Eu opean T anspo T aspo i Eu opei (2013) Issue 54, Pape n° 10, ISSN 1825-3997
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Simula ing he e ec s o pedes ianisa ion on u ban
eigh deli e ies
Jesús Muñuzu i1, Pablo Co és1, Luis Onie a1, José Guadix1
1 School o Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain
Abs ac
The ci y o Se ille is cu en ly de eloping a land-use eo ganisa ion policy aimed a inc easing he
numbe o pedes ian spaces. This pape con ains he mic oscopic simula ion buil o assess one o hose
pedes ianisa ion ini ia i es om he poin o iew o i s e ec s on a ic lows and, mo e speci ically,
eigh deli e ies. Two di e en al e na i es a e compa ed wi h he cu en scena io om he poin o
iew o a ic conges ion, pa king space occupa ion and ou e imes. Due o he complexi y o he eigh
deli e y p ac ices in ol ed, he use o a s anda d a ic simula ion package was no app op ia e, and he
simula ions we e ca ied ou using he comme cial package A ena, which enabled he ep esen a ion o all
ha complexi y wi h a speci ically buil simula ion model.
Keywo ds: ci y logis ics, u ban anspo , mic oscopic simula ion, pedes ianisa ion.
1. In oduc ion
The pedes ianisa ion o u ban a eas is o en a con o e sial issue, and policies aiming
a ans o ming he ci y in o a mo e sus ainable en i onmen o en ha e o ace he
ejec ion o ci izens who wo k, li e o shop in he a ea. Howe e , o all he s akeholde s
in ol ed in u ban mobili y, he s onges opposi ion o pedes ianisa ion policies o en
comes om he comme cial sec o , including shop owne s and deli e y companies. The
o me no mally ea ha obs uc ing he access o cus ome s o hei p emises can
esul in a descen in sales, e en hough he case is no mally he opposi e, due o he
enhanced a ac i eness o pedes ian a eas in he eyes o buye s (Chique o, 1997; Yiu,
2011). The la e , on he o he hand, ea he inc ease in ime, cos and di icul ies
encoun e ed when deli e ing goods in o pedes ian a eas. E en hough hese ea s do
no seem o be jus i ied, gi en he bene icial ou comes epo ed in many case s udies
(Whi ehead e al, 2006), on a close look he sho - e m e ec s o pedes ianisa ion
schemes may no be so clea (Hass-Klau, 1993).
The case s udy con empla ed he e is he pedes ianisa ion o Asunción, one o he
mos comme cially dense s ee s in Se ille, which has been an ongoing objec i e o he
local au ho i ies o a long ime, wi hin a gene al amewo k aimed a inc easing he
 Co esponding au ho : Jesús Muñuzu i (munuzu[email p o ec ed].es)
Eu opean T anspo T aspo i Eu opei (2013) Issue 54, Pape n° 10, ISSN 1825-3997
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numbe o pedes ian a eas in he ci y. Se ille is he la ges ci y in he sou h o Spain
wi h 700,000 inhabi an s, and in he las wo decades has unde gone an exponen ial
g ow h o i s me opoli an a ea, wi h he subsequen a luence o ehicles in o he ci y
on a daily basis. The answe o he local au ho i ies o his a luence, s i ing o he
sus ainabili y and li eabili y o he ci y, includes a p og essi e inc ease in he numbe o
pedes ian a eas, expelling ehicles om cen al comme cial a eas.
The case o Asunción S ee was unde he spo ligh o se e al yea s, gi en ha i
was subjec bo h o a g ea pedes ian a luence, due o he numbe o e ail p emises
loca ed in i , and o a g ea low o a ic, being one o he main exi links om he
mos densely popula ed neighbou hood in he ci y. Adding o he pic u e was he case o
pe sons who wen o shop o he s ee in hei ca s and double-pa ked in on o he
s o es, despi e he ins alla ion o pa king me e s in he s ee . The en o cemen
campaigns o he local au ho i ies o en esul ed in he police gi ing icke s o owing
away ca s on one end o he s ee while, no ha ing o he pa king spaces a ailable, ca s
kep double-pa king on he o he end. The high incidence o double pa king and he
in ense load/unload ac i i y o Asunción S ee on a no mal weekday be o e
pedes ianisa ion can be seen in Figu e 1.
Figu e 1: View o Asunción S ee be o e pedes ianisa ion.
This pape desc ibes he use o mic osimula ion as a decision-making ool o o ecas
he e ec o di e en pedes ianisa ion policies o Asunción S ee con empla ed by he
local au ho i ies. Mo e speci ically, special a en ion was paid o eigh deli e y
ope a ions, since he comme cial densi y o he a ea equi es in ensi e load/unload
ope a ions du ing wo k days. These ope a ions a e signi ican ly a ec ed by a ic
conges ion and pa king a ailabili y, and also by any pedes ianisa ion ini ia i e
(Muñuzu i e al, 2005). The p ocess ollowed s a ed wi h he analysis o a ic and
eigh deli e ies in he s ee as hey we e aking place, and hen used mic osimula ion
o ep esen he inal scena ios a e pedes ianisa ion.
The es o he pape shows a e ision o di e en examples o he s udy o u ban
eigh deli e ies using mic oscopic simula ion in Sec ion 2, he desc ip ion o he a ea
Eu opean T anspo T aspo i Eu opei (2013) Issue 54, Pape n° 10, ISSN 1825-3997
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con empla ed and he pedes ianisa ion policies in Sec ion 3, he di e en modules
combined in he simula ion p ocess in Sec ion 4, he esul s p oduced by he simula ions
and he conclusions ob ained om hem.
2. An o e iew o u ban eigh simula ion
E en hough se e al op imisa ion models ha e been o mula ed in o de o d aw an
analy ical pic u e o eigh deli e ies in u ban a eas, he complexi y and dynamic
condi ions o u ban a ic ha e esul ed in a s ong bias owa ds simula ion models. The
simula ion o eigh deli e ies in u ban a eas has o en been designed wi h a mac o
app oach, aiming o es ima e ehicle lows (Boe kamps and Van Binsbe gen, 1999;
Sonn ag and Tullius, 1998; Muñuzu i e al, 2012) and hei en i onmen al impac s
(Amb osini and Rou hie , 2004), o om an economic, supply-chain poin o iew
(Henshe and Pucke , 2005), o used o assess he o e all e ec o in as uc u e
p o isions o mobili y egula ions (Yannis e al, 2006).
Howe e , when he analysis is no e e ed o a whole ci y o me opoli an a ea bu
a he o a speci ic s ee o neighbou hood, he equi ed le el o de ail is o en much
mo e p ecise (Wigan and Sou hwo h, 2006). In hese cases, he me e mac o simula ion
o eigh ehicle lows is no su icien o gain an adequa e insigh on issues like
conges ion e ec s, pa king a ailabili y o deli e y p ac ices. The close look p o ided
by mic osimula ion is hen equi ed.
The in oduc ion o eigh issues in a ic mic osimula ion packages has only been
accomplished in e y ecen yea s, and in any case i is s ill ela i ely limi ed (Lawson,
2006). Some ecen applica ions o he capabili ies o comme cial packages include he
de e mina ion o deli e y ou es in an u ban en i onmen (Fe guson e al, 2012) o he
analysis o he dis u bances caused by la ge ehicles in u ban a ic lows (Hancock
and Lu, 2006; Lake e al, 2002). Mo e de ailed simula ions, combining a ic issues
wi h speci ic eigh deli e y p ac ices, ne e heless equi e he building o dedica ed
models using gene al simula ion packages (Sina imbo e al, 2003). The in oduc ion o
ad-hoc simula ion ools has also been used o ep esen he in e ac ion be ween eigh
ehicles and a ic (Hosoya e al, 2003) o dynamic decision making depending on
conges ion (Wang e al, 2002; Xu e al, 2003). O he ecen examples o he use o
mic osimula ion include he de e mina ion o ehicle ou s as a p e ious s ep o he
applica ion o mac oscopic models (S e an and McMillan, 2005; Wise jindawa and
Sano, 2003) o he in luence o goods anspo on land use (Moeckel e al, 2002).
He e we add ess he building o a speci ic, ad-hoc simula ion ool, wi h he objec i e
o ep esen ing as accu a ely as possible he complex en i onmen o Asunción S ee ,
including he ac ha passenge ca s o en pa ked in load/unload zones in he a ea,
causing deli e y ehicles o double pa k o pa k illegally on he sidewalk in ce ain
spo s whe e i was possible o do so. Besides, i hose spo s we e occupied by o he
deli e y ehicles, hey had o sea ch o he nex a ailable one, e c. The ep esen a ion
o his complexi y, equi ed o he in-dep h analysis o he e ec o pedes ianisa ion
on deli e ies in he a ea, mean he de elopmen o a dedica ed simula ion p ocess,
using he Rockwell A ena so wa e package. Al hough ini ially in ended o simula ing
p oduc ion p ocesses, his simula ion en i onmen was easily adap ed o a ic
scena ios, wi h equal lexibili y.
Eu opean T anspo T aspo i Eu opei (2013) Issue 54, Pape n° 10, ISSN 1825-3997
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3. A ea desc ip ion
The a ea s udied in his case co esponds o Asunción S ee , mo e speci ically i s
sec ion be ween Plaza de Cuba and Vi gen de Luján, also conside ing he a e sing
s ee s and neighbou ing a ea (see Figu e 2). The s ee s Juan Sebas ián Elcano and
Mon e Ca melo a e also included in he analysis, as an al e na i e o he di e sion o
he a ic lows o iginally passing h ough Asunción.
Figu e 2: A ea conside ed in he simula ions.
The model we buil was used o he compa ison o he o iginal a ic si ua ion wi h
wo po en ial scena ios. These wo scena ios co espond o pedes ianisa ion p oposals
elabo a ed by he T a ic and T anspo Delega ion o he Se ille Ci y Council, wi h he
in en ion o using one o he wo al e na i es o he new planning o he a ea. In o de
o decide which al e na i e is bes , once he wo po en ial scena ios we e simula ed,
hei e ec s we e compa ed wi h he o iginal one in e ms o conges ion le els, eigh
deli e y p ac ices and use o pa king spaces. The wo scena ios can be b ie ly desc ibed
as ollows:
a) Pa ial pedes ianisa ion: he comple e pedes ianisa ion o he s ee was
disca ded, due o he accessibili y p oblems ha would be caused in he
neighbou ing s ee s. Ne e heless, he pa ial pedes ianisa ion p oposed
add essed he main objec i es, inc easing he space o pedes ians in he a ea and
elimina ing he h ough a ic passing h ough Asunción. The p oposal consis ed
in allowing gene al a ic o c oss he s ee h ough adjacen s ee s and
a e sing ways, while con e ing he es o Asunción in a pedes ian a ea.
Load/unload ope a ions would be ans e ed o adjacen s ee s, and bus and axi
s ops would be aken ou .
b) Inc easing he sidewalks, lea ing a single lane o a ic and no pa king spaces
along he s ee . E en hough his p oposal could no be conside ed a ull
pedes ianisa ion scheme, he space o pedes ians would ha e been signi ican ly
inc eased, and he h ough a ic penalized. Load/unload ope a ions would also
ha e been ans e ed o adjacen s ee s, and bus and axi s ops aken ou .
The simula ion model was buil and alida ed wi h espec o he o iginal scena io,
wi h no mal a ic along he s ee s, axi and bus s ops, load/unload ope a ions, e c.
Eu opean T anspo T aspo i Eu opei (2013) Issue 54, Pape n° 10, ISSN 1825-3997
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F om he e, he wo modi ied scena ios we e also buil and analyzed, conside ing he
changes in conges ion le els, pa king space occupa ion, e c. A signi ican amoun o
ield wo k was equi ed o he modelling o he o iginal si ua ion, including da a
collec ion and model alida ion. This ield wo k consis ed o :
 A classi ica ion o shops in sec o s acco ding o hei ype o ac i i y, as de ined
by he local Chambe o Comme ce ollowing he Economic Ac i i y Tax census.
The di e en sec o s conside ed in he analysis a e displayed in Table 1.
 Su eys passed o shop owne s and d i e s o deli e y ehicles, in o de o ind
ou hei p ac ices, equencies, e c. The e aile su ey was passed o 75 e aile s,
including he ollowing ques ions: equency o deli e ies ecei ed, usual deli e y
schedule, ype o anspo company, ype o ehicle used, usual pa king space
used and ime equi ed o he deli e y. The d i e su ey was passed o 40
d i e s wi h ques ions abou hei usual ou e and pa king spaces used, he ou e
equency and du a ion and he a e age ime equi ed o each unloading
ope a ion.
 T a ic low measu emen s in 19 poin s sp ead h ough he analyzed zone,
co esponding o he 7 sec ions in o which he simula ed a ea was di ided (see
Figu e 3). Vehicle lows we e coun ed daily in i e-minu e in e als dis ibu ed
h ough he mo ning hou s o a whole week.
 A census o deli e y pa king spaces in he a ea, bo h legal and illegal: double-
pa king o pa king spaces on sidewalks we e also conside ed o loading and
unloading in he o iginal scena io, acco ding o he obse ed daily p ac ices.
Indeed, hese illegal pa king p ac ices a e no exclusi e o he case analyzed he e
(Danielis e al, 2010)
 Measu emen o a ic ligh cycles, o bus s op imes and o he a e age ime
spen by axis a he axi s op loca ed in Asunción.
Sec o
Desc ip ion
Sec o
Desc ip ion
Sec o
Desc ip ion
1
Supe ma ke s
12
Pho og aph
23
Ho els
2
Bake ies
13
He bal die e ics
24
Linge ie
3
Banks
14
Toys
25
D ugs o es
4
Ba h oom equipmen
15
La ge Fu ni u e
26
Music s o es
5
Ba s / Ca és
16
Small u ni u e
27
Op icians
6
Bingo
17
Hai d esse s
28
Home ex iles
7
Educa ion
18
Pe umes
29
Bou iques
8
A galle ies
19
T anspo agencies
30
Clo hes
9
Pha macies
20
Gi s
31
Shoes
10
Ha dwa e
21
Clo hing accesso ies
32
D y cleane s
11
Flowe s
22
Deco a ion
33
Clocks and wa ches
Table 1: Ac i i y sec o s conside ed in he analysis.

Eu opean T anspo T aspo i Eu opei (2013) Issue 54, Pape n° 10, ISSN 1825-3997
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SECTION 7
SECTION 5SECTION 4SECTION 3SECTION 2SECTION 1
SECTION 6
Figu e 3: Sec ions in o which he simula ed a ea was di ided.
4. Simula ion
Wi h all he collec ed in o ma ion, we modelled he o iginal scena io in Asunción
S ee , using he A ena so wa e package. As men ioned be o e, his package, al hough
no speci ically designed o a ic modelling, p o ed pe ec ly sui able o his ype o
ask, adap ing p oduc ion-o ien ed ea u es o he modelling o s ee s, in e sec ions and
pa king spaces, and allowing us o ep esen he speci ic ea u es o ci y dis ibu ion
p ac ices.
4.1 Dynamic en i ies.
The dynamic en i ies used in he model we e he di e en ypes o ehicles d i ing in
he a ea, including passenge ca s, axis, buses and deli e y ehicles (see Figu e 4).
Wi h espec o deli e y ehicles, we conside ed h ee ypes o ehicles:
 F eigh p o ide s ( ull uckload ca ie s): ca ying goods o a speci ic sec o (i.e.,
d inks o ba s and es au an s, supplies o supe ma ke s, e c.). 33 di e en
p o ide s we e iden i ied in he su ey. Depending on he ype o deli e y, p o ide s
used bo h ans (unde 3.5 ons) and ucks (o e 3.5 ons), and ollowed egula
ou es, wi h an obse ed weekly equency and a ixed in e als du ing he day.
 F eigh ope a o s (less- han- uckload ca ie s): we iden i ied 6 main ope a o s,
ca ying less- han- uckload shipmen s o e aile s belonging o di e en sec o s
(clo hing, s a ione y ha dwa e…), using mainly ans. The numbe o ope a o s (6 in
he simula ions) was aken om obse a ion, and he in oduc ion o a deli e y an
in he simula ion ook place when a ce ain numbe o eques s had been made by
he e aile s in he a ea, acco ding o he o de ing equencies e ealed by hem in
he su eys.
 O he eigh ehicles: hose ha did no s op in he simula ed a ea, and we e
he e o e conside ed as no mal passenge ehicles wi h espec o a ic conges ion.
The mo emen o ehicles h ough he s ee s was modelled wi h cons an speed
con eyo s. The ac ha ehicles hus could no pass each o he o modi y hei speed
was p o en no o be an obs acle when modelling u ban a ic in he chosen a ea, since
Eu opean T anspo T aspo i Eu opei (2013) Issue 54, Pape n° 10, ISSN 1825-3997
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ehicles usually s ayed in line h ough he whole s ee , d i ing a a mo e o less
cons an speed. The simula ion pe iod chosen co esponded o he shops’ opening hou s
in he mo ning, ha is, om 9.00 o 14.00 hou s, since ha pe iod is when a ic
densi ies we e highe in he a ea.
Figu e 4: Types o dynamic en i ies conside ed in he simula ion.
4.2 Simula ion ea u es.
The ep esen a ion o a ic in he a ea was simula ed using a combina ion o A ena
modules. The main modules used in he mic osimula ion a e desc ibed in his sec ion.
a) En y o ehicles: This module gene a ed he dynamic en i ies di e en om
deli e y ehicles (passenge ca s, axis, buses and o he eigh ehicles) in he
simula ion. These gene a ions we e modelled by C ea e modules, which gene a ed
ehicles in all access s ee s a a a e simila o he one obse ed om eali y.
b) Gene a ion o ope a o s’ ehicles: The gene a ion o deli e y ehicles
co esponding o anspo ope a o s was modelled by a double p ocess. In he i s pa
o i , ep esen ed in Figu e 5, a C ea e module was assigned o each one o he e ail
p emises p esen in he a ea, which gene a ed o de s o deli e ies. Depending on he
p obabili y o each e aile o placing an o de on a gi en day (equal o he in e se o
he numbe o deli e ies ecei ed daily, ob ained in he su ey), his o de may be
disca ded o assigned o a anspo ope a o . The ope a o was selec ed andomly om
he lis o ope a o s which se ed his pa icula shop on a egula basis. I no ehicle
o ha ope a o had been gene a ed when he o de was o be assigned, i was held un il
a ehicle was a ailable.
Figu e 5: Gene a ion o o de s co esponding o e ail es ablishmen s.
C ea e
o de O de
oday?
Elimina e
o de
Assign o de
o ope a o Vehicle
a ailable?
Hold un il
ehicle a ailable
Assign o de
o ehicle
NO
YES
NO
YES
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Deli e y ehicles we e gene a ed by a C ea e module in he second pa o he
p ocess, shown in Figu e 6. When he numbe o o de s eached a ce ain le el,
co esponding o he a e age numbe o deli e ies ha ope a o s’ ehicles made in he
a ea, he ehicle was sen o he s a ing poin o he i s con eyo in i s ou e. This
ou e was hen go e ned by Decide modules loca ed in all accesses, in e sec ions and
exi s, and he pa king spaces whe e i needed o s op o make a gi en deli e y we e
de e mined by Con ey modules. A he same ime, a new ehicle was gene a ed o
inco po a e he new o de s gene a ed by e aile s.
Figu e 6: Gene a ion o ope a o s’ ehicles.
c) Gene a ion o p o ide s’ ehicles: These we e easie o model, since hey ollowed
ixed ou es depending on he loca ion o e aile s belonging o hei speci ic sec o .
The e o e, a simple C ea e module, wi h a speci ied equency de e mined om he
su eys, was su icien o gene a e he ehicles. Depending on he p obabili y o hei
speci ic sec o ecei ing deli e ies on a gi en day, hey we e hen elimina ed o
in oduced in he simula ion. In his case, hey mo ed om one con eyo o ano he and
pa ked in he same manne as ope a o s’ ehicles. The p ocess is ep esen ed in Figu e
7.
Figu e 7: Gene a ion o ope a o s’ ehicles.
d) Exi o ehicles: Exi modules we e loca ed a all exi s ee s, elimina ing all ypes
o ehicles om he simula ion a e hey had comple ed hei ou e.
e) T a ic ligh s: They we e modelled by a closed loop (see Figu e 8) whe e single
en i ies ( ehicles) ollowed he loop du ing he whole simula ion. An addi ional en i y
c ea ed in each i e a ion o he loop by a Sepa a e module was used o g aphic
anima ion o he a ic ligh in he model. The di e en a ic ligh s in he model we e
in e ela ed, in o de o ake in o accoun he synch oniza ions obse ed om eali y.
C ea e
ehicle
Hold un il o de
h eshold is
eached
O de
h eshold
eached
Send ehicle o
s a ing poin
C ea e
ehicle O de
oday?
Elimina e
ehicle
Assign
ehicle o
ou e
NO
YES
Eu opean T anspo T aspo i Eu opei (2013) Issue 54, Pape n° 10, ISSN 1825-3997
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Figu e 8: Simula ion o he a ic ligh cycle.
) Gi e way in e sec ions: In e sec ions we e modelled using p oduc ion S a ions,
which could only be occupied by one en i y ( ehicle) a a ime. P io i y condi ions we e
used o simula ed “Gi e Way” signalling and a ic ligh queues, making use in his
case o Accumula ing con eyo s, whe e he dis ance be ween he en i ies loca ed on he
con eyo could a y i he exi o he con eyo was blocked. Fi s , he ehicle eached a
Hold (Scan o Condi ion) module, which gua an eed ha no ehicle en e ed he
in e sec ion un il i was ee, o allowed access only when he co esponding a ic ligh
was g een. The in e sec ion co esponded o a P ocess module, which allowed
ep esen ing he es ima ed ime needed by a ehicle o c oss he in e sec ion, acco ding
o obse a ions. Finally, depending on he ehicle’s ou e, i chose he co esponding
con eyo o con inue a e he in e sec ion. The p ocess sequence is ep esen ed in
Figu e 9.
Figu e 9: Rep esen a ion o he modelling o in e sec ions.
g) Load/unload p ocess: The deli e y pa king places con empla ed in he model
included all he spo s, legal o no , iden i ied du ing he ield wo k, whe e eigh
ehicles pa ked o make deli e ies. Each one o hese pa king places was simula ed by a
T a ic
ligh G een
colou G een
ime Red
colou Red ime T a ic
ligh cycle
A i al o ehicles o
c ossing om s ee 1
Gi e way
queue
Exi con eyo
Exi con eyo
A i al o ehicles o
c ossing om s ee 2
C ossing
esou ce C ossing
senso Decide nex
con eyo Access
con eyo
Eu opean T anspo T aspo i Eu opei (2013) Issue 54, Pape n° 10, ISSN 1825-3997
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6. Conclusions
The pape has p esen ed a mic oscopic simula ion o a ic and eigh anspo used
o assess he e ec o wo di e en pedes ianisa ion policies. The simula ion model
buil was alida ed using cu en da a collec ed om he ield and hen used o compa e
he wo al e na i es p oposed by he Ci y Council.
In gene al, bo h modi ied scena ios appea ed bene icial wi h espec o he o iginal
si ua ion in e ms o a ic indica o s, and hei d awbacks we e simila . Implemen ing
es ic ions o ehicle mo emen s in any gi en a ea is always likely o mo e conges ion
e ec s o adjacen s ee s, bu in his case he inc ease in ehicle lows in sec ions 6 and
7 o he modi ied models emain wi hin accep able bounds. Also, e en hough we ha e
no analyzed en i onmen al e ec s he e, p e ious simula ion analyses show ha hey
a e likely o p esen only small isola ed inc eases on s ee s adjacen o he
pedes ianisa ion scheme (Chique o, 1997). Besides, he ou e ime alues shown in
Figu e 14 con i m ha eigh ca ie s we e w ong o ea an inc ease in deli e y imes,
and he e o e in cos s. A e age ou e imes a e a mos simila a e pedes ianisa ion,
which means ha supply-chain- ela ed p ac ices, equencies and schedules a e no
a ec ed by i .
This is why, gi en he in e es o he local au ho i ies owa ds he inc ease in he
numbe o pedes ian a eas in he ci y, he i s modi ied scena io, co esponding o he
pa ial pedes ianisa ion o Asunción, was implemen ed. The sligh ly be e esul s o
his scena io wi h espec o he inc ease o sidewalk wid h in e ms o ou e imes and
conges ion le els we e accompanied by he inc ease in he a ac i eness o he a ea.
Figu es 16 and 17 show he cu en design o Asunción, which is now he i s
pedes ian a ea ou side he his o ical ci y cen e o Se ille while main aining
accessibili y o esiden s and deli e y ehicles.

Eu opean T anspo T aspo i Eu opei (2013) Issue 54, Pape n° 10, ISSN 1825-3997
17
Figu e 16: Cu en iew o Asunción s ee , a e he implemen a ion o he Pa ial
Pedes ianisa ion scheme.
Figu e 17: Load/unload zone in one o he s ee s adjacen o Asunción.
Al hough he quan i a i e esul s o he likely ou comes o he modi ied scena ios
we e es ima ed, i is clea ha he p esence o many di e en s akeholde g oups in he
a ea ( esiden s, shop owne s, wo ke s, d i e s, deli e y companies, buses, axis, e c.)
made i app op ia e o complemen he simula ions wi h e alua ion echniques aimed a
es ima ing a gene al sco e om he opinions o all s akeholde s. Ne e heless, he
esul s a e he i s yea o a pedes ianised Asunción s ee ha e con i med he
simula ion o ecas s, and he new design o he s ee and he new mobili y pa e ns in
he a ea a e now accep ed by all he s akeholde g oups in ol ed. Fu he esea ch goals
include he quan i a i e e alua ion o his ype o policies in a mul i-ac o en i onmen ,
ollowing he example o Taniguchi and Tamagawa (2005).
Finally, wi h espec o he simula ion p ocess i sel , he ope a ion o deli e y ehicles
in he a ea equi ed he use o a gene al-pu pose package like A ena. I s lexibili y
enabled us o accu a ely simula e he complex anspo en i onmen s in he a ea, wi h
accep able ep esen a i e esul s. Howe e , since we used a gene ic simula ion package
and no a speci ic a ic simula o , we had o ace he d awback o building he
simula ion model almos om sc a ch o each analysis.
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