S udy o he goa p oduc ion sys em and he quali y o milk p oduced in
he Sie a No e o Se ille (Spain)
Mena Y., Delgado-Pe iñez M., Alcalde M.J., Cas el J.M., Ca a aca F., Ramí ez E., Gousse
S., Guzman J.L.
in
Rubino R. (ed.), Mo and-Feh P. (ed.).
P oduc ion sys ems and p oduc quali y in sheep and goa s
Za agoza : CIHEAM
Op ions Médi e anéennes : Sé ie A. Séminai es Médi e anéens; n. 46
2001
pages 201-205
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Mena Y., Delgado-Pe iñez M., Alcalde M.J., Cas el J.M., Ca a aca F., Ramí ez E., Gousse S., Guzman
J.L. S udy o he goa p oduc ion sys em and he quali y o milk p oduced in he Sie a No e o
Se ille (Spain). In : Rubino R. (ed.), Mo and-Feh P. (ed.). P oduc ion sys ems and p oduc quali y in
sheep and goa s . Za agoza : CIHEAM, 2001. p. 201-205 (Op ions Médi e anéennes : Sé ie A.
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201
S udy o he goa p oduc ion sys em and he quali y o milk
p oduced in he Sie a No e o Se ille (Spain)
Y. Mena*, M. Delgado-Pe íñez*, M.J. Alcalde*, J. Cas el*, J.L. Guzmán**, F. Ca a aca*,
E. Ramí ez* and S. Gousse*
*Ag onomical Engine y School (EUITA), Ca e e a de U e a km 1, 41013 Se illa, Spain
**High Poli hecnical School (EPS), CU La Rábida, 21819 Palos de la F on e a, Huel a, Spain
SUMMARY – The objec i e o his s udy is o de e mine he si ua ion o semi-ex ensi e goa a ms in he
Sie a No e o Se ille (Spain) ela ed o he bac e iological and hygienic quali y o he aw milk. Twen y
pe cen o he a ms in he dis ic we e cha ac e ized, co e ing aspec s ela ed mainly o he milking and
hygienic managemen . The bac e ia and soma ic cell con en o aw milk coming di ec ly om he udde and
om chu ns ( i s a he end o he milking and second ew hou s a e milking), we e moni o ized o a pe iod
o nine mon hs in 14 a ms. Besides all he a ms hold gene al sani a y no ms, mos o hem do no ca y ou
he gene al dai y he d ecommenda ions o milking ou ine. I is obse ed ha mos ge m con amina ion in
milk occu ed in he hou s a e milking ( om 46,000 up o 267,000 ge m/ml), always below he maximum
allowed. Soma ic cells in all a ms wi h mo e han 50 goa s a e abo e 1,500,000 soma ic cells/ml.
Key wo ds: Goa , cha ac e iza ion, milk, bac e iological and hygienic quali y.
RESUME – "E ude du sys ème de p oduc ion cap ine e de la quali é du lai p odui dans la Sie a No e de
Sé ille (Espagne)". Le bu de ce a ail es de connaî e la si ua ion des exploi a ions cap ines semi-
ex ensi es dans la con ée de la Sie a No e de Sé ille (Espagne), conce nan la quali é hygiénique e
sani ai e du lai . La ca ac é isa ion a é é ai e su 20% des exploi a ions en enan comp e des aspec s de la
p oduc ion les plus liés à la quali é du lai . On a con ôlé la eneu en bac é ies e en cellules soma iques du
lai dans 14 exploi a ions pendan neu mois ; on a p is des échan illons di ec emen du pis ainsi que du
bidon à deux momen s : ou de sui e ap ès la ai e e quand ceci a i ai au magasin communau ai e, a an
de mélange le lai . Malg é le ai que ou es les exploi a ions son aux no mes hygiéniques e sani ai es, la
plupa ne iennen pas ou à ai comp e des conseils qu'on leu donne pou éalise co ec emen la ai e.
La con amina ion p incipale a lieu ap ès la ai e (on passe de 46 000 jusqu'à 267 000 ge mes/ml), en é an
oujou s en dessous du maximum pe mis. On ou e la p incipale concen a ion de cellules soma iques pa
ml, plus de 1 500 000, dans les e mes qui on plus de 50 chè es.
Mo s-clés : Cap in, ca ac é isa ion, lai , quali é hygiénique e sani ai e.
In oduc ion
The goa sec o is e y impo an in he Au onomous Region o Andalusia (Spain), due bo h o
he la ge numbe o goa a ms and o hei socio-economic epe cussion, as hey end o be
loca ed in ma ginal a eas. The goa p oduc ion sys em has unde gone li le de elopmen ,
ep esen ing 1.5% (bo h mea and milk) o Spain's Final Ca le P oduc ion (MAPA, 1995), making
i one o he leas well-known sub-sec o s o he li es ock indus y.
Guidelines now in o ce (RD 1679/94 and RD 402/96), o egula e he ac i i y o a ms
p oducing goa 's milk so as o ensu e milk o sui able bac e iological and hygienic quali y is
ob ained, ha e led o conce n among all he agen s in ol ed, wi h ac ion being aken o ensu e
hese new egula ions a e adhe ed o. This si ua ion o ms he amewo k o he p esen s udy,
which is he esul o collabo a ion wi h he "Co se illa" co-ope a i e, ope a ing in he Sie a No e
dis ic o he p o ince o Se ille.
The gene al aim o his s udy is o de e mine he si ua ion o he semi-ex ensi e goa a ms in
he a ea wi h ega d o he bac e iological and hygienic quali y o he milk, as a as bo h he
p oduc ion sys em and he inal quali y o he milk i sel a e conce ned.
202
Ma e ials and me hods
Fa m cha ac e iza ion
In o de o cha ac e ize he a ms, 28 b eede s ( ep esen ing 20% o he o al numbe o
a ms) om he dis ic in ques ion we e in e iewed. They we e chosen by s a i ied sampling
acco ding o he size o he he d on each a m, o which ou g oups we e es ablished: less han
51 goa s (4 a ms); 51 o 99 (8); 100 o 199 (9); and 200 o mo e goa s (7). The su ey was
conduc ed by ca ying ou pe sonal in e iews wi h he b eede s be ween Feb ua y and Ap il
1998. I con ained a o al o 216 i ems ela ed o di e en aspec s o p oduc ion (iden i ica ion,
e i o ial base, in as uc u es, ins alla ions and machine y, he d composi ion, ood and
ep oduc i e handling, heal h and hygiene, p oduc ion and sale), al hough we ha e selec ed o
his a icle only hose ha ha e a di ec ela ion wi h he bac e iological and hygienic quali y o he
aw milk.
Bac e iological and hygienic quali y o he aw milk
To de e mine milk quali y a sample o 14 a ms we e chosen, all o which ca ied ou hand
milking, being his sys em he mos used in he dis ic . Th ee milk samples we e aken a each
a m. The i s one a he beginning o milking, s aigh om he udde (elimina ing he i s squi s)
om 15% o he goa s on he a m. The second one om he chu n a he end o milking; and he
hi d one om he chu n, when i a i ed a he common ecep ion a ea (co-ope a i e ank).
Samples we e aken once a mon h o nine mon hs (Decembe o Augus ). Azidiol was added o
each sample, and he samples we e hen e ige a ed and sen o labo a o y in o de o coun he
numbe o soma ic cells (Fossoma ic) and o de e mine he numbe o ge ms pe millili e
(Bac oscan). On he day he samples we e aken a su ey was conduc ed concen a ing mainly
on he changes made o each a m's heal h and hygiene p ac ices ha migh a ec analysis
esul s.
S a is ical analysis was pe o med using he SPSS p og amme (1994) o Windows.
Resul s and discussion
Fa m cha ac e iza ion (28 a ms, hand and machine milking)
The main cha ac e iza ion esul s in ela ion wi h he milking and hygienic managemen a e
lis ed in Table 1 and comple e he esul s published by Mena e al. (1999).
Fa ms ha e he ds size anging om 36 o 450 goa s (a e age o 142), ha e a low o medium
deg ee o in ensi ica ion ( he c i e ion used was mainly he dependence o animal o g azing, and
o he s like b eed o goa s and use he o echnology) (Cas el e al., 1996) and mos o hem ca y
ou hand milking once o wice a day. Goa s make up he main ac i i y in only 10.7% o he
cases, and a e no mally combined wi h a ming o ano he kind o li es ock. The lack o elec ici y
and unning wa e makes ins alling machine-milking me hods somewha complica ed, bu his
should be implemen ed i he d size is inc eased o he p oduc ion sys em in ensi ied, which on he
o he hand would clea ly be undesi able i he a ms aim o ope a e an en i onmen ally- iendly
animal p oduc ion sys em.
As can be seen in Table 1, he majo i y o he a ms ake gene al sani a y measu es, such as
disin ec ing p emises and oden clea ance, animal delousing and accina ion, o ins alla ions
cleaning. Howe e , o milking ou ine, he majo i y o he a ms do no ca y ou gene al dai y
he d ecommenda ions, such as washing and d ying udde s be o e milking, elimina ing he i s
squi s, pos -milking sealing-o , o d ying-o and an ibio ic he apy. In ela ion wi h he six a ms
wi h machine milking, all o hem clean hei equipmen on a daily basis, less han hal use alkalis
o weekly equipmen cleaning, and only 60% use ho wa e .
Bac e iological and hygienic quali y o he aw milk (14 a ms, hand milking)
203
The esul s ob ained show conside able a iabili y in he da a, pa icula ly in he numbe o
ge ms/ml, which led o loga i hmic ans o ma ion (log 10) being chosen o his a iable, o ensu e
a alid applica ion o he a iance analysis.
Table 1. Disc e e a iable equency esul s (pe cen age espec o o al)†
Va iable % Va iable % Va iable %
Main ac i i y
Goa s
O he s
Equal sha e
Goa house
Yes
No
Elec ici y supply
Yes
No
Causes o culling
Old age
Low p oduc ion
Mas i is
O he diseases
Dea h
Vaccina ed agains
B axy
B ucellosis
Agalac ica
Milking me hod
Hand
Machine
Be o e milking
Washes hands
Cleans udde s
Elimina es 1s squi s
10.7
46.4
42.9
85.7
14.3
10.7
89.3
60.7
89.3
18.9
85.7
39.3
64.3
25.0
46.4
78.6
21.4
87.5
29.2
24.0
O he species
Sheep
Dai y ca le
Bee ca le
Ex ensi e pigs
T uck access
Yes
No
Exchange o males
Yes
No
Delousing
Yes
No
Disin ec s p emises
Yes
No
No. o milkings pe day
Once a day
Twice a day
No milking
A e milking
Sealing-o
D ying-o he apy
A i icial suckling
Yes
No
82.1
92.9
75.0
53.6
85.7
14.3
17.9
82.1
96.4
3.6
81.5
18.5
53.6
35.7
10.7
8.0
8.0
3.6
96.4
Type o a m
Family-owned
L d company
Sel -employed
Running wa e
Yes
No
Diseases
Mas i is
Agalac ica
O he s
Vaccina ion
Yes
No
Roden clea ance
Yes
No
D ying-o me hod
None
Sudden
G adual
O he
Machine milking
Cleaned daily
Uses acid
Uses ho wa e
Uses de e gen
35.7
10.7
53.6
13.0
87.0
50.0
32.1
46.4
92.9
7.1
70.4
29.6
14.3
7.1
64.3
7.1
100.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
†All da a a e ela ed o 28 a ms, excep s he cleaning o machine milking which is ela ed only o
6 a ms.
Fo he ge ms/ml a iable, a iance analysis showed signi ican di e ences o he ollowing
ac o s: he mon h he sample was ob ained, a m size and sample ype (s aigh om udde , om
he chu n a he end o milking and om he chu n when i a i ed o he collec i e ank). Table 2
lis s he mean and s anda d e o o each o hese ac o s.
The sample ype is obse ed as a main ac o in da a a iabili y (P<0.001), being obse ed
ha con amina ion occu s a e he milk is aken ou o m he udde ill i eaches he collec i e
ank (46,000 s 267,000 ge ms/ml). Signi ican di e ences we e also ob ained all h ough he
di e en mon hs o s udy (P<0.001), being he mon hs a he beginning o he sample- aking
pe iod (Dec-Feb) oge he wi h Augus , hose which show a g ea e numbe o ge ms/ml, and
June and July hose wi h less ge ms/ml. This may be due o he imp o emen o gene al sani a y
no ms obse ed in he majo i y o a ms since Feb ua y. Con a y o expec a ions, he numbe o
ge ms/ml was lowe du ing he mon hs o ho es wea he , which sugges s ha bac e iological
quali y can be main ained du ing he ho e summe mon hs i he a m is un p ope ly.
He d size was also obse ed o ha e a signi ican e ec (P<0.01); a ms wi h a ew numbe o
animals ha e a lowe ge m/ml ecoun (less han 100,000 ge ms/ml o a ms wi h 50 o 100
animals; and 160,000 o 210,000 ge ms/ml o he ds o e 100 animals). I milk om he ank is
examined on i s own, he alues a e 80,000 o 135,000 ge ms/ml o he smalle a ms and
343,000 o 477,000 o a ms wi h la ge he ds. Despi e he di e ences, bo h da a a e below he
limi s se ou in he ele an legisla ion (500,000 ge ms/ml, o un ea ed milk). The di e ences
be ween hese a ms we e due o di e en sani a y and hygienic managemen used. The g ea e
204
a en ion paid o ma e s o hygiene (o he a m in gene al and o he animals in pa icula ) and
he exis ence o a place only o milking explains he be e esul s o a ms wi h lowe
bac e iology.
Table 2. Mean alues and s anda d e o (SE) o ge ms/ml and cells/ml acco ding o mon hs, a m
size and sample ype
Ge ms/ml
(x 1000)
Soma ic cells/ml
(x 1000)
Mean SE Mean SE
Lowes numbe 101 43.5 1626 70.2
In e media e alue 132 30.9 - -
G ouped mon hs
Highes numbe 151 30.4 2518 173.4
<50 animals 93 37.9 1072 115.3
50-100 56 6.8 1531 102.7
150-200 164 42.1 1905 127.9
Fa m size
>200 211 53.5 2209 140.7
F om udde 46 6.6 1644 127.5
Chu n 85 16.1 1889 122.2
Sample ype
Collec i e ank 267 54.5 1856 103.8
Rela ed o soma ic cells/ml, signi ican di e ences we e ound acco ding o he d size
(P<0.001) (1,072,000 o a ms wi h ew numbe o animals and 2,209,000 o la ge he ds) (Table
2). In he a ms wi h wo se esul s he soma ic cell coun (SCC) exceeded he limi ha he EU
hopes o es ablish (1,500,000 soma ic cells/ml, Ba bosa e al., 1994) and limi s es ablished in
coun ies as No way (1,200,000) and USA (1,000,000) (Con e as e al., 1997). In he some way
desc ibed o bac e iology s udy, g ea e a en ion o heal h and hygiene condi ions on a ms wi h
a lowe SCC would explain he mo e a ou able esul s o his pa ame e .
No impo an di e ences in he soma ic cell/ml a iable we e ound acco ding o sample ype
(udde , chu n and collec i e ank), bu he e was an in luence in he mon h he sample was aken
(P<0.001), wi h July and Augus p esen ing he highes cell coun s (2,518,000) and lowe alues
o he o he mon hs (1,626,000). This ac o would be in luenced by he e ec o he e olu ion o
he numbe o cells du ing lac a ion (Ro a e al., 1993), wi h an inc ease in cells all h ough he
end o he lac a ion pe iod (Sie a e al., 1993). A ela ion hus exis s be ween he season and
he g ouped mon hs acco ding o he numbe o cells (c2, P<0.001), so ha he highes cell
coun s occu s du ing he summe mon hs, when he lac a ion pe iod comes o he end in he
dis ic in ques ion (Mena e al., 1999), due o he concen a ion e ec because o milk p oduc ion
dec easing.
Re e ences
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