Are equality policies reflected in textbooks? A study in the textbooks of Social Sciences of Secondary Education

Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019 Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176 Página 147 ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia A e equali y policies e lec ed in ex books? A s udy in he ex books o Social Sciences o Seconda y Educa ion Pablo Ruiz-Alba. Uni e sidad de Se illa. pablo [email protected] Olga Mo eno-Fe nández. Uni e sidad de Se illa. [email p o ec ed] RESUMEN. Es a in es igación ha u ilizado como écnica el análisis de con enido, an o del lenguaje como de las imágenes de los lib os de ex o que han o mado pa e de la mues a omando como e e encia los c i e ios de las ins ucciones de 14 de junio de 2018 sob e lib os de ex o. Se ha pues o el oco de a ención en el núme o de imágenes que apa ecen de homb es y de muje es, así como el uso que se hace del lenguaje en las es edi o iales es udiadas. La mues a ha quedado o mada po 3 lib os de ex o u ilizados en la asigna u a de Ciencias Sociales (Geog a ía e His o ia) de 2º de Educación Obliga o ia Secunda ia de las edi o iales Vicens Vi es, Ox o d y San illana. Se han analizado 10 emas pa a la p ime a ca ego ía 1. Uso de lenguaje inclusi o, 158 imágenes analizadas pa a la ca ego ía 2. Di e sidad, y 286 imágenes analizadas pa a la ca ego ía 3. Roles sociales. Los esul ados señalan que las polí icas de igualdad en Andalucía p e enden consegui unos ines que oda ía es án bas an e lejos de consegui , al menos en el campo de la educación y más conc e amen e en los alo es que se ansmi en, po lo que es necesa io segui abajando pa a que la igualdad se e leje en los lib os de ex o p esen es en las aulas escola es. PALABRAS CLAVE. Lib os de ex o; polí icas de igualdad; Ciencias Sociales; Educación Secunda ia. ABSTRACT. This esea ch has used as a echnique he analysis o he con en , bo h o he language and o he images o he ex books ha ha e o med pa o he sample, aking as a e e ence he c i e ia o he ins uc ions o 14 June 2018 on ex books. The ocus has been on he numbe o images o men and women, as well as he use o language in he h ee publishe s s udied. The sample consis ed o 3 ex books used in he Social Sciences subjec (Geog aphy and His o y) o he 2nd yea o Compulso y Seconda y Educa ion o he publishing houses Vicens Vi es, Ox o d and San illana. Use o inclusi e language, 158 images analysed o ca ego y 2. Di e si y, and 286 images analyzed o ca ego y 3. Social oles. The esul s indica e ha equali y policies in Andalusia aim o achie e goals ha a e s ill a om being achie ed, a leas in he ield o educa ion and mo e speci ically in he alues ha a e ansmi ed, so i is Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019 Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176 Página 148 necessa y o con inue wo king so ha equali y is e lec ed in he ex books p esen in he school class ooms. KEY WORDS. Tex books; equali y policies; Social Sciences; Seconda y Educa ion. 1. In oduc ion and app oach o he p oblem. The p oblem o sexism is s ill p esen in educa ion, and ex books and school ma e ials a e one o he mos impo an means o pe pe ua ing his si ua ion. Thus, al hough he e a e many and a ied ac o s ha pa icipa e in he educa ional p ocess, among hem, he ex book, which con inues o be he bea e o ce ain oles and social models, as Ruiz-Oli e as and Vallejo Ma ín-Albo (1999, p. 125) poin ou : […] E e y model o social o ganiza ion is accompanied by an ideology and a sys em o alues ha legi imize and pe pe ua e i . (...) The alue sys em implies a hie a chy o models, which a e legi imized in unc ion o such a sys em. Today's wes e n socie y has an ins i u ionalized o m o ansmission: he school, which has assumed, oge he wi h he amily, mos o he educa ional p ocess o indi iduals. Likewise, schools, as he undamen al axis o he educa ion sys em, a e subjec o he e olu ion o no ms. In ecen decades he e ha e been nume ous ac ions ha ha e in luenced Equali y Policies, bo h a he social and educa ional le els. In ac , he o icial cu iculum o Seconda y Educa ion in Andalusia includes, in i s legisla i e amewo k, di e en measu es ha p omo e gende equali y in educa ion, assuming in i s S a u e o Au onomy he commi men o gende equali y, s ipula ing in A icle 10.2 " ha he Au onomous Communi y shall p omo e e ec i e equali y be ween men and women". In addi ion, A icle 15 gua an ees "equal oppo uni ies o men and women in all a eas". I also ecognises he s eng hening o he impo an ole played by he educa ion sys em in he a ea o equali y, as es ablished in A icle 1.8, acco ding o which, "Andalusian educa ional plans shall inco po a e equali y be ween men and women and cul u al di e si y in all a eas o poli ical and social li e". In compliance wi h O ganic Law 1/2004, o 28 Decembe , on Comp ehensi e P o ec ion Measu es agains Gende Violence, he Regional Go e nmen o Andalusia implemen ed he Fi s Plan o Equali y be ween Men and Women in Educa ion (Ag eemen o he Go e ning Council, o 2 No embe 2005). This Plan add esses and in ol es he en i e educa ional communi y, concei ing ha he educa ion o new gene a ions is he engine o change in ela ions be ween men and women. Subsequen ly, O ganic Law 3/2007 o 22 Ma ch inco po a es he legisla i e amendmen s o ad ance equali y be ween men and women. This se ed as he basis o Law 12/2007 o 26 No embe o gende equali y in Andalusia. The p e ious Law 17/2007 o Educa ion o Andalusia, ga he s he accumula ed expe ience o he "I Plan o Equali y" and makes i s p oposals i s own, es ablishing among i s a icles he ollowing, A icle 4 o he "p omo ion o e ec i e equali y be ween men and women in he sphe es and p ac ices o he educa ional sys em" and p omo ing among s uden s "equali y be ween men and women" in i s a icle 5. Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019 Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176 Página 149 A he same ime, he equali y egula o y amewo k is complemen ed by Law 13/2007, o 26 No embe , on measu es o p e en ion and comp ehensi e p o ec ion agains gende -based iolence and Dec ee 19/2007, o 23 Janua y, adop ing measu es o he p omo ion o a cul u e o peace and he imp o emen o coexis ence in educa ional es ablishmen s. This en i e legisla i e amewo k, and he expe iences o he Andalusian educa ional sys em as well as i s ep esen a i es and ac o s, esul s in he cu en "II S a egic Plan o Gende Equali y in Educa ion 2016-2021". Despi e legisla i e ad ances, he educa ional model in Spain has no unde gone majo changes and con inues in a p ocess o pe manen adap a ion, which in many cases depends on he in e es o he educa o when adap ing o di e en egula ions. Con on ing coeduca ion mus be a basic objec i e, no only o he adminis a ions, bu also o he p o essionals and he g oups in ol ed. And he ole o he ex book, as he main axis o educa ion, once again highligh s i s impo ance. In many cases hese didac ic ma e ials, "bo h o hei con en and hei unc ion, a e ca ie s o social models and ul il an e iden ideological unc ion, which has been documen ed in a ious ields, especially ela ing o social knowledge" (Blanco, 2000), om which i is in ended o show a speci ic ision o he wo ld and eali y. The Au onomous Communi y o Andalusia has been legisla ing on he eal concep o equali y and coeduca ion. Law 17/2007 on Educa ion in Andalusia al eady included and p omulga ed he "p omo ion o e ec i e equali y". I s de elopmen has been u he speci ied in he "II S a egic Plan o Gende Equali y in Educa ion 2016-2021" which speci ies such measu es and in he O de o 14 July 2016. This O de de elops he cu iculum o he ESO in Andalusia which s a es " eal and e ec i e equali y be ween men and women, ecogni ion o he con ibu ion o bo h sexes o he de elopmen o ou socie y and he knowledge accumula ed by humani y. The e o e, we can a i m ha gende equali y in Spanish and Andalusian educa ion is a eali y, a leas a he legisla i e le el. Bu do he condi ions in he class oom exis o comply wi h he legal no m? Do p o essionals ha e he necessa y and e ec i e ins umen s o ca y ou his ask in he class oom? The answe s o hese ques ions a y depending on who is add essing he p oblem. The adminis a ion, he p o essionals, he pa en s o gua dians and e en he s uden s, all hese agen s a e pa o c ea ing a socie y o "b eeding ci y" (To es, 2011). Bu , wi hou a doub , he class oom is he space ha e e yone ecognises as he eal amewo k o he implemen a ion o all hese legal measu es. The class oom con inues o be a amewo k in which he ex book con inues o ha e a s ong p esence. The ex book is no a neu al elemen a he ime o acing he de elopmen o he o ma i e p ocess o he s uden . F om i s design, planning and use by eache s and s uden s, he ex book becomes a main elemen in he day- o-day educa ional eali y. In ac , i includes a se ies o con en s ha s uden s usually assume as "neu al, objec i e and unques ionable" (Gómez and Tenza, 2015). They also become he p e e ed ehicle o ansmi ing no ms and alues, and each his o ical s age in luences he edi o ial line. Howe e , i mus also be bo ne in mind ha i is a p oduc made h ough ules es ablished in he ma ke and condi ioned by he business amewo k (Pé ez-Saba e , 2001). Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019 Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176 Página 150 The ex book is decisi e in bo h con en and images. In he o me , a se ies o "na a i e and desc ip i e ex ual" sequences p edomina e o e hose ha a e "explana o y and a gumen a i e" (A ienza-Ce ezo and Van-Dijk, 2010). Along wi h he con en s o each discipline, ex books ansmi social models and images complemen he con en , acili a ing comp ehension in a di ec way (Gómez-Ca asco and López-Ma ínez, 2014). As o he images, hey ha e a di e en ea men since hey depend on he ela ionship hey ha e wi h he ex in ques ion (Valls-Mon és, 2007). T adi ionally, women ha e had a educed p esence in books, appea ing on many occasions as seconda y cha ac e s, in he bes o cases and on a e occasions, occupying a main ole in he na a ion o he his o ical e en . The e ision o he con en s o ex books by he educa ional adminis a ion has been ques ioned by ce ain sec o s ha accuse i o excessi e in usi eness as well as sca ce applica ions in he ield o educa ional in en ions (Ma ínez-Bona é and Rod íguez-Rod íguez, 2010). The desi e o elimina e sexis s e eo ypes and he p omo ion o equali y be ween men and women has o ced he publishing sec o o ace he p oblem wi h di e en esul s. In addi ion o he modi ica ion o ex s and images, some publishe s ha e complemen ed hei ac ions wi h he implemen a ion o aining p og ammes o employees om a gende pe spec i e. O he publishe s ha e p oduced manuals and guides on how o use inclusi e language in school ma e ials. The wo k ca ied ou by Peñal e (2003), López-Na ajas (2014), Gómez-Ca asco and Gallego-He e a (2016), Albe ca-Rod íguez and O iz-Ce meño (2019), and Díaz-López and Puig-Gu ié ez (2020) has been o g ea help in he de elopmen o his wo k. Peñal e (2003) ca ied ou an analysis o 24 ex books used in Seconda y Educa ion. López-Na ajas (2014) analysed 115 manuals om h ee publishing houses in all subjec s o he ou yea s o Seconda y Educa ion. Meanwhile, Gómez-Ca asco and Gallego-He e a (2016) analysed he images o 3 manuals on Social Sciences, Geog aphy and His o y in he 4 h yea o Seconda y Educa ion. Speci ically, he Ox o d (Social Sciences, Geog aphy and His o y, 2008), San illana (Social Sciences, Geog aphy and His o y, 2010) and Vicens Vi es (Social Sciences, Geog aphy and His o y, 2014) manuals. Manuals ha his s udy akes as a e e ence al hough upda ed o he LOMCE. 2. Objec i es. The main objec i e o his esea ch is o analyse whe he he "II S a egic Plan o Gende Equali y in Educa ion" has had epe cussions on he p esence o absence o sexism in he His o y (Social Sciences) ex books o he 2nd yea o Seconda y Educa ion. Speci ic objec i es ha e been o mula ed: • To de ine he place occupied by he p omo ion o equali y wi hin he objec i es o each o he edi o ials analysed. • To analyse he beha iou s a ibu ed o men and women, as well as he iconic language o he di e en cha ac e s (male and emale) in o de o check whe he he e is equali y in hei ep esen a ion. Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019 Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176 Página 151 • Check he ex en o which disc imina o y ea u es appea acco ding o gende . • To s udy he ole, he oles gi en and he places in which he woman and he man de elop h ough he illus a ions o he ex books. • Obse e whe he he e a e di e ences be ween publishe s. 3. Me hodology. A desc ip i e-in e p e a i e s udy has been ca ied ou . This s udy has aken as a e e ence some o he c i e ia o he selec ion o ex books ha appea s in he Ins uc ions o June 14, 2018, o he Gene al Di ec ion o Pa icipa ion and Equi y and he Gene al Di ec ion o Educa ional Planning, on he c i e ia o he selec ion o ex books and o he elabo a ion o cu icula ma e ials wi hou sexis o disc imina o y p ejudices. Al hough hese ins uc ions a e subsequen o he publica ion o he ex books analysed, we conside ha hey con ain undamen al lines ha ha e been wo ked on o he las en yea s in o icial bodies, and a e he e o e a compila ion o issues o be aken in o accoun in ma e s o equali y. The e o e, he ollowing will be aken in o accoun : • Use o an inclusi e and non-sexis language ha names and makes isible men and women equally, a oiding he use o gene ic masculine o include men and women. • In cases ha include images, espec and e lec ion o human di e si y bo h quan i a i ely and quali a i ely. Ca e o he balanced p esence o gi ls and boys, men and women and he di e si y o people in e ms o age, clo hing, social and p o essional p ac ices, physical appea ance, e hnic o cul u al o igin, o sexual iden i y. • Analysis o he causes o women's absence in some a eas. Valua ion and isibili y o women's con ibu ions, singula and anonymous, o he di e en ields o human ac i i y, as well as he wo k ha women ha e adi ionally and his o ically ca ied ou and hei con ibu ion o he de elopmen o socie ies. In si ua ions o pe sis ence o di e en ia ed and disc imina o y social oles acco ding o sex, c i ical ea men on he models hey ep esen , he alues hey ansmi and hei epe cussion on social models. Th ee publishe s wi h a s ong p esence in he Andalusian class ooms ha e been selec ed: Vicens Vi es, Ox o d and San illana. The opics analysed in he selec ed manuals ange om he agmen a ion o he ancien wo ld o 17 h cen u y Eu ope. In ou case we will s udy he subjec s ela ed o Feudal Eu ope and he beginning o he Mode n Age due o he ac ha in a space o h ee o ou hemes hey allow us o analyse di e en his o ical miles ones and social aspec s such as, o example, he ole o women in medie al socie y. This s udy, when es ablishing ca ego ies o he analysis o images in ex books, had as a e e ence he classi ica ions o he s udies ca ied ou by Pé ez-López (2011) and Gómez-Ca asco and Gallello He e a (2016). Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019 Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176 Página 152 4. Resul s. P e ious o he de elopmen o he in es iga ion, i is necessa y o emphasize ha he subjec s ha we will analyze o he abo e-men ioned s udy a e ( able 1): Vicens Vi es Publishing House Theme 3: Feudal Eu ope Theme 7: The Bi h o he Mode n Wo ld Theme 8: The age o g ea geog aphical disco e ies Ox o d Publishing House Theme 8: Full middle age and eudalism Theme 10: The Beginning o he Mode n S a e and he Renaissance Theme 11: The Eu ope o Cha les V and Philip II San illana Publishing House Theme 2: Feudal Eu ope Theme 6: The Mode n Age, a New E a Theme 7: New ways o hinking: Rebi h and e o m Theme 8: The Fo ma ion o he Spanish Empi e Table 1. Selec ed esea ch opics. 4.1. Use o inclusi e language, a oiding he use o gene ic masculine o include men and women. 4.1.1. Vicens Vi es Publishing House. In he h ee didac ic uni s analysed, i has been de ec ed ha he e is a clea p edominance o gene ic masculine when naming he di e en social, e hnic and/o p o essional g oups, al hough hey ha e been occasionally gi en in ce ain sec ions o opics 3 and 8 examples whe e men and women a e highligh ed equally (see Table 2 and 3). F equency o occu ence Peasan s 3 Se an s 2 King/Reina 1 Ch is ian 1 Sick 1 Men/women 1 Abbo /Abadess 1 Monks 1 Table 2. Inclusi e language in heme 3. Suspec s Jews Ch is ian Con e s Muslims Moo ish Table 3. Inclusi e language in heme 8. Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019 Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176 Página 153 While in Theme 7 he e a e no egali a ian e ms, wha we conside o be he case occu s because his didac ic uni ocuses on male cha ac e s ela ed o poli ics, cul u e, e c., o he ime s udied. The e a e seman ic leaps in which he gene ic masculine is used o occasions in which a i s i seems ha i includes bo h sexes bu hen i is demons a ed ha i only e e s o men, issues ha ha e been e lec ed in o he s udies such as Que ol and T i iño (2004), in he ex book i sel his si ua ion is app ecia ed in ph ases such as: […] To go e n he king, he had he help o he Cu ia o Royal Council, o med by a g oup o no ables (bishops, abbo s, coun s, dukes and ma quises) who ad ised him when making decisions. (Theme 3, p.50) […] Be o e exposing his p ojec o di e en Eu opean c owns, Columbus s udied and consul ed he wise men o An iqui y and also his con empo a ies. (Theme 8, p.178) 4.1.2. Ox o d Publishing House. The e is a clea p edominance o gene ic male o e e o di e en social, p o essional o eligious g oups. The edi o ial line seems o op o inse ing speci ic pa ag aphs highligh ing aspec s o women's li es. Examples o hese a e: […] "The elemen s o he ie ". The cus oms o women, bo h in clo hes and in he di e en social s a a, a e e iewed, wi h an indica ion o cus oms and asks. (Theme 8, pp. 174- 175) […] I begins wi h a ecogni ion o Queen Elizabe h he Ca holic. La e , in he in e io , he si ua ion o disc imina ion su e ed by women is highligh ed. (Theme 10, p. 217) In heme 11 he e a e no e e ences o women in ex s o images. In gene al, he Ox o d book is exp essed in e ms o he use o he gene ic masculine, unde which bo h he masculine and eminine ca ego ies a e a emp ed o be included. This use o language has made i di icul in many cases o ind ou i he p o agonism was o male o emale cha ac e s since wi h he gene ic male, in i s desi e o gene alize, in many cases includes women bu no in o he s. These a e some o he examples we ha e ound abou he use o gene ic masculine: […] The se an s wo ked as peasan s and se an s [...] hey could no be sold. (Theme 8, p. 177). […] Since mos Mudeja s we e peasan s, hei depa u e nega i ely a ec ed ag icul u e. (Theme 10, p. 222). […] The inhabi an s o he Az ec and Inca empi es we e accus omed o li ing unde au ho i a ian go e nmen s. (Theme 11, p. 246). 4.1.3. San illana Publishing House. In he h ee uni s analysed, he e is a clea p edominance o gene ic masculine when naming he di e en social, e hnic o p o essional g oups, al hough in ce ain sec ions he e a e many ou s anding examples whe e men and women s and ou equally. Inclusi e language domina es heme 2, as e lec ed in he ollowing examples: […] The egula cle gy: i was composed o he eligious o de s, headed by an abbo o abbess who di ec ed he con en s and monas e ies in which he ia s, monks and nuns li ed. (Theme 2, p.48). Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019 Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176 Página 154 [..] Al hough he monks and nuns de o ed hemsel es mainly o p aye , hey also illed he ga den, helped by nume ous se an s who depended on he abbo o abbess. (Theme 2, p.50). This language does no appea in he o e all wo ding o he es o he opics. These a e some o he examples ha ha e been ound on he use o gene ic masculine: […] Se an s could no ma y o lea e he ie wi hou he pe mission o he lo d. Se an hood was inhe i ed om a he s o sons. (Theme 2 p.46). […] The people we e composed o a isans, who s ood ou as goldsmi hs and po e s; and by peasan s, who c ea ed e aces s agge ed o be able o cul i a e on he slopes o he moun ains, mainly co n and po a o. (Theme 7 p.137). 4.2 In ela ion o images, e lec ion o human di e si y. 4.2.1. Vicens Vi es Publishing House. O he 67 pic u es analyzed, 90% a e o iginal (eng a ings, pain ings...) and only 10% (7 illus a ions) a e o speci ic c ea ion o his ex book (see Table 4). Numbe o Pic u es F (%) O iginal pic u es 60 90 C ea ed by he publishe 7 10 To al 67 100% Table 4. Types o pic u es appea ing in he Vicens Vi es ex book. Analyzing all he subjec s o s udy, he e is a clea p edominance o he male igu e (see Table 4), he ep esen a ion o images o e e yday li e o he ime ( ou namen s, cle gy, oyal y, conques , a ...) (see Table 5). Numbe o Pic u es F (%) Pic u es Men 32 48 Women 3 4 Bo h sexes 32 48 To al 67 100% O iginal pic u es Men 31 52 Women 3 5 Bo h sexes 26 43 To al 60 100% C ea ed by he publishe Men 1 14 Women 0 - Bo h sexes 6 86 To al 7 100% Table 5. To al o pic u es o he opics analyzed om he Vicens Vi es ex book. Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019 Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176 Página 155 The numbe o cha ac e s a ies in he images, al hough wha is undoub edly no ewo hy in he o al coun o indi iduals compu ed is, on he one hand, he sca ce appea ance o women in he images (4%) and, on he o he hand, he numbe o images in which bo h sexes appea (48%, he same pe cen age as men) (see G aphic 1). G aph 1. Appea ance o male and emale cha ac e s in he illus a ions. In his sense, in he analyzed opics i has been de ec ed ha he publishe has chosen o equalize he numbe o images o men wi h hose ha appea men and women oge he . No so in he case o women alone o in p e e en ial a i ude. This e o is e en g ea e when he images analysed a e hose c ea ed by he edi o ial's g aphic eam. 4.2.2. Ox o d Publishing House. Di e si y is no he cha ac e is ic elemen o image analysis. The e is s ill a majo i y ep esen a ion o male cha ac e s; bo h in he o iginal images and in hose c ea ed by he publishe (see Table 6). Numbe o Pic u es F (%) O iginal pic u es 41 91 C ea ed by he publishe 4 9 To al 45 100% Table 6. Types o pic u es appea ing in he Ox o d´s ex book. The numbe o cha ac e s a ies in he images. The e has been li le appea ance o women in he images (7%). The male p esence con inues o s and ou abo e ha o bo h sexes (see Table 7). In he o iginal pic u es, he male p esence con inues o p edomina e. In gene al, he woman is in seconda y ole excep o some ou s anding emale cha ac e s. The illus a ions p oduced by he publishe include emale cha ac e s in si ua ions o equali y wi h o he male cha ac e s. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Vicens Vi es O iginal Pic u es C ea ed by Publishe Men Women Ambos sexos Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019 Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176 Página 162 We a e in a his o ical epoch in which men a e quali ied as amous, excellen , amous, expe , illus ious, impo an , epu ed o powe ul. The same happens when i comes o a ibu ions ela ed o p o essions: au ho s, c ea o s, ounde s, geniuses, in en o s, p ecu so s, Gi en he limi ed a ie y o occupa ions a ibu ed o women in he ex s analysed, i is no o be expec ed ha hey will be quali ied acco ding o hei wo k o ac i i y. 6. Conclusions. A e esea ching he ex s o he h ee publishing houses, i can be conside ed ha equali y policies in Andalusia aim o achie e ends ha a e s ill a om being achie ed, a leas in he ield o educa ion and mo e speci ically in he alues ha a e ansmi ed. I is ue ha we can app ecia e nume ous ad ances and aspec s ela ed o equali y be ween men and women. Social ad ances ha e no been aliening o he eali y o he educa ional wo ld, indeed, in his ield he ole o women has been e y o ce ul, bo h quan i a i ely and quali a i ely, and his ole is palpable in he managemen eams o he cen e s. On he o he hand, his p o isional e o has no always been accompanied by he edi o ial e o . Du ing he p ocess o he s udy i seemed ha he p esence o women had inc eased, bo h in he ex and in he language and images, bu by adding he esul s and deepening and analyzing he esea ch in mo e de ail, we obse ed how he di e ence be ween men and women is a i ied. O he h ee ex books s udied, he publishe closes o ackling sexism is Vicens Vi es due o he inco po a ion o egali a ian elemen s in in o ma i e ables complemen a y o he ex , he use o inclusi e language and he g ea e numbe o images whe e bo h sexes appea oge he , wi h espec o he es o he publishing houses s udied. Thus, in he edi o ials o Ox o d and San illana, he absence o he ole o women does no indica e a macho ea men bu i does no allow isualizing and s udying i in i s con ex . I is also ue ha , due o he his o ical amewo k o he pe iod s udied, women had a e y ma ked ole wi hin medie al socie y and also in he Mode n Age. The blessed i gin o he queens become he only e e en s. Thus, he O de o July 14, 2016 o he subjec o Geog aphy and His o y 2nd ESO in Andalusia: " he si ua ion o women: om he Middle Ages o he eigh een h cen u y. I i is assimila ed by he his o ical communi y ha women we e le ou o he his o ical analysis because i in e es ed a pa ia chal and and ocen ic ision in many cases, bu women ha e his o y and a e pa o i , so ex books mus be modi ied in g ea e dep h. In many cases i can be said ha educa ing s e eo ypically acco ding o gende means collabo a ing wi h he pa ial de elopmen o he s uden s. Wi h he aim o imp o ing he si ua ion we ha e desc ibed, we conside i i al o aise he awa eness o all educa ional agen s in his espec , mainly eache s, since hey ha e he mos decisi e ole in his sense and hei ac ions could be di ec ed owa ds explana ions o he subjec s wi h he g ea es esponsibili y o apply hese policies o equali y in he class oom, a ou ing c i ical analysis and e lec ion on he social con en ions shown by images and ex s. Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019 Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176 Página 163 The aining o eache s, in he alue o equali y, should no be seen as jus ano he subjec , bu as he basis o a ue co-educa ional model. The e ision o eache s' cu icula and hei adap a ion o a mo e jus and egali a ian socie y would ein o ce he u u e ole o educa o s. I his is no ca ied ou , i can nega i ely a ec s uden s, condi ioning hei beha iou , hus complica ing he objec i e o achie ing equali y be ween men and women, since educa ing s e eo ypically acco ding o gende means, in many cases, collabo a ing wi h he pa ial de elopmen o he s uden body. Bea ing hese aspec s in mind, we can conclude ha he awa eness o he main educa ional agen s ( eache s, adminis a ions, publishing houses...) is necessa y o achie e a ue co- educa ion in educa ional cen es wi hou sexis , cul u al o disc imina o y p ejudices. Re e ences. • Albe ca-Rod íguez, G., y O iz-Ce meño, E. (2019). La ausencia emenina en secunda ia. Un camino hacia la igualdad de géne o [The emale absence in seconda y. A pa h owa ds gende equali y]. Uni e sidad y Sociedad, 11(1), 48-55. • Albe , A., Bosch, D., Ga cía C., Ga cía, M., Ga ell, C., González, N. y Riesco, S. (2017). GH2. Andalucía. Geog a ía e His o ia [Andalusia. Geog aphy and His o y]. España, Se illa: Vicens Vi es. • A ienza-Ce ezo, E., y Van-Dijk, T. (2010). Iden idad social e ideología en lib os de ex o españoles de Ciencias Sociales [Social iden i y and ideology in Spanish ex books o Social Sciences]. Re is a de Educación, 353, 67-106. h p://www. e is aeducacion.educacion.es/ e353/ e353_03.pd • Blanco, N. (2000). El sexismo de los ma e iales educa i os de la ESO [The sexism o ESO's educa ional ma e ials]. España, Se illa: Ins i u o Andaluz de la Muje . • Dec e o 111/2016, de 14 de junio, po el que se es ablece la o denación y el cu ículo de la Educación Secunda ia Obliga o ia en la Comunidad Au ónoma de Andalucía [Dec ee 111/2016, o 14 June, es ablishing he o ganisa ion and cu iculum o Compulso y Seconda y Educa ion in he Au onomous Communi y o Andalusia]. h ps://www.jun adeandalucia.es/boja/2016/122/2 • Dec e o 227/2011, de 5 de julio, po el que se egula el depósi o, el egis o y la supe isión de los lib os de ex o, así como el p ocedimien o de selección de los mismos po los cen os docen es públicos de Andalucía [Dec ee 227/2011, o 5 July, egula ing he deposi , egis a ion and supe ision o ex books, as well as he p ocedu e o hei selec ion by public educa ional es ablishmen s in Andalusia]. h ps://www.jun adeandalucia.es/boja/2011/142/1 • Díaz-López, M., y Puig-Gu ié ez, M. (2020). Analysis o he Pe pe ua ion o a Sexis Educa ion in His o y Tex books o he 4 h Yea o Seconda y Educa ion. Social & Educa ion His o y, 9(1), 38-64. Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019 Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176 Página 164 • Gómez C. J., y Tenza, S. (2015). Un géne o in isible. Análisis de la p esencia de las muje es en los lib os de ex o de His o ia de 4º de E.S.O [An in isible gende . Analysis o he p esence o women in he his o y books o 4 h o E.S.O.]. En A. M. He nández, C. R. Ga cía y J. L. De La Mon aña (Eds.), Una enseñanza de las ciencias sociales pa a el u u o: Recu sos pa a abaja la in isibilidad de pe sonas, luga es y emá icas [A eaching o he social sciences o he u u e: Resou ces o wo k on he in isibili y o people, places and hemes] (pp. 781-791). España, Cáce es: Uni e sidad de Ex emadu a. • Gómez-Ca asco, C. J., y López-Ma ínez, A.M. (2014). Las imágenes de los lib os de ex o y su unción en la enseñanza de la his o ia. Diseño de un ins umen o de análisis [The images o ex books and hei unc ion in he eaching o his o y. Design o an analysis ins umen ]. Enseñanza de las ciencias sociales: Re is a de in es igación, 13, 17-29. h p://www. edalyc.o g/a iculo.oa?id=324143972003 • Gómez-Ca asco, C.J., y Gallego-He e a, S. (2016). La pe i encia de es e eo ipos de géne o en la enseñanza de la his o ia. Un es udio a a és de lib os de ex o y las pe cepciones del alumnado de educación secunda ia en España [A s udy h ough ex books and he pe cep ions o seconda y school s uden s in Spain]. Re is a Elec ónica Educa e, 20 (3), 1-28. Doi: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.15359/ ee.20-3.1 • G ence Ruiz, T., López-Sáez Piñe o, M., Bellón Mena, A., Caballe o Ma ínez, J. M., Fe nández de Ba olomé, M. A., Gambó G asa, M., Mo al San a-Olalla, A., Rubalcaba Be mejo, R., Velilla Gil, J. y Zabale a Es é ez, F. J. (2017). Geog a ía e His o ia. 2º ESO. [Geog aphy and His o y . 2º OSE]. España, Málaga: San illana. • II Plan Es a égico de Igualdad de Géne o en Educación 2016-2021, ap obado po Acue do de 16 de Feb e o de 2016, del Consejo de Gobie no de la Jun a de Andalucía [II S a egic Plan o Gende Equali y in Educa ion 2016-2021, app o ed by Ag eemen o 16 Feb ua y 2016, o he Go e ning Council o he Regional Go e nmen o Andalusia]. h ps://www.jun adeandalucia.es/boja/2016/41/1 • Ins ucciones de 14 de julio de 2018, de la Di ección Gene al de Pa icipación y Equidad y de la Di ección Gene al de O denación Educa i a, sob e los c i e ios pa a la selección de los lib os de ex o y pa a la elabo ación de ma e iales cu icula es sin p ejuicios sexis as o disc imina o ios [Ins uc ions o July 14, 2018, om he Gene al Di ec o a e o Pa icipa ion and Equi y and he Gene al Di ec o a e o Educa ional Planning, on he c i e ia o he selec ion o ex books and o he elabo a ion o cu icula ma e ials wi hou sexis o disc imina o y p ejudices]. h p://www.jun adeandalucia.es/educacion/webpo al/web/planes-y- p og amas/no edades/-/con enidos/de alle/in ucciones-de-14-de-junio-de-2018-pa a-la- seleccion-y-elabo acion-de-lib os-de- ex o-y-ma e iales-cu icula es-1i6bglhx3g16m • Ley 12/2007, de 26 de no iemb e, pa a la p omoción de igualdad de géne o en Andalucía [Law 12/2007, o 26 No embe , o he p omo ion o gende equali y in Andalusia]. h ps://www.boe.es/busca /doc.php?id=BOE-A-2008-2492 Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019 Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176 Página 165 • Ley 13/2007, de 26 de no iemb e, de medidas de p e ención y p o ección in eg al con a la iolencia de géne o [Law 13/2007, o 26 No embe , on comp ehensi e p e en ion and p o ec ion measu es agains gende -based iolence]. h ps://www.boe.es/busca /doc.php?id=BOE-A-2008-2493 • Ley O gánica 1/2004, de 28 de diciemb e, de medidas de P o ección In eg al con a la Violencia de Géne o [O ganic Law 1/2004, o 28 Decembe , on Comp ehensi e P o ec ion Measu es agains Gende Violence]. h ps://www.boe.es/busca /ac .php?id=BOE-A-2004- 21760 • Ley O gánica 2/2006, de 3 de mayo, de Educación (LOE), modi icada po la Ley O gánica 8/2013, de 9 de diciemb e, pa a la mejo a de la calidad educa i a (LOMCE) [O ganic Law 2/2006, o 3 May, on Educa ion, modi ied by O ganic Law 8/2013, o 9 Decembe , o he imp o emen o he quali y o educa ion]. h ps://www.boe.es/busca /pd /2013/BOE-A- 2013-12886-consolidado.pd • Ley O gánica 3/2007, de 22 de ma zo, pa a la igualdad e ec i a de muje es y homb es [O ganic Law 3/2007, o 22 Ma ch, o he e ec i e equali y o women and men]. h ps://www.boe.es/busca /ac .php?id=BOE-A-2007-6115 • López-Na ajas, A. (2014). Análisis de la ausencia de las muje es en los manuales de la ESO: Una genealogía del conocimien o ocul ada. Re is a de Educación, 363, 282-308. Doi: 10.4438/1988-592X-RE-2012-363-188 • Ma ínez-Bona é, J. y Rod íguez-Rod íguez J. (2010). El cu ículum y el lib o de ex o escola . Una dialéc ica siemp e abie a [The cu iculum and he school ex book. An always open dialec ic]. En J. Gimeno-Sac is án (comp.), Sabe es e ince idumb es sob e el cu culum [Knowledge and unce ain ies abou he cu iculum] (pp. 246-268). España, Mad id: Mo a a. • Na a o Mad id, A., Ayén Sánchez, F. J. y Fe nández A mijo, M. I. (2017). Geog a ía e His o ia. 2º ESO. [Geog aphy and His o y . 2º OSE]. España, Se illa: Ox o d. • O den de 14 de julio de 2016, po la que se desa olla el cu ículo co espondien e a la Educación Secunda ia Obliga o ia en Andalucía, se egula la a ención a la di e sidad y se es ablece la o denación de la e aluación del p oceso de ap endizaje del alumnado [O de o 14 July 2016, which de elops he cu iculum o Compulso y Seconda y Educa ion in Andalusia, egula es a en ion o di e si y and es ablishes he o de o he assessmen o he lea ning p ocess o s uden s]. h ps://www.jun adeandalucia.es/boja/2016/144/18 • O den ECD/65/2015, de 21 de ene o, po la que se desc iben las elaciones en e las compe encias, los con enidos y los c i e ios de e aluación de la Educación P ima ia, la Educación Secunda ia Obliga o ia y el Bachille a o [O de ECD/65/2015, o 21 Janua y, desc ibing he ela ionships be ween compe encies, con en s and e alua ion c i e ia o P ima y Educa ion, Compulso y Seconda y Educa ion and he Baccalau ea e]. h ps://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/01/29/pd s/BOE-A-2015-738.pd • Peñal e , R. (2003). ¿Qué quie es enseña ? Un lib o sexis a ocul a a la mi ad. España, Mu cia: Ins i u o de la Muje de la Región de Mu cia. h ps://www.ca m.es/web/pagina?IDCONTENIDO=7355&IDTIPO=246&RASTRO=c1775$ m23040 Pablo Ruiz-Alba & Olga Mo eno-Fe nández ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia Fecha de ecepción: 18-06-2019 Fecha de acep ación: 13-07-2019 Ruiz-Alba, P. & Mo eno-Fe nández, O. (2020). ¿Se e lejan las polí icas de igualdad en los lib os de ex o? Un es udio en los lib os de ex o de Ciencias Sociales de Educación Secunda ia In e na ional Jou nal o Educa ional Resea ch and Inno a ion (IJERI), 14, 147-166 ISSN: 2386-4303 DOI h ps://doi.o g/10.46661/ije i.4176 Página 166 • Pé ez-López, A. (2011). El sexismo en los manuales escola es de Ciencias Sociales de la ESO [Sexism in ESO's Social Science ex books]. T abajo Fin de Mas e . España, Alme ía: Uni e sidad de Alme ía. • Pé ez-Saba e , T. (2001). El me cado edi o ial: p oducción y come cialización de los lib os de ex o [The publishing ma ke : p oduc ion and ma ke ing o ex books]. Kiki iki. Coope ación educa i a, 61, 30-38. • Que ol, M. A. y T i iño, C (2004). La muje en el “o igen del homb e” [The woman in he "o igin o he man"]. Bella e a A queología, Ba celona. • Real Dec e o 1105/2014, de 26 de diciemb e, po el que se es ablece el cu ículo básico de la Educación Secunda ia Obliga o ia y el Bachille a o [Royal Dec ee 1105/2014 o 26 Decembe es ablishing he basic cu iculum o compulso y seconda y educa ion and he baccalau ea e]. h ps://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/01/03/pd s/BOE-A-2015-37.pd • Ruiz-Oli e as, L., y Vallejo Ma ín-Albo, C. (1999). ¿Qué queda del sexismo en los lib os de ex o? [Wha 's le o sexism in ex books?] Re is a Complu ense de Educación, 10 (2), 125-145. • To es, J. (2011). La jus icia cu icula . El caballo de T oya de la cul u a escola [Cu icula jus ice. The T ojan ho se o school cul u e]. Mad id: Mo a a. • Valls-Mon és, R. (2007). Imágenes pa a la his o ia (Las imágenes en los manuales escola es de his o ia) [Images o his o y (Images in his o y ex books)]. En A. Escolano y J. He nández (Coo ds.), La memo ia y el deseo. Cul u a de la escuela y educación deseada [Memo y and desi e. School Cul u e and Desi ed Educa ion] (pp.207-224). España, Valencia: Ti an lo Blanch.