Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019
Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o?
Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166
ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176
Página 147
¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de
ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
A e equali y policies e lec ed in ex books? A s udy in he ex books o Social
Sciences o Seconda y Educa ion
Pablo Ruiz-Alba.
Uni e sidad de Se illa.
pablo [email protected]
Olga Mo eno-Fe nández.
Uni e sidad de Se illa.
[email p o ec ed]
RESUMEN.
Es a in es igación ha u ilizado como écnica el análisis de con enido, an o del lenguaje como
de las imágenes de los lib os de ex o que han o mado pa e de la mues a omando como
e e encia los c i e ios de las ins ucciones de 14 de junio de 2018 sob e lib os de ex o. Se
ha pues o el oco de a ención en el núme o de imágenes que apa ecen de homb es y de
muje es, así como el uso que se hace del lenguaje en las es edi o iales es udiadas. La
mues a ha quedado o mada po 3 lib os de ex o u ilizados en la asigna u a de Ciencias
Sociales (Geog a ía e His o ia) de 2º de Educación Obliga o ia Secunda ia de las edi o iales
Vicens Vi es, Ox o d y San illana. Se han analizado 10 emas pa a la p ime a ca ego ía 1.
Uso de lenguaje inclusi o, 158 imágenes analizadas pa a la ca ego ía 2. Di e sidad, y 286
imágenes analizadas pa a la ca ego ía 3. Roles sociales. Los esul ados señalan que las
polí icas de igualdad en Andalucía p e enden consegui unos ines que oda ía es án
bas an e lejos de consegui , al menos en el campo de la educación y más conc e amen e en
los alo es que se ansmi en, po lo que es necesa io segui abajando pa a que la igualdad
se e leje en los lib os de ex o p esen es en las aulas escola es.
PALABRAS CLAVE.
Lib os de ex o; polí icas de igualdad; Ciencias Sociales; Educación Secunda ia.
ABSTRACT.
This esea ch has used as a echnique he analysis o he con en , bo h o he language and
o he images o he ex books ha ha e o med pa o he sample, aking as a e e ence he
c i e ia o he ins uc ions o 14 June 2018 on ex books. The ocus has been on he numbe
o images o men and women, as well as he use o language in he h ee publishe s s udied.
The sample consis ed o 3 ex books used in he Social Sciences subjec (Geog aphy and
His o y) o he 2nd yea o Compulso y Seconda y Educa ion o he publishing houses Vicens
Vi es, Ox o d and San illana. Use o inclusi e language, 158 images analysed o ca ego y 2.
Di e si y, and 286 images analyzed o ca ego y 3. Social oles. The esul s indica e ha
equali y policies in Andalusia aim o achie e goals ha a e s ill a om being achie ed, a
leas in he ield o educa ion and mo e speci ically in he alues ha a e ansmi ed, so i is
Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019
Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o?
Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166
ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176
Página 148
necessa y o con inue wo king so ha equali y is e lec ed in he ex books p esen in he
school class ooms.
KEY WORDS.
Tex books; equali y policies; Social Sciences; Seconda y Educa ion.
1. In oduc ion and app oach o he p oblem.
The p oblem o sexism is s ill p esen in educa ion, and ex books and school ma e ials a e
one o he mos impo an means o pe pe ua ing his si ua ion. Thus, al hough he e a e many
and a ied ac o s ha pa icipa e in he educa ional p ocess, among hem, he ex book,
which con inues o be he bea e o ce ain oles and social models, as Ruiz-Oli e as and
Vallejo Ma ín-Albo (1999, p. 125) poin ou :
[…] E e y model o social o ganiza ion is accompanied by an ideology and a sys em o
alues ha legi imize and pe pe ua e i . (...) The alue sys em implies a hie a chy o
models, which a e legi imized in unc ion o such a sys em. Today's wes e n socie y has
an ins i u ionalized o m o ansmission: he school, which has assumed, oge he wi h
he amily, mos o he educa ional p ocess o indi iduals.
Likewise, schools, as he undamen al axis o he educa ion sys em, a e subjec o he
e olu ion o no ms. In ecen decades he e ha e been nume ous ac ions ha ha e in luenced
Equali y Policies, bo h a he social and educa ional le els. In ac , he o icial cu iculum o
Seconda y Educa ion in Andalusia includes, in i s legisla i e amewo k, di e en measu es
ha p omo e gende equali y in educa ion, assuming in i s S a u e o Au onomy he
commi men o gende equali y, s ipula ing in A icle 10.2 " ha he Au onomous Communi y
shall p omo e e ec i e equali y be ween men and women". In addi ion, A icle 15 gua an ees
"equal oppo uni ies o men and women in all a eas". I also ecognises he s eng hening o
he impo an ole played by he educa ion sys em in he a ea o equali y, as es ablished in
A icle 1.8, acco ding o which, "Andalusian educa ional plans shall inco po a e equali y
be ween men and women and cul u al di e si y in all a eas o poli ical and social li e".
In compliance wi h O ganic Law 1/2004, o 28 Decembe , on Comp ehensi e P o ec ion
Measu es agains Gende Violence, he Regional Go e nmen o Andalusia implemen ed he
Fi s Plan o Equali y be ween Men and Women in Educa ion (Ag eemen o he Go e ning
Council, o 2 No embe 2005). This Plan add esses and in ol es he en i e educa ional
communi y, concei ing ha he educa ion o new gene a ions is he engine o change in
ela ions be ween men and women.
Subsequen ly, O ganic Law 3/2007 o 22 Ma ch inco po a es he legisla i e amendmen s o
ad ance equali y be ween men and women. This se ed as he basis o Law 12/2007 o 26
No embe o gende equali y in Andalusia.
The p e ious Law 17/2007 o Educa ion o Andalusia, ga he s he accumula ed expe ience o
he "I Plan o Equali y" and makes i s p oposals i s own, es ablishing among i s a icles he
ollowing, A icle 4 o he "p omo ion o e ec i e equali y be ween men and women in he
sphe es and p ac ices o he educa ional sys em" and p omo ing among s uden s "equali y
be ween men and women" in i s a icle 5.
Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019
Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o?
Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166
ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176
Página 149
A he same ime, he equali y egula o y amewo k is complemen ed by Law 13/2007, o 26
No embe , on measu es o p e en ion and comp ehensi e p o ec ion agains gende -based
iolence and Dec ee 19/2007, o 23 Janua y, adop ing measu es o he p omo ion o a cul u e
o peace and he imp o emen o coexis ence in educa ional es ablishmen s.
This en i e legisla i e amewo k, and he expe iences o he Andalusian educa ional sys em
as well as i s ep esen a i es and ac o s, esul s in he cu en "II S a egic Plan o Gende
Equali y in Educa ion 2016-2021".
Despi e legisla i e ad ances, he educa ional model in Spain has no unde gone majo
changes and con inues in a p ocess o pe manen adap a ion, which in many cases depends
on he in e es o he educa o when adap ing o di e en egula ions. Con on ing coeduca ion
mus be a basic objec i e, no only o he adminis a ions, bu also o he p o essionals and
he g oups in ol ed. And he ole o he ex book, as he main axis o educa ion, once again
highligh s i s impo ance.
In many cases hese didac ic ma e ials, "bo h o hei con en and hei unc ion, a e ca ie s
o social models and ul il an e iden ideological unc ion, which has been documen ed in
a ious ields, especially ela ing o social knowledge" (Blanco, 2000), om which i is in ended
o show a speci ic ision o he wo ld and eali y.
The Au onomous Communi y o Andalusia has been legisla ing on he eal concep o equali y
and coeduca ion. Law 17/2007 on Educa ion in Andalusia al eady included and p omulga ed
he "p omo ion o e ec i e equali y". I s de elopmen has been u he speci ied in he "II
S a egic Plan o Gende Equali y in Educa ion 2016-2021" which speci ies such measu es
and in he O de o 14 July 2016. This O de de elops he cu iculum o he ESO in Andalusia
which s a es " eal and e ec i e equali y be ween men and women, ecogni ion o he
con ibu ion o bo h sexes o he de elopmen o ou socie y and he knowledge accumula ed
by humani y. The e o e, we can a i m ha gende equali y in Spanish and Andalusian
educa ion is a eali y, a leas a he legisla i e le el. Bu do he condi ions in he class oom
exis o comply wi h he legal no m? Do p o essionals ha e he necessa y and e ec i e
ins umen s o ca y ou his ask in he class oom?
The answe s o hese ques ions a y depending on who is add essing he p oblem. The
adminis a ion, he p o essionals, he pa en s o gua dians and e en he s uden s, all hese
agen s a e pa o c ea ing a socie y o "b eeding ci y" (To es, 2011). Bu , wi hou a doub ,
he class oom is he space ha e e yone ecognises as he eal amewo k o he
implemen a ion o all hese legal measu es. The class oom con inues o be a amewo k in
which he ex book con inues o ha e a s ong p esence.
The ex book is no a neu al elemen a he ime o acing he de elopmen o he o ma i e
p ocess o he s uden . F om i s design, planning and use by eache s and s uden s, he
ex book becomes a main elemen in he day- o-day educa ional eali y. In ac , i includes a
se ies o con en s ha s uden s usually assume as "neu al, objec i e and unques ionable"
(Gómez and Tenza, 2015). They also become he p e e ed ehicle o ansmi ing no ms
and alues, and each his o ical s age in luences he edi o ial line. Howe e , i mus also be
bo ne in mind ha i is a p oduc made h ough ules es ablished in he ma ke and condi ioned
by he business amewo k (Pé ez-Saba e , 2001).
Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019
Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o?
Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166
ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176
Página 150
The ex book is decisi e in bo h con en and images. In he o me , a se ies o "na a i e and
desc ip i e ex ual" sequences p edomina e o e hose ha a e "explana o y and
a gumen a i e" (A ienza-Ce ezo and Van-Dijk, 2010). Along wi h he con en s o each
discipline, ex books ansmi social models and images complemen he con en , acili a ing
comp ehension in a di ec way (Gómez-Ca asco and López-Ma ínez, 2014). As o he
images, hey ha e a di e en ea men since hey depend on he ela ionship hey ha e wi h
he ex in ques ion (Valls-Mon és, 2007). T adi ionally, women ha e had a educed p esence
in books, appea ing on many occasions as seconda y cha ac e s, in he bes o cases and on
a e occasions, occupying a main ole in he na a ion o he his o ical e en .
The e ision o he con en s o ex books by he educa ional adminis a ion has been
ques ioned by ce ain sec o s ha accuse i o excessi e in usi eness as well as sca ce
applica ions in he ield o educa ional in en ions (Ma ínez-Bona é and Rod íguez-Rod íguez,
2010). The desi e o elimina e sexis s e eo ypes and he p omo ion o equali y be ween men
and women has o ced he publishing sec o o ace he p oblem wi h di e en esul s. In
addi ion o he modi ica ion o ex s and images, some publishe s ha e complemen ed hei
ac ions wi h he implemen a ion o aining p og ammes o employees om a gende
pe spec i e. O he publishe s ha e p oduced manuals and guides on how o use inclusi e
language in school ma e ials.
The wo k ca ied ou by Peñal e (2003), López-Na ajas (2014), Gómez-Ca asco and
Gallego-He e a (2016), Albe ca-Rod íguez and O iz-Ce meño (2019), and Díaz-López and
Puig-Gu ié ez (2020) has been o g ea help in he de elopmen o his wo k. Peñal e (2003)
ca ied ou an analysis o 24 ex books used in Seconda y Educa ion. López-Na ajas (2014)
analysed 115 manuals om h ee publishing houses in all subjec s o he ou yea s o
Seconda y Educa ion. Meanwhile, Gómez-Ca asco and Gallego-He e a (2016) analysed
he images o 3 manuals on Social Sciences, Geog aphy and His o y in he 4 h yea o
Seconda y Educa ion. Speci ically, he Ox o d (Social Sciences, Geog aphy and His o y,
2008), San illana (Social Sciences, Geog aphy and His o y, 2010) and Vicens Vi es (Social
Sciences, Geog aphy and His o y, 2014) manuals. Manuals ha his s udy akes as a
e e ence al hough upda ed o he LOMCE.
2. Objec i es.
The main objec i e o his esea ch is o analyse whe he he "II S a egic Plan o Gende
Equali y in Educa ion" has had epe cussions on he p esence o absence o sexism in he
His o y (Social Sciences) ex books o he 2nd yea o Seconda y Educa ion. Speci ic
objec i es ha e been o mula ed:
• To de ine he place occupied by he p omo ion o equali y wi hin he objec i es o each
o he edi o ials analysed.
• To analyse he beha iou s a ibu ed o men and women, as well as he iconic
language o he di e en cha ac e s (male and emale) in o de o check whe he he e
is equali y in hei ep esen a ion.
Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019
Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o?
Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166
ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176
Página 151
• Check he ex en o which disc imina o y ea u es appea acco ding o gende .
• To s udy he ole, he oles gi en and he places in which he woman and he man
de elop h ough he illus a ions o he ex books.
• Obse e whe he he e a e di e ences be ween publishe s.
3. Me hodology.
A desc ip i e-in e p e a i e s udy has been ca ied ou . This s udy has aken as a e e ence
some o he c i e ia o he selec ion o ex books ha appea s in he Ins uc ions o June 14,
2018, o he Gene al Di ec ion o Pa icipa ion and Equi y and he Gene al Di ec ion o
Educa ional Planning, on he c i e ia o he selec ion o ex books and o he elabo a ion o
cu icula ma e ials wi hou sexis o disc imina o y p ejudices. Al hough hese ins uc ions a e
subsequen o he publica ion o he ex books analysed, we conside ha hey con ain
undamen al lines ha ha e been wo ked on o he las en yea s in o icial bodies, and a e
he e o e a compila ion o issues o be aken in o accoun in ma e s o equali y. The e o e,
he ollowing will be aken in o accoun :
• Use o an inclusi e and non-sexis language ha names and makes isible men and
women equally, a oiding he use o gene ic masculine o include men and women.
• In cases ha include images, espec and e lec ion o human di e si y bo h
quan i a i ely and quali a i ely. Ca e o he balanced p esence o gi ls and boys, men
and women and he di e si y o people in e ms o age, clo hing, social and
p o essional p ac ices, physical appea ance, e hnic o cul u al o igin, o sexual
iden i y.
• Analysis o he causes o women's absence in some a eas. Valua ion and isibili y o
women's con ibu ions, singula and anonymous, o he di e en ields o human
ac i i y, as well as he wo k ha women ha e adi ionally and his o ically ca ied ou
and hei con ibu ion o he de elopmen o socie ies. In si ua ions o pe sis ence o
di e en ia ed and disc imina o y social oles acco ding o sex, c i ical ea men on he
models hey ep esen , he alues hey ansmi and hei epe cussion on social
models.
Th ee publishe s wi h a s ong p esence in he Andalusian class ooms ha e been selec ed:
Vicens Vi es, Ox o d and San illana. The opics analysed in he selec ed manuals ange om
he agmen a ion o he ancien wo ld o 17 h cen u y Eu ope. In ou case we will s udy he
subjec s ela ed o Feudal Eu ope and he beginning o he Mode n Age due o he ac ha in
a space o h ee o ou hemes hey allow us o analyse di e en his o ical miles ones and
social aspec s such as, o example, he ole o women in medie al socie y. This s udy, when
es ablishing ca ego ies o he analysis o images in ex books, had as a e e ence he
classi ica ions o he s udies ca ied ou by Pé ez-López (2011) and Gómez-Ca asco and
Gallello He e a (2016).

Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019
Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o?
Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166
ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176
Página 152
4. Resul s.
P e ious o he de elopmen o he in es iga ion, i is necessa y o emphasize ha he
subjec s ha we will analyze o he abo e-men ioned s udy a e ( able 1):
Vicens Vi es Publishing House
Theme 3: Feudal Eu ope
Theme 7: The Bi h o he Mode n Wo ld
Theme 8: The age o g ea geog aphical disco e ies
Ox o d Publishing House
Theme 8: Full middle age and eudalism
Theme 10: The Beginning o he Mode n S a e and he Renaissance
Theme 11: The Eu ope o Cha les V and Philip II
San illana Publishing House
Theme 2: Feudal Eu ope
Theme 6: The Mode n Age, a New E a
Theme 7: New ways o hinking: Rebi h and e o m
Theme 8: The Fo ma ion o he Spanish Empi e
Table 1. Selec ed esea ch opics.
4.1. Use o inclusi e language, a oiding he use o gene ic masculine o include men
and women.
4.1.1. Vicens Vi es Publishing House.
In he h ee didac ic uni s analysed, i has been de ec ed ha he e is a clea p edominance
o gene ic masculine when naming he di e en social, e hnic and/o p o essional g oups,
al hough hey ha e been occasionally gi en in ce ain sec ions o opics 3 and 8 examples
whe e men and women a e highligh ed equally (see Table 2 and 3).
F equency o
occu ence
Peasan s
3
Se an s
2
King/Reina
1
Ch is ian
1
Sick
1
Men/women
1
Abbo /Abadess
1
Monks
1
Table 2. Inclusi e language in heme 3.
Suspec s
Jews
Ch is ian
Con e s
Muslims
Moo ish
Table 3. Inclusi e language in heme 8.
Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019
Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o?
Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166
ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176
Página 153
While in Theme 7 he e a e no egali a ian e ms, wha we conside o be he case occu s
because his didac ic uni ocuses on male cha ac e s ela ed o poli ics, cul u e, e c., o he
ime s udied. The e a e seman ic leaps in which he gene ic masculine is used o occasions
in which a i s i seems ha i includes bo h sexes bu hen i is demons a ed ha i only
e e s o men, issues ha ha e been e lec ed in o he s udies such as Que ol and T i iño
(2004), in he ex book i sel his si ua ion is app ecia ed in ph ases such as:
[…] To go e n he king, he had he help o he Cu ia o Royal Council, o med by a g oup
o no ables (bishops, abbo s, coun s, dukes and ma quises) who ad ised him when
making decisions. (Theme 3, p.50)
[…] Be o e exposing his p ojec o di e en Eu opean c owns, Columbus s udied and
consul ed he wise men o An iqui y and also his con empo a ies. (Theme 8, p.178)
4.1.2. Ox o d Publishing House.
The e is a clea p edominance o gene ic male o e e o di e en social, p o essional o
eligious g oups. The edi o ial line seems o op o inse ing speci ic pa ag aphs highligh ing
aspec s o women's li es. Examples o hese a e:
[…] "The elemen s o he ie ". The cus oms o women, bo h in clo hes and in he di e en
social s a a, a e e iewed, wi h an indica ion o cus oms and asks. (Theme 8, pp. 174-
175)
[…] I begins wi h a ecogni ion o Queen Elizabe h he Ca holic. La e , in he in e io , he
si ua ion o disc imina ion su e ed by women is highligh ed. (Theme 10, p. 217)
In heme 11 he e a e no e e ences o women in ex s o images.
In gene al, he Ox o d book is exp essed in e ms o he use o he gene ic masculine, unde
which bo h he masculine and eminine ca ego ies a e a emp ed o be included. This use o
language has made i di icul in many cases o ind ou i he p o agonism was o male o
emale cha ac e s since wi h he gene ic male, in i s desi e o gene alize, in many cases
includes women bu no in o he s. These a e some o he examples we ha e ound abou he
use o gene ic masculine:
[…] The se an s wo ked as peasan s and se an s [...] hey could no be sold. (Theme
8, p. 177).
[…] Since mos Mudeja s we e peasan s, hei depa u e nega i ely a ec ed
ag icul u e. (Theme 10, p. 222).
[…] The inhabi an s o he Az ec and Inca empi es we e accus omed o li ing unde
au ho i a ian go e nmen s. (Theme 11, p. 246).
4.1.3. San illana Publishing House.
In he h ee uni s analysed, he e is a clea p edominance o gene ic masculine when naming
he di e en social, e hnic o p o essional g oups, al hough in ce ain sec ions he e a e many
ou s anding examples whe e men and women s and ou equally. Inclusi e language
domina es heme 2, as e lec ed in he ollowing examples:
[…] The egula cle gy: i was composed o he eligious o de s, headed by an abbo o
abbess who di ec ed he con en s and monas e ies in which he ia s, monks and nuns
li ed. (Theme 2, p.48).
Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019
Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o?
Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166
ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176
Página 154
[..] Al hough he monks and nuns de o ed hemsel es mainly o p aye , hey also illed
he ga den, helped by nume ous se an s who depended on he abbo o abbess.
(Theme 2, p.50).
This language does no appea in he o e all wo ding o he es o he opics. These a e some
o he examples ha ha e been ound on he use o gene ic masculine:
[…] Se an s could no ma y o lea e he ie wi hou he pe mission o he lo d.
Se an hood was inhe i ed om a he s o sons. (Theme 2 p.46).
[…] The people we e composed o a isans, who s ood ou as goldsmi hs and po e s;
and by peasan s, who c ea ed e aces s agge ed o be able o cul i a e on he slopes
o he moun ains, mainly co n and po a o. (Theme 7 p.137).
4.2 In ela ion o images, e lec ion o human di e si y.
4.2.1. Vicens Vi es Publishing House.
O he 67 pic u es analyzed, 90% a e o iginal (eng a ings, pain ings...) and only 10% (7
illus a ions) a e o speci ic c ea ion o his ex book (see Table 4).
Numbe o Pic u es
F (%)
O iginal pic u es
60
90
C ea ed by he publishe
7
10
To al
67
100%
Table 4. Types o pic u es appea ing in he Vicens Vi es ex book.
Analyzing all he subjec s o s udy, he e is a clea p edominance o he male igu e (see Table
4), he ep esen a ion o images o e e yday li e o he ime ( ou namen s, cle gy, oyal y,
conques , a ...) (see Table 5).
Numbe o Pic u es
F (%)
Pic u es
Men
32
48
Women
3
4
Bo h sexes
32
48
To al
67
100%
O iginal pic u es
Men
31
52
Women
3
5
Bo h sexes
26
43
To al
60
100%
C ea ed by he publishe
Men
1
14
Women
0
-
Bo h sexes
6
86
To al
7
100%
Table 5. To al o pic u es o he opics analyzed om he Vicens Vi es ex book.
Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019
Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o?
Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166
ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176
Página 155
The numbe o cha ac e s a ies in he images, al hough wha is undoub edly no ewo hy in
he o al coun o indi iduals compu ed is, on he one hand, he sca ce appea ance o women
in he images (4%) and, on he o he hand, he numbe o images in which bo h sexes appea
(48%, he same pe cen age as men) (see G aphic 1).
G aph 1. Appea ance o male and emale cha ac e s in he illus a ions.
In his sense, in he analyzed opics i has been de ec ed ha he publishe has chosen o
equalize he numbe o images o men wi h hose ha appea men and women oge he . No
so in he case o women alone o in p e e en ial a i ude. This e o is e en g ea e when he
images analysed a e hose c ea ed by he edi o ial's g aphic eam.
4.2.2. Ox o d Publishing House.
Di e si y is no he cha ac e is ic elemen o image analysis. The e is s ill a majo i y
ep esen a ion o male cha ac e s; bo h in he o iginal images and in hose c ea ed by he
publishe (see Table 6).
Numbe o Pic u es
F (%)
O iginal pic u es
41
91
C ea ed by he publishe
4
9
To al
45
100%
Table 6. Types o pic u es appea ing in he Ox o d´s ex book.
The numbe o cha ac e s a ies in he images. The e has been li le appea ance o women
in he images (7%). The male p esence con inues o s and ou abo e ha o bo h sexes (see
Table 7). In he o iginal pic u es, he male p esence con inues o p edomina e. In gene al, he
woman is in seconda y ole excep o some ou s anding emale cha ac e s. The illus a ions
p oduced by he publishe include emale cha ac e s in si ua ions o equali y wi h o he male
cha ac e s.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Vicens Vi es O iginal Pic u es C ea ed by Publishe
Men Women Ambos sexos
Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019
Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o?
Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166
ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176
Página 162
We a e in a his o ical epoch in which men a e quali ied as amous, excellen , amous, expe ,
illus ious, impo an , epu ed o powe ul. The same happens when i comes o a ibu ions
ela ed o p o essions: au ho s, c ea o s, ounde s, geniuses, in en o s, p ecu so s, Gi en he
limi ed a ie y o occupa ions a ibu ed o women in he ex s analysed, i is no o be expec ed
ha hey will be quali ied acco ding o hei wo k o ac i i y.
6. Conclusions.
A e esea ching he ex s o he h ee publishing houses, i can be conside ed ha equali y
policies in Andalusia aim o achie e ends ha a e s ill a om being achie ed, a leas in he
ield o educa ion and mo e speci ically in he alues ha a e ansmi ed. I is ue ha we can
app ecia e nume ous ad ances and aspec s ela ed o equali y be ween men and women.
Social ad ances ha e no been aliening o he eali y o he educa ional wo ld, indeed, in his
ield he ole o women has been e y o ce ul, bo h quan i a i ely and quali a i ely, and his
ole is palpable in he managemen eams o he cen e s. On he o he hand, his p o isional
e o has no always been accompanied by he edi o ial e o .
Du ing he p ocess o he s udy i seemed ha he p esence o women had inc eased, bo h in
he ex and in he language and images, bu by adding he esul s and deepening and
analyzing he esea ch in mo e de ail, we obse ed how he di e ence be ween men and
women is a i ied.
O he h ee ex books s udied, he publishe closes o ackling sexism is Vicens Vi es due o
he inco po a ion o egali a ian elemen s in in o ma i e ables complemen a y o he ex , he
use o inclusi e language and he g ea e numbe o images whe e bo h sexes appea
oge he , wi h espec o he es o he publishing houses s udied. Thus, in he edi o ials o
Ox o d and San illana, he absence o he ole o women does no indica e a macho ea men
bu i does no allow isualizing and s udying i in i s con ex .
I is also ue ha , due o he his o ical amewo k o he pe iod s udied, women had a e y
ma ked ole wi hin medie al socie y and also in he Mode n Age. The blessed i gin o he
queens become he only e e en s.
Thus, he O de o July 14, 2016 o he subjec o Geog aphy and His o y 2nd ESO in
Andalusia: " he si ua ion o women: om he Middle Ages o he eigh een h cen u y. I i is
assimila ed by he his o ical communi y ha women we e le ou o he his o ical analysis
because i in e es ed a pa ia chal and and ocen ic ision in many cases, bu women ha e
his o y and a e pa o i , so ex books mus be modi ied in g ea e dep h. In many cases i can
be said ha educa ing s e eo ypically acco ding o gende means collabo a ing wi h he pa ial
de elopmen o he s uden s.
Wi h he aim o imp o ing he si ua ion we ha e desc ibed, we conside i i al o aise he
awa eness o all educa ional agen s in his espec , mainly eache s, since hey ha e he mos
decisi e ole in his sense and hei ac ions could be di ec ed owa ds explana ions o he
subjec s wi h he g ea es esponsibili y o apply hese policies o equali y in he class oom,
a ou ing c i ical analysis and e lec ion on he social con en ions shown by images and ex s.

Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019
Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o?
Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166
ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176
Página 163
The aining o eache s, in he alue o equali y, should no be seen as jus ano he subjec ,
bu as he basis o a ue co-educa ional model. The e ision o eache s' cu icula and hei
adap a ion o a mo e jus and egali a ian socie y would ein o ce he u u e ole o educa o s.
I his is no ca ied ou , i can nega i ely a ec s uden s, condi ioning hei beha iou , hus
complica ing he objec i e o achie ing equali y be ween men and women, since educa ing
s e eo ypically acco ding o gende means, in many cases, collabo a ing wi h he pa ial
de elopmen o he s uden body.
Bea ing hese aspec s in mind, we can conclude ha he awa eness o he main educa ional
agen s ( eache s, adminis a ions, publishing houses...) is necessa y o achie e a ue co-
educa ion in educa ional cen es wi hou sexis , cul u al o disc imina o y p ejudices.
Re e ences.
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gende equali y]. Uni e sidad y Sociedad, 11(1), 48-55.
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h ps://www.jun adeandalucia.es/boja/2016/122/2
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Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019
Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o?
Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166
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h ps://www.boe.es/busca /doc.php?id=BOE-A-2008-2492
Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019
Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o?
Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166
ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176
Página 165
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m23040
Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019
Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o?
Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia
In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166
ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176
Página 166
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