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TRANSPORT
ISSN 1648-4142 / eISSN 1648-3480
2018 Volume 33 Issue 4: 881–889
h ps://doi.o g/10.3846/ anspo .2018.6590
UNDER WHICH CONDITIONS IS CARRIER COOPERATION POSSIBLE?
A CASE STUDY IN A SEVILLE MARKETPLACE
Jesús MUÑUZURI*, Alejand o ESCUDERO-SANTANA, Pablo APARICIO-RUIZ
Dep o Indus ial O ganisa ion and Business Managemen , Uni e si y o Se ille, Spain
Recei ed 13 June 2016; e ised 12 Sep embe 2016, 23 No embe 2016; accep ed 20 Janua y 2017
Abs ac . The high olume o a ic o igina es wo well-known p oblems in many ci ies: conges ion and pollu ion. In e-
cen yea s, a social phenomenon is eme ging coope a ion. This wo k is aimed a e alua ing he ci cums ances unde which
anspo coope a ion is possible be ween di e en s akeholde s ope a ing in he same geog aphical a ea. To his end, a
double su ey p ocess was conduc ed in a ma ke place si ua ed in he Se ille Ci y (Spain) cen e. The i s su ey was de-
signed o know he cha ac e is ics o he e aile s and hei p e e ences wi h espec o coope a ion and egula ions. A ela-
ional analysis be ween e aile ea u es and hei willingness o coope a e was ca ied ou . A e analysing he mo i a ions
o non-coope a ion, a mixed p oposal was designed and su eyed. Al hough he esea ch was limi ed o a ma ke place,
he ele an da a ga he ed om his double su ey p ocess highligh s some implica ions: (a) he impo ance o pe sonal
ela ions in e aile coope a ion; (b) a high olume o eigh and he use o ans as on-s ee wa ehouses appea as signi i-
can mo i a ions o non-coope a ion; (c) o cing changes in he s a u quo encou ages coope a ion.
Keywo ds: ci y logis ics, ci y anspo , coope a ion, egula ion, s akeholde g oup.
In oduc ion
U ban goods dis ibu ion is indispensable o he eco-
nomic de elopmen o ci ies. Howe e , he dis ibu ion o
hose p oduc s con ibu es o he wo sening o he a ic
conges ion and pollu ion (Muñuzu i e al. 2005). F esh
ood ma ke places a e no an excep ion, wi h ypical con-
ges ion p oblems and lack o pa king a eas a ound hei
loca ions. The e o e, di e en measu es should be planned
by all he in ol ed s akeholde s; one o hem is coope a-
ion in he dis ibu ion p ocess.
Implemen ing u ban eigh ini ia i es ep esen s an
al e a ion o he balance in u ban space and/o economic
esou ces among he di e en g oups compe ing o i :
d i e s, esiden s, shop owne s, pedes ians, ansi sys-
em ope a o s, local adminis a o s, e c. Thus, i is ecom-
mendable o assess he poin o iew o e e y s akeholde
g oup, be o e de eloping any possible policies (Ös e le
e al. 2015). While he main conce ns o he ci y go e n-
men a e he wel a e o he ci izens (pa king a eas a ail-
abili y, low le el o a ic, e c.) and en i onmen al aspec s
(pollu ion and noise), e aile s ha e o he wo ies, such as
low axes, lexibili y o deli e ies, pa king a eas nea hei
shops, e c. Ob iously, he e is some imes a clash o in-
e es s ha mus be add essed (Lindholm, B owne 2013).
Al hough he e exis di e en wo ks ela ed o coop-
e a ion in u ban dis ibu ion (Dablanc e al. 2011; Lind-
holm, B owne 2013; Ös e le e al. 2015), none is ocused
on his ype o acili y (ma ke place), whe e e aile s o en
ha e common p o ide s, o whose p o ide s a e loca ed
a a common acili y (like a esh ood wholesale ma ke ).
The pu pose o his a icle is o ind cons uc i e ways
o collabo a ion in he con ex o a he e ogeneous ma ke -
place wi h mul iple ypes o p oduc s, oles, and con lic -
ing objec i es. In gene al, local au ho i ies ha e p oblems
o egula e and o ganize dis ibu ion in o de o make i
mo e e icien . Thus, ou objec i e is o know unde which
condi ions his coope a ion is possible and o de e mine
whe he ce ain u ban eigh ini ia i es could con ibu e
o alle ia e he daily deli e y p ocess a a esh ood ma -
ke place. This s udy is ca ied ou in he ci y o Se ille
(Spain). The ollowing sec ions p esen : (a) he desc ip-
ion o he p oblem; (b) a e iew o ela ed wo ks; (c) he
esea ch me hod, whe e we p esen bo h he di e en p o-
posed measu es and he de elopmen o he su ey p o-
cess; (d) an analysis and discussion o he achie ed esul s;
(e) he conclusions and e e ences.
Special Issue on
Collabo a ion and U ban T anspo
882 J. Muñuzu i e al. Unde which condi ions is ca ie coope a ion possible? A case s udy in a Se ille ma ke place
1. Backg ound
F esh Food Ma ke places consis o la ge buildings con-
aining mul iple s ands belonging o independen e aile s
who sell commonly esh ood, including ish, mea , ui
and ege ables. In Spain, hey cons i u e a adi ional ype
o p emises whe e a g oup o e aile s a e me ged in one
single building.
These buildings a e usually loca ed in adi ional a eas
o he ci y, so hei eigh deli e y necessi ies equen ly
ace p oblems ela ed o accessibili y and pa king. Jalle
e al. (2013) discuss di e en s a egies o he manage-
men o eigh pa king demand de eloped by go e n-
men al agencies and o he o ganiza ions, s essing ha
he main challenge in u ban eigh deli e ies is o en he
a ailabili y o pa king spaces, wi h many d i e s a emp -
ing o ind cu b space o pick up o deli e hei supplies.
The au ho s emphasize ha he challenge o looking o
a pa king slo s is e en g ea e in old ci ies whe e he e
a e na ow s ee s o iginally designed o non-mo o ized
socie ies. The lack o pa king policies o solu ions in hese
a eas has esul ed in he cu en scena io: us a ed d i -
e s ci cling he block o double-pa king.
These p emises a e usually loca ed in dense comme -
cial a eas, which u he agg a a es pa king p oblems. The
majo i y o esh ood e aile s ope a ing in ma ke places
a e awa e o hese p oblems. In ac , he dis ibu ion o
goods spends mos o he ime in he inal s age, due o
he high le el o conges ion on he a ailable loading zones.
Mode n F esh Food Ma ke places ha e speci ic pa king
acili ies a ailable o he e aile s and loading/unloading
ope a ions, as do he new ma ke place in he ci y o Huel-
a o he es o ed ma ke place o T iana in Se ille, which
ha e inco po a ed an unde g ound pa king lo . Howe e ,
old ma ke places (mos o hem) usually p esen a sho -
age o ca pa k o spaces des ined o pickup and deli e y.
Muñuzu i e al. (2005) unde line he co ela ion be ween
conges ion le els and eigh deli e y condi ions. In addi-
ion, i poin s o he lack o speci ic in as uc u e aimed
a acili a ing access, pa king, loading, unloading and de-
li e y o goods as one o he main p oblems aced by ci y
logis ics s akeholde s.
As a good example o his ype o ma ke places, we
conduc ed ou case s udy a Fe ia F esh Food Ma ke -
place, loca ed in he his o ical cen e o he ci y o Se-
ille, he mos populous own in he Sou h o Spain, wi h
a ound 700000 inhabi an s. Besides, i s his o ical cen e
is he mos ex ensi e o Spain wi h o e 4 km2. Figu e
1 shows a map o he ci y, whe e he shaded a ea is he
his o ical cen e and poin A is he ma ke place loca ion.
Al hough he ma ke place o e s mainly esh ood
such as mea , ish, ui and ege ables, he e is also a
la ge a ie y o o he ypes o shops selling p oduc s like
esh pas a, canned ood, d inks, ice c eam o sushi. The
dis ibu ion o comme cial ac i i ies is shown in Table 1.
Since he Fe ia Ma ke place is mainly des ined o esh
ood, he mos impo an supply cen e is Me caSe illa, a
wholesale cen e loca ed 7 km away om he ma ke place
(poin B in Figu e1).
Due o i s loca ion, he accessibili y o he Fe ia Ma -
ke place is no easy, and he pa king a eas a e limi ed. I
is accessible by oad only om one side, whe e he load-
ing zones a e loca ed. In Figu e 2, shaded ehicles iden i y
hese zones wi h capaci y o 5 ehicles. These ma ke -
place loading zones a e ese ed o e aile s du ing he
7:00 and 11:00am. Du ing he a e noon hou s, hey a e
ese ed o he local was e collec ion company. Fu he -
mo e, wo addi ional loading zones in he nea by a ea o
se en and h ee ehicles espec i ely can be used o se -
ice he ma ke place.
Table 1. Dis ibu ion o comme cial s alls in Fe ia Ma ke place
Type o comme ce No o s alls
Mea (M) 5
Po k p oduc s (PP) 2
F ui and ege ables (FV) 10
Fish (F) 8
Chicken (C) 3
O he s (O) 17
In he case o he Fe ia Ma ke place, he e iciency and
eliabili y o deli e ies, as well as he a ailabili y o pa k-
ing space is a conce n o bo h ca ie s and ecei e s. The
na ow s ee s in he a ea, he access ime windows and
he deli e y equencies imposed by supply chain consid-
e a ions a e he main anspo - ela ed wo ies o hese
s akeholde g oups. Con e sa ions wi h e aile s and he
analysis o he a ea led us o conclude ha :
– almos all he deli e y ac i i ies ake place on a daily
basis, inc easing he pa king p oblems, especially
du ing he 7:00…9:00 am pe iod;
– he opinions wi h espec o he di icul y o pa king
in he ese ed spaces a e unanimous;
– he op ions a e ei he o double-pa k, which is no
always easible in a one-lane s ee wi h plen y o ca
and bus a ic, o o ind a pa king space away om
he ma ke place, wi h he subsequen di icul ies o
he inal deli e y.
Figu e 1. Loca ion o Fe ia Ma ke place (poin A) in Se ille
A
C
B
T anspo , 2018, 33(4): 881–889 883
Thus, he ma ke place equi es a solu ion o imp o e
his si ua ion. In he logis ics o ma ke place deli e ies,
e aile s can choose o seek coope a ion wi h o he s o
exploi syne gies (Razzaque, Sheng 1998). In ou case, he
p elimina y consul a ion wi h all he s akeholde s abou
his p oblem poin ed ou wo possible solu ions: coope a-
ion and egula ion.
2. Li e a u e e iew
Coope a ion in anspo a ion is based on he sha ed use
o ehicles o eigh dis ibu ion, equi ing a p e ious
ag eemen among he s akeholde s in ol ed. As indica ed
by Chen e al. (2012), u ban coope a i e deli e ies can
signi ican ly educe conges ion and emissions by consoli-
da ing deli e ies o goods a a acili y ou side u ban a -
eas. The implemen a ion o his measu e would esul in
a educ ion o he conges ion o loading zones. A simila
p oblem is de eloped by Ma cucci e al. (2011) and Ma -
cucci, Ga a (2014), o deli e ies o non- ood shops in
Rome. In Gammelgaa d (2015), an u ban consolida ion
cen e is p oposed o achie e hese objec i es.
Nowadays, he dis ibu ion chains o se e al e aile s
end o inco po a e highe deg ees o coope a ion. This
ac has been accele a ed hanks o he cu en de elop-
men o in o ma ion echnologies, which allow mo e
anspa ency and he e o e close collabo a ion among
e aile s and ca ie s. Consequen ly, i is possible o educe
ehicle kilome es and o imp o e hei loading a es (Ve -
linde e al. 2012). Gonzalez-Feliu e al. (2013) comple e a
i s classi ica ion o e ical and ho izon al collabo a ion
in u ban logis ics, and p opose an assessmen o ho izon-
al collabo a ions o u ban dis ibu ion. Pomponi e al.
(2015) p esen a heo e ical amewo k o he design and
de elopmen o ho izon al collabo a ion in he supply
chain con ex .
The es ablishmen o e ec i e coope a i e measu es
is likely o imp o e many aspec s o u ban dis ibu ion
(Saeed 2013). Along his line, he impo ance o a ame-
wo k o acili a e he in e ac ion be ween s akeholde s
has been highligh ed in he li e a u e (Ös e le e al. 2015),
s essing he need o local au ho i ies o play a majo ole
(Lindholm, B owne 2013).
The EC (2001) de ines ho izon al coope a ion as “con-
ce ed p ac ices be ween companies ope a ing a he same
le el(s) in he ma ke place”. These can be ei he compe -
ing o un ela ed companies ha sha e p i a e in o ma ion,
acili ies o esou ces o educe cos s o imp o e se ice.
Beng sson and Kock (1999) iden i y ou ypes o ho izon-
al ela ionships. As i will be ou lined below, he meas-
u e o coope a ion conside ed in his pape is associa ed
wi h he i s ype, whe e he coope a i e ela ionships do
no include any economic exchanges and he goals o he
companies a e s ipula ed independen ly. Addi ionally, he
au ho s de ine o he ypes: egula ed coope a ion ( igh
bonds exis be ween companies ha de ine and pu sue
common goals), basic compe i ion ( he same o compa a-
ble supplie s and a ge he same g oup o clien s), and co-
ope i ion (coope a ion akes place o non-co e ac i i ies,
while compe i ion emains unchanged o co e ac i i ies).
The li e a u e shows di e en examples o ho izon al
coope a ion in logis ics, like join ou e planning and pu -
chasing g oups (Ja žemkis 2007). Ho izon al coope a ion
is based on iden i ying and exploi ing win-win si ua ions
among shops ha a e ac i e a he same le el o he supply
chain in o de o inc ease pe o mance. These companies
can be supplie s, e aile s o ecei e s (cus ome s). The
i s goal o he anspo a ion coope a ion is o educe
anspo a ion cos s. A se e e compe i ion in ma ke plac-
es and heigh ened cus ome expec a ions ha e esul ed in
educ ions in he p o i ma gins. Fo his eason, he e is a
s ong incen i e o dec ease he cos s o non- alue-adding
ac i i ies. Consequen ly, he ade is expe iencing a unda-
men al eo ganiza ion and since he po en ial o in e nal
logis ics op imiza ion is almos comple ely exploi ed, a -
en ion has shi ed o be e managing ex e nal ela ions in
he supply chain, es ablishing join e o s o de elop co-
ope a ion, he cus omiza ion o he logis ics solu ion, and
a ai sha ing o bene i s and isks (Skjoe -La sen 2000).
C uijssen e al. (2007) p esen a e iew o ho izon al
coope a ion. This ype o coope a ion equi es in e - i m
coo dina ion, a concep ha is well s udied in o ganiza-
ional li e a u e. They e iew he oppo uni ies p o ided
by ho izon al coope a ion and ela e hem wi h cos s,
p oduc i i y, cus ome se ice, ma ke place posi ion and
o he s. The impedimen s and h ea s posed by ho izon al
coope a ion a e iden i ied by: he pa ne s, de e mining
and di iding he gains, nego ia ion, and coo dina ion.
The acili a o s o ho izon al coope a ion a e ela ed o
in o ma ion sha ing, incen i e alignmen , ela ionship
managemen and con ac s, in o ma ion echnology and
o he s. In Gonzalez-Feliu and Salano a (2012), se e al
collabo a i e u ban eigh anspo a ion sys ems a e
de ined. A e he simula ion and analysis, hey obse e
collabo a ion has some ad an ages, bu i is no always he
Figu e 2. Loading zone in on o he Fe ia Ma ke place
FRESH FOOD MARKET
Fe ia s ee
Pedes ian s ee
Pedes ian s ee
Pedes ian s ee
Pedes ian s ee
884 J. Muñuzu i e al. Unde which condi ions is ca ie coope a ion possible? A case s udy in a Se ille ma ke place
bes solu ion o each c i e ion. Besides, o he wo app e-
cia ions a e p esen ed: i s , he solu ion p e e ed by one
ope a o does no necessa ily coincide wi h he bes solu-
ion o he sys em; and second, collabo a i e s a egies
p esen isks ha ha e o be e alua ed. Pan e al. (2014)
apply pooling coope a ion o he collec ion o small and
medium-sized wes e n F ance ood supplie s se ing he
same e ail chain, in o de o demons a e he e iciency
(cos and CO2) o he pooling sys em.
Rega ding egula ion measu es, Muñuzu i e al. (2012)
p esen he pic u e o he cu en scena io and he ypi-
cal egula ion schemes in Spain, analysing he easons o
ailu e o he sys em and he possible e o s ( ela i ely
cheap and easy o implemen ) ha could be unde aken
owa ds he imp o emen o u ban eigh deli e ies.
Minga do e al. (2015) analyse he e olu ion o pa king
policy in Eu ope, including di e en aspec s o pa king
egula ions and hei gene ic e olu ion. These egula ions
usually gene a e con o e sy; while he pe cep ion o his
policy was posi i e in he case o Toledo, he shop owne s
in Mé ida we e clea ly agains i , belie ing ha i discou -
aged sales a he han p omo ing hem, since he cos o
be assumed by he inal cus ome s was now inc eased by
he pa king ee amoun .
3. Me hodology
Wi h he pu pose o iden i ying elemen s ha may acili-
a e o hampe he coope a ion in ma ke places, we con-
duc ed a double su ey p ocess in he Fe ia ma ke place.
This pape ocuses on su ey esea ch o con ibu e o he
gene al body o knowledge in a pa icula a ea o in e -
es , namely he ci cums ances unde which coope a ion is
possible among he s akeholde s o a esh ood ma ke -
place. P e iously o he in-dep h su ey p ocess, p elimi-
na y and in o mal alks we e held wi h all he s akehold-
e s, wi h he objec i e o achie ing a global iew.
Su ey esea ch is a me hod used o pe o m empi i-
cal esea ches in Ope a ion Managemen (Ka lsson 2008)
and widely used in consul a ion ela ed o coope a ion
ini ia i es (Dablanc e al. 2011; Ös e le e al. 2015). Due
o he cha ac e is ics o he scena io, we designed a wo-
s age su ey: in a i s phase, we explo ed accep abili y and
a ailabili y o collabo a e. Besides, his su ey p o ided
in o ma ion abou he cha ac e is ics o he e aile s.
Fo za (2008) de ines his p elimina y s ep as “explo a o y
su ey esea ch”. The objec i e is o p o ide a mo e in-
dep h knowledge abou he scena io in o de o analyse
collabo a i e solu ions, mo i a ions, di icul ies and limi s
ega ding se e al ypes o ac ions. A se o a ibu es can
be de i ed om h ee main sou ces: li e a u e su ey, p e-
ious quan i a i e s udies and ocus g oup mee ings wi h
ele an expe s akeholde s. The possible solu ions a e
explo ed ia in e iews and con e sa ions. In he second
phase, a e analysing he i s phase esul s, a measu e
is induced and a second su ey is implemen ed. Fo za
(2008) de ines his me hodology as “con i ma o y su ey
esea ch”, which akes place when he knowledge o a phe-
nomenon has been a icula ed in a heo e ical o m. In
his case, he da a collec ion p ocess is ca ied ou wi h
he speci ic aim o es ing he adequacy o a new p oposal.
This was conduc ed o s udy he accep abili y and deploy-
men condi ions o his measu e. Finally, we assessed he
sui abili y o his measu e empi ically. A mo e ex ensi e
explana ion o his double su ey p ocess is p o ided be-
low.
Following indica ions om he local au ho i ies, any
solu ion o be implemen ed in he Fe ia Ma ke place
should be suppo ed by he majo i y o ma ke place e-
aile s. Ini ially, wo op ions we e p oposed o hem: (a)
coope a ion in anspo a ion and logis ics, which was
ou p ima y objec i e; (b) he in oduc ion o egula ion
en o cemen , wi h he in oduc ion o pa king me e s,
which was sugges ed by some o he shop owne s du ing
he p elimina y alks.
Two coope a ion possibili ies (Figu e 3) we e p esen -
ed o he e aile s in he Ma ke place. Fi s , he possibili y
o es ablishing a di ec consolida ion poin in Me caSe il-
la, he local wholesale ma ke o esh ood, which is he
main supply cen e o his Ma ke place. Second, he c ea-
ion o a consolida ion poin in he ou ski s o he ci y
cen e, a ound 2.5 km away om he p emises (poin C in
Figu e 1). These solu ions ollow a simila app oach o he
one ound in Gammelgaa d (2015).
The in oduc ion o pa king me e s would be aimed a
imp o ing he accessibili y o bo h cus ome s and e ail-
e s o he ma ke place. Since he use s o pa king spaces
would ha e o pay o using i , his measu e should esul
in highe le els o o a ion in he pa king a ea.
Bo h measu es we e es ed in pa allel, so we could
compa e he esul ob ained. Besides, he e aile s we e
asked wi h an open ques ion abou o he possible meas-
u es. In his i s ound o su eys (made in he i s
mon hs o 2014), we also analysed he cha ac e is ics o
he e ails.
The esul s o hese su eys is shown in Table 2. Each
ow ep esen s a e aile su eyed (a o al o 39). They
we e g ouped acco ding o hei ac i i y: g oup 1 ep e-
Me caSe illa
Consolida ion
poin 1
Consolida ion
poin 2
Ca ie 1
Ca ie 2
Ca ie i
Fe ia
ma ke place
Figu e 3. P oposed coope a i e schemes
T anspo , 2018, 33(4): 881–889 885
Table 2. Su eys o e aile s
Re aile cha ac e is ic Coope a ion Regula ion 
G oup
Type o
comme ce
O igin
o eigh
Ca ie
Type o
ehicle
Deli e y
equency
Volume
o eigh
Yes
No
Mo i a ion,
commen s
Yes
No
Mo i a ion,
commen s
O he
p oposals
G oup 1
FV M O ST D H × 1, 2 × 7 A
FV M O V D H × 1, 2, 3 × 7 A
FV M O V D H × 1, 2 × B
FV M O V D H × 1, 2 × 9
FV M O V D H × 1, 2, 4 × 8
FV M O V D H × 4, 5 × 9
FV M O V D H × 1, 2 ×
FV M O V D H × 1, 2 ×
FV M O V D H × 1, 2 × A
G oup 2
F M O V D M × + × 8
F M O V D M × ×
F M O V D M × 4 × 8
F M O V D M × × 10
F M O V D M × + × C
F M O V D M × ×
F M O V D M × 5 ×
F M O V D M × ×
O1 M O C AD L × 4, 6 × A
G oup 3
M M O V D M × × 10
M S S D D – × × 7
M M S V AD – × 4 ×
M S S V AD – ×
PP S S V D – × 4 × 8
PP 1 S V 1W – × × 11
C 1 S V D – × 4 × 8
C S S ST D – × ×
C M B C 1W L × ×
G oup 4
O2 S S F 2W – × 6 × 8
O3 1 B C 1W M × 6 ×
O4 M S V D – × 6 × 8
O5 S B D D L × 6
O6 1 S C AD – × 6 × 11
G oup 5
O7 S S V 2W – × 6 × A
O 1 B C 2M L × 6 ×
O8 1 O V 2W L × 6 × 7
G oup 6
O9 S S S 1M – × 6 × 7, 8
O10 S S V 2W – × 6 × 7
O11 1 S V 2M – × 6 × 7, 8
O12 1 O C 3W M × 6 × 9
sen s ui and ege ables ade s (FV); g oup 2 includes
ish ade s (F) and simila ac i i ies, like sushi ade s
(O1); g oup 3 is o med by he mea -based p oduc s ad-
e s, including mea (M), po k p oduc s (PP) and chick-
en (C); he es o esh p oduc e aile s a e me ged in
g oup4 (O2–O6: bake y, ice-c eam shop, ake away ood,
esh pas a, lowe shop), g oup 5 (O7–O8: oils and liq-
uo s and canned ood) and g oup 6 (O9–O12: s o es o
ki chenwa e, elec ici y, shoes and pe s), all o hem as-
socia ed o non-pe ishable p oduc s. The columns con ain
he g oup and he cha ac e is ics o e e y e aile , hei
opinion wi h espec o he measu e o coope a ion, hei
opinion ega ding he use o pa king me e s, and any ad-
di ional commen s o sugges ions.
Dealing wi h he cha ac e is ics o e e y e aile , 6 as-
pec s we e e alua ed: he ype o comme ce (classi ied ac-
co ding Table 1), he o igin o he eigh (1– one s o e;
S– se e al s o es; M– Me caSe illa), he ype o ca ie
(O– own anspo ; S– supplie ; B– bo h), he ype o
ehicle used (V– an; ST– small uck; C– ca ; S– se -

886 J. Muñuzu i e al. Unde which condi ions is ca ie coope a ion possible? A case s udy in a Se ille ma ke place
e al o hem), he equency o deli e y (D– daily, AD–
almos daily; ×W– × days a week; ×M– × days a mon h)
and he olume o eigh ha hey anspo (H– high;
M– medium; L– low).
The esul s show ha a signi ican numbe o he ma -
ke place e aile s anspo hei own goods, which means
ha hey a e di ec ly a ec ed by he sca ci y o pa king
space. Mos o he e aile s collec hei goods a Me ca-
Se illa, ypically using ei he la ge o small ans.
Thei opinions wi h espec o he p oposed coope a-
ion ini ia i e a e mainly nega i e, wi h a gene alized lack
o suppo o he scheme. The mo i a ions exp essed o
his opposi ion a e: (1) he ehicle is comple ely ull wi h
hei own p oduc s; (2) he ehicle is used as an on-s ee
wa ehouse; (3) di e en equi emen s in packaging man-
agemen ; (4) desi e o independence in e ms o sched-
ules, equency, e c.; (5) he disag eemen be ween e ail-
e s; (6) he belie ha coope a ion is impossible, due o he
pa icula i y o hei shops. The co espondence be ween
hese opinions and he e aile s exp essing hem is shown
in Table 2.
The main suppo o his policy came om he ish
e aile s, some o which a e in ac ope a ing he only ex-
is ing coope a ion case in he Ma ke place (+ in Table 2).
They did men ion o us ha coope a i e deli e ies we e
common yea s ago among ish e aile s, bu hey disap-
pea ed when i became easie o hem o own and man-
age hei own ehicle.
Wi h espec o he possibili y o inco po a ing pa k-
ing me e s in he loading zones, i has a be e suppo ,
despi e he ac ha one hi d o he su eyed e aile s a e
clea ly agains i . Those in a ou conside ha his policy
migh imp o e o a ion in he pa king spaces (7) and he
a luence o cus ome s o he ma ke place (8), while hose
agains i s ess ha i would only ep esen addi ional
cos s (9). O he e aile s a e sa is ied wi h he cu en si u-
a ion (10), and o o he s, hei elec ion depends on he
inal implemen a ion (11).
In ela ion o pa king me e s, an impo an conside a-
ion is he ac ha he a gumen s o e aile s in a ou o
his measu e a e ocused on a oiding he occupa ion o
he loading zones wi h ehicles used as on-s ee wa e-
houses; howe e , some membe s o g oup 1 s a ed hei
clea p e e ence o he cu en scena io.
Th ough he open ques ions in he su ey, 3 sugges-
ions we e p oposed by he e aile s:
– new loading/unloading a eas in he su ounding pe-
des ian s ee s;
– a eas o pa k he ehicles a e he loading/unload-
ing ope a ions ha e been comple ed, hus eeing he
loading zones;
– segmen a ion o loading zones by ac i i y.
Using he esul s o hese su eys, an in-dep h analysis
o e alua ion was de eloped by Muñuzu i e al. (2016),
and a new p oposal was addi ionally sugges ed o he e-
aile s. This new p oposal was add essed o sa is y all he
s akeholde s, and used he in o ma ion collec ed in he
i s su eys and con e sa ions. Almos all he e aile s
sha e a common p oblem (di icul y o pa king), bu hei
in e es s a e di e en . Consequen ly, i was necessa y o
elabo a e a complex measu e which looks o he bes so-
lu ion o he global sys em, bu whe e no one loses.
The measu e was based on 3 complemen a y ele-
men s:
– Ins alla ion o pa king me e s wi h a s ic ime limi
(abou 15…20 min), so a la ge majo i y o e aile s
would be pleased;
– De elopmen o a speci ic pa king poin o lea e he
e aile s’ own ehicles a e he deli e y. This poin
could coincide wi h he consolida ion poin shown
in Figu e 1. Thus, his loca ion would allow he co-
ope a ing e aile s o pa k hei indi idual ehicles
o en e he ci y cen e wi h a single an. This aspec
would alle ia e he lack o pa king a eas;
– Two new pa king spaces in he su ounding pedes i-
an s ee s. E en hough his aspec is clea ly agains
he pedes ianisa ion policy ollowed by he local ad-
minis a ion o e he las decades, i was he single
possibili y o sa is y mos e aile s. Howe e , he use
o hese spaces would be subjec o he pa icipa ion
o e aile s in he coope a ion scheme. The e o e, his
aspec would sa is y he necessi y o he six e aile s
dedica ed o ui and ege ables.
This new combined ini ia i e was p esen ed again o
he e aile s, using a su ey composed o 3 ques ions:
–Ques ion A: Cu en si ua ion s. new p oposal;
–Ques ion B: Only egula ion o pa king a eas wi h
pa king me e s. new p oposal;
–Ques ion C: Any commen s and conside a ions.
Wi h espec o he new p oposed ini ia i e, he esul s
ob ained can be summa ized as ollows. Only 9 o he e-
sponden s p e e he cu en si ua ion, while he es a e
willing o es ini ia i es seeking o imp o e he si ua ion.
Mos o he nega i e esponses belong o e aile s who use
he loading zones as on-s ee wa ehouses. As a esul , 76
pe cen o he esponde s p e e he new p oposal. When
he choice is only be ween pa king me e s and he new
p oposal, he esul changes d as ically. In his case, almos
all he p e iously nega i e esponde s p e e he new p o-
posal. Howe e , some o he o he esponden s now p e e
he pa king me e measu e. In an agg ega ed analysis, 82%
o esponden s p e e hese combined measu es.
In Ques ion C, some e aile s exp essed hei conce n
abou he ans e ime be ween he pa king poin and
he ma ke place. As shown in Figu e 4, he ci cula ion o
pa icula ehicles a ound o he ci y cen e is obliga o ily
done clockwise, and only public anspo has a coun e -
clockwise lane enabled. This public anspo lane could
be open o he pa icipa ing deli e y ehicles h ough spe-
cial access pe missions issued by he local au ho i ies. This
could sa e 5min in he displacemen o he pa king poin ,
hus sa ing 50% o he ans e ime.
T anspo , 2018, 33(4): 881–889 887
4. Analysis and discussion o esul s
Th ough an exhaus i e and deep analysis o he esponses
ob ained in he su eys, we could ob ain some in e es ing
insigh s, apa om he esul s ela ed o he accep ance
o ejec ion o a speci ic u ban eigh policy. Fi s , we can
highligh some conside a ions wi h espec o he cu en
scena io:
– The cu en numbe o loading zones a ailable is
enough o se e he Fe ia Ma ke place, i he es ab-
lished o a ion is main ained. The exis ing egula-
ions speci y a maximum 15 min pe iod o unload-
ing ope a ions, a e which he deli e y ehicle has
o lea e i s place o ano he one. The con ol o his
egula ion is a esponsibili y o he local police. How-
e e , i s con ol is a he elaxed in he ci y;
– The o igin o he p oblem o lack o o a ion in load-
ing zones is caused mainly by ui and ege able e-
aile s. They a i e ea lies in he mo ning, and pa k
hei ehicles in he loading zones all day long. This
does no happen only because ui and ege able e-
aile s a e inconside a e wi h he es , since his is
a gene alized si ua ion in o he simila a eas o he
ci y, whe e e aile s keep hei ehicles pa ked in he
same place o hou s ins ead o simply unloading he
goods and mo ing hei ehicle away.
In his scena io, he esul o he analysis highligh s
some in e es ing aspec s. The ini ial coope a i e scheme
is highly e used, bu ui e aile s show a s onge op-
posi ion, since hey ha e a a he easy li e wi h he cu en
s a e o a ai s. Only he ish e aile s conside i a good
solu ion. The p e e ed solu ion o he load zone o a ion
p oblem should simply conside he en o cemen o he
exis ing egula ions. Mos ca ie s a e clea ly in a ou o
pa king me e s, since hey should ee some o he a ail-
able loading space. Howe e , ui ca ie s a e s ongly op-
posed o pa king me e s.
This si ua ion esul s in he di icul ies ha a ise when
ying o implemen a coope a i e schema in an en i on-
men whe e some s akeholde s b eak he exis ing egula-
ions. I ocuses he in e es o he emaining s akeholde s
on measu es aimed a en o cing he exis ing ules (like
pa king me e s, which p e en ui and ege able ca i-
e s o pa k hei ehicles in he loading zones du ing he
whole day).
When he combined measu e was p oposed, mo e ca -
ie s conside ed coope a ion as a iable possibili y. How-
e e , he s akeholde s bene i ed om he cu en si ua ion
a e opposed o any pe u ba ions. Howe e , when s onge
egula ions a e p esen ed as he al e na i e, hey a e mo e
esponsi e o he possibili y o coope a ing.
Thus, he agi a ion o he cu en si ua ion and he ne-
cessi y o ind solu ions ha do no damage anybody’s in-
e es s could be a ca alys o he in oduc ion o coope a-
i e schemes. This ac was also suppo ed by ish ca ie s,
all o which used o sha e ehicles some yea s ago, when
he cos o e ige a ed ehicles was highe . Ne e heless,
coope a ion equi es he ac i e pa icipa ion o he local
au ho i ies (Lindholm, B owne 2013) h ough he en o ce-
men o he ules and he issuing o special pe missions.
Figu e 4. In he le -hand side igu e, he cu en ou e o he consolida ion poin is ep esen ed by a solid line, and he u ning
poin B and he use o he bus lane wi h a dashed line; he igh -hand side igu e ep esen s he way back o he ma ke place
B
B
C
888 J. Muñuzu i e al. Unde which condi ions is ca ie coope a ion possible? A case s udy in a Se ille ma ke place
Conclusion and u u e esea ch
To p e en he ise o anspo a ion cos s, inc easing con-
ges ion and emissions, coope a ion ini ially seems o be
an in e es ing al e na i e. Howe e , due o he di e en
in e es s and pe cep ions, he e alua ion o ci y logis ics
policies mus ake in o accoun he di e en iews o he
di e en s akeholde g oups, and he ac ha each one
o hese g oups makes decisions acco ding o an en i ely
di e en se o pa ial objec i es.
In he hea ily conges ed ci y cen e o Se ille (Spain),
he Fe ia F esh Food Ma ke place is a ypical adi ional
ma ke , loca ed in he old ci y cen e, whe e he e is sig-
ni ican lack o space and pa king acili ies. This ac usu-
ally causes se e e p oblems in logis ics and dis ibu ion,
esul ing in a gene al consensus abou he necessi y o
aking measu es.
This wo k p esen ed he p oposal and assessmen o
a coope a i e scheme o he Fe ia ma ke place. A p io i,
coope a i e deli e ies in a esh ood ma ke ha e a high
po en ial, due o he exis ence o common p o ide s in
wholesale ma ke s and he simila i y o wo king imes. To
e alua e he possibili ies o his measu e, we ca ied ou a
double su ey p ocess. Following a deepe analysis o he
esponses gi en o ou su eys, we eached wo impo an
conclusions: he p edisposi ion o coope a ion depends on
he deg ee o sa is ac ion wi h he cu en si ua ion (only
when he cu en si ua ion is changed, some s akeholde s
a e encou aged o coope a e) and he ac ha pe sonal
ela ions some imes ha e a highe weigh han e iciency
c i e ia. These conclusions could be ex ended o o he
ma ke s and simila u ban eigh a ac o s.
The indi iduali y o he e aile s in ol ed is hen he
main eason behind hei ejec ion o coope a i e schemes,
which would possibly esul cheape , mo e sus ainable and
ee om he in e en ion o he adminis a ion. In hei
place, he only way ou o he local au ho i ies in iew
o he exis ing con lic in he Ma ke place would be he
ins alla ion o pa king me e s in he loading zones (which
had been inciden ally o ed by he e aile s, in an assembly
wi h a a he low le el o pa icipa ion and consensus) and
he es ablishmen o special condi ions, such as ci cula ion
pe missions on he bus lane. These measu es we e p o-
posed speci ically o add ess he exis ing p oblems in he
Fe ia Ma ke . The ex apola ion o hese speci ic measu es
o o he F esh Food Ma ke s equi es u u e esea ch and
s udy o hei pa icula cha ac e is ics and s akeholde
dis ibu ion. Howe e , wo aspec s a e global: local au-
ho i ies mus es ablish and en o ce he necessa y egula-
ions o p omo e coope a ion, a oiding he monopolizing
o esou ces, and hey mus implemen mechanisms ha
make coope a ion easie .
In conclusion, al hough collabo a ion has a high po-
en ial as a logis ic solu ion o he cen e o he ci y, i s
s a -up in a esh ood ma ke place equi es lexibili y on
he pa o all s akeholde s and clea in ol emen o he
local adminis a ion.
Acknowledgemen s
The au ho s wish o acknowledge he inancial suppo o
p ojec ECOTRANSIT (Re . TEC2013-47286-C3-3-R) o
he comple ion o his wo k.
We would like o addi ionally hank he pa icipan s,
ade s in Fe ia Ma ke place and local au ho i ies, o hei
ime and hei willingness o comple e he su eys.
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