ION
BEAM
ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES:
A
POWERFUL
SET
GE
TOOLS
FOR
THE
IDENTIFICATION
AND
SOURCING
OF
ANCIENT
GEMS
T.
C(i¡li{*a o'".
J.C.
D an'".
J.P.
Poi o "
anci
G.
Que é
INTRODUCTION
Gems ones
a e
de ined
as
a e
mine als
ha ing
a
high
cla i y,
a
high
ha dness
and
showing
a
b igh
colou
and
a
nice
shining.
The
mos
impo an
gems
a e
diamond,
sapphi e
and
eme ald.
These
gems
a e
callad
p ecious
s ones.
Gems
ha e
ascina ed
man
since
he
ea lies
imes.
They
ha e
always
been
sough
ou
by
man
o
hei
aes he ic
and
symbolic
alué.
Due
o
hei
sca ceness
and
high
'^alue,
gems
we e
app ecia ed
by
he
migh y
ones
as
a
sign
o
hei
powe
(empe o s
^nd
kings,
digni a ies
o
eligions
...).
Thei
high
ha dness
and
henee
s ong
esismnce
o
de e io a ion
symbolised
he
e e las ingness
o
hei
eign.
This
las
p ope y
is
in-
e es ing
om
an
a chaeological
poin
o
iew:
gems ones
a el
h ough
ime
wi hou
no iceable
al e a ion,
e en
bu ied
in
agg essi e
en i onmen .
On
he
o he
hand,
gems
oiay
be
used
se e al
imes
on
di e en
jewels,
possibly
cu
and
polished
again.
Like
spices
and
o he
p ecious
and
sough -a e
i ems,
gems
we e
b ough
back
om
long
dis ance.
Acco dingly,
hey
a e
good
ace s
o
ancien
ading
ou es
and
in luence
o
ci ilisa ions.
Each
ci ilisa ion
had
i s
own
a ou i e
gems ones:
lapis
lazuli
in
Egyp ;
ambe
and
eme ald
in
he
Román
Empi e;
game
in
ea ly
Middle
Ages
wes em
ci il
isa ions;
jade,
uby
and
sapphi e
in
Fa -Eas
cul u es.
Mo eo e ,
he
p o enance
o
some
ancien
gems
such
as
eme alds
o
game s
is
s ill
deba ed.
Fo
all
hese
easons,
he
s udy
o
gems
kep
in
museum
collec ions
is
a
p omising
esea ch
í
eld.
2.
ANALYSIS
OF
GEMSTONES
Usually,
he
iden i ica ion
o
gems
elies
on
he
measu emen
o
op ical
and
me-
chanical
p ope ies:
e ac i e
index
n,
bi e ingence,
isible
op ical
spec um,
speci ic
g a i y
p
[1]-
When
gems ones
a e
se
on
a
jewel,
hese
measu emen s
a e
no
always
Cen e
de
Reche che
e
de
Res au a ion
des
Musées
de
F ance.
Palais
du
Lou e.
Pa ís
CNRS
UMR-171
.
198
T.
Cmjmíako.
J.-C.
Dhw.
J.-P.
Po/koi
>
CJ.
eadily
ca ied
ou .
Dismoun ing
hem
om
he
se ing
o
sampling
is
o
cou se
p o-
hibi ed.
The
p o enance
o
gems,
ha
means
he
geog aphical
loca ion
o
he
deposi ,
is
o en
in e ed
by
iden i ying
speci ic
inclusions.
Ano hc
possibili y
is
he
chemical
cha ac e isa ion
o
gems ones.
In
his
case,
gems
a e
di ccily
idcn i ied
by
means
o
hei
majo
chemical
cons i uen s.
Fo
ins ance,
diamond
is
a
pu c
ca bón
c ys al;
niby
is
an
AI2O3
c ys al
colou ed
by
less
han
1%
C ;
sapphi e
is
also
an
ALO*
c ys al
bu
i s
blue
colou
is
due
o
ace
amoun
o
Ti
and Fe;
eme aid
is
a
bc yl
o
o mula
Be3Al2(Si03)6
colou ed
by
a
small
amoun
o
C .
The
ace
clcmen
con cn
o
gems
also
ca ies
aluable
in o ma ion.
Indeed,
some
o
hese
ace
elemen s
come
om
he
su ounding
ocks,
being
inco po a ed
du ing
he
génesis
o
he
c ys al.
Being
linked
o
he geological
con ex
( ype
o
e ain
and
ock- o ming
his o y)
ace
elemen
con-
en
may
ac
as
a
inge p in
o
he
occu cnce
o
a
gems one.
A
wide
ange
o
ech-
niques
ha e
been
applied
in
iew
o
pe o m
chemical
analysis:
EMPA.
XRF,
NAA,
ICP/MS,
SIMS.
Table
I
summa ises
some
ea u es
o
he.se
analy ical
echniques.
O
cou se,
ca e ul
obse a ion
o
he
gems
and
hei
in e nal
ea u es
using
con en ional
gemmological
means
has
o
be
pe o med
p io
o
p oceeding
o
hese
chemical
analy
sis.
Mo eo e ,
se e al
analy ical
echniques
ha e
o en
o
be
combined
o
in e ing
unambiguously
he
p o enance
o
a
gem.
Table
1.
Fea u es
o
se e al
analy ical
echniques
used
o
he
chemical
cha ac
e isa ion
o
gems
EMPA
EDXRF
NAA
LA-ICP/MS
SIMS
IBA
Elemen
ange
>
Na
>
Na
Selec ed
all
all
all
LOD
>1.000
ppm
1-1.000
ppm
<
1
ppm
<
1
ppm
<
1
ppm
1-1.000
ppm
P obé
size
pm
mm
whole
sample
10-//m
//m
10-//
m
Des uc i e
no
no
ac i a ion
P-
des uc i e
P-
des uc i e
no
P epa a ion
yes
/
coa ing
no no
no
yes
/
coa ing
no
Iso opic
in o
no
no
no
possible
yes
no
Sample
size
cm
any
cm
any
cm
any
EMPA:
elec ón
mic op obe
analysis.
EDXRF:
ene gy-dispe si e
X- ay
luo esccnce.
NAA:
neu ón
ac i a ion
analysis.
LA-ICP/MS:
lase -ahla ion
lon-coupled-pla.sma
mass
spec ome y.
SIMS:
seconda y
ion
ma.is
spec ome y.
IBA:
ion
beam
analysis.
3.
IBA
TECHNIQUES:
PIXE
AND
PIGE
APPLIED
TO
THE
STUDY
OF
GEMS
I
is
no
he
place
he e
o
gi e
a
comple e
desc ip ion
o
Ion
Beam
Analysis
(IBA)
echniques;
nume ous
books
and
e iew
pape s
will
ul il
his
equi emen
[2
and
3].
Le
us
jus
ecall
ha
IBA
echniques
ely
on
he
same
p ocess:
iden i ica ion
o
ele-
Til
199
CoNcRi.so
Naciiiwi
OI
AKQi
i-(nnn"RlA
den al
cons i uen s
by
de ec ing
p oduc s
o
in e ac ion
o
he
ion
beam
and
he
a ge
(••e.
gems one).
Among
hem,
PIXE
(pa icle
indiiced
X- ay
emission)
is
qui e
simila
XRF,
being
based
on
he
de ec ion
o
X- ay
emi ed
by
he
a ge
a oms,
subsequen
o
an
inne -shell
ionisa ion.
The
only
di e ence
s ems
om
he
exci a ion
sou ce
which
a
cha ged
pa icle
beam
ins ead
o
a
X- ay
beam.
Fo
he
PIGE
echnique,
ac onym
o
pa icle
induccd
y- ay
emission.
he e
is
no
coun e pa .
PIGE
elies
on
a
nuclea
eac ion
subsequen
o
he
collision
be een
an
inciden
pa icle
and
a
a ge
nucleus.
Pollowing
his
eac ion,
he
nucleus
migh
emi
a
y- ay
ha ing
a
speci ic
ene gy.
On
he
o he
hand,
IBA
echniques
canno
be
used
o
iso opic
a io
de e mina ion
ño
<^oes
i
gi e
in o ma ion
on
chemical
bonds.
F om
he
poin
o
iew
o
gemmology,
he
IBA
echniques
exhibi
se e al
Ín e es
ing
ea u es.
Fi s ,
in-ai
IBA
echniques
allow
in
si i
and
non-des uc i e
analysis
o
8cms
wi hou
sample
p epa a ion.
This
haimlessness
is
a
mus
o
he
s udy
o
a
luable
obje s
such
as
his o ical
jewels.
Using
simul aneously
he
PIXE
and
PIGE
me-
hods
i
is
possible
o
de e mine
a
wide
ange
o
elemen s.
PIXE
gi es
he
composi ion
o
elemen s
anging
om
Na
o
U,
while
PIGE
use ully
ex ends
he
ange
o
i-,
e
ones;
F,
Be,
Li,
B.
Secondly,
he
high
sensi i i y
o
hese
echniques
pe mi s
inea-
^u emen
o
elemen s
down
o
a
low
le el
o
concen a ion
(e.g.
—
ppm
w
)
ansi ion
me áis
in
co undum).
Finally,
he
use
o
a
mic obeam
wi h
a
size
o
ess
han
20-^m
allows
selec ion
o
inclusions
o
hei
iden i ica ion.
Such
a
small
spo
is
also
use ul
o
analysing
a
egión
ee
o
inclusions.
Indeed,
when
using
a
b oade
spo
size,
he e
is
always
he
isk
o
including
an
inclusión
in
he
analysed
a ea
^a
may
bias
he
ace
composi ion
o
he
c ys al
(e.g.
an
Fe-con aining
inclusión
migh
lead
o
a
w ong
Fe
ace
con en
in
a
uby).
F om
he
poin
o
iew
o
he
IBA
echniques,
gems ones
a e
ideal
samples
when
compa ed
o
o he
objec s
o
cul u al
he i age
such
as
pain ings
o
ce amics.
They
ha e
3
simple,
homogeneous
composi ion.
The
sample
has
a
polished
and
o en
ía
su
ace.
Owing
o
hei
e y
s able
c ys al
s uc u e,
gems
a e
nea ly
insensi i e
o
beam
e -
ec s
(no
al e a ion).
Cha ging
o
hese
usually
non-conduc i e
a ge s
is
a oided
when
using
an
ex e nal
beam
se up.
4.
EXPERIMENTAL
SETUP
The
expe imen al
se up
and
i s
successi e
imp o emen s
ha e
been
ho oughly
des-
c ibed
[4].
Only
he
s iking
ea u es
will
be
ecalled
he e.
The
analy ical
sys em
is
based
on
an
ex emal
beam
line
o
he
AGLAE
accele a-
o
acili y
( igu e
1).
The
usual
3-MeV
p o on
beam
is
ocused
down
o
30
pm
size
using
magne ic
lenses
(3
MeV
is
p o ed
o
be
an
op imum
ene gy
o
analysing
geo
logical
samples).
This
beam
is
b ough
on
he
sample
by
passing
h ough
a
e y
hin
SÍ3N4
oil.
The
de ec ion
o
X- ays
is
achie ed
using
wo
de ec o s.
A
i s
one
is
dedi-
ca ed
o
ligh
elemen s,
which
a e
he
majo
cons i uen s
o
he
gems
( om
Na
o
Fe).
I
has
a
low
solid
angle,
and
a
minimal
il e ing
using
an
ul a
hin
window
combined
200
T.
Cmjj(íaho,
J.-C.
Dk.w.
J.-P.
Poikoi
>
G.
Qi'e é
Figu e
I.
View
o
he
ex e na!
beam
Une
o
he
AGLAE
accele a o -based
IBA
acili y.
P
I
wi h
a
helium
low.
The
second
ene
is
dedica ed
o
hea y
elcmen s
( om
Ca
o
U)
a
a
low
le el
con ení.
I
has
a
high
solid
angle
and
a
ll e
chosen
in
o de
o
emo e
ma ix
X- ays.
Gamma- ays
a e
collec ed
using
a
High
Pu i y
Ge manium
de ec o .
The
beam
is
moni o ed
using
a
signal
emi ed
by
he
exi
oil:
backsca e ed
p o ons
o
X- ay
line
o
Si,
acco ding
o
expe imen al
equi emen s.
5.
applica ion
o
gems ones
We
will
desc ibe
some
ecen
applica ions
o
he
PIXE
and
PIGE
echniques
o
an-
cien
gems
om
museums
pe oimed
wi h
he
AGLAE
se up
o
he
Cen e
de
Reche che
e
de
Res au a ion
des
musées
de
F ance.
I
should
be
emphasised
ha
all
gems ones
s udied
he e
a e
well
documen ed
and
ha e
aceable
his o y.
So
we
a e
con iden
ha
hese
gems
a e
he
o iginal
ones.
5.1.
Ruby:
Ish a 's
s a ue e
This
s a ue e
which
may
ep esen
Ish a ,
a
goddess
equi alen
o
Aph odi e,
is
a
pe ec
illus a ion
o
a
IBA
s udy
o
gems ones
( igu e
2).
The
sculp u e
is
a
naked
woman
ca ed
in
alabas e ,
he
eyes
and
na el
inlaid
wi h
ubies.
This
ema kable
piece,
which
joined
he
Lou e
collec ions
in
1866,
was
exca a ed
in
he
incini y
o
Babylon
in
Mesopo amia
[5].
Po
s ylis ic
and
ypological
easons
i
is
a ibu ed
o
he
Pa hian
pe iod
(2nd
cen u y
B.C.
o
he
la e
2nd
cen u y
A.D.).
We
we e
able
o
con i m
ha
he
cabochons
we e
indeed
na u al
ubies
and
no
colou ed
glass,
as
had
been
belie ed
e en
qui e
ecen ly,
as
he
wo
main
cons i uen s
o
ubies
we e
e ealed:
99%
alumina
(AhOd.
associa ed
wi h
less
han
1
%
ch omium,
he
elemen
esponsible
o
he
cha ac e is ic
ed
colou
o
uby.
Se e al
ace
elemen s
III
CoNGRluSO
N
a(
U)N
1
DI
ARGIH)MI
TRlA
201
Figu e
2.
Ish a
in
being
analysed
using
he
ex e na!
beam
sys e n
( e
cuade niUo
a
co!o .
pág.
^.
we e
also
measu ed,
including
i anium,
anadium,
i on,
coppe ,
gallium,
all
being
cha ac e is ic
o
na u al
s ones
( igu e
3).
The
simila
aspec
and
chemical
composi-
ion
o
he
h ee
inlays
sugges
he
use
o
a
single
ba ch
o
s ones
o
he
s a ue e.
In
o de
o
de e mine
he
geog aphical
o igin
o
his
s a ue e's
ubies,
we
unde -
ook
a
compa a i e
s udy
wi h
con empo a y
ubies
o
known
p o enance
[6].
A
o al
o
o e
500
analyses
was
ca ied
ou
on
ubies
om
he
main
exis ing
deposi s:
A ghanis an,
Myanma
(Bumia),
Cambodia,
India,
Kenya,
Madagasca .
S i
Lanka,Thai-
land
and
Vie nam.
The
ace
elemen
con en s
o
he
s ones
a e
qui e
di e en
de-
pending
on
hei
p o enance
and
a e
homogeneous
wi hin
a
gi en
deposi ,
a
ea u e
absolu ely
needed
o
a
p o enance
s udy
based
on
geochemis y.
Mul i a ia e
s a is-
1e5
10000
1000
100
high
ene gy
X- ay
de ec o
spec um
low
ene gy
X- ay
de ec o
spec um
TI,,
Vk
C K
Fe
10
15
X- ay
ene gy
(keV)
Figu e
3.
X- ay
spec a
o
maja
and
ace
eiemen s
eco ded
on
a
ed
eye
o
he
s a ue e.
202
T.
Caujc.a o.
J.-C.
D w.
J.
P.
Poi oi
>
G.
Qi'EKR^
ical
me hods
we e
used
( ac o
analysis,
hie a chical
classi ica ion
and
disc iminan
analysis),
inco po a ing
all
he
chemical
ace
elemen s
(Ti,
V,
C ,
Fe,
Ga).
All
hese
analyses
con e ge
and
show
ha
he
s a ue e's
ubíes
ha c
a
composi ion
e y
cióse
o
ha
o
ubíes
om
Bu ma
( igu e
4).
The
esul s
o
he
geochemícal
s udy
we e
con i med
by
classícal
gcmmological
obse a íons
conduc ed
concu en ly;
ín
pa icula ,
he
u ile
inclusions
obsc ed
in
he
eyes
and
he
na el
a e
consis en
wi h
a
Bu mese
o igin.
Resea ch
ca ied
ou
on
he
ubíes
o
he
Pa hian
s a ue e
om
he
Lou e
com-
bining
obse a ion
o
he
gems
and
hei
geochemícal
cha ac e ísa íon
by
he
PIXE
me hod
has
led
o
a
be e
ínsígh
ín o
hís
wo k
o
a
by
ídcn í yíng
í s
cons í uen
ma e ials.
In
addí íon,
í
has
p o íded
he
oppo uní y
o
es ablísh
a
da a
base
on
he
composí íons
o
he
main
uby
deposí s.
Fínally,
hanks
o
s a ís ícal
analysis,
a
p o e-
nance
o
he
s a ue e's
ubíes
could
be
p oposed:
Bu ma.
I
can
hus
be
concluded
ha
he
gems
om
he
Pa hian
s a ue e
a e
e ídence
o
ade
o
exchange
o e
se e al
housand
kilome es
be ween
Mesopo amía
and
Sou h-Eas
Asía
du íng
he
Pa hian
pe iod.
As
a
as
we
know,
hís
ís
he
ea líes
use
o
ubíes
íden í íed
lo
da e
ín
hís
egión.
Thís
i
gu e
o
Ish a
ís
ema kable
o
í
combines
ín luences
de í íng
om
h ee
ci ílísa íons:
Mesopo amía
( he
ímage
o
he
naked
woman
as
a
é ilí y
sym-
bol),
G eece
( he
Hellenís íc
ealísm
o
he
body),
and
ínally
Asía
( he
p esence
o
he
ubíes).
10000
S
s
Ó
1000
100
10
g oup
III
g oup
I
10
X
:
Ish a
A:
A ghanis an
B
;
Bu ma
C
;
Cambodia
K;
Kenya
M
;
Madagasca
S
:
S í
Lanka
T
:
Thaíiand
g oup
100
1000
10000
Fe
(ppm)
Figu e
4.
Plo
o
C
s
Fe
con ení
o
he
ubíes
o
he
s a ue e
and
e e ence
ubíes.
III
CoNíikl
SO
N
ac
lONM
DI
ARyi
loMMKlA
203
Figu e
5.
Royal
o i e
c own
being
analysed
wi h
he
e. e nal
beani
( e
cuade nillo
a
colo ,
pdg.
i)-
5.2.
Emií ald:
hi-:
Visigo hic
easu e
We
epo
he e
an
applíca íon
o
he
analysis
o
eme alds
o
he
Gua aza
easu e
( igu e
5).
Thís
amous
se
o
o i e
oyal
c owns,
made
o
gold
wi h
ínlaid
gem-
s ones,
da es
om
he
Visigo hic
pe iod
(7*^-8"'
cen u ies).
I
was
exca a ed
in
1858
nea
Toledo
and
is
now
splí
ín o
wo
main
pa s
kep
a
he
Na ional
A chaeological
museum
ín
Mad id,
Spain
and
he
Na ional
Middle-Ages
museum
in
Pa ís,
F ance
[7].
The
sou ces
o
eme alds
used
in
ancien
Egyp
and
he
Román
Empi e
a e
qui e
well
documen ed;
i
is
no
so
o
he
ea ly
Middle-Ages.
This
wo k
aimed
a
companng
an
cien
eme alds
o
hose
o
a ious
o igins
epo ed
in
ancien
li e a u e
(Egyp ,
Aus
ia,
A ghanis an,
Ou al),
on
he
basis
o
chemical
analysis
[8].
PIXE
and
PIGE
ech-
niques
pe mi ed
o
iden i y
gems ones
by
means
o
hei
composi ion
in
majo
elemen s
(Be,
Al,
Si)
and
o
de e mine
hei
ace
elemen
con en s
( igu e
6).
P o enance
de-
e mina ion
elies
on
he
compa ison
o
hese
con en s
o
hose
o
e e ence
eme alds
cons i u ing
a
da a
base
o
geochemical
composi ion.
The
mos
disc imina ing
elemen s
we e
Li,
Na,
V,
Rb
and
Zn.
The
measu ed
con en s
in
hese
ancien
eme alds
a e
only
compa ible
wi h
Egyp ian
(Jebel
Zaba a)
o
Aus ian
(Habach al)
deposi s
( igu e
7).
Since
i
pe mi ed
o
disca d
al é na e
assump ions
(e.g.
U al,
A ghanis an
o
Pakis án),
his
wo k
p o ided
a
new
insigh
in o
he
ade
ou es
o
gems ones
a
he
ime
o
he
G ea
In asions.
5.3.
Ga ne :
jewels
o
he
i s
Kings
o
F ange
Game s
belong
o
a
amily
o
gems
ha ing
a iable
composi ion.
The
mos
com-
mon
ype
is
he
py alspi e
amily
wi h
he
chemical
o mula
X*^3AP^*2(Si04)í,
X
be-
204
T.
CMJJdAKO,
J.-C.
D W.
J.-P.
Po/KOI
>
G.
QdERRÉ
Figu e
6.
Gamma- ay
spec um
o
an
eme ald.
Figu e
7.
Sun ay
plo
o
ace
elemen s
con ení
o
ancien
and
e e ence
eme alds.
10
10
10
10^1
10'
10'
iiAL-j
kJJ
SI
I
'
I
'
'
■
'
I
'
'
'
■—I
'
■—■—'
I
'
■
' '
I
PIGE
spec a
o
an
e oe ald
Bo
3662
koV
iil
Li
478
keV
F
197
keV
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000 3500
4000
GaoMa
ay
Ene gy
(keV)
S a islical
p ocessing
;
Sun ay
plo
o
ace
elemen s
I
/|
A ghanís an
Pakis án
^Gallo-Roman
Columbia
_
Zambia
("S
Egyp
J
Wlsigo h
Zimbabwe
ladagasca
No /ay
B azil
''Ja
/
Mg
o
Rb
Ca
Re
/
C
^
V
Vaiiaules
ing
ei he
Fe
(almandin
game ),
Mg
(py ope
game )
o
Mn
(spessa i e
game ),
o
a
combina ion
o
hem.
The
ques ion
o
he
na u e,
o igin,
cu ing
and
se ing
echniques
o
he
game s
used
in
Eu ope
du ing
he
Ea ly
Middle
Ages
is
highiy
deba ed.
A
í
s
a emp
o
apply
IBA
echniques
o
Ea ly
Middle
Ages
game s
has
been
pe -
o med
in
he
C2RMF
[9].
This
wo k
deal
wi h
he
iden i ica ion
o
game s
moun ed
on
Me o ingian
jewelle y
om
Lou es-en-Pa isis.
The
conclusión
was
ha
hese
a -
chaeological
game s
had
a
majo
composi ion
compa ible
wi h
game s
om
S i
Lanka
(almandine-py ope
ype).
We
a e
cu en ly
de eloping
a
new
esea ch
p og am
on
he
Me o ingian
game s.
The
aim
o
his
wo k
is
o
include
ace
elemen
and
nea -su ace
analysis
o
he
gems.
III
Conc; i_s()
Nac
iowi
di
A (,)1
i-.omi- Ia
205
Figu e
8.
Me o ingian
jewei
wi h
ga ne s
se
in
cloisonné
s yle
( e
cuade nillo
a
colo ,
pág.
i).
These
ga ne s
a e
se
on
he
cloisonné
jewels
( igu e
8)
om
he
oyal
easu e
o
Sain
Denis,
F ance,
comp ising
he
amous
jewels
o
Queen
A egonde
[10].
This
wo k
will
be
ex ended
wi h
he
analysis
o
game s
exca a ed
om
a ious
a chaeological
si es
in
Eu ope.
6.
CONCLUSION
IBA
echniques
and
speci ically
he
PIXE/PIGE
combina ion
in
ai
appea
as
a-
luable
ools
o
analysing
gems
moun ed
on
his o ical
jewels.
They
use ully
comple-
men
classical
gemmological
in es iga ions.
The
main
ad an ages
a e
1)
comple ely
non-des uc i e
analysis,
2)
b oad
ange
o
elemen s
de ec ed,
3)
0- 4m
size
spa ial
esolu ion
4)
ppm
le el
sensi i i y
and
5)
good
accu acy.
They
we e
applied
o
de e
mine
he
na u e
and
p o enance
o
ancien
mbies.
Fo
Middle
Ages
eme alds
and
ga
ne s,
he
esul s
al eady
ob ained
a e
p omising.
Mo e
e e ence
da a
a e
needed
and
he
combina ion
wi h
o he
analy ical
echniques
has
o
be
ied.
7.
REFERENCES
[1]
Ande son,
B.W.
and
Jobbins,
E.A.,
1990,
Gem
es ing,
Bu e wo hs,
London.
[2]
Bi d,
J.R.
and
Williams,
J.S.,
1989,
Ion
beams
o
ma e ials,
Academic
P ess,
London.

206
T.
Caumíamo.
J.-C.
Dka.s.
J
-I*.
I^oihoi
>
G.
Que é
[3]
Campbell,
J.L.
and
Malmq is ,
K.G.,
1995,
Pa icle-induced
X- ay
spccí ome y
(PIXE),
John
Wiley
&
Sons,
Lxjndon.
[4]
Calliga o,
T.,
D an,
J.-C.,
Hamon,
H.,
Moigna d,
B.
and
Salomón,
J..
1998,
An
exlemal
milli-beam
o
a chaeome ic
applica ions
on
ihe
AGLAE
IBA
acili y
o
he
Lou e
mu-
seum.
Nucí.
Ins .
and
Me h.
B
136/138,
339-343.
[5]
Tallen,
F.,
1999,
Ac es
du
colloque:
Comaline
c
pie cs
p ccieu.scs
-
1995,
Musée
du
Lou e,
Pa is.
[6]
Calliga o,
T.,
Mossmann,
A.,
Poi o ,
J.-P.
and
Que é,
G.,
1998,
P o enance
s udy
o
u
bíes
om
a
Pa hian
s a ue e
by
PIXE
analysis.
Nucí,
hus .
and
Me h.
B
136/138,
846-
850.
[7]
Pe ea,
A.
and
Balmaseda,
LJ.,
1999,
Las
es
his o ias
del
eso o
de
Gua aza
y
el
p oyec o
Au,
Re is a
de
a queología
221,
37-45.
[8]
Calliga o,
T.,
D an,
J.-C.,
Poi o ,
J.-P.,
Que é,
G.,
Salomen,
J.
and
Zwaan,
J.C.,
2000,
PDCE/PIGE
cha ac e isa ion
o
eme alds
using
an
ex emal
mic obeam.
Nucí.
In.s .
and
Me h.
B161/163,
769-774.
[9]
Fa ges,
F.,
1998,
Mine alogy
o
he
Lou es
Me o ingian
game
cloisonné
jewel y:
O i-
gins
o
he
gems
o
he
i s
kings
o
F ance,
Am.
Mine al
83,
323-330.
[10]
Fleu y,
M.
and
F ance-Lano d,
A.,
1998,
Les
é.so s
mé o ingiens
de
la
basilique
de
Sain -Denis,
Gé a d
Klopp
eds,
Woippy,
F ance.
APROXIMACIÓN
AL
ESTUDIO
DE
PROCEDENCIA
Y
TECNOLOGÍA
DE
FABRICACIÓN
DE
LAS
CERÁMICAS
CAMPANIFORMES
DEL
YACIMIENTO
DE
LA
EDAD
DEL
COBRE
DE
LOS
MILLARES
Jose a
Capel''',
Fenia ido
Molina'",
T inidad
Náje a*",
José
Lina es'-'
V
F ancisco
Hue as'"
Resumen
En
es e
abajo
se
lle a
a
cabo
el
es udio
analí ico
median e
Espec ome ía
de
Masas,
Di acción
de
Rayos-X
y
Mic oscopio
Es e eoscópico
de
un
conjun o
de
asijas
ce ámicas
de
es ilo
campani o me
p oceden es
del
yacimien o
de
la
Edad
del
Cob e
de
Los
Milla es.
El
análisis
químico
se
ha
cen ado
en
el
es udio
de
los
elemen os
denominados
ie as
a as
que
cons i uyen
un
indicado
exce
len e
del
o igen
de
los
ma e iales.
El
es udio
mine alógico
así
como
la
obse a
ción
óp ica
han
apo ado
in o mación
sob e
p ocesos
ecnológicos
de
manu ac-
u ación.
Palab as
cla e:
ce ámica.
Edad
del
Cob e,
p ocedencia,
manu ac u ación.
1.
INTRODUCCIÓN
Los
abajos
sob e
la
mo ilización
de
elemen os
químicos
du an e
los
p ocesos
de
hid ólisis
y
al e ación
de
ocas
ocupa
un
impo an e
campo
en
la
in es igación
desa
ollada
en
el
ámbi o
de
las
ciencias
del
suelo
y
ciencias
de
la
Tie a
en
gene al.
La
mayo
o
meno
mo ilidad
de
es os
elemen os,
en
el
caso
de
los
mine ales,
es á
in
l
uenciada
po
la
es uc u a
del
c is al.
Es
igualmen e
ob io
que
exis en
nume osos
ac o es
isicoquímicos
ales
como
pH,
empe a u a
y
p esión
de
la
solución,
ex u a
y
pe meabilidad
de
los
sólidos,
á ea
supe icial,
e c.,
que
in luyen
de
igual
o ma.
No
obs an e
un
mismo
elemen o
puede
compo a se,
dependiendo
de
su
posición
c is alo-
Dp o.
de
P ehis o ia
y
A queología.
Facul ad
de
Le as.
Campus
Uni e si a io
de
Ca uja,
18071
G anada
Dp o.
de
Ciencias
de
la
Tie a
y
Geoquímica
Ambien al.
Es ación
Expe imen al
del
Zaidín,
CSIC.
P o eso
AIba eda,
s/n,
18008
G anada.