The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles
and challenges in La in Ame ica*
ESTADO DE BIENESTAR SOCIAL: CARACTERÍSTICAS GENERALES,
OBSTÁCULOS Y DESAFÍOS EN AMÉRICA LATINA
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
P o esso o Labo Law
Uni e si y o he Fede al Dis ic - UDF (B azil)
[email p o ec ed] 0000-0001-5883-1438
Lo ena Vasconcelos Po o
P o esso o Labo Law
Uni e sidad Ex e nado de Colombia
Mackenzie P esby e ian Uni e si y (B azil)
[email p o ec ed]
[email p o ec ed] 0000-0002-3532-1176
Recibido: 14.05.2021 | Acep ado: 17.06.2021
ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
This pape p o ides an analysis o he o ganiza ional model o he poli ical and
he ci il socie ies which became p e alen in Wes e n Eu ope a e he Second
Wo ld Wa : he Wel a e S a e. I also p o ides a discussion on he easons
why his model o o ganiza ion has ne e been e ec i ely implemen ed in any
La in Ame ican coun y. To his end, i s ly, he ex highligh s he many and
mos impo an cha ac e is ics o he Wel a e S a e, wi h a en ion o he pe-
culia i ies i assumes in speci ic Eu opean coun ies. Secondly, based on hese
compa a i e elemen s, a ypological syn hesis o he Wel a e S a es is d awn,
conside ing he ange om he mos sophis ica ed examples o hose which
only mee he minimum ele an c i e ia o his model o S a e and social o -
ganiza ion. Finally, he eali y o La in Ame ican coun ies is analyzed and i is
indica ed o wha ex en hey ha e (o ha e no ) s uc u ed some hing ha
could be e ec i ely conside ed a Wel a e S a e. In his amewo k, i is con-
cluded ha , al hough he e a e a ew La in Ame ican coun ies showing p o-
g ess in e ms o achie ing hese cha ac e is ics in compa ison wi h he g ea
majo i y o coun ies in he egion, he obs acles and challenges o he ull
s uc u ing o a eal Wel a e S a e in his egion o he globe a e s ill pe sis en .
Wel a e S a e
Cha ac e is ics o he
Wel a e S a e
Typology o he
Wel a e S a es
La in Ame ica and
Aspec s o he
Wel a e S a e
Obs acles aced in he
e ec i e s uc u ing
o he Wel a e S a e
in La in Ame ica
* This pape was ansla ed om Po uguese o English by Bianca Kun a h.
** This pape was w i en by wo au ho s. The au ho whose name appea s i s did he ini ial w i ing o he pape ,
while he au ho whose name appea s in second place e ised and expanded he ex , including he in oduc ion o new
bibliog aphical sou ces and e e ences.Es e a ículo ue esc i o po dos au o es. El au o cuyo nomb e apa ece p ime o
hizo la edacción inicial del a ículo, mien as que el au o cuyo nomb e apa ece en segundo luga e isó y amplió el ex o,
incluyendo la in oducción de nue as uen es y e e encias bibliog á icas.
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social
(e-RIPS) ▶ 2021 ▶ Vol. VI ▶ Nº 1 ▶ ISSN 2445-3269
h ps://edi o ial.us.es/es/ e is as/e- e is a-in e nacional-de-la-p o eccion-social
h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS ▶ © Edi o ial Uni e sidad de Se illa 2021
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.
h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
RESUMEN PALABRAS CLAVE
Es e a ículo busca analiza el modelo o ganiza i o de la sociedad polí ica y
la sociedad ci il que se hizo p e alen e en Eu opa Occiden al poco después
de la Segunda Gue a Mundial, llamado Es ado de Bienes a Social (o Wel a e
S a e), y deba i las azones po las que es e es ánda de o ganización nunca
ha alcanzado una e ec i a implemen ación en cualquie país de Amé ica La i-
na. Pa a ello, el ex o, en p ime luga , des aca las di e sas y más impo an es
ca ac e ís icas del EBES, sal agua dando las peculia idades que asume en
de e minados países eu opeos. A pa i de es e conjun o de elemen os com-
pa a i os, se ealiza una sín esis ipológica de los Es ados de Bienes a , o-
mando en conside ación desde el más so is icado has a el que solo eúne el
mínimo de ca ac e ís icas ele an es a es e modelo de o ganización es a al y
social. Finalmen e, analiza la ealidad de los países la inoame icanos, indican-
do en qué medida han es uc u ado (o no) algo que pod ía conside a se un
Es ado de Bienes a Social e ec i o. En es e con ex o, concluye que, aunque
hay algunos países de Amé ica La ina que han a anzado más en el log o de
es as ca ac e ís icas, en compa ación con la g an mayo ía de los países de la
egión, aun así, los obs áculos y desa íos pa a la es uc u ación comple a de
un EBES eal en es a egión del mundo siguen p esen es y se e os.
Es ado de Bienes a
Social (EBES)
Ca ac e ización del
EBES
Tipología de Es ados
de Bienes a Social
Amé ica La ina y
asgos ca ac e ís icos
del EBES
Di icul ades
pa a es uc u a
e icazmen e el EBES
en Amé ica La ina
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE WELFARE STATE: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
A. Summa y o he gene al cha ac e is ics
B. Typology o wel a e s a es
III. LATIN AMERICA AND THE STRUCTURING TRAITS OF THE WELFARE STATE: A BALAN-
CE BETWEEN THE CLASSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE RESTRICTED STRUCTU-
RING TRAITS
IV. OBSTACLES AND CHALLENGES TO THE STRUCTURING OF THE WELFARE STATE IN
LATIN AMERICA
A. Posi i e ac o s o he s uc u ing o he wel a e s a e in wes e n Eu ope
B. Obs acles and challenges o he b oad s uc u ing o he wel a e s a e in la in
Ame ica
V. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Bibliog aphy
I. INTRODUCTION
This pape seeks o examine he o ganiza ional model o he poli ical and he ci il soci-
e ies which became p e alen in he majo Wes e n Eu opean coun ies immedia ely
a e Wo ld Wa II, known as he Wel a e S a e, and he easons why i did no achie e
i s ull s uc u ing in he La in Ame ican coun ies.
To his end, i s ly, he ex seeks o highligh he main cha ac e is ics o he Wel a e
S a e, ega ding bo h he poli ical socie y and he ci il socie y. In his s udy, nine mos
ele an cha ac e is ics a e lis ed, o which i is added a en h cha ac e is ic, pe cei ed
only in mo e ecen pe iods o he Eu opean Wel a e S a es.
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
142
Taking hese en main cha ac e is ics in o conside a ion, he ex p o ides a ypol-
ogy o he Wel a e S a es, om he mos sophis ica ed pa e n o s uc u ing o he
minimum s anda d o o ganiza ion which s ill mee s i s essen ial c i e ia o de ini ion.
Once hese ini ial bases o e lec ion ha e been es ablished, he pape examines
he eali y o he La in Ame ican coun ies, in o de o de e mine o wha ex en hey
implemen (o no ) hese main cha ac e is ics. Wi hin his amewo k and on he ba-
sis o signi ican specialized bibliog aphy, he ex e i ies ha , i ually, no coun y in
he egion en i ely ma e ializes his o ganiza ional pa e n in he poli ical and he ci il
socie ies.
Howe e , he a icle also concludes, in consonance wi h a ious ex s he eby e -
e enced, ha a small g oup o coun ies in he egion a e close o he Wel a e S a e
model, e en hough hey s ill do no ca y i s main cha ac e is ics. In any case, he e-
maining coun ies emain signi ican ly dis an om he Wel a e S a e s anda ds.
I em IV o he a icle concludes, he e o e, by examining he main obs acles o he
ad ancemen o he Wel a e S a e model in La in Ame ican coun ies and he main
challenges o be aced in o de o achie e be e esul s in his ield in he coun ies o
his egion o he globe.
II. THE WELFARE STATE: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Wel a e S a e consis s o an o ganiza ional pa e n o poli ical and ci il socie ies.
I has become complex, comp ehensi e, and sophis ica ed in he Wes e n Eu opean
expe ience, pa icula ly a e he end o Wo ld Wa II, in he con ex o he Humanis
and Social Cons i u ionalism, which has also an essen ially Eu opean oo (Cons i u-
ions o F ance, in 1946; I aly, in 1947; and Ge many, in 1949; and la e Cons i u ions
o Po ugal, in 1976; and Spain, in 1978)1.
Na u ally, elemen s o he u u e Wel a e S a e eme ged in Wes e n Eu ope as
ea ly as he second hal o he 19 h cen u y, wi h he s uc u ing o ins i u ions and
no ms egula ing labo ela ions as well as ma e s o social secu i y and wo k- ela ed
inju ies. Such labo and social secu i y elemen s we e u he de eloped in he i s
decades o he 20 h cen u y, wi h he ad en o Social Cons i u ionalism, in 1919 –in-
oduced, in Eu ope, by he Weima Cons i u ion (which inse ed in he cons i u ional
amewo k ules ega ding Labo and Social Secu i y Law)– and wi h he c ea ion o
he In e na ional Labo O ganiza ion (ILO), also in 1919, which con e ed a new and
di e en ia ed s a us o Indi idual Labo Law and Collec i e Labo Law, as well as o
labo unionism2.
1. Godinho Delgado, M.: “Cons i uição da República, Es ado Democ á ico de Di ei o e Di ei o do T abalho”, en
Godinho Delgado, M. y Ne es Delgado, G.: Cons i uição da República e Di ei os Fundamen ais – dignidade da pessoa
humana, jus iça social e di ei o do abalho, LT , São Paulo, 2017, pp. 33-58.
2. In he Ame icas, Social Cons i u ionalism was in oduced by he Mexican Cons i u ion o 1917, he i s cons i-
u ional documen which included ules o Labo Law and Social Secu i y Law. In Godinho Delgado, M.: “Cons i uição
da República, Es ado Democ á ico de Di ei o e Di ei o do T abalho”, ob. ci ., pp. 33-58.
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
143
The subsequen ins i u ionaliza ion o a ci il and a poli ical socie y, bo h espec ul
owa ds labo and i s ins i u ions as well as owa ds human beings’ physical and men-
al heal h, in i s a ious phases o li e, by means o a public heal h and social secu i y
sys em: all hese elemen s would be impo an cha ac e is ic c i e ia o de ine he
Wel a e S a e which eme ged soon a e he Second Wo ld Wa in Wes e n Eu ope.
O he elemen s o he u u e Wel a e S a e a e he conques and ex ension o
poli ical igh s o non-p ope y owne s and o women, wi h he pu pose o achie ing
e ec i e uni e sal su age, wi hou sub e uges and a i icial obs acles –a p ocess
which also ook place in di e en Eu opean coun ies om he second hal o he 19 h
cen u y on and in ensi ied in he i s decades o he 20 h cen u y–3.
I is also an impo an pa o his his o ical phase he a i ma ion o he idea o
social igh s, in con as o he simple and excluding idea o s ic ly indi idual igh s,
which a ose om ea ly libe alism. A i s , social igh s me i ed a a he simple con-
cep ion, es ic ed o he no ion o economic bene i s and se ices owed by he s a e
o indi iduals (in which igh s o social secu i y as well as o heal h and educa ion we e
especially included). La e , social igh s began o me i a be e -cons uc ed concep-
ion, capable o pe cei ing ha he ci il socie y can –and mus – also be a p o ide o
social igh s o ce ain less- a o ed po ions o he popula ion (o which labo igh s
a e a pe ec example, whe e he deb o may be he employing company o o he
possible employing subjec s).
In he con ex o he g owing democ a iza ion o social, economic and powe e-
la ions, ending o gene a e a socie y which is no only democ a ic bu also uly in-
clusi e –a p ocess which became mo e sophis ica ed in Wes e n Eu ope igh a e
Wo ld Wa II– new social igh s ha e eme ged, such as uni e sal and ee educa ion,
uni e sal and ee heal h ca e, cul u e as a social igh , mass anspo a ion as a social
igh , housing as a social igh , ood as a basic gua an ee and social igh , along wi h
o he elemen s and alues. Na u ally, his e olu ion occu ed a di e en paces in
Wes e n Eu opean coun ies (uni e sal public and ee educa ion, a leas in p ima y
educa ion, o example, p eceded he pe iod subsequen o he Wo ld Wa II in di e -
en coun ies). Such e olu ion, inally, combined in o a complex, comp ehensi e and
sophis ica ed model a e he Second Wo ld Wa , wi h he Humanis and Social Con-
s i u ionalism and a well-designed cons uc ion o he Wel a e S a e –wi h a en ion o
he na ional peculia i ies o he di e en Wes e n Eu opean s a es o ha ime–.
E iden ly, he S a e canno –and mus no – exclusi ely mee hese ele an human
needs. Such exclusi ism is no e en he ocus o he p ojec and he his o ical and
sociological cons uc ion o he Wel a e S a e. In ac , se e al dimensions o , a leas ,
pa o hese human needs –conside ed o be pa o he lis o social igh s– end o
be me , o example, by he amily (in any o i s adi ional o new o ma s, i should
3. Abou he close co ela ion be ween ad ances in social secu i y, wi h an “ini ial nucleus o p og ams,” and poli -
ical-elec o al ad ances, conce ning he consec a ion o uni e sal su age, including women as well, in se e al Wes -
e n Eu opean coun ies, see Lessa Ke s ene zky, C.: O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social na Idade da Razão – a ein enção do
es ado social no mundo con empo âneo, Else ie , Rio de Janei o, 2012.
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
144
be no ed) and, especially, by women h oughou his o y. Le us ake educa ion and
heal h as an example, which a e pa ly gua an eed by he amily, howe e , he mos
ele an pa o hem is ensu ed by S a e ins i u ions in he Wel a e S a e model (uni-
e sal public heal h and educa ion sys em). As o he igh o basic nu i ion, o exam-
ple, i may indeed be gua an eed, in a subs an ial manne , by he economic ma ke
i sel , p o ided ha public policies ensu e a easonable le el o income o indi iduals
h ough wo k, employmen o social secu i y bene i s.
I should be no ed, howe e , ha , in a Wel a e S a e s uc u e, public policy make s
should be a en i e o he gene a ion and ep oduc ion o condi ions which can allow
people o in eg a e in o his peculia social dynamic, since his sa is ac o y and equi-
able in eg a ion comp ises a signi ican dimension o he social in e es , o he public
in e es and o he in e es and objec i e o he Wel a e S a e.
In his enowned wo k om 1990, “The Th ee Wo lds o he Wel a e S a e”, Gos a
Esping-Ande sen in oduced a amous ypology o he Wel a e S a e, based exac ly on
hese guidelines4. The No dic au ho he eby iden i ied h ee models o he Wel a e
S a e: The mos sophis ica ed and egali a ian among hem all, in which he p e a-
lence o he S a e and i s public equipmen p e ails in mee ing he ele an human
needs (wha he calls he “social democ a ic model”, o ins ance, he one ollowed by
Scandina ian coun ies); he model ha is also signi ican ly egali a ian, bu in which
he impo an p esence o he amily, in addi ion o he S a e, s ands ou in mee ing
human needs (wha he au ho calls he “conse a i e-co po a i is model”, o which
Ge many s ands ou ); and, inally, he less egali a ian model among he h ee, in which
he ele an p esence o he capi alis ma ke s ands ou along wi h a modes p es-
ence o he S a e in mee ing he needs o he indi iduals (wha he au ho calls he
“libe al- esidual model”, o which he USA s ands ou , illus a i ely) (Esping-Ande son,
1985; Esping-Ande son, 1995)5.
Ob iously, he second model (called “conse a i e-co po a i is ”) mus gene a e,
concomi an ly, public policies which somehow ewa d he pe o mance o he am-
ily –o a he , o women, om a eal his o ical and sociological poin o iew– o he -
wise his second model may comp omise he ci ilizing objec i e o he Wel a e S a e,
submi ing women o an excessi e, unbalanced and excluding labo dynamic. Such
c i iques we e made by impo an eminis au ho s o Esping-Ande sen’s ypologi-
cal cons uc ion, leading o an imp o emen in he Scandina ian au ho ’s heo e ical
elabo a ion6.
4. Esping-Ande son, G.: The h ee wo lds o wel a e s a e, P ince on Uni e si y, P ince on, 1990.
5. See Esping-Ande son, G.: “O u u o do wel a e s a e na no a o dem mundial”, Lua No a, núm. 35, 1995, pp. 73-
111; Esping-Ande son, G.: Poli ics agains ma ke s – he social democ a ic oad o powe , P ince on Uni e si y, P ince on,
1985. The analysis o Gos a Esping-Ande sen’s wo k was ca ied ou by se e al au ho s, which included he c i iques
made by eminis au ho s owa ds his ypology. Fo ins ance: Pimen a de Fa ia, C. A.: “Uma genealogia das eo ias
e ipologias do Es ado de Bem-Es a Social”, en Godinho Delgado, M. y Vasconcelos Po o, L. (coo d.): O Es ado de
Bem-Es a Social no Século XXI, LT , São Paulo, 2018, p. 33-78; Sá y o, N e al.: “Regimes de bem-es a social na Amé ica
La ina: uma e isão do deba e ecen e” en Godinho Delgado, M. y Vasconcelos Po o, L. (coo d.): O Es ado de Bem-Es-
a Social na Amé ica La ina, Ti an Lo Blanch, São Paulo, 2021.
6. Abou his opic, see he chap e s men ioned in no e 7, immedia ely be o e.
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
145
I is also ob ious ha he hi d model (“libe al- esidual”) can become a coun e ei
o he Wel a e S a e in case i h ows people in o he mill o he economic ma ke wi h-
ou public p o ec ions and compensa ions which can e ec i ely ul ill hei p imo dial
and inhe en needs wi hin he s uc u e and logic o he Wel a e S a e. The u h is
ha , in gene al, ex eme libe alism –in pa icula he cu en ha in ecen decades
has been called neolibe alism– ends o g adually elimina e he S a e’s esponsibili-
ies o he wel a e o indi iduals and he communi y, ans e ing all he bu den and
challenges o a di ec ela ionship be ween human beings and he economic ma ke .
In Esping-Ande sen’s ypology, i is unde s ood ha a eal Wel a e S a e will only exis
i such ex emism and con igu a ion do no e ec i ely ake place in his o ical p ac ice.
A. Summa y o he gene al cha ac e is ics
In a p e ious wo k, Mau icio Godinho Delgado and Lo ena Vasconcelos Po o high-
ligh ed he undamen al cha ac e is ics o he Wel a e S a e, in i s mos complex, so-
phis ica ed and comp ehensi e e sion7:
1. “P esence and ins i u ionaliza ion o a mul idimensional democ acy (poli ical,
social, economic, cul u al, ins i u ional and legal)” in he espec i e coun y and
S a e. Fo Delgado and Po o, his concep ion o democ acy is, in eali y, mis-
aken o he “cons i u ional concep o Democ a ic Rule o Law, inhe en o
he Eu opean Humanis and Social Cons i u ionalism o he pos -Wo ld Wa II
pe iod”.
2. “P esence and ins i u ionaliza ion o ci il and poli ical igh s, howe e , unde
a b oad, inclusi e and an i-disc imina o y pe spec i e - as opposed o i s e-
s ic ed, exclusiona y and disc imina o y concep ion inhe en o he o iginal
libe alism”.
3. “P esence and ins i u ionaliza ion o a wide ange o indi idual, social and col-
lec i e igh s (some o hem simul aneously b inging oge he , in hemsel es,
he h ee dimensions, as occu s wi h labo igh s).” Some o he main igh s
om his g oup, gene ically known as social igh s, mus be ci ed: wo k and em-
ploymen ; heal h; educa ion; social secu i y; housing; collec i e anspo a ion;
ood; cul u e; leisu e. I should be added ha , in o de o ma e ialize his impo -
an cha ac e is ic, he Wel a e S a e, in i s mos sophis ica ed e sion, ends o
s uc u e public and uni e sal educa ion sys ems, public and uni e sal heal h
sys ems and social secu i y sys ems, also wi h s ong public pa icipa ion, along
wi h o he measu es and peculia i ies. In addi ion, by means o ull employmen
o social secu i y bene i s, hey also end o ensu e o he igh s, such as access
o ood.
7. Godinho Delgado, M. y Vasconcelos Po o, L.: “O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social (Wel a e S a e) no capi alismo con-
empo âneo”, en Godinho Delgado, M. y Vasconcelos Po o, L. (coo d.): Wel a e S a e – os g andes desa ios do Es ado
de Bem-Es a Social, LT , São Paulo, 2019, pp. 23-49.
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
146
4. “P esence, gua an ee and ins i u ionaliza ion o he s a us o social mo emen s
as es ablished social, economic and poli ical ac o , especially labo unions and
hei ins i u ions”. Tha is, he in e media y ins i u ions ep esen ing impo an
po ions o he ci il socie y a e ecognized and espec ed, including especially
he labo union en i ies, since hey ac a he cen e o he economic powe o
capi alism, mi iga ing and democ a izing his powe .
5. “P esence, gua an ee and ins i u ionaliza ion o a easonably balanced, equa-
nimous, independen mass media ehicles, capable o ansmi ing he di e se
pe spec i es which he coun less highligh ed p oblems in ol e”.
6. “P esence and ins i u ionaliza ion o inc easing equal pa icipa ion o women in
he a ious dimensions o he ci il and he poli ical socie ies”. As al eady men-
ioned in his a icle, he women’s s uggle ini ia ed in he 19 h cen u y and
h oughou he 20 h cen u y, conque ed, in he g ea majo i y o Eu opean
coun ies –and e en in o he coun ies a ound he globe– he igh o uni e sal
su age, s ill du ing he i s decades o he 20 h cen u y. The women’s mo e-
men would, since hen, ha e a ele an impac on he p ocess o cons uc ion
and imp o emen o he di e en Wel a e S a e expe iences.
7. “P esence and ins i u ionaliza ion o ele an and s a egic pa icipa ion o he
S a e and i s ins i u ions in socie y and he economy”. Fo Delgado and Po o,
such p esence would no only be an ins umen “ o gua an ee he uni e sali y
o public policies assu ing social igh s o he popula ion, bu he occu ence o
sus ainable de elopmen in he capi alis economic sys em”.
8. “P esence and ins i u ionaliza ion o a ax policy on he basis o he p inciple o
solida i y, so as o ensu e he iscal good-s anding o he S a e in ha mony wi h
he p inciple o subs an ial equali y, which is essen ial o he Wel a e S a e ide-
ology”. I should be added ha he iscal good-s anding o he S a e can only be
eached wi hou unnecessa y social sac i ices p o ided ha he cha ac e is ics
lis ed in i ems 7 and 9 – e e ing o S a e in e en ion in he economy– a e also
obse ed in he his o ical expe iences o he Wel a e S a e.
9. “P esence and ins i u ionaliza ion o a sus ainable and esponsi e capi alis
economic sys em, which is also able o p o ide sus ainable de elopmen , cha -
ac e ized by a capi alis model wi h social and en i onmen al esponsibili y
(socio-en i onmen al esponsibili y) and socio-economic ecip oci y o he e-
spec i e popula ion”8.
These nine cha ac e is ics co espond o a sophis ica ed, complex, and comp e-
hensi e Wel a e S a e pa e n, which was no , howe e , achie ed in all pos -Wo ld
Wa II Wes e n Eu opean coun ies. As a comp ehensi e se , i was accomplished,
essen ially, in he coun ies loca ed in he cen e and no h o Wes e n Eu ope ( o
ins ance, Ge many, Aus ia, Belgium, F ance, Holland, I aly, he Uni ed Kingdom and
8. Godinho Delgado, M. y Vasconcelos Po o, L.: “O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social (Wel a e S a e) no capi alismo con-
empo âneo”, ob. ci ., pp. 23-49.
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
147
Swi ze land, as well as he No dic coun ies –Denma k, Finland, Iceland, No way and
Sweden–), amoun ing o 13 coun ies and a popula ion o o e 200 million. Howe e ,
i has eached, o a signi ican ex en , o he Eu opean coun ies, despi e he slowe
pace (as is he case o he wo Ibe ian coun ies, Spain and Po ugal, o example).
Rega dless, a en h cha ac e is ic mus be added o his lis . I consis s in he p es-
ence and ins i u ionaliza ion o g owing equal pa icipa ion o mino i ies in he a ious
dimensions o he ci il and he poli ical socie ies (women, as we know, canno be con-
side ed e ec i e mino i ies; e en hough hey ha e always been disc imina ed agains
in his o y). I should be added ha , in se e al Wes e n coun ies, e hnic segmen s
o he han hose o Eu opean o igin ep esen a signi ican numbe o people, and a e
g owing, in ac , e en in Wes e n Eu ope i sel . In he Ame icas, he issue o disc imina-
ion and exclusion o people belonging o ce ain e hnic g oups is qui e mani es and
se e e ( eaching he poin o acism, as we know), as occu s, o example, in he USA,
B azil, Colombia, El Sal ado , Ecuado , Mexico, Panama and Pe u9.
I is ue ha , du ing he pe iod o cons uc ion o he Wel a e S a e in Wes e n
Eu ope, his en h cha ac e is ic did no igu e as some hing sociologically signi ican ,
in iew o he g ea e hnic homogenei y o he Eu opean coun ies ha buil he Wel-
a e S a e a ha his o ical momen . This aspec , howe e , has always been ele an
in he his o y o he coun ies o he Ame icas, om he US o La in Ame ica, since he
o ma ion and independence o hese coun ies (18 h and 19 h cen u ies). In Wes -
e n Eu ope i sel , howe e , he heme began o gain p ominence, impo ance, and
s eng h in he las decades o he 20 h cen u y and up o he p esen day.
I is clea ha he s uggle agains disc imina ion (any disc imina ion, i should be
no ed, including ha based on sex, sexual o ien a ion, o igin, s a us, colo , age, e c.) is
a p ima y pa o he Democ a ic Rule o Law, a componen o he Humanis and So-
cial Cons i u ionalism, and is included, e iden ly, in opics 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6, men ioned
abo e. Howe e , due o i s no able ele ance, his igh mus be he eby highligh ed.
The Wel a e S a e, wi h i s peculia i ies and limi a ions, has been p esen in o he
pa s o he wo ld, such as Oceania, pa icula ly in Aus alia and New Zealand. Wi h
in oduc o y elemen s om he la e nine een h cen u y on ( o ins ance, a somewha
9. The No h Ame ican au ho Jenni e P ibble, e e ing o he wo k by Van Co , 2000, iden i ies se ious p ob-
lems o e hnic o acial disc imina ion in di e en coun ies o he Ame icas. Along wi h he USA (which is no he
subjec o his pape ), she poin s ou , in La in Ame ica, a leas se en coun ies wi h his p o ile, emphasizing ha
his ac has in luenced (o s ill in luences) nega i ely he cons uc ion o public policies o human and social isks
p e en ion (such as uni e sally accessible heal h and educa ion, o example) and human and social isks man-
agemen (such as social secu i y bene i s). Such coun ies a e he ollowing: B azil; Colombia; El Sal ado ; Ecuado ;
Mexico; Panama; Pe u ( o me hodological easons conce ning da a, he au ho does no ad ance he analysis in o
Boli ia and Venezuela, in which case he e is no way o inse , o example, ei he coun y in he p esen lis - al-
hough i is known ha Boli ia also aces se e e p oblems o disc imina ion due o e hnic ac o s). Na u ally, he
analysis p oposed by Jenni e P ibble is no es ic ed o hese ac o s –as will be seen in i em IV o his a icle–,
al hough she insis s ha hey a e impo an in he s udy o he obs acles and challenges ha he Wel a e S a e im-
plemen a ion aces in La in Ame ica. In P ibble, J.: “Mundos apa ados: egimes de polí ica social na Amé ica La ina”,
en Godinho Delgado, M. y Vasconcelos Po o, L. (coo d.): O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social na Amé ica La ina, Ti an Lo
Blanch, São Paulo, 2021. Abou acism in he USA and i s a ious epe cu ions in he ci il and poli ical socie ies, see
he documen a y “13 h” by Ne lix.
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
148
comp ehensi e and sophis ica ed labo sys em), he Wel a e S a e emained a s and-
a d o socioeconomic de elopmen in hese wo coun ies, especially a e Wo ld Wa II.
The Wel a e S a e is also p esen in he Ame icas, bo h in Canada and he US,
obse ing he Esping-Ande sen ypology. In any case, i seems app op ia e o place
Canada in he Comp ehensi e Wel a e S a e model, while he US i s he S ic Wel a e
S a e model. The di e ence be ween he wo coun ies is jus i ied, o example, in iew
o he supe io i y o he Canadian heal h ca e sys em, which is uni e sal and ee, as
opposed o he US sys em, which is mos ly p i a e and qui e cos ly; he di e en ia ion
is also jus i ied by he ac ha Canada’s educa ional sys em, a he uni e si y le el, is
mo e uni e sal and inclusi e han he US s anda d.
As o he Uni ed S a es, he Wel a e S a e was designed by means o some ele an
ea u es ha eme ged in he 20 h cen u y, especially a e he F anklin Delano Roose el
adminis a ion (1933-1945), which in ensi ied un il a leas he 1970s. The main enance
and expansion o a uni e sal and inclusi e school sys em co e ing un il elemen a y
school, he s eng hening o Collec i e Labo Law h ough he empowe men o labo
unions, he s ong ole o he S a e in p o ec ing and gene a ing de elopmen and em-
ploymen in o de o ensu e a signi ican le el o income o he popula ion, along wi h
he beginning o he igh agains acial seg ega ion agains he black mino i y in ha
coun y, a e ema kable ai s o his p og essi e e a. This p og essi e phase las ed om
he 1930s un il he 1970s, om which momen i began o be con inuously disman led
and des oyed by he neolibe al hegemony ha eme ged since he Richa d Nixon and
Ge ald Fo d adminis a ions (1969-1977) and ha was la e accen ua ed by Ronald Rea-
gan (1981-1989) and subsequen epublican adminis a ions. Neolibe alism, o e he
las 40/50 yea s, has e ec i ely weakened he ea u es o he Wel a e S a e model in he
US, no o he poin , howe e , o comp omising he amewo k laid ou abo e10.
The u h is, howe e , ha hese sca e ed expe imen s ailed o p o e o be complex,
sophis ica ed and comp ehensi e, unlike he s anda d model o cen al and no he n
Wes e n Eu ope a e Wo ld Wa II ( he Comp ehensi e Wel a e S a e model). I was
a somewha limi ed Wel a e S a e, bu ne e heless impo an compa ed o he adi-
ional exclusiona y poli ical, legal, ins i u ional and socio-economic models. I should
be no ed ha , in he USA, despi e he ad ances o he New Deal, he hegemony and
disc imina o y p ac ices p e ailing in se e al sou he n s a es could no be o e u ned,
much less he ins i u ionaliza ion o a uni e sal, non-disc imina o y elec o al sys em
was achie ed, e en conside ing con empo a y days11. No o men ion he s eng h o
10. In ac , he cons uc ion o neolibe al hegemony in he US also ook place du ing he New Democ a ic go e n-
men s, al hough o a lesse ex en . Fo example, he T ila e al Commission, c ea ed in 1973 by Da id Rocke elle , wi h
he pu pose o , among o he hings, sp eading he neo-libe alis ideology a ound he wo ld, was gi en p es ige by
he subsequen Ca e adminis a ion (1977-1981), while he Clin on adminis a ion (1993-2001) con inued he end
o massi e inca ce a ion o he black popula ion and also he public policy o de egula ion o he inancial ma ke .
Howe e , he mos empha ic one and di ec ion in he ul alibe al di ec ion we e undoub edly se and i mly de el-
oped, in ac , by he Republican go e nmen s (Nixon, Fo d, Reagan, H. W. Bush, W. Bush, and T ump), h oughou o e
30 yea s o p esiden ial manda es.
11. Abou he Ame ican poli ical and elec o al sys ems and i s exclusiona y limi a ions, see, o ins ance: Dahl, R.:
A Cons i uição no e-ame icana é democ á ica? 2. ed., Fundação Ge úlio Va gas, Rio de Janei o, 2015.; Ne lix: Whose
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
149
Fi s ly, he e lec ions made ook in o conside a ion, essen ially, - conside ing he
s udies included in he men ioned collec i e book - da a om app oxima ely he yea
2000 (co e ing he long p eceden pe iod and some yea s subsequen o 2000), which
means ha posi i e (o nega i e) changes may ha e occu ed in di e en coun ies
du ing hese las wo decades. Some e e ence was made o ac s and public policies
ha ook place in he las 20 yea s, bu hey do no co e all he coun ies and we e
no he ocus o he analysis. To his ex en , his s udy does no conside he eal e -
ec s o he public policies implemen ed by he p og essi e go e nmen s in Boli ia
and Venezuela in he las wo decades21.
Secondly, one o he cha ac e is ics o La in Ame ica and i s coun ies –e en in he
mos ad anced coun ies o he egion– is he s op-and-go dynamic in public policies,
a dynamic ha may indeed ha e occu ed in hese wo ecen decades in some o
hese coun ies. In o he wo ds, in pe iods in which ends opposed o he Wel a e
S a e and ad oca es o ex eme libe alism ake powe , by a ious means, hey end o
disman le, as much as possible, he ad ances consolida ed in he p e ious p og es-
si e phase, hus signi ican ly slowing he p ocess o s uc u ing o he Wel a e S a e
in he espec i e coun y. Un o una ely, his is a ela i ely common dynamic in La in
Ame ica, which B azil has been expe iencing qui e empha ically since 2016. This dis-
cou aging peculia i y mus be e ec i ely aken in o accoun in any analysis.
This second aspec mus be s essed: he obs acles and challenges o he imple-
men a ion o he Wel a e S a e in La in Ame ica a e so signi ican and elen less ha ,
a each his o ical junc u e, he e is he isk o losing a g ea deal in he cons uc ion
o he Wel a e S a e in his egion, e en in coun ies which a e somewha mo e ad-
anced in his a ea.
In ac , as will be seen in i em IV o his ex , each ime he neolibe al hegemony e-
u ns in La in Ame ica, o example, an obsessi e phase o des uc ion o he ele an
aces o he Wel a e s uc u e in hese coun ies is igge ed. Ei he by dic a o ships
( he case o Chile, be ween 1973 and 1990, du ing Pinoche ’s dic a o ial pe iod), o by
ul alibe al domina ion by means o adi ional o c ea i e poli ical sho cu s ( he case
o B azil, s a ing in 2016, wi h he o e h ow o he democ a ically e-elec ed go e n-
men in he 2014 elec ion). The La in Ame ican s op-and-go ends o encompass no
only economic and social de elopmen , bu also poli ical, ins i u ional, and cul u al
de elopmen owa ds an e ec i e Wel a e S a e in hese coun ies.
The hi d obse a ion –which is also a ca ea – conce ns he numbe o La in Ame -
ican coun ies in he sample. As may be seen, no all o hem a e discussed he e. And
his choice was made o di e en easons.
21. The indi idual analysis o hese wo coun ies, Venezuela and Boli ia, wi h hei speci ici ies, conside ing he
go e nmen s o Hugo Chá ez and Nicolas Madu o (Venezuela: 1999-p esen ) and E o Mo ales (Boli ia: 2006-2019),
is no he objec o he p esen s udy. In hese wo cases and hei espec i e speci ic pe iods, s udies o hei own
would ha e o be conduc ed on hese wo unique expe iences. The e e ence o he wo coun ies, hus, akes in o
conside a ion he adi ional his o ical pe iod (o a small ma gin o he new pe iod), in which hey e ec i ely also co -
espond o he exclusiona y pa e n o he as majo i y o La in Ame ican coun ies.
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
156
On he one hand, he case o Cuba. I is e iden ha he coun y, o mo e han
i e decades, has managed o s uc u e consis en , e ec i e, and gene alized public
policies in he a eas o educa ion, heal h, and social secu i y. Fo his se o ac o s,
i could indeed be amed as a Wel a e S a e. Howe e , as is well known, he Cuban
poli ical egime ails mise ably wi h ega d o some o he subs an ial cha ac e is ics
p e iously lis ed, especially hose conce ning democ acy and i s mul iple dimensions
and igh s (i ems 1, 2, 3 and 5, o example). In his way, i would be eckless o le el
si ua ions which s ongly di e om se e al o he cha ac e is ics displayed in he
p esen analysis. The e o e, no judgmen has been made abou he a o emen ioned
coun y; i was simply no included in he p esen s udy, o he me hodological ea-
sons explained abo e.
On he o he hand, he case o Venezuela and Boli ia. As al eady explained, he ex-
posed conclusions emphasize, especially, he phase be o e he go e nmen s o Hugo
Cha es and Nicolas Madu o, in Venezuela (which began in 1999, ex ending o he
p esen day), and he go e nmen o E o Mo ales, in Boli ia (which p e ailed om
2006 un il 2019). Equally, no judgmen is being made on hese ecen pe iods; i is
only emphasized ha hey would ha e o be he objec o speci ic s udy in o de o
app ehend whe he o no hey e e sed he conse a i e and exclusiona y line ha
used o cha ac e ize he adi ional public policies o hese wo coun ies22.
Finally, he e a e o he La in Ame ican coun ies (Hai i, o example) ha we e no
conside ed in he p esen sample and a e no pa o he Classi ica ion Cha (Cha
1) in he a icle by Na ália Sá y o, Danúbia Zane i and Rosiene F ei as ha se ed as
basis o his e lec ion. Appa en ly, such coun ies (Hai i’s case, a leas ) would also
co espond o he g oup o “coun ies wi hou ele an Wel a e cha ac e is ic ai s”.
Howe e , o ob ious easons, he p esen wo k does no p opose such judgmen ,
which is hus le o ano he esea ch and analysis.
IV. OBSTACLES AND CHALLENGES TO THE STRUCTURING OF THE
WELFARE STATE IN LATIN AMERICA
In he p e ious opics, i has been al eady in oduced, o a ce ain ex en , he main
obs acles and challenges o he inco po a ion o he Wel a e S a e among he se e al
La in Ame ican coun ies. Howe e , some hing in his ega d may s ill be added and
be e sys ema ized.
In o de o be e explain ou unde s anding o he subjec , i s ly, he ac o s ha ,
in gene al, led o he s uc u ing o a Wel a e S a e in Wes e n coun ies will be lis ed.
Hence, s anda ds will be ex ac ed om Wes e n Eu opean coun ies, as hese a e
well-es ablished egimes (subi em A).
22. The au ho Jenni e PRIBLLE, in he s udy named “Mundos Apa ados: egimes de polí ica social na Amé ica
La ina” (Wo lds Apa : Social Policy Regimes in La in Ame ica), p e e s as well o exclude om he analysis he ecen
pe iod o hese wo coun ies due o he inconsis ency pe cei ed in some da a. In P ibble, J.: “Mundos apa ados:
egimes de polí ica social na Amé ica La ina”, ob. ci .
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
157
Inhe en pa ame e s o he Ame icas will be conside ed along wi h subi em B o
i em IV, whose objec consis s o he main obs acles and challenges o he ull inco -
po a ion o he Wel a e S a e in La in Ame ica.
A. Posi i e ac o s o he s uc u ing o he wel a e s a e in wes e n Eu ope
In his o y, he e is an exp essi e se o ac o s which a o ed he cons uc ion and he
p ese a ion o he Wel a e S a e in Wes e n Eu ope.
Na u ally, no all ac o s come oge he a one gi en ime, as a uni a y block, in
all success ul Wes e n Eu opean Wel a e S a e expe iences. Some o hese ac o s
may no e en be p esen in a pa icula na ional his o ical expe ience. In addi ion,
he e a e usually na ional peculia i ies ha ha e signi ican in luence on he p ocess
o s uc u ing he Wel a e egime in each coun y.
Fu he mo e, as wi h almos any wide- anging his o ical phenomenon, he c ea-
ion and imp o emen o a Wel a e S a e ends o esul om a di e se se o ac o s,
including mo e gene al pa e ns ha may (o may no ) be p esen and ac o s which
a e speci ic o he his o ical eali y o each coun y. Rega dless, once hese me hodo-
logical ese a ions ha e been exposed, i is pe inen o highligh some ac o s ha
ha e eme ged, wi h g ea e o lesse o ce, in he dynamics o he cons uc ion o he
main Wel a e expe iences in Wes e n Eu ope.
The main posi i e ac o s no ed in his di e se his o ical pano ama a e he ollow-
ing, among o he s:
1. The ins i u ionaliza ion o democ a ic en i onmen s, p ac ices, law and ins i u-
ions, ei he p io o he es ablishmen o he Wel a e S a e, o du ing he s uc u ing
o democ acy and he Wel a e egime i sel . Democ acy allows he popula sec o s, ei-
he hose p e iously excluded o hose es ic edly included in he p e ailing sys em,
o be e o ganize hemsel es, a all le els, wi h mo e le e age o e icien ly p essu e
o he implemen a ion o social and public compensa ions in bene i o such sec o s,
in con as wi h he phase o exclusion.
In addi ion, democ acy ale s he p e iously exclusi is socioeconomic and poli ical
segmen s o adap hei ideology and hei public policy p oposals o ce ain conces-
sions o he social segmen s ha o m (o used o o m) he ou side s, as a s a egic
means o p ese ing hei own hegemony in socie y.
This pape does no aim o exagge a e he ole o democ acy in he o ma ion and
imp o emen o he Wel a es S a es, no o a i m i as an absolu e ac o . I does no
deny ei he ha , in Wes e n His o y, he e ha e been momen s o au ho i a ianism
ha , excep ionally, implemen ed concessions o he segmen s excluded om socie y,
om he economy and om he dominan ins i u ions. This was he case o Bisma ck’s
go e nmen in Ge many in he end o he 19 h cen u y, o example, wi h i s labo and
wel a e policies, which in oduced he i s Eu opean ins i u ions ha , in he u u e,
would be conside ed cha ac e is ic o he Wel a e model. In ac , his was also he
case, o a ce ain ex en , o Va gas’s go e nmen in B azil a e he Re olu ion o 1930,
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
158
which inaugu a ed (o s eng hened) social secu i y and labo policies ha would be
he beginning o a u u e Wel a e S a e in B azil (which, un o una ely, is s ill unde
cons uc ion o e en unde h ea ). This is simply a cons a a ion ha dic a o ships,
in gene al, in he Wes , ha e no been a o able o he c ea ion o p ese a ion o
Wel a e S a es and ela ed public policies, con a y o wha happens wi h democ a ic
en i onmen s and ins i u ions. Howe e , i mus be ecognized ha , as an excep ion,
in some cases, e en au ho i a ian go e nmen s ha e elabo a ed poli ical s a egies o
socioeconomic inclusion o social segmen s un il hen conside ed as ou side s.
2. The o ganiza ion and ins i u ionaliza ion o wo ke s’ associa ions, especially la-
bo unions, wi h democ a ic and inclusi e p ac ices and claims in he con ex o he
wo king en i onmen and socie y as a whole, so as o s uc u e he o ganiza ion o he
ci il socie y in i s p e iously excluded segmen s. T ade union eedom, au onomy and
empowe men a e impo an his o ical and ins i u ional p emises no only o he es-
ablishmen o democ acy, bu also o he es ablishmen o Wel a e S a e no ms and
ins i u ions. Indeed, in Wes e n Eu ope, i is a e o a Comp ehensi e Wel a e S a e
o eme ge wi hou he p esence o a s ong, widesp ead ade unionism, espec ed by
he ci il and poli ical socie ies23.
3. The o ganiza ion and ins i u ionaliza ion o poli ical pa ies wi h solid inse ion
in he popula segmen s, so as o es ablish and consolida e he undamen al o gani-
za ion o ci il socie y in he segmen s which we e p e iously excluded om economic,
social and S a e ins i u ions. Al hough hese ypes o poli ical pa ies, in he Eu opean
example o he 19 h cen u y, s a ed as “ e olu iona y pa ies” –in he sense ha hey
we e ini ially opposed o capi alism as a whole–, he ac is ha hey g adually adap ed
o a e o mis agenda, adjus ing hemsel es o he p agma ic sea ch o he democ-
a iza ion o poli ical and ci il socie y, in he amewo k o Wes e n capi alism. The
p esence and pe o mance o hese poli ical pa ies o popula and p og essi e oo s
we e decisi e o he s uc u ing and ma e ializa ion o he concep s o social jus ice,
ma e ial equali y, solida i y, he coun e balance be ween he du ies o he subo di-
na ed segmen s wi h a subs an ial ange o igh s also in hei a o (known as social
igh s), along wi h o he democ a ic alues ha we e inco po a ed in hei expe ienc-
es in he poli ical and ins i u ional his o y o se e al Wes e n coun ies.
23. On he co ela ion be ween a s ong ade union mo emen in Eu ope (which will also un old in o a s ong
labo o social democ a ic poli ical mo emen ) and he gene a ion o ele an labo egula ion in he a ious Eu ope-
an coun ies, democ a izing powe ela ions in he wo kplace and ob aining economic and p o essional concessions
om he companies in a ou o wo ke s, alongside he poli ical and social s uggles in ci il socie y and in poli ical
socie y o social secu i y igh s and gua an ees, he e is a as bibliog aphy - al hough, in gene al, his co ela ion is
ne e educed o any exclusi i y o ine i abili y. As Celia Lessa Ke s ene zky poin s ou , in he his o y o he o ma ion
and consolida ion o he Wel a e S a e model, “no single o iginal pa e n has been de ec ed”. In Lessa Ke s ene zky,
C.: O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social na Idade da Razão, ob. ci . On he subjec o co ela ions be ween ade unionism,
labo , poli ical pa ies and he o ma ion and consolida ion o Wes e n Eu opean Wel a e S a es, see, o example:
Esping-Ande son, G.: Poli ics agains ma ke s, ob. ci .; A e che, M.: “Eme gência e Desen ol imen o do Wel a e S a e:
eo ias explica i as”, ob. ci .; Godinho Delgado, M.: Capi alismo, T abalho e Emp ego – en e o pa adigma da des uição
e os caminhos de econs ução, LT , São Paulo, 2017; Godinho Delgado, M.: Cu so de Di ei o do T abalho, LT , São Paulo,
2020; Godinho Delgado, M. y Vasconcelos Po o, L.: “O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social (Wel a e S a e) no capi alismo con-
empo âneo”, ob. ci .; Jud , T. y Snyde , T.: Pensando o Século XX, Obje i a, Rio de Janei o, 2014; Lessa Ke s ene zky, C.:
O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social na Idade da Razão, ob. ci .
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
159
In any case, he e y eme gence o hese new poli ical pa ies and mo emen s has
ale ed he adi ional and/o conse a i e pa ies o become mo e ecep i e o he
inclusion o popula ion segmen s, un il hen conside ed as ou side s, in he poli ical,
social, ins i u ional and legal con ex .
4. The o ganiza ion and ins i u ionaliza ion o dis inc social mo emen s wi h hei
own composi ion and guidelines, al hough con e gen wi h he logic o he Wel a e
S a e. I should be highligh ed he eo women’s mo emen s in sea ch o ci izenship
and equali y, along wi h be e li ing and wo king condi ions. These women’s mo e-
men s eme ged in Wes e n Eu ope and he Uni ed S a es du ing he emb yonic pe-
iod o he Wel a e S a e, s a ing in he second hal o he 19 h cen u y, and became
mo e p ominen in he ollowing decades and in he beginning o he 20 h cen u y.
The economis Célia Lessa Ke s ene zky poin s ou ha in he s uggle o ci izenship
and he igh o o e, a ha ime, he s onge p esence o he women’s mo emen
implied he conques o mo e comp ehensi e laws, wi h a clea social na u e.24
A ce ain pe iod a e he end o he 19 h cen u y and he i s decades o he 20 h
cen u y, o he social mo emen s began o o m and o be ins i u ionalized in Wes -
e n Eu ope –especially a e Wo ld Wa II– such as he mo emen s o e hnic o igin
( esul ing om he accen ua ed mig a ions om he 1960s-70s), he en i onmen al
mo emen s and he mo emen s o med in iew o he sexual o ien a ion o human
beings (LGBTIQ+ and simila mo emen s). These mo emen s also began o ac on he
guidelines o he Wel a e S a es, so as o in luence and imp o e hei s uc u e, dy-
namics and egula ion.
I is clea ha in he Ame icas (No h, Cen al and Sou h), he e hnic issue has al-
ways been qui e ense and powe ul, since he disco e y and ea ly coloniza ion o he
con inen , due o he connec ion o he his o y o he U.S. and many La in Ame ican
coun ies wi h he s uc u e and p ac ices o sla e y owa ds black people, coe ci ely
b ough om A ica o se e al cen u ies. In addi ion, in se e al La in Ame ican coun-
ies he e also exis ed (and s ill exis ) signi ican e hnic segmen s o indigenous o igin,
mos ly also excluded om he ci il and poli ical socie ies. Fo his eason, unlike Wes -
e n Eu opean examples om he la e nine een h and ea ly wen ie h cen u ies, wi h
espec o he o ma ion o he Wel a e S a e, his e hnic o acial issue will indeed
ha e a much g ea e impac and epe cussions on he s uc u ing o social policies in
he Ame ican con inen 25.
5. The consolida ion o a poli ical eli e ha p esen s a sensible and adequa e un-
de s anding o he impo ance o he di e ence be ween poli ical hegemony and po-
li ical domina ion. The o me in ol es concessions, changes and commi men s, while
24. Lessa Ke s ene zky, C.: O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social na Idade da Razão, ob. ci . An exhaus i e esea ch on he
women’s mo emen in se e al wes e n coun ies, since he end o he 19 h cen u y, has been done by he Spanish
au ho Ál a ez González, A. I.: As O igens e a Comemo ação do Dia In e nacional das Mulhe es, Exp essão Popula , São
Paulo, 2010.
25. The impo ance o he e hnical and acial issue in he Ame icas, including La in Ame ica, is s ongly highligh ed
by P ibble, J.: “Mundos apa ados: egimes de polí ica social na Amé ica La ina”, ob. ci . A subs an ial analysis on ac-
ism in he USA, in ol ing he popula ion o black people, is made in he documen a y by Ne lix en i led “13 h”.
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
160
he la e is consumma ed h ough he use o e icalizing o ce and exclusion. The
cons uc ion o hegemony mus also include an ideal p ojec o na ion, coun y, S a e,
and ins i u ions, in con as o he na owe ision o e i o y ha cha ac e izes he
p ac ice o domina ion.
Eu ope p o ides wo s iking –al hough e y dis inc – examples o he eli es’ un-
de s anding o he impo ance o he concep o hegemony, o he de imen o he
unila e al concep o domina ion. On one side, a pa h which would p o e o be mo e
democ a ic, lexible and concilia o y, he B i ish one, om he 17 h cen u y un il he
20 h cen u y, unde he leade ship o coun less s a esmen. On he o he , a pa h ha
would p o e o be au ho i a ian, bu s ill wi hin he amewo k o he sea ch o a
hegemonic cons uc ion in he ansi ion pe iod, as occu ed in Ge many du ing he
inal decades o he 19 h cen u y, unde he leade ship o Chancello O o on Bis-
ma ck. Al hough he e a e di e ences be ween he wo pa hs, hey ha e in common
he di ec ion o an impo an phase o his o ical ansi ion, wi h a clea ly es ablished
desi ed idea o na ion, coun y, S a e and ins i u ions, in con as wi h he na owe
ision o e i o y, inhe en o he exe cise o powe by pu e and simple domina ion.
E iden ly, his ype o eli e does no eme ge p e o med in he his o ical ajec o y
o any coun y. I a he o ms and asse s i sel in he his o ical challenges ha a ise,
and i s choice ends up being i uous (o disas ous) o he espec i e coun y.
An eli e ha e uses o admi change, o make he ansi ion o a new wo ld, o
inco po a e he o me ou side s –s icking o he old and exclusiona y ou e o shee
domina ion ins ead o emb acing he ou e o hegemonic cons uc ion– ends o e-
sis o e en comp omise he ansi ion o a Wel a e S a e. On he o he hand, an eli e
dedica ed o hegemonic cons uc ion enables a success ul ansi ion o he u u e
and he pu sui o well-being, as p oposed by he Wel a e S a e p ojec 26.
6. The s uc u ing o a mo e complex and di e si ied economy, wi h minimal aces
o indus ializa ion, is also a ele an ac o in he eme gence o imp o emen o he
Wel a e S a e in he a ious Eu opean coun ies. In his case, i mus be emphasized
ha we a e no simply he eby ep oducing he heo ies o Ha old Wilensky, Richa d
Ti muss and T. H. Ma shall, au ho s who, among o he aspec s and e en conside ing
he dis inc ions be ween hei heses, insis ed ha he p ocess o indus ializa ion,
due o i s complexi y, ichness and de elopmen s, would end o lead (al hough no
ine i ably) o he cons uc ion and de elopmen o a Wel a e S a e model27.
26. In his s udy o he No dic Wel a e S a e, S ein Kuhnle highligh s he exis ence o “s ong popula suppo ” o
he cha ac e is ics o he Scandina ian Wel a e S a e, concluding ha no “poli ical pa y aiming a b oad popula sup-
po can a o d o igno e hem”. In Kuhnle, S: “O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social nos Países Nó dicos”, ob. ci . The au ho
he eby demons a es he inco po a ion, by he capi alis economic, social and ins i u ional eli es, o a basic ideology
o he Wel a e S a e, ins ead o iden i ying hemsel es as di ec opponen s o i s exis ence. In he same di ec ion, he
ollowing ex : Kuhnle, S e al.: “Lições do modelo nó dico do Es ado de Bem-Es a Social e Go e nança Consensual”,
Re is a Di ei o das Relações Sociais e T abalhis as, ol. 3, núm. 1, 2017, pp. 37-52.
27. I is beyond he scope o his a icle o esume he analysis o he a ious heo ies on he o ma ion and de-
elopmen o he Wel a e S a e, including hose dealing wi h i s co ela ion wi h he indus ial p ocess o capi alism.
This analysis would be mo e adequa e o a speci ic a icle (o book) - which is en i ely beyond he limi s o he p es-
en ex . In ac , wha is he eby highligh ed is only some ele an aspec s o he p ocess o indus ializa ion o he
economy in conjunc ion wi h he es ablishmen o a Wel a e S a e in a gi en coun y. In any case, o an analysis o
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
161
Wi h ega d o his ac o ( he indus ializa ion p ocess in he espec i e coun y),
wha mus be emphasized he eby is ha he indus ializa ion p ocess, al hough in-
cipien in he coun y, c ea es qui e a o able elemen s, o mul iple easons, o he
eme gence o a Wel a e S a e in ha con ex .
On he one hand, due o he ac ha indus ializa ion gene a ed a di e si ied and
g owing wo king class in he indus ial egions, p opi ia ing he u u e eme gence o all he
impo an ac o s al eady speci ied in numbe s “1”, “2” and “3” o his i em IV, subi em A28.
On he o he hand, due o he ac ha indus ializa ion p omo es he u baniza ion
o he espec i e socie y, economy and coun y, subs an ially changing i s sociologi-
cal, poli ical and cul u al o ma , owa ds mo e ad anced, poli icized and p og essi e
p ac ices han hose inhe en o he ag a ian eali y (and, consequen ly, also causing
he eme gence o he impo an ac o s al eady indica ed in sub-i ems “1”, “2” and “3”
o his i em IV, sub-i em A o his a icle).
In addi ion, indus ializa ion made he economy mo e obus , complex, di e si ied
and powe ul, allowing he c ea ion o an economic su plus ha would be decisi e
in inancing he en i e echnoc a ic and se ice s uc u e, as b oad and e icien as a
Wel a e S a e needs o be.
I should be no ed, in his aspec , ha he indus ial segmen will no necessa ily
inance he g ow h o he s a e echnoc acy in o de o a end o he public needs o
he mo e complex and demanding socie y which has eme ged. Howe e , he g owing
s eng h o indus y and he di e si ica ion i causes wi hin he dominan economic
sec o s allow he displacemen o economic and ax esponsibili ies o o he p oduc-
i e sec o s –which would be much mo e di icul i he dominan economic segmen s
we e s ill he adi ional ones, which end o be simple and uni a y– as i usually hap-
pens in essen ially u al and ex ac i e socie ies (ag icul u e, a ming and mining).
Finally, he s eng hening o he S a e and i s echnoc acy which he p ocesses o
indus ializa ion and u baniza ion p opi ia e (in e connec ed p ocesses, as explained
abo e), accompanied by he p eponde ance ha he indus ial and se ice econom-
ic sec o s begin o hold o e he ag icul u al and mining sec o s (he ein e e ed o
simply as he u al sec o ), make he p ocedu es and ini ia i es o s uc u ing a mo e
poli ically, cul u ally, and ins i u ionally iable Wel a e S a e.
he a ious heo ies on he Wel a e model, see he excellen a icle: A e che, M.: “Eme gência e Desen ol imen o do
Wel a e S a e: eo ias explica i as”, ob. ci .
28. The ac o s indica ed abo e a e he ollowing: a) ins i u ionaliza ion o a democ a ic en i onmen , p ac ices,
no ms and ins i u ions, ei he be o e he es ablishmen o he Wel a e egime, o in he s uc u ing o bo h democ-
acy and he wel a e egime i sel ; b) o ganiza ion and ins i u ionaliza ion o associa i e en i ies o wo ke s, especially
ade union en i ies, wi h democ a ic and inclusi e p ac ices and claims in he con ex o he wo king and social en i-
onmen , so as o s uc u e he essen ial o ganiza ion o ci il socie y, in i s p e iously excluded segmen s; c) o ganiza-
ion and ins i u ionaliza ion o poli ical pa ies wi h solid inse ion in he popula segmen s, in o de o es ablish and
consolida e he essen ial o ganiza ion o ci il socie y in i s p e iously segmen s excluded om he economy, socie y
and S a e ins i u ions.
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
162
B. Obs acles and challenges o he b oad s uc u ing o he wel a e s a e
in la in Ame ica
The e is consensus among he dozens o esea che s who compose he ecen col-
lec i e book al eady men ioned ha he e is no e ec i e, eal Wel a e S a e in La in
Ame ica, which holds he di e se basic cha ac e is ics ha dis inguish his model o
o ganiza ion in he amewo k o he capi alis sys em29.
The mos he p esen au ho s admi is o make a dis inc ion, a pedagogical high-
ligh in he se o La in Ame ican coun ies among hose ew which ha e a a ied lis o
public policies o his na u e, al hough s ill wi h coun less es ic ions and gaps, clas-
si ying hem as Incipien Wel a e S a es, ha is, unde cons uc ion, in he p ocess o
s uc u ing, in con as wi h he la ge numbe o coun ies ha do no e en hold his
a ied ange o inclusi e public policies.
The ac is ha , in he hi d decade o he 21s cen u y, an impo an ques ion is
being aised: why is he pa h o s uc u e a ue Wel a e S a e in La in Ame ica so di -
icul , o men ing, usually incomple e o e en ailed? Wha a e he obs acles and chal-
lenges o he ull s uc u ing o an e ec i e Wel a e S a e in La in Ame ican coun ies,
e en wi h adap a ions, peculia i ies, and adjus men s, bu which can o e come he
s a k inequali y and socioeconomic and ins i u ional exclusion ha deeply ma k and
shame his egion, conside ed o be he mos unequal in he wo ld?
The p esen a icle will aise some aspec s in his ega d, al hough i does no in-
end o be exhaus i e. Almos all o hese aspec s a e men ioned in he ex s which
compose he ecen collec i e book al eady men ioned and in he bibliog aphy ci -
ed, and a e no , he e o e, a speci ic o singula in e ence om hese au ho s. The
eading o he o iginals o he men ioned collec i e book was indispensable o he
elabo a ion o he p esen ex , which explici ly men ions, e e s o, and p aises all he
a icles euni ed he ein.
S ill p elimina ily, i should be no ed ha , in he p e ious opics o his a icle, in
a ce ain way, many o hese obs acles and challenges ha e al eady been en ila ed
and exposed. In he cu en i em IV.B, i emains only necessa y o sys ema ize hese
ele an nega i e and ad e se aspec s o he cons uc ion o a Wel a e S a e in La in
Ame ica.
Once mo e, he me hod p e iously emphasized is epea ed: none o hese obs a-
cles and challenges a e absolu e, no do hey ac in isola ion; some o hem may e en
be less ele an in ce ain coun ies, while being qui e signi ican in o he s. Ul ima ely,
a complex his o ical phenomenon such as he s uc u ing and imp o emen o a Wel-
a e S a e can only be he esul o mul iple ac o s, coun ing, mo eo e , un o una e-
ly –especially in La in Ame ica– on a ious and powe ul obs acles, ad e sa ies and
challenges.
The i s o hese obs acles and challenges consis s, in ac , in he absence o a long
and consis en democ a ic adi ion in La in Ame ican coun ies. I is clea ha he e is
29. Godinho Delgado, M. y Vasconcelos Po o, L. (coo d.): O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social na Amé ica La ina, ob. ci .
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
163
an eno mous a ia ion among he coun ies wi h espec o his aspec , bu in gene al,
La in Ame ica has his o ically shown i sel o bea e y agile democ acies.
As al eady exposed in i em IV.A, “1”, he democ a ic en i onmen o he poli ical
and ci il socie y enables he popula sec o s o be e o ganize hemsel es and o
ha e mo e capaci y o exe p essu e in he sea ch o compensa ions om public
policies ega ding educa ion, heal h, social secu i y, labo igh s, in summa y, ega d-
ing he wide ange o social igh s which compose he co e o any Wel a e S a e.
This democ a ic en i onmen also p o ides he possibili y o he dominan eli e
and adi ional pa ies o ad ance owa ds a b oade unde s anding o he a ious
o ms o poli ical go e nance o he S a e and o ci il socie y, welcoming imp o e-
men s in public policies in a mo e inclusi e di ec ion, e en i as a way o consolida ing
hei hegemony. Al hough his possibili y is no common in he his o y o La in Ame -
ican coun ies, i canno be en i ely uled ou .
The gene al his o ical ule, howe e , shows ha democ acy is he ic im o con-
s an es ic ions, a acks and de ea s in he coun ies o he egion. F om he adi-
ional conse a i e coups d’é a which ha e p oli e a ed ceaselessly h oughou he
La in Ame ican ajec o y o he 20 h cen u y, co e ing he g ea majo i y o i s coun-
ies, o he new and a i icial mechanisms o o e h owing p og essi e go e nmen s,
which ha e become ecu en in he i s decades o he p esen cen u y. All o his
highligh s he ac ha La in Ame ican eli es, old and new, eally do ha e eno mous
di icul y in li ing wi h a democ a ic en i onmen and wi h he socioeconomic inclu-
sion o he b oades segmen s o hei espec i e popula ions30.
The obs acles and challenges o he s uc u ing o he Wel a e egime in he egion
a e deeply oo ed and se e e.
The second o hese obs acles and challenges is he absence o weakness o he
o ganiza ion and ins i u ionaliza ion o wo ke s’ associa ions, especially labo unions,
wi h democ a ic and inclusi e p ac ices and claims in he con ex o he wo king and
social en i onmen , so as o s uc u e he essen ial o ganiza ion o ci il socie y in i s
p e iously excluded segmen s. T ade union eedom, au onomy and empowe men
a e impo an his o ical and ins i u ional p emises no only o he c ea ion and con-
solida ion o democ acy, bu also o he c ea ion and consolida ion o no ms and
ins i u ions o he Wel a e S a e.
Reg e ably, howe e , in La in Ame ica he hos ili y agains ade unionism and i s
leade ship is a deeply oo ed adi ion in many coun ies o he egion. E en in a
coun y wi h an explici and de ailed cons i u ional igh o eedom and au onomy
o labo unions, along wi h o he p o ec i e p inciples and ules o Collec i e Labo
Law and i s speci ic ins i u ions –as is he case o B azil since he 1988 Cons i u ion– i
has become simple, p ac ical and easy o in alida e he exis ence o he as majo i y
30. Al hough some o e h ow o go e nmen s may ha e ac ually occu ed in he las 120 yea s (he eby consid-
e ing 1900 as he beginning and 2020 as he end), in he ace o eal c imes o esponsibili y commi ed by he e-
spec i e P esiden o he Republic, o may ha e been ca ied ou by e ec i ely p og essi e o ces, he u h is ha , in
he as majo i y o cases, hey a e me ely ins umen s o emo ing p og essi e leade s om powe by old o new
conse a i e poli ical o ces.
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
164
o he coun y’s labo unions, by means o in a-cons i u ional no ma i e changes (in
his case, caused by Ac No. 13,467/2017, ha elimina ed, wi hou compensa ion, he
inancing o he B azilian labo union sys em).
In addi ion, he endency o pass an i-union and an i-labo laws in se e al coun ies
in he egion, weakening no only unionism, bu also union labo collec i e ba gaining
and indi idual and social labo igh s. Adalbe o Ca doso, o example, a e s udying
ou mo e de eloped La in Ame ican coun ies (A gen ina, B azil, Chile and U uguay),
esea ching labo and union issues, including collec i e ba gaining, eached he im-
po an conclusion ha “g ea e cen aliza ion and/o ba gaining coo dina ion is di-
ec ly associa ed wi h educ ion o inequali ies”. Howe e , he no iced ha he ul alib-
e al legal e o ms implemen ed by he Pinoche dic a o ship in Chile and by Ac No.
13,467/2017 in B azil –in his case, a e he o e h ow o he democ a ically eelec ed
go e nmen in 2014– ollowed in he same di ec ion o weakening unionism and labo
collec i e ba gaining, including by decen alizing i as much as possible31.
As may be seen, he obs acles and challenges a e deep and ecu en in his egion
o he globe.
The hi d o hese obs acles and challenges consis s in he weakness o lack o
o ganiza ion and ins i u ionaliza ion o poli ical pa ies (some imes sel -iden i ied as
“mo emen s”, “ on s” o a simila exp ession) wi h solid inse ion in he popula seg-
men s, so as o es ablish and consolida e he undamen al o ganiza ion o ci il socie y
h ein, which we e p e iously excluded om he ma ke , socie y and S a e ins i u ions.
The p esence o hese pa ies in he cons uc ion o he Wel a e S a e –which is no-
o ious in he his o y o Wes e n Eu opean coun ies– also bea s impo ance in La in
Ame ica. No h Ame ican au ho Jenni e P ibble, in a book on he subjec , p o es he
ele ance o hese ac ions in he ad ancemen o social policies in coun ies o he
egion32.
Howe e , once again, he agili y o democ acy in hese coun ies comp omises
he ad ancemen o inclusi e economic and social policies spea headed by hese po-
li ical pa ies o mo emen s.
The ou h o hese obs acles and challenges consis s in he s ill agile o ganiza-
ion, ins i u ionaliza ion and ecogni ion o dis inc social mo emen s, wi h hei own
composi ion and guidelines, al hough s ill con e gen wi h he logic o he Wel a e
S a e.
This is a e e ence, o example, o women’s mo emen s in sea ch o ci izenship,
digni y and equali y, along wi h be e li ing and wo king condi ions33. Al hough hese
31. Ca doso, A.: “Negociação cole i a e desigualdade na Amé ica La ina: um balanço da li e a u a ecen e”, en
Godinho Delgado, M. y Vasconcelos Po o, L. (coo d.): O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social na Amé ica La ina, Ti an Lo Blanch,
São Paulo, 2021. Abou he neolibe al e o m on labo law ecen ly ca ied ou in B azil, see, amongs o he s, he ol-
lowing s udies: Al es, A. C. y Lopes Cas o, T. H.: “Re o ma abalhis a e mo imen os de ees u u ação, p eca ização
e edução do Di ei o do T abalho no B asil”, Re is a Di ei o das Relações Sociais e T abalhis as, ol. 4, núm. 3, 2018,
p. 130-156.; Godinho Delgado, M. y Ne es Delgado, G.: A Re o ma T abalhis a no B asil – com os comen á ios à Lei n.
13.467/2017. 2. ed, LT , São Paulo, 2018.
32. P ibble, J.: Wel a e and Pa y Poli ics in La in Amé ica, ob. ci .
33. Molyneux, M: “Jus iça de gêne o, cidadania e di e ença na Amé ica La ina”, en Godinho Delgado, M. y Vascon-
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
165
Godinho Delgado, M. y Vasconcelos Po o, L. (coo d.): O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social na Amé ica La i-
na, Ti an Lo Blanch, São Paulo, 2021.
Jud , T. y Snyde , T.: Pensando o Século XX, Obje i a, Rio de Janei o, 2014.
Kuhnle, S: “O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social nos Países Nó dicos” en Godinho Delgado, M. y Vascon-
celos Po o, L. (coo d.): O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social no Século XXI, LT , São Paulo, 2018.
Kuhnle, S e al.: “Lições do modelo nó dico do Es ado de Bem-Es a Social e Go e nança Consen-
sual”, Re is a Di ei o das Relações Sociais e T abalhis as, ol. 3, núm. 1, 2017.
Leopoldi, M. A.: “A economia polí ica do p imei o go e no Va gas (1930-1945): a polí ica econômi-
ca em empos de u bulência”, en Fe ei a, J. y Almeida Ne es Delgado, L. de (coo d.): O B asil
Republicano – o empo do nacional-es a ismo – do início da década de 1930 ao apogeu do Es ado
No o – Li o 2, Ci ilização B asilei a, Rio de Janei o, 2003.
Lessa Ke s ene zky, C.: O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social na Idade da Razão – a ein enção do es ado social
no mundo con empo âneo, Else ie , Rio de Janei o, 2012.
Molyneux, M: “Jus iça de gêne o, cidadania e di e ença na Amé ica La ina”, en Godinho Delgado, M.
y Vasconcelos Po o, L. (coo d.): O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social na Amé ica La ina, Ti an Lo Blanch,
São Paulo, 2021.
Pimen a de Fa ia, C. A.: “Uma genealogia das eo ias e ipologias do Es ado de Bem-Es a Social”,
en Godinho Delgado, M. y Vasconcelos Po o, L. (coo d.): O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social no Século
XXI, LT , São Paulo, 2018.
P ibble, J.: “Mundos apa ados: egimes de polí ica social na Amé ica La ina”, en Godinho Delgado,
M. y Vasconcelos Po o, L. (coo d.): O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social na Amé ica La ina, Ti an Lo
Blanch, São Paulo, 2021.
P ibble, J.: Wel a e and Pa y Poli ics in La in Amé ica, Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, New Yo k, 2014.
Renda Leal Fe nandes, J.: O Mi o EUA – um país sem di ei os abalhis as?, Juspodyum, Sal ado , 2021.
Sá y o, N e al.: “Regimes de bem-es a social na Amé ica La ina: uma e isão do deba e ecen e”
en Godinho Delgado, M. y Vasconcelos Po o, L. (coo d.): O Es ado de Bem-Es a Social na Amé ica
La ina, Ti an Lo Blanch, São Paulo, 2021.
Van Co , D. L.: “Pa y sys em de elopmen and indigenous popula ions in La in Amé ica”, Pa y Poli ,
ol. 6, núm. 2, 2000.
e-Re is a In e nacional de la P o ección Social ▶ 2021
Vol. VI ▶Nº 1 ▶ pp. 141 - 172
ISSN 2445-3269 ▶ h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/e-RIPS.2021.i01.07
The Wel a e S a e: gene al cha ac e is ics,obs acles and challenges in La in Ame ica*
Mau icio Godinho Delgado**
172
