Instrumental colour measurement as a tool for light veal carcasses on-line evaluation

A chi Tie zuch A chi es Animal B eeding ISSN: 0003-9438 This p o isional PDF was buil om he pee - e iewed and accep ed manusc ip submi ed by he au ho (s). The manusc ip has no been copyedi ed, o ma ed o p oo ead. Please no e ha he p o isional e sion can di e om he inal e sion. Final ully o ma ed e sion will be a ailable soon. O iginal s udy Ins umen al colou measu emen as a ool o ligh eal ca casses on-line e alua ion Albe o Ho cada1, Manuel Juá ez2, An onio Molina3, Me cedes Vale a1and Mª José Be iain4 1Depa men o Ag o o es y Science, ETSIA, Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain, 2Lacombe Resea ch Cen e, Lacombe, Albe a, Canada, 3Depa men o Gene ic, Uni e si y o Co doba, Co doba, Spain, 4ETSIA, Public Uni e si y o Na a a, Pamplona, Spain Fo in o ma ion abou “A chi Tie zuch ” please isi h p://www.a chi ie zuch .de/. A chi Tie zuch 56 (2013) 85 doi: 10.7482/0003-9438-56-085 Recei ed: 9 Ap il 2013 Accep ed: 24 July 2013 Online: 12 Augus 2013 Co esponding au ho : Albe o Ho cada Ibáñez; email: [email p o ec ed] Depa men o Ag o-Fo es y Sciences, ETSIA, Uni e si y o Se ille, C a. U e a km 1, 41013 Se ille, Spain © 2013 by he au ho s; licensee Leibniz Ins i u e o Fa m Animal Biology (FBN), Dumme s o , Ge many. This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 3.0 License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/3.0/). 1 Ins umen al colou measu emen as a ool o ligh eal ca casses on-line e alua ion Albe o Ho cada1, Manuel Juá ez2, An onio Molina3, Me cedes Vale a1 and Mª José Be iain4 1Depa men o Ag o o es y Science, ETSIA, Uni e si y o Se ille, Se ille, Spain, 2Lacombe Resea ch Cen e, Lacombe, Albe a, Canada, 3Depa men o Gene ic, Uni e si y o Co doba, Co doba, Spain, 4ETSIA, Public Uni e si y o Na a a, Pamplona, Spain Co esponding au ho : Albe o Ho cada Ibáñez; email: [email p o ec ed] Depa men o Ag o-Fo es y Sciences, ETSIA, Uni e si y o Se ille, C a. U e a km 1, 41013 Se ille, Spain Tel: +34 954 486448 Fax: +34 954 486436 Abs ac Eigh -hund ed and o y- i e eal ca casses (535 males and 310 emales) om Pi enaica b eed and i s c osses wi h Cha olais and Limousin we e used o compa e ca cass colou isual assessmen s 60 min pos -mo em wi h he alues ob ained using a spec ocolo ime e (CIE Lab colou sys em) on he pec o alis supe icialis muscle. Ca cass weigh s anged be ween 240 and 360 kg. Visual colou was subjec i ely e alua ed by wo ained assesso s. The bes co ela ion be ween isual app aisal and L* was obse ed in ca casses o 300-320 kg. A ela i ely s ong co ela ion be ween isual app aisal and a* alues was obse ed in ca casses o 280-300 kg o weigh . Howe e , he co ela ion be ween b* and isual app aisal was low. Using disc iminan unc ions ha included L* and a*, he spec ocolo ime e classi ied co ec ly 60% o ca casses in he class colou assigned by he assesso s. In ac , 99% o male and 96% o emale ca casses we e co ec ly assigned in he mos common colou o eal ca casses in he Spanish ma ke (‘pink’, 5). These esul s indica e ha on-line ins umen al colou measu emen s on pec o alis supe icialis muscle could be ecommended o objec i ely e alua e ca cass colou o comme cial eal o he Spanish ma ke . Keywo ds: ca cass colou , ca cass eal, ch omame e , CIE Lab INTRODUCTION Ca cass colou is an impo an ac o o de e mine he p ice o ca casses a he aba oi . Speci ically, consume s’ assessmen o gene al mea condi ion is based on hei isual pe cep ion o mea colou . In his sense, Spanish eal is commonly slaugh e ed a 12 mon hs old and 450 kg o body weigh because ca casses show ligh colou . In he Eu opean Union, eal ca casses a e classi ied acco ding o sex, age, body weigh , con o ma ion (SEUROP-sys em classi ica ion) and deg ee o a ness (EEC, 1991). In addi ion, colou , as a de e minan in p icing eal ca casses, is ano he impo an ca cass quali y cha ac e is ic. A he aba oi , quali ied obse e s 2 e alua e ca cass con o ma ion, deg ee o a ness and colou (Hulsegge & Me kus, 1999). Veal ca cass colou may be isually de e mined by obse a ion as a whole (Kuchida e al., 2001), o on an indi idual muscle such as he ec us abdominis (Hulsegge e al., 2001) o he pec o alis p o undus (Lagoda e al., 2002). Howe e , in Spain, colou scales a e no o icially egula ed. Since he pe cep ion o colou is highly in luenced by he obse e , i is impo an o know he objec i e measu emen s o colou in o de o a oid he subjec i e judgemen (Van Oeckel e al. 1999; Lagoda e al. 2002). Recen ly, he egula ion EEC 1249/2008 (EEC, 2008) has shown he need o de elop au oma ed echniques, s a is ical es s, o imp o e sys ems o classi ica ion o bee ca casses a he aba oi . Mo eo e he bee indus y has become inc easingly in e es ed in implemen ing s a egies o imp o ing and educing a ia ion in ca cass and mea quali y (Cannell e al. 2002; Indu ain e al. 2008). Ca cass discolo a ion can esul in a la ge mone a y loss o he e aile and o he segmen s o he indus y. Speci ically, commissions o mea quali y labels a e in e es ed in an on-line ins umen al me hod o de e mine he colou o eal ca casses a he aba oi , p oducing equi alen esul s o isual colou scales. Di e en ins umen s o de e mine colou ha e been es ed o on-line measu emen (Mancini and Hun , 2005; Goñi e al., 2008). Ea lie esul s showed ha , using disc iminan ules, spec opho ome y shows an accep able accu acy o p edic ion o eal colou classes (Hulsegge e al., 2001). The e lec ance spec um ob ained by spec opho ome y, as well as he ich oma ic coo dina es o CIE L*a*b*, a e as , non-des uc i e, on-line and eadily a ailable me hods o de e mine mea colou (Ripoll e al. 2008). Ins umen al me hods based in spec a o colou a e able o app ecia e indi idual L*, a*, b* coo dina es, as epo ed by Denoyelle & Be ny (1999) and Indu ain e al. (2008) in su ace o eal ca cases in he aba oi . Fu he mo e, s udies on mea colou ha e epo ed a posi i e co ela ion be ween he a* index and he isual e alua ion o colou by consume s (Chan e al. 1995). Klon e al. (1999) also obse ed a high co ela ion be ween isual and ins umen al measu emen s o eal ca cass colou , and sugges ed ha an objec i e ins umen al eal ca cass colou classi ica ion could be de eloped. The aim o his wo k was o e alua e he e ec i eness o ins umen al colou measu emen s o he spec opho ome y echnique on pec o alis supe icialis muscle unde on-line p ac ical condi ions in comme cial aba oi s o de e mine ca cass colou o s anda d young Spanish eal and o cla i y i i can eplace isual assessmen as a way o educing cos and con ibu e o he de elopmen o he bee indus y. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animal managemen and sampling A o al o 845 young eal (535 males and 310 emales) o Pi enaica b eed and i s c osses wi h Cha olais and Limousine we e e alua ed du ing a wo-yea pe iod. E e y wo weeks, app oxima ely 15-20 ca casses we e collec ed om an o icial aba oi . Animals we e killed a abou 530 kg li e weigh and 390 days o age o males, and 380 kg li e weigh and 340 days o age o emales. Animals we e slaugh e ed 12 h a e a i al acco ding o he o icial me hod (RD 640/2006). P io o placing he ca casses in he coole o ageing (60 min pos -mo em, 3ºC), a licensed echnician g aded hem o con o ma ion and deg ee o a ness acco ding o he SEUROP sys em (EEC, 1991). Ca casses we e classi ied using he SEUROP classi ica ion scales o con o ma ion (S, supe io ; E, excellen ; U, e y good; R, 3 good; O; ai ; P, poo ) sco ing om 18 o ’S+’ o 1 o ’P-’. Fo he a co e classi ica ion (1, low g easy; 2, sligh ; 3, medium; 4, high; 5, e y g easy) he sco e was 15 o ’5+’ and 1 o ’1-’. A e chilling o 24 h a 3ºC, ca casses we e weighed and pH was measu ed in he longissimus do si pa s lumbo um muscle using a po able C ison pHme e , model 507 (C ison ins umen s S.A. Ba celona, Spain), equipped wi h a pene a ion elec ode and a empe a u e p obe. Acco ding o he Spanish comme cial sys em o bo ine ca cass classi ica ion (RD 225/2008), he ca casses we e g ouped by weigh ange as ollows: W1, <240 kg; W2, 240-260 kg; W3, 261-280 kg; W4, 281-300 kg; W5, 301-320 kg; W6, 321-340 kg; W7, >340 kg. P ocedu es we e conduc ed acco ding o he guidelines o he Council Di ec i e 86/609/EEC (1986) on he p o ec ion o animals used o expe imen al and o he scien i ic pu poses. Visual assessmen o colou The pec o alis supe icialis muscle colou was e alua ed a 60 min pos -mo em in o di e en colou classes acco ding a e e ence sys em p oposed by he egula ions o he P o ec ed Geog aphical Indica ion ‘Te ne a de Na a a- Na a oako-A a xea’ (ECC, 2004) o ca casses eal. A 15-poin colou scale ( anging 1= pale pink o 15= da k ed) was employed by wo quali ied independen assesso s ained and acc edi ed by he Go e nmen o Na a e (Spain). Then, a o al o 1690 assessmen s (2 o each ca cass) we e ob ained. Ins umen al de e mina ion o colou Ca cass colou was ins umen ally measu ed on he pec o alis supe icialis muscle using a Minol a CM2002 spec ocolo ime e (Minol a Came a Co., Japan) (λ: 400-700 nm, ∆ λ: 10nm, D65, 10º). Colou was exp essed in he CIE L*a*b* colou sys em (CIE, 1976). Values we e de e mined in ca cass on a - ee su ace a ea o he pec o alis supe icialis muscle. Th ee colou measu emen s o each animal we e aken on-line using di e en ins umen o ien a ions. The measu emen o ca cass colou is ecommended in he ec us abdominis muscle (Ame ican Mea Science Associa ion, 2001), bu on-line accessibili y a he aba oi is limi ed. Howe e , he pec o alis supe icialis muscle was chosen as one o he mos accessible muscles on he ca cass su ace o on-line measu emen s a he aba oi . Fu he mo e, he pec o alis supe icialis muscle shows an a ea ee o a and ascia a e emo al o he d essing o e he skin o ca le. S a is ical analysis Desc ip i e s a is ical analysis was pe o med o all he s udied ai s. The ep oducibili y o isual assessmen echniques was es ima ed as he p obabili y ha wo app aise s p oduced he same app aisal o he same colou class. I was es ima e as an in a-class co ela ion be ween assignmen s class colou measu ed by wo app aise s. An analysis o a iance was ca ied ou o de e mine he s a is ical signi icance o he e ec o sex and ca cass weigh on ins umen al colou measu emen s and isual app aisal o ca casses. Fu he mo e, he co ela ion be ween isual app aisals wi h ins umen al colou ( a iables L*, a* and b*) was calcula ed o di e en anges o ca cass weigh using Pea son's co ela ion coe icien . Finally, a o wa d s epwise disc iminan analysis was ca ied ou o es ima e he deg ee o equi alence be ween he isual assessmen and he ins umen al measu emen o colou in he ca casses classi ica ion. To ca y ou a c oss alida ion 4 analysis, he da abase was di ided in o wo da a se s. The i s one o med by 64% o he da a se (1084 assessmen s) was used o es ima e he disc iminan unc ions. The emaining, 36% da a se (616 assessmen s) was used o assess hei p edic i e powe (accu acy o he spec ocolo ime e acco ding o he pe cen age o ca casses co ec ly assigned). S a is ical analyses we e pe o med using S a is ic 7.0 o Windows (S a So Inc., 2006). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ca cass cha ac e is ics om he animals included in his s udy a e shown in Table 1. All ca casses included showed pH alues be ween 5.3 and 5.7. The e o e, mea p oblems associa ed wi h abe an colou s had been no expec ed. On a e age, ca casses weighed 288.0±1.5 kg. The con o ma ion sco e was in ange 9-11 (co esponding ‘R+’ and ‘U-‘ con o ma ion class, espec i ely) and ange 5-6 (sligh g easy ) in e e ence o a ness ca cass. These alues a e ep esen a i e o he ligh Spanish eal ca cass ma ke (Indu ain e al., 2008). Among he ca cass weigh , he mos common g oups we e in ange 321-340 kg (W6 g oup, 33.7%), ep esen ed mainly by males, and W1 ( ange <240 kg, 29.1%) including mainly emales. W3 g oup was he leas common ange ca cass weigh (0.9%). Cha ac e is ics ca casses and dis ibu ion weigh s a e in acco ding o da a epo ed o comme cial Spanish eal (Díez e al. 2006). Table 1 Ca cass cha ac e is ics (mean and s anda d e o , s.e.) o male and emale Spanish eal ca casses Visual assessmen The dis ibu ion o 845 eal ca casses o e 15 colou classes (mean alues o he wo obse e s) is shown in Figu e 1. Only ca casses wi hin 3 and 9 colou classes we e epo ed. The la ges numbe o ca casses (61.0%) was classi ied in colou class 5 (pink). In Spain, ca casses wi h a sco e o ‘5’ a e highly aluable as consume s p e e ligh pinkish mea (Albe i e al., 2005). Simila ly, Klon e al. (1999) in The Ne he lands, and Denoyelle & Be ny (1999) in F ance epo ed ha pink is he mos common colou in cal e ca casses. Figu e 1. Dis ibu ion o isually assessed ca cass colou classes (15 poin colou scale: 1=pale pink o 15= da k ed) o eal ca casses Bo h assesso s assigned 84.6% o he ca casses o he same sco e; in 11.4% o he ca casses he e was a di e ence o one class. Only 4.0% o he ca casses analyzed showed a di e ence o wo classes be ween he alues assigned by he assesso s. In ac , he ep oducibili y o he isual colou assessmen by wo assesso s was highe (98%) in hea ie ca casses (W7), wi h highe con o ma ion sco es (U+) and lowe deg ee o a ness (1+). This deg ee o ep oducibili y is highe han hose desc ibed by Goñi e al. (2008) (assesso ag eemen = 78.0%) and Hulsegge e al. (2001) (assesso ag eemen = 69.4%) using a 10 poin scale. Lowe ag eemen among assesso s was epo ed by Eikelenboom e al. (1992) using a 5 poin s scale (only o 59% o he ca casses bo h assesso s assigned he same colou class). The e o e, ca ying ou a s udy o compa e he isual e alua ion wi h 5 ins umen al colou measu emen s in eal ca casses is possible, as sugges ed by Denoyelle & Be ny (1999) and Mancini and Hun (2005). Rela ionship be ween colou isual and ins umen al measu emen s Table 2 shows he CIE colou coo dina e (L*, a* and b*) and isual app aisal alues o pec o alis supe icialis muscle acco ding o gende and ca cass weigh . The colou o pec o alis supe icialis muscle in he p esen s udy was pink as desc ibed by Be iain e al. (2009) o simila animals om he Spanish ma ke . The colou o he pec o alis supe icialis muscle om emales was sligh ly da ke han o males (P<0.01). Some au ho s ha e epo ed ha da k-colou ed emale ca casses may be associa ed wi h highe myoglobin con en (Wul e al., 1997). Signi ican di e ences be ween he di e en ca cass weigh s we e obse ed (P<0.001) and hea ie ca casses we e edde . Table 2 Mean and s anda d e o (s.e.) o ins umen al colou and isual app aisal o pec o alis supe icialis muscle in eal ca casses Co ela ion be ween ins umen al colou alues and he mean isual colou e alua ion sco e by gende and ca cass weigh g oup a e p esen ed in Table 3. The co ela ion coe icien s o L* a* and b* alues we e mode a e-low. The esul s o co ela ion be ween isual app aisal and ins umen al assessmen in he li e a u e a e inconsis en . In his wo k, co ela ion mode a e o L* ( ange om -0.02 o -0.50 and o a* ( ange om 0.13 o 0.67) we e obse ed, while he co ela ion coe icien o he b* alue can be conside ed mode a e-low ( ange 0.06 o -0.44). Simila esul s we e showed by Denoyelle & Be ny (1999), who obse ed ela i ely weak co ela ion be ween he b* alue and he isual assessmen o eal ca cass colou . Only Lagoda e al. (2002) ound a signi ican co ela ion be ween he isual sco es and b* alue. The ela ionship be ween isual and ins umen al colou measu emen s ound o he L* and a* alues we e a iable among ca cass ypes. In he p esen s udy, he highes co ela ion be ween isual app aisal and L* was obse ed in ca casses be ween 301 and 320 kg (W5) ( =-0.50; P <0.01). A ela i ely s ong co ela ion was obse ed be ween isual app aisal and edness (a*) alues in ca casses be ween 281 and 300 kg (w4) ( =0.67; P <0.01). Au ho s ha e epo ed a posi i e co ela ion be ween a* and he isual e alua ion o colou by consume s (Chan e al., 1995). The esul s o his s udy sugges ha CIE Lab coo dina es in he pec o alis supe icialis muscle a e closely co ela ed wi h he isual colou e alua ion sco es, as epo ed by Goñi e al. (2008) in he longissimus do si muscle o eal. Thus, di e ences be ween L* and a* coo dina es could be used o assign he colou o eal ca casses, as sugges ed by Denoyelle & Be ny (1999), while he coo dina e b* would no be included due o i s weak co ela ion alues. This use o he spec ocolo ime e would be o pa icula in e es o de e mining colou o ca casses be ween 280 and 320 kg. Table 3 Co ela ions be ween L*, a*, b* in pec o alis supe icialis muscle wi h isual assessmen om obse e s in eal by ca cass ype Disc iminan analysis In o de o e alua e he e ec i eness o he colo ime e o de e mine he colou o eal ca casses compa ed o isual app aisal, a canonical disc iminan analysis model was es ed. The accu acy o each ule was assessed wi h he pe cen o co ec 6 p edic ions o each o he i een colou classes. In his s udy, disc imina ion equa ions we e de eloped abou 64% o he assessmen s ca casses (684 assessmen s om males and 400 om emales) and es ed wi h he emaining ones ( able 4). Then, unde p ac ical condi ions, pe o mance o he spec ocolo ime e was es ima ed in 198 male and 110 emale ca casses as he pe cen age o ca casses co ec ly assigned wi hin colou class. This pe cen age ep esen ed ca casses whose sco es p edic ed by he spec ocolo ime e co esponded o he sco e gi en by isual assessmen (15-poin scale). Table 4 shows he pe cen age o ca casses co ec ly assigned o hei colou class by he disc iminan unc ions using a combina ion o he colou coo dina es alues L* and a*. The coo dina e b* was no included in he model because i showed li le co ela ion wi h isual assessmen . In gene al, employing L* and a* alues in classi ica ion unc ions, 60.8% and 59.3% o male and emale ca cass colou classes, espec i ely, we e co ec ly assigned by he ins umen al me hod. In ac , he spec ocolo ime e co ec ly classi ied 98.9 and 95.4% o he ca casses (male and emale, espec i ely) wi hin he colou class 5. This colou class is he mos common in he comme cial ligh ca cass eal in Spain ( igu e 1). Fo o he colou classes, lowe co ec assigna ions we e ob ained by ins umen al measu emen o colou . In ac , he colou classes 3, 4 and 6 could no be assigned using ins umen al colou measu emen s. Hulssegge e al. (2001) using disc iminan unc ions based on he ins umen al colou pa ame e L* and a* alues and 10 colou classes, epo ed highe pe cen ages o co ec sample classi ica ion (highe 60%). On he o he hand, Denoyelle & Be ny (1999) epo ed co ec assigna ion o 80% o ca casses by ins umen al colou sco e when a ou -colou scale sco es was used. The e o e, he me hod p oposed o colou disc imina ion wi h a 15-poin s scale showed di icul ies, and only he mos equen class in he Spanish ma ke (5; ‘pink’) could be co ec ly assigned. This may be due o he low ep esen a ion o o he colou classes in he comme cial eal popula ion in Spain (sampled o he p esen s udy). Table 4 Pe cen age co ec ly assigned o ca cass eal colou based on he use o combina ion o L* and a* alues in disc iminan ules. Employing he disc imina ion unc ion ha used L* and a* coo dina es on weigh ca cass (Table 4), he spec ocolo ime e assigned co ec ly he colou class o up o 50% o he ca casses (wide weigh ange). The disc iminan unc ion was mo e e ec i e in ange W5, which mainly include male ca casses. In his ange o ca cass weigh (301 o 320kg) 75% o he ca casses we e co ec ly assigned. Basically, he bes co ec assignmen was obse ed in he isual assessmen ‘5’. In ac , he use o disc iminan unc ion based in L* and a* coo dina es was able o co ec ly assign 100 % o he ca casses in class ‘5’ in 281 and 340 kg weigh ca cass ange (W4 o W6). This ange weigh is he mos common in he Spanish eal ma ke . CONCLUSIONS The e alua ion o ins umen al colou in he pec o alis supe icialis muscle is limi ed. By using disc iminan ules, he spec ocolo ime e shows only an accep able accu acy o p edic ion o eal colou in he mos common class o eal ca casses when a 15 poin scale is used. The use o colou scales o less han 15 poin s o de e mine he colou o he Spanish ma ke bee ca casses mus be p oposed. Howe e , he use o a spec ocolo ime e can be ecommended as an on-line colou 7 de e mina ion o comple e he classi ica ion sys ems o bee ca casses. In o de o inc ease he accu acy o he ins umen al e alua ion, a wide ep esen a ion o he leas common ca cass colou classes should be u ilized. Acknowledgemen s The au ho s a e g a e ul o he I.T.G. Ganade o S.A., Coope a i a del Vacuno de Na a a Soc. Coop. and ‘Te ne a de Na a a-Na a oako-A a xea’ P o ec ed Geog aphical Indica ion label o hei collabo a ion and he ca cass samples used in his s udy. Re e ences Albe i P, Ripoll G, Goyache F, Lahoz F, Olle a JL, Panea B, Sañudo C (2005) Ca cass cha ac e isa ion o se en Spanish bee b eeds slaugh e ed a wo comme cial weigh s. Mea Sci 71, 514-521 Ame ican Mea Science Associa ion (2001) Mea e alua ion handbook. Ame ican Mea Science Associa ion, Sa oy, IL, USA. Be iain MJ, Goñi MV, Indu ain G, Sa iés MV, Insaus i K (2009). P edic ing Longissimus do si myoglobin oxida ion in aged bee based on ea ly pos -mo em colou measu emen s on he ca cass as a colou s abili y index. Mea Sci 81, 439-445 Cannell RC, Belk KE, Ta um JD, Wise JW Chapman PL, Scanga JA, Smi h GC (2002) Online e alua ion o a comme cial ideo image analysis sys em (compu e Vision Sys em) o p edic bee ca cass ed mea yield and o augmen ing he assigna ion o USDA yield g ade. J Anim Sci 80, 1195-1201 Chan WK, Hakka ainen K, Fau sman C, Schae e DM, Selle KK, Liu Q (1995) Colou s abili y and mic obial g ow h ela ionships in bee as a ec ed by endogenous α- ocophe ol. J Food Sci 60, 966-971 CIE (1976) Comision In e na ional de l’Éclai age. O icial Recommenda ions on Uni o m Colou Spaces. Colou Di e ence Equa ions and Me ic Colou Te ms. Suppl2. CIE Publica ion 15 Colou ime y, Pa is Council Di ec i e 86/609/EEC o 24 No embe 1986 on he app oxima ion o laws, egula ions and adminis a i e p o isions o he Membe S a es ega ding he p o ec ion o animals used o expe imen al and o he scien i ic pu poses. O icial Jou nal L 358, 1-28 Denoyelle C, Be ny F (1999) Objec i e measu emen o eal colou o classi ica ion pu pose. Mea Sci 53, 203-209 Díez J, del Coz JJ, Bahamonde A, Sañudo C, Olle a JL, Macie S, Campo MM, Panea B, Albe ı P (2006) Iden i ying ma ke segmen s in bee : B eed, slaugh e weigh and ageing ime implica ions. Mea Sci 74, 667-675 EEC (1991) Commission Regula ion (EEC) 2237/91 o July 1991 amending Regula ion (EEC) 2930/81 adop ing addi ional p o ision o he applica ion o he Communi y scale o he classi ica ion o ca casses o adul bo ine animals. O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union 204, 11-12. EEC (2004) Commission Regula ion (EEC) 1483/2004 o 20 Augus 2004 supplemen ing he Annex o Regula ion (EC) 2400/96 on he en y o ce ain names in he Regis e o p o ec ed designa ions o o igin and p o ec ed geog aphical indica ions (‘Ca ne de la Sie a de Guada ama’.’Te ne a de Na a a’ o ‘Na a oako A a xea’. ‘Ca ne de Vacuno del País Vasco’ o ‘Euskal Okela’. ‘Te ne a As u iana’ and ‘Ca ne de Can ab ia’). O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union 273, 3-4 8 EEC (2008) Commission Regula ion (EEC) 1249/2008 o 10 Decembe 2008 laying down de ailed ules on he implemen a ion o he Communi y scales o he classi ica ion o bee , pig and sheep ca cases and he epo ing o p ices he eo . O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union 337, 3-30 Eikelenboom G, Ho ing-Bolink AH, Hulsegge B (1992) E alua ion o in asi e ins umen s o assessmen o eal colou a ime o classi ica ion. Mea Sci 31, 343-349 Goñi V, Indu ain G, He nández B, Be iain MJ (2008) Measu ing muscle colo in bee using an ins umen al me hod e sus isual colo scales. J Muscle Foods 19, 209-221 Hulsegge I, Me kus G (1999) De elopmen o a colou scale o colou e alua ion o bee ca casses a 60 min pos mo em. J Sci Food Ag ic 79, 907-910 Hulsegge B, Engel B, Buis W, Me kus G, Klon R (2001) Ins umen al colou classi ica ion o eal ca casse. Mea Sci 57, 191-195 Indu ain G, Goñi V, Ho cada A, Insaus i K, He nández B, Be iain MJ (2008). Colou di e ences among ca casses g aded wi h simila s o e o con o ma ion and a ness. Animal 2 1093-1100 Klon RE, Ba nie VMH, Smulde s FJM, Dijk AV, Ho ing-Bolink AH, Eikelenboom G (1999) Pos -mo em a ia ion in pH. Tempe a u e, and colou p o iles o eal ca casses in ela ion o b eed, blood haemoglobin con en , and ca cass cha ac e is ics. Mea Sci 53, 195-202 Kuchida K, Hasegawa M, Suzuki M, Miyoshi S (2001) P edic ion o bee colou s anda d numbe om digi al image ob ained by using pho og aphing equipmen o c oss sec ion o ca cass. J Anim Sci 72, 321-328 Lagoda HL, Wilson LL, Henning WR, Flowe s SL, Mills ES (2002) Subjec i e and objec i e e alua ion o eal lean colou . J Anim Sci 80, 1911-1916 Manzini RA, Hun MC (2005). Cu en esea ch in mea colo . Mea Sci 71, 100-121 RD 640/2006, de 26 de mayo, po el que se egulan de e minadas condiciones de aplicación de las disposiciones comuni a ias en ma e ia de higiene, de la p oducción y come cialización de los p oduc os alimen icios. BOE 126, 19999- 20002 RD 225/2008, de 15 de eb e o, po el que se comple a la aplicación del modelo comuni a io de clasi icación de las canales de acuno pesado y se egula el egis o de los p ecios de me cado. BOE 56, 13309-13319 Ripoll G, Joy M, Muñoz F, Albe i P (2008) Mea and a colou as a ool o g ass- eeding sys em in ligh lamb p oduc ion. Mea Sci 80, 239-248 S a So , Inc (2006). STATISTICA (da a analysis so wa e sys em) 7. www.s a so .com. Van Oeckel M, Wa nan s J Boucqué CV (1999) Measu emen and p edic ion o po k colou . Mea Sci 52, 347-354 Wul DM, O’Conno SF, Ta um JD, Smi h GC (1997) Using objec i e measu es o muscle colou o p edic bee longissimus ende ness. J Anim Sci 75, 684-689