A chi Tie zuch
A chi es Animal B eeding
ISSN: 0003-9438
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O iginal s udy
Ins umen al colou measu emen as a ool o ligh eal
ca casses on-line e alua ion
Albe o Ho cada1, Manuel Juá ez2, An onio Molina3, Me cedes Vale a1and Mª José Be iain4
1Depa men o Ag o o es y Science, ETSIA, Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain, 2Lacombe Resea ch Cen e, Lacombe,
Albe a, Canada, 3Depa men o Gene ic, Uni e si y o Co doba, Co doba, Spain, 4ETSIA, Public Uni e si y o Na a a,
Pamplona, Spain
Fo in o ma ion abou “A chi Tie zuch ” please isi h p://www.a chi ie zuch .de/.
A chi Tie zuch 56 (2013) 85
doi: 10.7482/0003-9438-56-085
Recei ed: 9 Ap il 2013
Accep ed: 24 July 2013
Online: 12 Augus 2013
Co esponding au ho :
Albe o Ho cada Ibáñez; email: [email p o ec ed]
Depa men o Ag o-Fo es y Sciences, ETSIA, Uni e si y o Se ille, C a. U e a km 1, 41013 Se ille, Spain
© 2013 by he au ho s; licensee Leibniz Ins i u e o Fa m Animal Biology (FBN), Dumme s o , Ge many.
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 3.0
License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/3.0/).
1
Ins umen al colou measu emen as a ool o ligh eal ca casses on-line
e alua ion
Albe o Ho cada1, Manuel Juá ez2, An onio Molina3, Me cedes Vale a1 and Mª José
Be iain4
1Depa men o Ag o o es y Science, ETSIA, Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain,
2Lacombe Resea ch Cen e, Lacombe, Albe a, Canada, 3Depa men o Gene ic,
Uni e si y o Co doba, Co doba, Spain, 4ETSIA, Public Uni e si y o Na a a,
Pamplona, Spain
Co esponding au ho :
Albe o Ho cada Ibáñez; email: [email p o ec ed]
Depa men o Ag o-Fo es y Sciences, ETSIA, Uni e si y o Se ille, C a. U e a km
1, 41013 Se ille, Spain
Tel: +34 954 486448
Fax: +34 954 486436
Abs ac
Eigh -hund ed and o y- i e eal ca casses (535 males and 310 emales) om
Pi enaica b eed and i s c osses wi h Cha olais and Limousin we e used o compa e
ca cass colou isual assessmen s 60 min pos -mo em wi h he alues ob ained
using a spec ocolo ime e (CIE Lab colou sys em) on he pec o alis supe icialis
muscle. Ca cass weigh s anged be ween 240 and 360 kg. Visual colou was
subjec i ely e alua ed by wo ained assesso s. The bes co ela ion be ween isual
app aisal and L* was obse ed in ca casses o 300-320 kg. A ela i ely s ong
co ela ion be ween isual app aisal and a* alues was obse ed in ca casses o
280-300 kg o weigh . Howe e , he co ela ion be ween b* and isual app aisal was
low. Using disc iminan unc ions ha included L* and a*, he spec ocolo ime e
classi ied co ec ly 60% o ca casses in he class colou assigned by he assesso s.
In ac , 99% o male and 96% o emale ca casses we e co ec ly assigned in he
mos common colou o eal ca casses in he Spanish ma ke (‘pink’, 5). These
esul s indica e ha on-line ins umen al colou measu emen s on pec o alis
supe icialis muscle could be ecommended o objec i ely e alua e ca cass colou o
comme cial eal o he Spanish ma ke .
Keywo ds: ca cass colou , ca cass eal, ch omame e , CIE Lab
INTRODUCTION
Ca cass colou is an impo an ac o o de e mine he p ice o ca casses a he
aba oi . Speci ically, consume s’ assessmen o gene al mea condi ion is based on
hei isual pe cep ion o mea colou . In his sense, Spanish eal is commonly
slaugh e ed a 12 mon hs old and 450 kg o body weigh because ca casses show
ligh colou . In he Eu opean Union, eal ca casses a e classi ied acco ding o sex,
age, body weigh , con o ma ion (SEUROP-sys em classi ica ion) and deg ee o
a ness (EEC, 1991). In addi ion, colou , as a de e minan in p icing eal ca casses,
is ano he impo an ca cass quali y cha ac e is ic. A he aba oi , quali ied obse e s
2
e alua e ca cass con o ma ion, deg ee o a ness and colou (Hulsegge & Me kus,
1999). Veal ca cass colou may be isually de e mined by obse a ion as a whole
(Kuchida e al., 2001), o on an indi idual muscle such as he ec us abdominis
(Hulsegge e al., 2001) o he pec o alis p o undus (Lagoda e al., 2002). Howe e , in
Spain, colou scales a e no o icially egula ed. Since he pe cep ion o colou is
highly in luenced by he obse e , i is impo an o know he objec i e measu emen s
o colou in o de o a oid he subjec i e judgemen (Van Oeckel e al. 1999; Lagoda
e al. 2002).
Recen ly, he egula ion EEC 1249/2008 (EEC, 2008) has shown he need o
de elop au oma ed echniques, s a is ical es s, o imp o e sys ems o classi ica ion
o bee ca casses a he aba oi . Mo eo e he bee indus y has become
inc easingly in e es ed in implemen ing s a egies o imp o ing and educing
a ia ion in ca cass and mea quali y (Cannell e al. 2002; Indu ain e al. 2008).
Ca cass discolo a ion can esul in a la ge mone a y loss o he e aile and o he
segmen s o he indus y. Speci ically, commissions o mea quali y labels a e
in e es ed in an on-line ins umen al me hod o de e mine he colou o eal
ca casses a he aba oi , p oducing equi alen esul s o isual colou scales.
Di e en ins umen s o de e mine colou ha e been es ed o on-line measu emen
(Mancini and Hun , 2005; Goñi e al., 2008). Ea lie esul s showed ha , using
disc iminan ules, spec opho ome y shows an accep able accu acy o p edic ion o
eal colou classes (Hulsegge e al., 2001). The e lec ance spec um ob ained by
spec opho ome y, as well as he ich oma ic coo dina es o CIE L*a*b*, a e as ,
non-des uc i e, on-line and eadily a ailable me hods o de e mine mea colou
(Ripoll e al. 2008). Ins umen al me hods based in spec a o colou a e able o
app ecia e indi idual L*, a*, b* coo dina es, as epo ed by Denoyelle & Be ny (1999)
and Indu ain e al. (2008) in su ace o eal ca cases in he aba oi . Fu he mo e,
s udies on mea colou ha e epo ed a posi i e co ela ion be ween he a* index and
he isual e alua ion o colou by consume s (Chan e al. 1995). Klon e al. (1999)
also obse ed a high co ela ion be ween isual and ins umen al measu emen s o
eal ca cass colou , and sugges ed ha an objec i e ins umen al eal ca cass
colou classi ica ion could be de eloped.
The aim o his wo k was o e alua e he e ec i eness o ins umen al colou
measu emen s o he spec opho ome y echnique on pec o alis supe icialis muscle
unde on-line p ac ical condi ions in comme cial aba oi s o de e mine ca cass colou
o s anda d young Spanish eal and o cla i y i i can eplace isual assessmen as a
way o educing cos and con ibu e o he de elopmen o he bee indus y.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Animal managemen and sampling
A o al o 845 young eal (535 males and 310 emales) o Pi enaica b eed and i s
c osses wi h Cha olais and Limousine we e e alua ed du ing a wo-yea pe iod.
E e y wo weeks, app oxima ely 15-20 ca casses we e collec ed om an o icial
aba oi . Animals we e killed a abou 530 kg li e weigh and 390 days o age o
males, and 380 kg li e weigh and 340 days o age o emales. Animals we e
slaugh e ed 12 h a e a i al acco ding o he o icial me hod (RD 640/2006). P io o
placing he ca casses in he coole o ageing (60 min pos -mo em, 3ºC), a licensed
echnician g aded hem o con o ma ion and deg ee o a ness acco ding o he
SEUROP sys em (EEC, 1991). Ca casses we e classi ied using he SEUROP
classi ica ion scales o con o ma ion (S, supe io ; E, excellen ; U, e y good; R,
3
good; O; ai ; P, poo ) sco ing om 18 o ’S+’ o 1 o ’P-’. Fo he a co e
classi ica ion (1, low g easy; 2, sligh ; 3, medium; 4, high; 5, e y g easy) he sco e
was 15 o ’5+’ and 1 o ’1-’.
A e chilling o 24 h a 3ºC, ca casses we e weighed and pH was measu ed in
he longissimus do si pa s lumbo um muscle using a po able C ison pHme e , model
507 (C ison ins umen s S.A. Ba celona, Spain), equipped wi h a pene a ion
elec ode and a empe a u e p obe. Acco ding o he Spanish comme cial sys em o
bo ine ca cass classi ica ion (RD 225/2008), he ca casses we e g ouped by weigh
ange as ollows: W1, <240 kg; W2, 240-260 kg; W3, 261-280 kg; W4, 281-300 kg; W5,
301-320 kg; W6, 321-340 kg; W7, >340 kg. P ocedu es we e conduc ed acco ding o
he guidelines o he Council Di ec i e 86/609/EEC (1986) on he p o ec ion o
animals used o expe imen al and o he scien i ic pu poses.
Visual assessmen o colou
The pec o alis supe icialis muscle colou was e alua ed a 60 min pos -mo em
in o di e en colou classes acco ding a e e ence sys em p oposed by he
egula ions o he P o ec ed Geog aphical Indica ion ‘Te ne a de Na a a-
Na a oako-A a xea’ (ECC, 2004) o ca casses eal. A 15-poin colou scale ( anging
1= pale pink o 15= da k ed) was employed by wo quali ied independen assesso s
ained and acc edi ed by he Go e nmen o Na a e (Spain). Then, a o al o 1690
assessmen s (2 o each ca cass) we e ob ained.
Ins umen al de e mina ion o colou
Ca cass colou was ins umen ally measu ed on he pec o alis supe icialis
muscle using a Minol a CM2002 spec ocolo ime e (Minol a Came a Co., Japan) (λ:
400-700 nm, ∆ λ: 10nm, D65, 10º). Colou was exp essed in he CIE L*a*b* colou
sys em (CIE, 1976). Values we e de e mined in ca cass on a - ee su ace a ea o
he pec o alis supe icialis muscle. Th ee colou measu emen s o each animal we e
aken on-line using di e en ins umen o ien a ions. The measu emen o ca cass
colou is ecommended in he ec us abdominis muscle (Ame ican Mea Science
Associa ion, 2001), bu on-line accessibili y a he aba oi is limi ed. Howe e , he
pec o alis supe icialis muscle was chosen as one o he mos accessible muscles on
he ca cass su ace o on-line measu emen s a he aba oi . Fu he mo e, he
pec o alis supe icialis muscle shows an a ea ee o a and ascia a e emo al o
he d essing o e he skin o ca le.
S a is ical analysis
Desc ip i e s a is ical analysis was pe o med o all he s udied ai s. The
ep oducibili y o isual assessmen echniques was es ima ed as he p obabili y ha
wo app aise s p oduced he same app aisal o he same colou class. I was
es ima e as an in a-class co ela ion be ween assignmen s class colou measu ed
by wo app aise s. An analysis o a iance was ca ied ou o de e mine he s a is ical
signi icance o he e ec o sex and ca cass weigh on ins umen al colou
measu emen s and isual app aisal o ca casses. Fu he mo e, he co ela ion
be ween isual app aisals wi h ins umen al colou ( a iables L*, a* and b*) was
calcula ed o di e en anges o ca cass weigh using Pea son's co ela ion
coe icien .
Finally, a o wa d s epwise disc iminan analysis was ca ied ou o es ima e he
deg ee o equi alence be ween he isual assessmen and he ins umen al
measu emen o colou in he ca casses classi ica ion. To ca y ou a c oss alida ion
4
analysis, he da abase was di ided in o wo da a se s. The i s one o med by 64% o
he da a se (1084 assessmen s) was used o es ima e he disc iminan unc ions.
The emaining, 36% da a se (616 assessmen s) was used o assess hei p edic i e
powe (accu acy o he spec ocolo ime e acco ding o he pe cen age o ca casses
co ec ly assigned). S a is ical analyses we e pe o med using S a is ic 7.0 o
Windows (S a So Inc., 2006).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Ca cass cha ac e is ics om he animals included in his s udy a e shown in
Table 1. All ca casses included showed pH alues be ween 5.3 and 5.7. The e o e,
mea p oblems associa ed wi h abe an colou s had been no expec ed.
On a e age, ca casses weighed 288.0±1.5 kg. The con o ma ion sco e was in
ange 9-11 (co esponding ‘R+’ and ‘U-‘ con o ma ion class, espec i ely) and ange
5-6 (sligh g easy ) in e e ence o a ness ca cass. These alues a e ep esen a i e
o he ligh Spanish eal ca cass ma ke (Indu ain e al., 2008). Among he ca cass
weigh , he mos common g oups we e in ange 321-340 kg (W6 g oup, 33.7%),
ep esen ed mainly by males, and W1 ( ange <240 kg, 29.1%) including mainly
emales. W3 g oup was he leas common ange ca cass weigh (0.9%).
Cha ac e is ics ca casses and dis ibu ion weigh s a e in acco ding o da a epo ed
o comme cial Spanish eal (Díez e al. 2006).
Table 1 Ca cass cha ac e is ics (mean and s anda d e o , s.e.) o male and emale
Spanish eal ca casses
Visual assessmen
The dis ibu ion o 845 eal ca casses o e 15 colou classes (mean alues o he
wo obse e s) is shown in Figu e 1. Only ca casses wi hin 3 and 9 colou classes
we e epo ed. The la ges numbe o ca casses (61.0%) was classi ied in colou
class 5 (pink). In Spain, ca casses wi h a sco e o ‘5’ a e highly aluable as
consume s p e e ligh pinkish mea (Albe i e al., 2005). Simila ly, Klon e al. (1999)
in The Ne he lands, and Denoyelle & Be ny (1999) in F ance epo ed ha pink is he
mos common colou in cal e ca casses.
Figu e 1. Dis ibu ion o isually assessed ca cass colou classes (15 poin colou
scale: 1=pale pink o 15= da k ed) o eal ca casses
Bo h assesso s assigned 84.6% o he ca casses o he same sco e; in 11.4% o
he ca casses he e was a di e ence o one class. Only 4.0% o he ca casses
analyzed showed a di e ence o wo classes be ween he alues assigned by he
assesso s. In ac , he ep oducibili y o he isual colou assessmen by wo
assesso s was highe (98%) in hea ie ca casses (W7), wi h highe con o ma ion
sco es (U+) and lowe deg ee o a ness (1+). This deg ee o ep oducibili y is highe
han hose desc ibed by Goñi e al. (2008) (assesso ag eemen = 78.0%) and
Hulsegge e al. (2001) (assesso ag eemen = 69.4%) using a 10 poin scale. Lowe
ag eemen among assesso s was epo ed by Eikelenboom e al. (1992) using a 5
poin s scale (only o 59% o he ca casses bo h assesso s assigned he same colou
class). The e o e, ca ying ou a s udy o compa e he isual e alua ion wi h

5
ins umen al colou measu emen s in eal ca casses is possible, as sugges ed by
Denoyelle & Be ny (1999) and Mancini and Hun (2005).
Rela ionship be ween colou isual and ins umen al measu emen s
Table 2 shows he CIE colou coo dina e (L*, a* and b*) and isual app aisal
alues o pec o alis supe icialis muscle acco ding o gende and ca cass weigh .
The colou o pec o alis supe icialis muscle in he p esen s udy was pink as
desc ibed by Be iain e al. (2009) o simila animals om he Spanish ma ke . The
colou o he pec o alis supe icialis muscle om emales was sligh ly da ke han o
males (P<0.01). Some au ho s ha e epo ed ha da k-colou ed emale ca casses
may be associa ed wi h highe myoglobin con en (Wul e al., 1997). Signi ican
di e ences be ween he di e en ca cass weigh s we e obse ed (P<0.001) and
hea ie ca casses we e edde .
Table 2 Mean and s anda d e o (s.e.) o ins umen al colou and isual
app aisal o pec o alis supe icialis muscle in eal ca casses
Co ela ion be ween ins umen al colou alues and he mean isual colou
e alua ion sco e by gende and ca cass weigh g oup a e p esen ed in Table 3. The
co ela ion coe icien s o L* a* and b* alues we e mode a e-low. The esul s o
co ela ion be ween isual app aisal and ins umen al assessmen in he li e a u e
a e inconsis en . In his wo k, co ela ion mode a e o L* ( ange om -0.02 o -0.50
and o a* ( ange om 0.13 o 0.67) we e obse ed, while he co ela ion coe icien
o he b* alue can be conside ed mode a e-low ( ange 0.06 o -0.44). Simila esul s
we e showed by Denoyelle & Be ny (1999), who obse ed ela i ely weak co ela ion
be ween he b* alue and he isual assessmen o eal ca cass colou . Only Lagoda
e al. (2002) ound a signi ican co ela ion be ween he isual sco es and b* alue.
The ela ionship be ween isual and ins umen al colou measu emen s ound o he
L* and a* alues we e a iable among ca cass ypes. In he p esen s udy, he
highes co ela ion be ween isual app aisal and L* was obse ed in ca casses
be ween 301 and 320 kg (W5) ( =-0.50; P <0.01). A ela i ely s ong co ela ion was
obse ed be ween isual app aisal and edness (a*) alues in ca casses be ween
281 and 300 kg (w4) ( =0.67; P <0.01). Au ho s ha e epo ed a posi i e co ela ion
be ween a* and he isual e alua ion o colou by consume s (Chan e al., 1995). The
esul s o his s udy sugges ha CIE Lab coo dina es in he pec o alis supe icialis
muscle a e closely co ela ed wi h he isual colou e alua ion sco es, as epo ed by
Goñi e al. (2008) in he longissimus do si muscle o eal. Thus, di e ences be ween
L* and a* coo dina es could be used o assign he colou o eal ca casses, as
sugges ed by Denoyelle & Be ny (1999), while he coo dina e b* would no be
included due o i s weak co ela ion alues. This use o he spec ocolo ime e would
be o pa icula in e es o de e mining colou o ca casses be ween 280 and 320 kg.
Table 3 Co ela ions be ween L*, a*, b* in pec o alis supe icialis muscle wi h isual
assessmen om obse e s in eal by ca cass ype
Disc iminan analysis
In o de o e alua e he e ec i eness o he colo ime e o de e mine he colou o
eal ca casses compa ed o isual app aisal, a canonical disc iminan analysis model
was es ed. The accu acy o each ule was assessed wi h he pe cen o co ec
6
p edic ions o each o he i een colou classes. In his s udy, disc imina ion
equa ions we e de eloped abou 64% o he assessmen s ca casses (684
assessmen s om males and 400 om emales) and es ed wi h he emaining ones
( able 4). Then, unde p ac ical condi ions, pe o mance o he spec ocolo ime e
was es ima ed in 198 male and 110 emale ca casses as he pe cen age o
ca casses co ec ly assigned wi hin colou class. This pe cen age ep esen ed
ca casses whose sco es p edic ed by he spec ocolo ime e co esponded o he
sco e gi en by isual assessmen (15-poin scale).
Table 4 shows he pe cen age o ca casses co ec ly assigned o hei colou
class by he disc iminan unc ions using a combina ion o he colou coo dina es
alues L* and a*. The coo dina e b* was no included in he model because i showed
li le co ela ion wi h isual assessmen . In gene al, employing L* and a* alues in
classi ica ion unc ions, 60.8% and 59.3% o male and emale ca cass colou
classes, espec i ely, we e co ec ly assigned by he ins umen al me hod. In ac , he
spec ocolo ime e co ec ly classi ied 98.9 and 95.4% o he ca casses (male and
emale, espec i ely) wi hin he colou class 5. This colou class is he mos common
in he comme cial ligh ca cass eal in Spain ( igu e 1). Fo o he colou classes,
lowe co ec assigna ions we e ob ained by ins umen al measu emen o colou . In
ac , he colou classes 3, 4 and 6 could no be assigned using ins umen al colou
measu emen s. Hulssegge e al. (2001) using disc iminan unc ions based on he
ins umen al colou pa ame e L* and a* alues and 10 colou classes, epo ed
highe pe cen ages o co ec sample classi ica ion (highe 60%). On he o he hand,
Denoyelle & Be ny (1999) epo ed co ec assigna ion o 80% o ca casses by
ins umen al colou sco e when a ou -colou scale sco es was used. The e o e, he
me hod p oposed o colou disc imina ion wi h a 15-poin s scale showed di icul ies,
and only he mos equen class in he Spanish ma ke (5; ‘pink’) could be co ec ly
assigned. This may be due o he low ep esen a ion o o he colou classes in he
comme cial eal popula ion in Spain (sampled o he p esen s udy).
Table 4 Pe cen age co ec ly assigned o ca cass eal colou based on he use o
combina ion o L* and a* alues in disc iminan ules.
Employing he disc imina ion unc ion ha used L* and a* coo dina es on
weigh ca cass (Table 4), he spec ocolo ime e assigned co ec ly he colou class
o up o 50% o he ca casses (wide weigh ange). The disc iminan unc ion was
mo e e ec i e in ange W5, which mainly include male ca casses. In his ange o
ca cass weigh (301 o 320kg) 75% o he ca casses we e co ec ly assigned.
Basically, he bes co ec assignmen was obse ed in he isual assessmen ‘5’. In
ac , he use o disc iminan unc ion based in L* and a* coo dina es was able o
co ec ly assign 100 % o he ca casses in class ‘5’ in 281 and 340 kg weigh ca cass
ange (W4 o W6). This ange weigh is he mos common in he Spanish eal ma ke .
CONCLUSIONS
The e alua ion o ins umen al colou in he pec o alis supe icialis muscle is
limi ed. By using disc iminan ules, he spec ocolo ime e shows only an accep able
accu acy o p edic ion o eal colou in he mos common class o eal ca casses
when a 15 poin scale is used. The use o colou scales o less han 15 poin s o
de e mine he colou o he Spanish ma ke bee ca casses mus be p oposed.
Howe e , he use o a spec ocolo ime e can be ecommended as an on-line colou
7
de e mina ion o comple e he classi ica ion sys ems o bee ca casses. In o de o
inc ease he accu acy o he ins umen al e alua ion, a wide ep esen a ion o he
leas common ca cass colou classes should be u ilized.
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s a e g a e ul o he I.T.G. Ganade o S.A., Coope a i a del Vacuno de
Na a a Soc. Coop. and ‘Te ne a de Na a a-Na a oako-A a xea’ P o ec ed
Geog aphical Indica ion label o hei collabo a ion and he ca cass samples used in
his s udy.
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