng h) and bio unc ional (ing ow h and osseoin eg a ion)
equilib ium, ecommended o pa ial co ical bone issue subs i u ion.
2. Conclusions
The s udy o he po ous i anium subs a es coa ed wi h 45S5 bioac i e glass allows o conclude he
ollowing:
1- A no el sedimen a ion echnique was in oduced o coa Ti subs a es wi h 45S5 BG powde .
The pa ame e s o con ol a e BG pa icle size, concen a ion, numbe o coa ing laye s and
he mal ea men . Using po ous i anium subs a es, combined wi h d ipping sedimen a ion,
in ol es he possibili y o an economically and comme cially iable al e na i e o ob ain BG
coa ings o implan s and sca olds.
2- The coa ed po ous subs a e has a be e adhe ence han ha o ull dense i anium. This can be
a ibu ed o he oughness o he po e walls and he ancho ing associa ed wi h he in il a ion o
BG pa icles in o he po es. The size and con en o he po es o he i anium subs a es s udied in
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his wo k as well as he mechanical p ope ies (E and yield s eng h) mee he equi emen s o he
co ical bone. Howe e , a igue beha io (s a ic and cyclic) and he p esence o co osion
phenomena should also be conside ed.
3- To ob ain a homogeneous BG coa ing h ee laye s we e equi ed (mo e laye s comp omises he
in eg i y and adhesion o he coa ing). Ne e heless, i is impo an o con ol he a es,
empe a u e and a mosphe e o he he mal ea men in e ms o BG c ys alliza ion and mic o-
mechanical p ope ies o he coa ing (p esence o mic o-po osi y, as well as quali y o union
be ween he BG pa icles and he coa ing/subs a e in e ace).
4- The esul s sugges s be e osseoin eg a ion employing h ee BG coa ing laye s on he subs a es,
due o g ea e o ma ion o HA in con ac wi h SBF. Ne e heless, he comp omise be ween he
he mal expansion coe icien (coa ing adhe ence o he subs a e) and he bioac i i y mus be
conside ed o choose he bioac i e glass.
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s dedica e his pape o he memo y o P o . Juan José Pa ón Palacio (Uni e si y o
An ioquia, Colombia). This wo k was suppo ed by he Minis y o Economy and Compe i i eness
o he S a e Gene al Adminis a ion o Spain unde he g an MAT2015-71284-P. The au ho s
would like o hank echnician J. Pin o o he assis ance in mechanical cha ac e iza ion.
Da a a ailabili y
The aw/p ocessed da a equi ed o ep oduce hese indings canno be sha ed a his ime as he
da a also o ms pa o an ongoing s udy.

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