FIRST PROOF
SHORT COMMUNICATION OPEN ACCESS
Using in a ed ocula he mog aphy as a ool o p edic mea quali y
om lean ca le b eeds p io o slaugh e : Explo a o y ial
Albe o Ho cada (Ho cada, A)1, Manuel Juá ez (Juá ez, M)2, Me cedes Vale a (Vale a, M)1 and Es e Ba olomé (Ba olomé, E)1
1Uni e si y o Se ille, School o Ag icul u al Enginee ing, Dep . Ag o o es y Sciences. C a. U e a, km.1. 41013 Se ille, Spain. 2Ag icul u e and
Ag i-Food Canada, Lacombe Resea ch and De elopmen Cen e, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada.
Spanish Jou nal o Ag icul u al Resea ch
17 (4), e06SC01, 7 pages (2019)
eISSN: 2171-9292
h ps://doi.o g/10.5424/sja /2019174-15487
Ins i u o Nacional de In es igación y Tecnología Ag a ia y Alimen a ia (INIA)
Abs ac
Aim o s udy: To assess he po en ial o using in a ed ocula he mog aphy (IROT) as a ool o p edic bee quali y a he
slaugh e house.
A ea o s udy: The s udy was ca ied ou in he Sal e as’s slaugh e house (Se ille, Spain).
Ma e ial and me hods: Ocula empe a u e images we e cap u ed om 175 lean young bulls p io o slaugh e . Ca casses we e
classi ied in o h ee g oups acco ding o weigh : ˂250 kg, 250-310 kg and ˃310 kg. IROT was measu ed jus be o e slaugh e and pH
was measu ed 24 h la e . Colou pa ame e s (CIELAB space) we e e alua ed 48 h pos -slaugh e . Wa e holding capaci y was e alua ed
a se en days a e slaugh e .
Main esul s: IROT mean alues we e highe in hea ie bulls (p<0.05), p obably due o hese animals appea ed o mo ilize a g ea e
blood low, hus inc easing ocula empe a u e. Fu he mo e, IROT showed a s a is ically signi ican co ela ion wi h bo h pH om
ligh ca casses ( =0.66; p<0.001), and mean Hue alue om all ca cass weigh s ( =-0.22; p<0.05). A quad a ic eg ession analysis
accoun ing ca cass weigh as a con inuous a iable, ound medium o s ong i alues o pH (R2=0.52; RMSE=0.032; p<0.01) and
medium i alues o H* (R2=0.41; RMSE=3.793; p<0.001), changing hei ela ion wi h IROT depending on ca cass weigh .
Resea ch highligh s: IROT showed po en ial o become a use ul ool o assess pH in ligh ca casses and o assess H* in all ca casses
o young bulls p io o slaugh e , ega dless hei weigh . Howe e , u he s udies would be ecommended unde mo e a iable p e-
slaugh e s ess condi ions.
Addi ional keywo ds: eye empe a u e; Spanish na i e ca le b eeds; bee quali y; s ess; wa e holding capaci y; colou pa ame e s,
pH.
Abb e ia ions used: IROT (in a ed ocula he mog aphy); IRT (in a ed he mog aphy); LT (Longissimus ho acis muscle); RA
(Rec us abdominis muscle); RMSE ( oo mean squa ed e o ); WHC (wa e holding capaci y).
Au ho s’ con ibu ions: Concei ed and designed he expe imen s: AH, MV and EB. Pe o med he expe imen s: AH and EB.
Analyzed he da a: EB. Con ibu ed eagen s/ma e ials/analysis ools: MJ and MV. W o e he pape : AH and EB. Supe ised he wo k:
AH, MJ, MV and EB.
Ci a ion: Ho cada, A; Juá ez, M; Vale a, M; Ba olomé, E (2019). Sho communica ion: Using in a ed ocula he mog aphy as
a ool o p edic mea quali y om lean ca le b eeds p io o slaugh e : Explo a o y ial. Spanish Jou nal o Ag icul u al Resea ch,
Volume 17, Issue 4, e06SC01. h ps://doi.o g/10.5424/sja /2019174-15487
Recei ed: 19 Jul 2019. Accep ed: 28 Jan 2020.
Copy igh © 2019 INIA. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0
In e na ional (CC-by 4.0) License.
Compe ing in e es s: The au ho s ha e decla ed ha no compe ing in e es s exis .
Co espondence should be add essed o Es e Ba olomé: [email p o ec ed]
Funding agencies/Ins i u ions P ojec / G an
Uni e si y o Se ille (Spain) VPPI-US, II.5B., 2015
In oduc ion
In a ed he mog aphy (IRT) ep esen s a non-
in asi e me hod used in nume ous applica ions, no
only in indus y. E ec i eness o IRT has been p o ed
o diagnos ic pu poses in animal diseases (Ma ins
e al., 2013), o assess physiological and me abolic
pa ame e s in p oduc ion animals (McManus e al.,
2016) o o p edic physiological a iables ela ed o
he he mal s ess o ca le (Vie a de Sousa e al., 2018).
When an animal becomes s essed, he hypo halamic–
pi ui a y–ad enoco ical axis is ac i a ed and hea is
p oduced due o he blood low inc ease, p oducing
changes in hea adia ion om he animal (Schae e
e al., 2002). Ocula empe a u e is conside ed a good
indica o o body co e empe a u e (Johnson e al.,
Albe o Ho cada, Manuel Juá ez, Me cedes Vale a and Es e Ba olomé
Spanish Jou nal o Ag icul u al Resea ch Decembe 2019 • Volume 17 • Issue 4 • e06SC01
2
FIRST PROOF
2011) due o eyes a e close o he b ain. Thus, in a ed
ocula he mog aphy (IROT) could be used o assess he
neu o-physiological and s ess condi ions o animals a
slaugh e (Weschen elde e al., 2013; Losada-Spinosa
e al., 2018; Rocha e al., 2019).
Du ing p e-slaugh e ope a ions, li es ock is expo-
sed o a ange o po en ial s esso s, such as un ami-
lia en i onmen , human con ac and anspo a ion,
which may comp omise hei wel a e and impac
mea quali y ai s. Fu he mo e, s esso s ac o s a
he slaugh e house inc ease physical ac i i y o he
animals causing an inc ease in me abolic ac i i y, hea
p oduc ion, inc ease o blood low and deple ion o
muscle glycogen, leading o inc ease ul ima e pH in
mea (E iksen e al., 2013).
Bee quali y is inc easingly impo an as a la ge
supply chain, and i aises conce ns o a demanding
esh mea indus y. The e o e, a oiding he appea ance
o bo ine mea wi h high pH is impo an o he
mea indus y o dec ease he appea ance o quali y
de ec s (Lo edo-Os i e al., 2019). Thus, de ec ing s e-
ssed animals in he aba oi p io o slaugh e would
posi i ely impac he mea indus y.
The objec i e o his s udy was o de e mine whe-
he he IROT es ima es measu ed immedia ely be o e
slaugh e , unde con olled wel a e animal condi ions,
could be used o p edic bee quali y in ligh young bulls.
Ma e ial and me hods
Animals
The s udy was ca ied ou in a comme cial slaugh-
e house (Sal e as, Se ille p o ince, Spain). A o al
o 175 yea ling bulls (1-yea -old and 450-550 kg
li e weigh ) om 9 a ms loca ed 80 km a ound he
slaugh e house, we e andomly chosen o his s udy.
In o de o ep esen he sou he n Spanish ma ke ,
all animals we e Re in a × Limousin o Cha olais
c ossb ed. Young bulls we e anspo ed by oad a nigh
in compliance wi h animal wel a e egula ions (EC,
2005). The a e age du a ion o animal’s anspo a ion
o he slaugh e house was a ound 3 h including loading
and unloading. A e lai age (12 h) in indi iduals pens
and non-skid loo s (12 h, wi h wa e a ailable bu
no ood), young bulls we e conduc ed a 8 a.m. o he
poin o s unning and we e s unned using a cap i e bol
(Ja is 25 Calibe , S anda d, Cap i e Bol , Pis ol-S yle
S unne, Koch Bu che s Supply Company, USA). Then,
hey we e d essed acco ding o he guidelines o EC
(2009).
In acco dance o he comme cial classi ica ion weigh
sys em, ca casses we e g ouped as ‘ligh ’ (˂250 kg;
n=55); ‘medium’ (250-310 kg; n=75), and ‘hea y’
(˃310 kg; n=45) (Lonja Me camad id, h ps://www.
e iasyme cados.ne /index.php/lonja/index/12).
Collec ion o in a ed he mog aphy images
IROT images we e ob ained using a handheld in-
a ed came a (The ma Cam i70 0, FLIR Sys ems AB,
Dande yd, Sweden), ope a ed by a ained echnician.
Images we e collec ed in he s unning box, jus p io o
s unning. The le eye o young bulls was scanned om
a 90º angle a a dis ance o 20 cm. A leas h ee images
pe animal we e collec ed, selec ing he image ha
p o ided he op imal ope a ing condi ions o analy-
sis. To a oid he con ounding e ec o en i onmen-
al condi ions on ocula empe a u e, en i onmen-
al empe a u e and ela i e humidi y we e eco ded
wi h a digi al he mohyg ome e (Ex ech 44550,
Ex ech Ins umen s Co po a ion, Nashua, NH, USA).
IROT images we e analyzed wi h he image analysis
so wa e The ma Cam Resea che P o 2.8 SR-2 (FLIR
Sys ems AB, FLIR Sys ems, Inc., Sweden) in o de o
ob ain he maximum empe a u e (°C) wi hin he a ea
aced a ound he eye, including app oxima ely 1 cm
su ounding he ou side o he eye lids. The maximum
eye empe a u e, co ec ed by he en i onmen al em-
pe a u e and ela i e humidi y and by an emissi i y
alue o 0.98 (S ewa e al., 2007), was used o he
analyses.
Blood a iables
Two blood samples (10 mL each) pe animal we e
collec ed, using BD acu aine ® ubes con aining
po assium e hylene-diamine- e a-ace ic acid as an i-
coa gulan o he analysis o glucose le els. Glucose
(mg/dL blood) le el was de e mined by an enzyma ic
capilla y glucome e (OneTouch Ul a; Li eScan, Inc.,
Milpi as, CA) made in si u a he slaugh e house, om
plasma samples (Alcalde e al., 2017).
Mea quali y assessmen
A e 24 h a 4°C, pH was measu ed a he caudal
segmen o he igh longissimus ho acis (LT) muscle
using a pH-me e C ison 507 equipped wi h a pene a ing
elec ode (C ison Ins umen s S.A., Ba celona, Spain)
associa ed wi h a empe a u e compensa ion p obe. To
e alua e ca cass colou , ligh ness (L*), edness (a*),
and yellowness (b*) we e hen eco ded in he CIELAB
space (CIE, 1986) a he ec us abdominis (RA) muscle
using a Minol a spec opho ome e (CM-700d; Minol a
Sensing Inc., Singapo e, Japan) wi h a 25-mm ape u e,
a specula componen included, 10º iew in angle, 0%
Sho communica ion: In a ed ocula he mog aphy as a ool o p edic mea quali y in lean ca le b eeds
Spanish Jou nal o Ag icul u al Resea ch Decembe 2019 • Volume 17 • Issue 4 • e06SC01
3
FIRST PROOF
Resul s and discussion
Means alues o IROT and mea quali y pa ame e s
acco ding o h ee ca casses weigh le els a e shown
in Table 1. O e all, IROT alues ob ained o he h ee
ca cass weigh anges we e lowe (33±4ºC)
han epo -
ed by o he s au ho s (37.5±1.2ºC, Chu ch e al., 2014),
p obably due o lowe en i onmen al empe a u es
a he slaugh e house (5-10ºC in his s udy s 20ºC
epo ed by Chu ch e al., 2014) and b eed di e ences
(Re in a x Limousin o Cha olais c ossb ed s Angus
c ossb ed and Hols ein cows).
A highe (p<0.05) ocula empe a u e was ound in
hea ie ca casses compa ed wi h ligh and in e media e
ca casses. These di e ences in IROT could be due
o essels’ diame e , which is smalle in ligh young
bulls, esul ing in smalle blood low in hese animals
compa ed o hea ie young bulls. Beha io al eac ions
o s ess su e ed p io o slaugh e induce a as de-
ple ion o glycogen om he li e , inc easing blood
glucose le els and, indi ec ly, pH alues (Lacou &
Ta an , 1985). High pH and glucose le els in blood a e
associa ed wi h da k-cu ing bee (Lu e al., 2018).
In ou s udy, glucose le els (53-194 mg/dL blood)
and pH (5.4 o 5.9) we e in he ange o uns essed
animals (Lu e al., 2018). Mo gan e al. (1995) epo ed
ha ca le whose IROT measu es we e ou side he es
empe a u e ange (28-32 ± 2 °C) could be ejec ed as
ha ing a high p obabili y o p oducing poo mea quali y.
In ou s udy (Table 1), highe IROT anges (29.2-37.3)
would, a p io i, p edic a s ess esponse ha should
a ec mea quali y. Howe e , acco ding o pH and
glucose alues, no s ess signs we e ound in ca casses.
This could be due o di e ences in animal esponses o
s ess acco ding o b eed and weigh ac o s ha would
condi ion he emission o empe a u e by he ca uncle
and hence, he empe a u e measu ed by he in a ed
came a. Amaki i (1976) epo ed a mo e
supe icial
UV and D65 s anda d illuminan . Ch oma (C*) and
hue (H*) indexes we e calcula ed as C*= (a*2+b*2)0.5
and H*= an−1 (b*/a*) and we e exp essed in deg ees
(MacDougall, 1986).
Se en days a e slaugh e , a ound 50 g o RA
muscle was emo ed om he ca cass and wa e
holding capaci y (WHC) was measu ed using he il e
pape p ess me hod (G au & Hamm, 1953). WHC was
epo ed as % o juice expelled om esh mea .
S a is ical analyses
As physiological and mea quali y pa ame e s sa-
is ied assump ions o no mal dis ibu ion ( esul s no
shown), pa ame ical s a is ical analyses we e used. In
o de o es he in luence o he ca cass weigh le el
on he IROT measu emen s, a p e ious main e ec s
ANOVA es was de eloped (model included weigh
as a ixed e ec and no andom e ec s), wi h his
pa ame e showing s a is ically signi ican (p<0.05)
di e ences o all he a iables. Acco ding o ha ,
di e ences due o he weigh le el o he animal wi hin
IROT measu emen s, blood glucose le els and mea
quali y pa ame e s we e assessed using a Duncan’s
pos -hoc es . Pea son’s co ela ions be ween IROT
measu emen s and mea quali y pa ame e s we e cal-
cula ed o each weigh le el conside ed, in o de o
asce ain a ela ionship wi hin hem. Finally, in o de o
p edic mea quali y alues om IROT measu emen s,
a quad a ic eg ession analysis was de eloped o hose
p e ious a iables ha esul ed s a is ically signi ican
(p<0.05) on he co ela ion analysis, accoun ing o he
weigh as a con inuous a iable. The quad a ic equa ion
wi h he coe icien o de e mina ion (R
2
), and he oo
mean squa ed e o (RMSE) and p alue o he analysis
we e p o ided o each pa ame e . S a is ical analyses
we e pe o med using he S a is ica .12.0 (S a is ica
so wa e, .12.0. S a so , Inc. 1984-2014) package.
Table 1. Desc ip i e s a is ics (means ± s anda d de ia ion and minimum-maximum in e als) and Duncan’s pos -hoc es
wi hin pa ame e s, o in a ed he mog aphy came a measu emen s (IROT) and mea quali y pa ame e s acco ding o
di e en ca cass weigh g oups o lean young bulls.
IROT (ºC) Mea quali y pa ame e s
pH[1] L*[2] a*[2] b*[2] C*[2] H*[2] WHC[2]
Min.-Max. 29.2-37.3 5.46-5.95 15.12-38.36 9.52-19.24 3.39-22.55 10.11-28.50 31.51-58.46 3.78-17.31
Ca cass weigh g oups
<250 kg 33.09±1.83b5.55±0.01 32.76±2.56 15.51±1.79a8.43±1.44a17.66±2.23a49.50±3.03a8.69±2.52
250-310 kg 33.74±1.66b5.57±0.08 32.74±2.41 14.66±1.48b7.66±2.30ab 16.62±2.39ab 46.59±4.02b8.72±2.94
>310 kg 35.03±1.09a5.57±0.07 33.07±1.95 14.12±1.98b7.03±1.59b15.79±2.45b45.41±4.50b9.53±2.63
To al 33.91±1.72 5.56±0.07 32.83±2.33 14.72±1.74 7.68±2.01 16.66±2.44 46.97±4.18 8.92±2.77
L* = Ligh ness; a*= Redness; b*=Yellowness; C* = Ch oma; H* = Hue; WHC = Wa e Holding Capaci y (exp essed as % o liquid
expelled). [1]Measu ed on longissimus ho acis muscle. [2]Measu ed on ec us abdominis muscle. Di e en le e s (a, b) wi hin columns
indica e s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween means (p <0.05).
Albe o Ho cada, Manuel Juá ez, Me cedes Vale a and Es e Ba olomé
Spanish Jou nal o Ag icul u al Resea ch Decembe 2019 • Volume 17 • Issue 4 • e06SC01
4
FIRST PROOF
ascula a angemen in us ic ca le b eeds, ha could
ce ainly bias he empe a u e cap u ed by his ool due
o he deepe essels.
Rega ding physical pa ame e s o mea quali y,
colou alues we e wi hin he anges epo ed o com-
me cial ca casses o young bulls om Sou hwes o
Eu ope (Peña e al., 2014). No signi ican di e ences
(p>0.05) we e ound in he bee luminosi y be ween he
ca cass weigh g oups. Howe e , di e ences be ween
means due o ca cass weigh we e obse ed o a*, b*,
C* and H* a ibu es due o a lowe a con en expec ed
in ligh ca casses compa ed wi h hea ie ca casses
(Gagaoua e al., 2018).
Excep o pH and H* colou alues, no signi ican
co ela ions we e ound be ween IROT and mea quali y
ai s on each ca cass weigh g oup (Table 2). The IROT
alue was mode a ely and posi i ely co ela ed wi h pH
measu ed in he LT muscle o ligh ca casses ( =0.66;
p<0.05). Thus, in case o ligh ca casses, a highe pH
alue in mea was expec ed in animals showing highe
IROT alues p e ious o slaugh e . On he o he hand,
he co ela ion be ween IROT and H* alue was weak
and nega i e, al hough s a is ically signi ican ( =-0.22;
p<0.05) in each weigh g oup es ed. Thus, ega dless
he slaugh e weigh , low H* alues could be expec ed
in bee om bulls showing high IROT alues be o e
slaugh e . This obse a ion can be explained due o he
in aclass a iabili y in each weigh g oup es ed was
small, whe eas he in e class a iabili y obse ed was
high.
Figu e 1 shows he quad a ic eg ession analyses
o bo h pa ame e s ha showed s a is ically signi-
ican (p<0.05) co ela ions wi h IROT (pH and
H*). Fo his analysis, weigh was conside ed as
a con inuous a iable. Resul s shown in Figu e 1a
indica e ha ca cass pH a e slaugh e could be p e-
dic ed om IROT measu emen s ob ained be o e
slaugh e , ollowing he quad a ic equa ion: pH =
7.231-0.0109*x-0.0507*y+2.8455E-5*x*x-3.2054E-
5*x*y+0.0011*y*y (R
2
=0.52; RMSE=0.032;
p<0.01), whe e y is he weigh o he animal and x
is he IROT measu ed be o e slaugh e . As ega ds
o Hue alue, i could be p edic ed ollowing
he
quad a ic equa ion showed in Figu e 1b: H* =-25.4711
+0.0831*x+4.2168*y+0.0003*x*x-0.0084*x*y-
0.0334*y*y (R
2
=0.41; RMSE= 3.793; p<0.001), whe e y
is he weigh o he animal and x is he IROT measu ed
be o e slaugh e .
Mo gan e al. (1995) al eady ound IROT as a use ul
ool o he ea ly de ec ion o poo mea quali y in ca le
be o e slaugh e . They p oposed o ejec animals wi h
IROT measu emen s di e ing a leas 1.20 imes om
he mean IROT measu emen calcula ed o he whole
g oup slaugh e ed oge he . The quad a ic eg ession
analysis showed di e ences in he e ec i eness o his
ool due o animal weigh . Fu he mo e, his analysis
suppo ed p e ious co ela ion esul s showing ha
he highe he IROT, he highe he pH alue wi hin
he ligh es animals’ weigh g oup (<250 kg), wi h a
medium-s ong ela ion (R2=0.52). This could be due o
he cha ac e is ics o he Spanish na i e b eeds used o
he analysis, in gene al lean and mo e he e ogeneous
in weigh han hose used by p e ious s udies (mean
body weigh o 283±100kg in his s udy, s 500±2kg
epo ed by Mo gan e al., 1995, in Canadian bull
b eeds o 309±5kg epo ed by Chu ch e al., 2014, in
Angus c oss s ee s). Thus, he IROT in e al p e iously
p oposed should be aken wi h cau ion in us ic animals.
These esul s a e suppo ed by p e ious s udies ha
ound di e ences in mea quali y and muscle s uc u e
o us ic compa ed wi h mo e selec ed ca le b eeds
(Viei a e al., 2007).
Rega ding mea colou , ou esul s seem o sugges
ha low Hue alues, ela ed o edde ca cass one,
could be linked o a g ea e blood low h ough he
muscles du ing slaugh e , as a esul o he HPA axis
ac i a ion a e a s ess esponse, indica ed indi ec ly
by he high IROT alues ob ained (S ewa e al.,
2007). Despi e, his ela ion was weak when jus a
linea co ela ion was conside ed ( =-0.22), a medium
ela ion be ween H* and IROT alue was ound
(R
2
=0.41), when ca cass weigh was conside ed as a
Table 2. Pea son co ela ions be ween in a ed he mog aphy came a
measu emen s and mea quali y pa ame e s o he h ee ca cass weigh le els
in lean young bulls.
Ca cass weigh pH[1] L*[2] a*[2] b*[2] C*[2] H*[2] WHC[2]
<250 kg 0.66*** 0.17 -0.17 -0.09 -0.14 0.02 0.24
250-310 kg -0.07 -0.08 0.12 0.01 0.07 -0.12 -0.09
>310 kg -0.11 -0.26 -0.30 -0.33 -0.31 -0.28 -0.35
To al 0.07 -0.01 -0.15 -0.15 -0.15 -0.22* 0.01
L* = Ligh ness; a*= edness; b*= yellowness; C* = Ch oma; H* = Hue; WHC = Wa e
Holding Capaci y; p>0.05; * p<0.05; *** p<0.001. [1]Measu ed on longissimus ho acis
muscle. [2]Measu ed on ec us abdominis muscle.
Sho communica ion: In a ed ocula he mog aphy as a ool o p edic mea quali y in lean ca le b eeds
Spanish Jou nal o Ag icul u al Resea ch Decembe 2019 • Volume 17 • Issue 4 • e06SC01
5
FIRST PROOF
H* = -25.4711+0.0831*x+4.2168*y+0.0003*x*x-0.0084*x*y-0.0334*y*y
pH = 7.231-0.0109*x-0.0507*y+2.8455E-5*x*x-3.2054E-5*x*y+0.0011*y*y
R2=0.52; RMSE=0.032; p<0.01
R2=0.41; RMSE=3.793; p<0.001
pH>5.68
pH>5.68
pH>5.64
pH>5.6
pH>5.56
pH>5.52
pH>5.48
H*>55
H*>52
H*>47
H*>42
a)
b)
Figu e 1. Quad a ic eg ession analyses be ween in a ed ocula empe a u e (x
axis), ca cass weigh measu emen s (y axis) and mea quali y pa ame e s ha
esul ed s a is ically signi ican on he p e ious co ela ion analysis (z axis):
(a) o pH alue; (b) o Hue (H*) alue. The squa e in he bo om le side
o each igu e showed he quad a ic equa ion ha p edic s pH and H* alues,
whe eas he squa e in he uppe igh side o each igu e showed he model i
pa ame e s R-squa ed (R2), oo mean squa e e o (RMSE) and p- alue.
con inuous a iable, so ha , he highe he weigh ,
he highe he H* alue and he lowe he IROT
em-
pe a u e, hus suppo ing p e ious esul s ob ained
om he nega i e linea co ela ion.
The p e-slaugh e use o IROT in bulls om
lean
b eeds could be a po en ial low-cos and quick de-
cision-making me hod o educe mea quali y de ec s
due o p e-slaugh e s ess. Ou p elimina y e sul s
indica e a endency o his ins umen o change i s
e ec i eness depending on ca cass weigh , showing
be e p edic ion po en ial wi h H* alue ega dless
he weigh and wi h pH on ligh lean young bulls.
Howe e , his echnique will need u he alida ion o
con i m he co ela ions obse ed in he p esen s udy
(including a iabili y in p e-slaugh e condi ions and
da a om s essed animals) and o achie e he le el
o au oma ion equi ed o ope a e a line speed in a
comme cial slaugh e house.

Albe o Ho cada, Manuel Juá ez, Me cedes Vale a and Es e Ba olomé
Spanish Jou nal o Ag icul u al Resea ch Decembe 2019 • Volume 17 • Issue 4 • e06SC01
6
FIRST PROOF
Acknowledgemen s
We wish o hank Ma ade o del Su S. A. (Sal e as,
Spain) s a o hei echnical suppo o he
de elopmen o his wo k and o p o iding he animals
and he slaugh e acili ies.
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